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762:'s laboratory. King also established its chemical structure. Pascual Scannone, a Venezuelan anesthesiologist who trained and specialized in New York City, did extensive research on curare as a possible paralyzing agent for patients during surgical procedures. In 1942, he became the first person in Latin America to use curare during a medical procedure when he successfully performed a tracheal intubation in a patient to whom he administered curare for muscle paralysis at the El Algodonal Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela.
39:
1441:. The aforementioned inhibitors, termed "anticurare" drugs, reversibly bind to the enzyme's active site, prohibiting its ability to bind to its original target, ACh. By blocking ACh degradation, AChE inhibitors can effectively raise the amount of ACh present in the neuromuscular junction. The accumulated ACh will then correct for the effect of the curare by activating the receptors not blocked by toxin at a higher rate, restoring activity to the motor neurons and bodily movement.
847:
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Since tubocurarine and the other components of curare bind reversibly to the ACh receptors, treatment for curare poisoning involves adding an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, which will stop the destruction of acetylcholine so that it can compete with curare. This can be done by administration
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Modern anesthetists have at their disposal a variety of muscle relaxants for use in anesthesia. The ability to produce muscle relaxation irrespective of sedation has permitted anesthetists to adjust the two effects independently and on the fly to ensure that their patients are safely unconscious and
837:
Tubocurarine and C toxiferine consist of a cyclic system with quaternary ammonium ions. On the other hand, while acetylcholine does not contain a cyclic system, it does contain a quaternary ammonium ion. Because of this shared moiety, curare alkaloids can bind readily to the active site of receptors
453:
sought to classify the various alkaloid poisons based on the containers used for their preparation. He believed curare could be categorized into three main types as seen below. However useful it appeared, it became rapidly outmoded. Richard Gill, a plant collector, found that the indigenous peoples
522:
The results of the early work were very inaccurate because of the complexity and variation of the composition of the mixtures of alkaloids involved these were impure, non-crystalline alkaloids Almost all curare preparations were and are complex mixtures, and many of the physiological
2428:
Lawen, A. (1912). "Über die
Verbindung der Lokalanästhesie mit der Narkose, über hohe Extraduralanaesthesie und epidurale injektionen anasthesierender Losungen bei tabischen Makenkrisen" [Over the connection of local anesthesia with anesthesia, through high extradural anesthesia and epidural
523:
actions attributed to the early curarizing preparations were undoubtedly due to impurities, particularly to other alkaloids present. The curare preparations are now considered to be of two main types, those from
Chondrodendron or other members of the Menispermaceae family and those from
1331:
plant, other cleaned plant parts, and occasionally snake venom is boiled in water for two days. This liquid is then strained and evaporated to create a dark, heavy, viscid paste that would be tested for its potency later. This curare paste was described to be very bitter in taste.
1353:
Various irritating herbs, stinging insects, poisonous worms, and various parts of amphibians and reptiles are added to the preparation. Some of these accelerate the onset of action or increase the toxicity; others prevent the wound from healing or blood from coagulating.
969:
In the 1940s, it was used on a few occasions during surgery as it was mistakenly thought to be an analgesic or anesthetic. The patients reported feeling the full intensity of the pain though they were not able to do anything about it since they were essentially paralyzed.
908:
It is harmless if taken orally because curare compounds are too large and highly charged to pass through the lining of the digestive tract to be absorbed into the blood. For this reason, people can safely eat curare-poisoned prey, and it has no effect on its flavor.
441:. Curare is also known among indigenous peoples as Ampi, Woorari, Woorara, Woorali, Wourali, Wouralia, Ourare, Ourari, Urare, Urari, and Uirary. The noun 'curare' is not to be confused with the Latin verb 'curare' ('to heal, cure, take care of').
1452:
1028:
There are dozens of plants from which isoquinoline and indole alkaloids with curarizing effects can be isolated, and which were utilized by indigenous tribes of
Central and South America for the production of arrow poisons. Among them are:
965:
in 1941. Since the 1930s, it was being used in hospitals as a muscle relaxant. He discovered that different types of curare called for as many as 15 ingredients, and in time helped to identify more than 70 species that produced the drug.
825:
is one of the major active components in the South
American dart poison. As an alkaloid, tubocurarine is a naturally occurring compound that consists of nitrogenous bases, although the chemical structure of alkaloids is highly variable.
894:. By blocking ACh degradation, AChE inhibitors raise the amount of ACh in the neuromuscular junction; the accumulated ACh will then correct for the effect of the curare by activating the receptors not blocked by toxin at a higher rate.
1816:(1811). "X. Experiments and Observations on the different Modes in which Death is produced by certain vegetable Poisons. By B. C. Brodie, Esq. F. R. S. Communicated by the Society for promoting the Knowledge of Animal Chemistry".
83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1856:"XI. Further Experiments and Observations on the Action of Poisons on the Animal System. By B. C. Brodie, Esq. F. R. S. Communicated to the Society for the Improvement of Animal Chemistry, and by them to the Royal Society"
765:
After its introduction in 1942, curare/curare-derivatives became a widely used paralyzing agent during medical and surgical procedures. In medicine, curare has been superseded by a number of curare-like agents, such as
354:
for hunting and for therapeutic purposes, curare only becomes active when it contaminates a wound or is introduced directly to the bloodstream; it is not active when ingested orally. These poisons cause weakness of the
2678:"The Amazonian arrow poison that made modern anaesthesia: Adventurer Richard Gill sought relief from symptoms of multiple sclerosis in an Ecuadorian tribal weapon – with wider results that live on in medicine today"
1483:
945:
for many reasons, such as providing optimal operating conditions and facilitating intubation of the trachea. Before muscle relaxants, anesthesiologists needed to use larger doses of the anesthetic agent, such as
1504:
1239:, as gastro-intestinal absorption is ineffective. The toxicity of curare alkaloids in humans has not been systematically established, but it is considered highly toxic and slow-acting, with a lowest reported
371:. Curare is prepared by boiling the bark of one of the dozens of plant sources, leaving a dark, heavy paste that can be applied to arrow or dart heads. In medicine, curare has been used as a treatment for
1008:
In 1954, an article was published by
Beecher and Todd suggesting that the use of muscle relaxants (drugs similar to curare) increased death due to anesthesia nearly sixfold. This was refuted in 1956.
536:
Curare was used as a paralyzing poison by many South
American indigenous people. Since it was too expensive to be used in warfare, curare was mainly used for hunting. The prey was shot by arrows or
1389:
in that there is paralysis of every voluntarily controlled muscle in the body (including the eyes), making it practically impossible for the victim to confirm consciousness while paralyzed.
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1400:
is not directly affected by curare, but if more than four to six minutes has passed since respiratory cessation the cardiac muscle may stop functioning due to oxygen deprivation, making
596:), though the poison he described was possibly not curare. In 1780, Abbe Felix Fontana discovered that it acted on the voluntary muscles rather than the nerves and the heart. In 1832,
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gave a synthetic preparation of curare (Intercostrin/Intocostrin) to a patient undergoing an appendectomy (to supplement conventional anesthesia). Safer curare derivatives, such as
480:
Pot curare: Mainly composed of alkaloid components protocurarine (the active ingredient), protocurine (a weak toxicity), and protocuridine (non-toxic) from both
Menispermaceae and
4441:
93:
69:
838:
for acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction, blocking nerve impulses from being sent to the skeletal muscles, effectively paralyzing the muscles of the body.
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690:(1813–1878) published the results of his experiments in which he demonstrated that the mechanism of action of curare was a result of interference in the conduction of
3791:
1666:
Tesauro de datos historicos: Indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos, Tomo II
2725:
1671:
Thesaurus of historical data: Comprehensive index of Puerto Rico's historical literature, including some unpublished, journalistic and cartographic data, Volume II
540:
darts dipped in curare, leading to asphyxiation owing to the inability of the victim's respiratory muscles to contract. In particular, the poison was used by the
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1160:
1154:
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and his expedition collected samples of processed curare and described its method of traditional preparation; one of the plant species used at that time was
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1062:
1068:
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1637:
103:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
4126:
2515:"A Study of the Deaths Associated with Anesthesia and Surgery: Based on a Study of 599,548 Anesthesias in Ten Institutions 1948–1952, Inclusive"
527:, a genus of the Loganiaceae family. Some preparations may contain alkaloids from both and the majority have other secondary ingredients.
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Isolated attempts to use curare during anesthesia date back to 1912 by Arthur Lawen of
Leipzig, but curare came to anesthesia via
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Mashraqui, S. (October 1994). "Hypotension induced with d-tubocurarine and halothane for surgery of patent ductus arteriosus".
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began to use a variety of containers for their curare preparations, henceforth invalidating Boehm's basis of classification.
878:, occupies the same position on the receptor as ACh with an equal or greater affinity, and elicits no response, making it a
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1437:. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme used to break down the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter left over in motor neuron
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88:
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758:. It was isolated from the crude drug – from a museum sample of curare – in 1935 by Harold King of London, working in
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French
Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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of curare, which is generally between 30 minutes and 8 hours, depending on the variant of the toxin and dosage.
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of Guyana. It has its origins in the Carib phrase "mawa cure" meaning of the Mawa vine, scientifically known as
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until curare subsides and muscle function is regained, in which case no permanent effects of poisoning occur.
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to achieve these aims. Such deep anesthesia risked killing patients who were elderly or had heart conditions.
626:). He was the first to show that curare does not kill the animal and the recovery is complete if the animal's
1401:
2699:. In Paradis, Norman A.; Halperin, Henry R.; Kern, Karl B.; Wenzel, Volker; Chamberlain, Douglas A. (eds.).
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1377:. In a study of 29 army volunteers that were paralyzed with curare, artificial respiration managed to keep
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Due to its popularity among the indigenous people as means of paralyzing prey, certain tribes would create
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Personal
Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, During the Year 1799–1804 – Volume 2
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244:
species which is the principal source of 'calabash curare' and its main active constituent, the alkaloid
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provided the first eye-witness account of curare preparation. A mixture of young bark scrapings of the
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Similar functional groups among the three compounds enables curare to bind to Acetylcholine receptors.
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2350:"Curare (Chondrodendron tomentosum - Menispermaceae): From Arrow Poison to Surgical Muscle Relaxant"
1888:"CURARE (Chondrodendron tomentosum - Menispermaceae): From Arrow Poison to Surgical Muscle Relaxant"
20:
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Bennett, A. E. (1940). "Preventing traumatic complications in convulsive shock therapy by curare".
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119:
3064:"Curare binding and the curare-induced subconductance state of the acetylcholine receptor channel"
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d-tubocurarine can cause a profound fall in blood pressure in some patients as both the drugs are
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from curare production. Thus, curare became a symbol of wealth among the indigenous populations.
510:, this poison was originally packed into hollow gourds from Loganiaceae/Strychnaceae alone.
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The best known and historically most important toxin (because of its medical applications) is d-
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706:. From 1887, the Burroughs Wellcome catalogue listed under its 'Tabloids' brand name,
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2120:"THE ACTION OF CERTAIN ESTERS AND ETHERS OF CHOLINE, AND THEIR RELATION TO MUSCARINE"
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2005:
1978:
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The Alkaloids: v. 1: A Review of Chemical Literature (Specialist Periodical Reports)
1761:
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2962:– contains papers and records pertaining to Griffith's introduction of curare into
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2407:"From the Rainforests of South America to The Operating Room: A History of Curare"
2357:
1895:
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1673:] (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: El Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 306
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2130:. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 147–190.
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1422:
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1033:
759:
687:
593:
575:
556:, indigenous to Colombia and northeastern Peru, commonly used these toxins via
467:
222:
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such as paralysis including respiration but not directly affecting the heart.
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shillings) for use in preparing a solution for hypodermic injection. In 1914,
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1002:
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For 20-fold paralytic dose of toxiferine ("calabash curare"), according to:
2800:
2755:
The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness
2291:
1545:, a related alkaloid poison that occurs in some of the same plants as curare
813:
The various components of curare are organic compounds classified as either
600:
gave the first western account of how the toxin was prepared from plants by
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339:
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2263:
Eger, Edmond I II; Saidman, Lawrence J.; Westhorpe, Rod N., eds. (2014).
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2009:
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1124:
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986:
891:
767:
561:
485:
481:
407:
133:
19:
This article is about the plant toxins. For the DC Comics character, see
2703:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 520.
2327:
1797:
1292:
782:
770:, which have a similar pharmacodynamic profile, but fewer side effects.
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1542:
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499:
245:
122:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2848:, The Gale Group, Inc., 2008 – via The Free Dictionary by Farlex
653:, who was a trained botanist, identified the vine as one of the genus
4651:
4646:
4621:
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4511:
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4136:
4131:
4121:
3946:
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3916:
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2820:. Cambridge, England: Royal Society of Chemistry. 1971. p. 330.
2246:
1223:
1199:
1138:
1116:
1100:
994:
897:
The time of onset varies from within one minute (for tubocurarine in
655:
627:
549:
364:
240:
51:
1656:
462:, this poison is found packed into hollow bamboo tubes derived from
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4731:
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4536:
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4101:
4061:
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4011:
3961:
3956:
3861:
3708:
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3623:
3555:
3489:
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3206:
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For therapeutic dose of tubocurarine by shorter limit as given in:
2289:
1218:
1188:
1173:
930:
589:
568:
541:
495:
360:
336:
2701:
Cardiac Arrest: The Science and Practice of Resuscitation Medicine
2411:
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Innovation in Medical Education
735:. After 25 years, he showed that acetylcholine is responsible for
4801:
4781:
4361:
4332:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4161:
4065:
3951:
3886:
3881:
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1438:
1217:
Alkaloids with curare-like activity are present in plants of the
1177:
1056:
747:
679:
601:
557:
537:
372:
2101:
Leçons sur les effets des substances toxiques et médicamenteuses
1921:. London, Paris & Melbourne: Cassell & Company, Limited.
1802:. Translated by Ross, Thomasina. London: George Bell & Sons.
1590:
The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology – Volume 5, Pharmacology
901:, penetrating a larger vein), to between 15 and 25 minutes (for
484:/Strychnaceae. This subtype is found originally packed in
392:
80:
4211:
4021:
3806:
1608:
1357:
818:
638:
635:
359:
and, when administered in a sufficient dose, eventual death by
2661:
Stejskal, Susan M. (2005). "Curare". In Wexler, Philip (ed.).
634:
described a classical experiment in which he kept a curarized
4761:
2429:
injections of anesthetic solutions in tabetic macaques].
1467:
1092:
649:. Waterton is also credited with bringing curare to Europe.
585:
Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana
304:
272:
1701:
The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
1381:
always above 85%, a level at which there is no evidence of
961:
The source of curare in the Amazon was first researched by
307:
275:
221:, the main source of 'tube curare' and principal source of
2733:, Albany, New York: Albany Medical College, archived from
2107:] (in French). Paris: J.B. Baillière. pp. 369–80.
1498:
have been used in the preparation of some forms of curare.
295:
263:
92:
to this template: there are already 1,436 articles in the
3819:
2995:"Neuromuscular blocking drugs: discovery and development"
2922:(in German), vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 128–131,
292:
2481:
Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology
2143:"Chemical Transmission of the Effects of Nerve Impulses"
2105:
Lessons on the effects of toxic and medicinal substances
2063:(4). The Royal College of Surgeons of England: 191–203.
1996:
Paton, A. (December 1979). "George Harley (1829-1896)".
1663:
La Oficina del Indice Histórico de Puerto Rico (1949).
2483:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 209.
1593:. New York, New York: Academic Press Inc. p. 269.
1477:—have sometimes been used in the preparation of curare.
4242:
3838:
1392:
Spontaneous breathing is resumed after the end of the
1362:
Curare poisoning can be indicated by typical signs of
2861:
Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of Form and Function
2124:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2097:"Vingt-cinquième Leçon [Twenty-fifth Lesson]"
1959:(8). The British Pharmacological Society: 1685–1689.
327:
317:
289:
260:
2583:
2290:
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (7 March 2016).
2262:
905:, where the substance is applied in muscle tissue).
477:
values, tube curare is thought to be the most toxic.
458:
Tube or bamboo curare: Mainly composed of the toxin
301:
269:
76:
3159:
2633:Lewis, Walter H.; Elvin-Lewis, Memory P.F. (1977).
1012:sufficiently relaxed to permit surgery. The use of
731:(1875–1968) described the physiological actions of
379:and as a paralyzing agent for surgical procedures.
298:
266:
72:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
2752:
2053:"The Use of D-Tubocurarine Chloride in Anæsthesia"
1001:. However, it is safer to use d-tubocurarine with
2863:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education.
2785:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 151.
2584:Albertson, HA; Trout, HH; Morfin, E (June 1956).
225:(DTC), the alkaloid constituting medicinal curare
4890:
2727:Oxymoron: Our Love-Hate Relationship with Oxygen
2632:
2506:
1788:
1519:have been employed in the preparation of curare.
1243:of 375 μg/kg (unknown route of administration).
552:, on the tips of their arrows. In addition, the
3202:
3061:
3046:, Trustees of Dartmouth College, archived from
2884:Morgan, Thomas III; Kalman, Bernadette (2007).
2694:
404:about use of curare by Central American people.
4737:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
3062:Strecker, G.J.; Jackson, M.B. (October 1989).
2918:[Anesthesia before and after curare],
2342:
1880:
866:, one of the two types of acetylcholine (ACh)
118:accompanying your translation by providing an
63:Click for important translation instructions.
50:expand this article with text translated from
4878:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
3792:
3145:
2635:Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Man's Health
2202:. The Royal Society of Chemistry: 1381–1389.
2028:Whonamedit? – A dictionary of medical eponyms
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
841:
702:, and that this interference occurred at the
4873:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
3125:on 2008-06-05 – via Project Gutenberg.
2883:
2314:
2312:
2258:
2256:
2085:
1738:(4). Association of Anaesthetists: 706–707.
1644:. UCLA Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden,
1358:Diagnosis and management of curare poisoning
854:. Curare blocks ACh receptors (bottom left).
2992:
2512:
2450:Journal of the American Medical Association
858:Curare is an example of a non-depolarizing
342:originating from plant extracts. Used as a
16:Group of chemical substances used as poison
3799:
3785:
3152:
3138:
2759:. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. p. 357.
1946:
1573:
882:. The antidote for curare poisoning is an
3824:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
3097:
3020:
2656:
2654:
2609:
2540:
2493:
2378:
2309:
2253:
2166:
2068:
2041:
1972:
1871:
1743:
1694:"Curare: The South American Arrow Poison"
200:Learn how and when to remove this message
4367:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
3115:Waterton, Charles. Bullen, A. H. (ed.).
3000:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2950:Osler Library of the History of Medicine
2660:
2192:"Curare alkaloids: Part 1, Tubocurarine"
1917:Waterton, Charles (1891). "Chapter II".
1916:
864:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
845:
828:
741:
674:(1829–1896) showed in 1850 that curare (
606:
228:
211:
2858:
2773:
2750:
2478:
2447:
2233:(3412). The Physical Society: 469–470.
2091:
1638:"Curare, a South American Arrow Poison"
746:19th century depiction of hunting with
4891:
4247:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators
3843:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
2913:
2723:
2697:"Techniques of ventilation during CPR"
2651:
2413:. University of Ottawa. Archived from
2404:
2398:
1850:
1812:
1725:
1586:
1419:acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors
3780:
3133:
2842:"Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)"
2676:Kemp, Christopher (17 January 2018).
2665:(2. ed.). Elsevier. p. 694.
2427:
1995:
1646:University of California, Los Angeles
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1533:, what curare was originally used for
989:, have superseded d-tubocurarine for
884:acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor
773:
678:) was effective for the treatment of
630:is maintained artificially. In 1825,
3114:
2887:Neuroimmunology in Clinical Practice
2780:
2695:Idress, A.H.; Gabrielli, A. (2007).
2675:
2586:"The Safety of Curare in Anesthesia"
2513:Beecher, H. K.; Todd, D. P. (1954).
2220:
2189:
2140:
2117:
2047:
1768:
1471:—particularly the Colombian species
1411:
1287:
1214:have also been reported as sources.
1186:at least three members of the genus
777:
386:
153:
32:
2663:Elsevier encyclopedia of toxicology
1691:
1369:Curare poisoning can be managed by
1263:3200 μg/kg (mouse, intraperitoneal)
13:
2993:Raghavendra, Thandla (July 2002).
2907:
1745:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1968.tb00142.x
1635:
1622:
659:and gave it the now accepted name
427:The word 'curare' is derived from
14:
4930:
4452:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
3037:
2968:
2724:McEvoy, Mike (October 12, 2010),
2431:Beiträge zur klinischen Chirurgie
2326:. 8 November 2001. Archived from
2266:The Wondrous Story of Anaesthesia
1269:2700 μg/kg (rabbit, subcutaneous)
1127:, section L. (Cocculeae) of genus
739:, which can be blocked by curare.
611:Curare darts and quiver from the
588:(which relates to his travels in
514:Manske also observed in his 1955
444:
431:, from the Carib language of the
3808:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
2975:Canada Heirloom Series, Volume 6
2916:"Anästhesie vor und nach Curare"
2890:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 153.
2602:10.1097/00000658-195606000-00012
2571:10.1097/00132586-197110000-00013
2533:10.1097/00000658-195407000-00001
2466:10.1001/jama.1940.02810040032009
1776:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
1539:, another source of arrow poison
1503:
1482:
1451:
1291:
1260:1300 μg/kg (rabbit, intravenous)
1023:
781:
391:
285:
256:
158:
37:
4832:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
4157:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
4152:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
2877:
2852:
2834:
2807:
2744:
2717:
2688:
2669:
2626:
2577:
2487:
2472:
2441:
2421:
2372:
2283:
2214:
2196:Journal of the Chemical Society
2183:
2134:
2118:Dale, H. H. (1 November 1914).
2111:
2016:
1989:
1953:British Journal of Pharmacology
1940:
1910:
1844:
1513:. Certain species in the genus
1492:. Certain species in the genus
1385:. Yet, curare poisoning mimics
1266:500 μg/kg (mouse, subcutaneous)
993:during surgery. When used with
886:(anti-cholinesterase), such as
723:mg) tablets of curare (price: 8
531:
335:) is a common name for various
2946:Archival Collections Catalogue
2405:Milner, Daniel (Summer 2009).
1866:. The Royal Society: 205–227.
1824:. The Royal Society: 178–208.
1806:
1782:
1726:Carman, J. A. (October 1968).
1719:
1685:
1587:Manske, R. H. F., ed. (1955).
1555:
1383:altered state of consciousness
1283:
1257:140 μg/kg (mouse, intravenous)
666:
128:You may also add the template
1:
4868:Receptor/signaling modulators
4522:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
3090:10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82726-2
2942:"Harold Griffith, Fonds P090"
2846:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
2496:Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
1778:(Third ed.). Gale Group.
1549:
1402:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1254:1200 μg/kg (dog, intravenous)
1136:several species of the genus
912:
2859:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2015).
2751:Damasio, Antonio R. (1999).
2458:American Medical Association
1375:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
1364:neuromuscular-blocking drugs
1348:
1016:carries with it the risk of
1014:neuromuscular blocking drugs
903:intramuscular administration
874:. The main toxin of curare,
7:
4602:Methorphan (racemethorphan)
3932:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
3118:Wanderings In South America
3040:"Cholernergic Transmission"
2565:(5): 496 ff. October 1971.
2479:Dennett, Daniel C. (1978).
2292:"Curare, chemical compound"
2141:Dale, Henry (12 May 1934).
1919:Wanderings in South America
1567:Online Etymology Dictionary
1524:
1230:
544:, indigenous people of the
498:curare: Mainly composed of
100:will aid in categorization.
10:
4935:
3982:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
3013:10.1177/014107680209500713
1936:(1): 98 ff. February 1978.
1860:Philosophical Transactions
1818:Philosophical Transactions
1444:
1276:Death can be prevented by
1210:Some plants in the family
899:intravenous administration
842:Pharmacological properties
737:neuromuscular transmission
622:experimented with curare (
620:Sir Benjamin Collins Brody
382:
75:Machine translation, like
25:
18:
4860:
4774:
4235:
3831:
3817:
3756:
3611:
3582:
3564:
3546:
3528:
3475:
3421:
3412:
3390:
3379:Polyalkylene derivatives:
3355:
3233:
3193:
3173:
2954:McGill University Library
2379:Schaffner, Brynn (2000).
2269:. Springer. p. 438.
1490:Anomospermum schomburgkii
1461:. Certain species in the
1342:Chondrodendron tomentosum
1172:a plant in the subfamily
651:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
645:with a bellows through a
346:by indigenous peoples in
218:Chondrodendron tomentosum
52:the corresponding article
4842:Phosphatidylethanolamine
2559:Survey of Anesthesiology
1947:Birmingham, A T (1999).
1930:Survey of Anesthesiology
1852:Brodie, Benjamin Collins
1814:Brodie, Benjamin Collins
1387:total locked-in syndrome
1272:270 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
750:in the Amazon rainforest
560:to target prey 30 to 40
466:and other genera in the
449:In 1895, pharmacologist
172:may need to be rewritten
130:{{Translated|fr|Curare}}
26:Not to be confused with
4622:Morphanol (racemorphan)
4562:Laudexium (laudolissin)
3972:Desformylflustrabromine
2296:Encyclopædia Britannica
2147:British Medical Journal
1949:"Waterton and Wouralia"
1790:Humboldt, Alexander von
1642:Plants and Civilization
1235:Administration must be
139:For more guidance, see
4904:Neuromuscular blockers
3392:ACh release inhibitors
3274:intermediate duration:
2914:Foldes, F. F. (1993),
2637:. Wiley-Interscience.
2159:10.1136/bmj.1.3827.835
1965:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702409
1873:10.1098/rstl.1812.0013
1830:10.1098/rstl.1811.0011
1371:artificial respiration
1325:Alexander von Humboldt
1278:artificial ventilation
963:Richard Evans Schultes
880:competitive antagonist
872:neuromuscular junction
855:
852:neuromuscular junction
834:
751:
704:neuromuscular junction
643:artificial respiration
615:
598:Alexander von Humboldt
529:
402:is missing information
248:
226:
21:Curaré (Batman Beyond)
4914:Nicotinic antagonists
4827:Glycerophosphocholine
3243:ultra-short duration:
2356:. n.d. Archived from
2221:King, Harold (1935).
1894:. n.d. Archived from
973:On January 23, 1942,
849:
832:
745:
610:
520:
470:. According to their
232:
215:
141:Knowledge:Translation
112:copyright attribution
4822:Dimethylethanolamine
4687:Rapacuronium bromide
4667:Pipecuronium bromide
4507:Gantacurium chloride
4467:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
4052:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
4002:Ethoxysebacylcholine
3619:Arbaclofen placarbil
3312:Dimethyltubocurarine
3220:Dimethyltubocurarine
3050:on December 29, 2007
2981:on November 27, 2004
2781:Rang, H. P. (2003).
2208:10.1039/jr9350001381
2057:Ann R Coll Surg Engl
1250:of tubocurarine is:
1167:S. usambarensis
1077:Sciadotenia toxifera
1018:anesthesia awareness
927:Abram Elting Bennett
686:poisoning. In 1857,
377:strychnine poisoning
4837:Phosphatidylcholine
4722:Threohydrobupropion
4707:Stercuronium iodide
4642:Pancuronium bromide
3366:Choline derivatives
3175:Peripherally acting
3082:1989BpJ....56..795S
3069:Biophysical Journal
2920:Anaesthesiol Reanim
2330:on 16 November 2018
2239:1935Natur.135..469K
1728:"History of curare"
1511:Cissampelos pareira
941:are used in modern
4757:Vecuronium bromide
4697:Rocuronium bromide
4607:Methyllycaconitine
4532:Hydroxynorketamine
4427:Dextropropoxyphene
4412:Dehydronorketamine
4402:Dacuronium bromide
3530:Nonbenzodiazepines
3235:4° ammonium agents
2740:on August 21, 2011
2557:"Classical File".
2385:Blue Planet Biomes
1636:Gibson, Arthur C.
1406:chest compressions
1394:duration of action
1303:. You can help by
1248:median lethal dose
1161:S. castelnaei
1155:S. guianensis
1063:C. toxicofera
1049:C. tomentosum
935:convulsive therapy
929:used it to modify
856:
835:
793:. You can help by
774:Chemical structure
752:
729:Henry Hallett Dale
661:Strychnos toxifera
618:During 1811–1812,
616:
438:Strychnos toxifera
249:
235:Strychnos toxifera
227:
120:interlanguage link
4886:
4885:
4847:Phosphorylcholine
4785:
4770:
4769:
4567:Levacetylmethadol
4447:Dihydrochandonium
4327:sodium thiopental
3997:Ethanol (alcohol)
3774:
3773:
3752:
3751:
3408:
3407:
3373:(Succinylcholine)
3351:
3350:
3044:Dartmouth College
3038:Smith, Roger P.,
2971:"Harold Griffith"
2958:McGill University
2897:978-1-4051-5840-4
2827:978-0-85186-257-6
2792:978-0-443-07145-4
2766:978-0-15-601075-7
2710:978-0-521-84700-1
2590:Annals of Surgery
2520:Annals of Surgery
2276:978-1-4614-8440-0
2190:King, H. (1935).
2153:(3827): 835–841.
1569:. Douglas Harper.
1412:Chemical antidote
1379:oxygen saturation
1321:
1320:
1246:For animals, the
1069:C. tecunarum
999:ganglion blockers
811:
810:
613:Amazon rainforest
425:
424:
210:
209:
202:
182:lead layout guide
152:
151:
64:
60:
4926:
4899:Muscle relaxants
4779:
4717:Thiocolchicoside
4527:Hydroxybupropion
4422:Dextromethorphan
4294:Allopregnanolone
4248:
4244:
4147:Suberyldicholine
3857:6-Chloronicotine
3844:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3729:Thiocolchicoside
3584:Anticholinergics
3548:Thienodiazepines
3419:
3418:
3414:Centrally acting
3344:(Hexafluorenium)
3200:
3199:
3195:Non-depolarizing
3191:
3190:
3162:muscle relaxants
3154:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3121:. Archived from
3111:
3101:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3034:
3024:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2977:, archived from
2961:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2902:
2901:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2554:
2544:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2417:on 30 July 2011.
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2247:10.1038/135469b0
2218:
2212:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2004:(1338): 849–51.
1993:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1926:"Classical File"
1922:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1692:Lee, MR (2005).
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1652:on 28 July 2012.
1648:. Archived from
1633:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1559:
1537:Poison dart frog
1507:
1486:
1455:
1316:
1313:
1295:
1288:
1212:Aristolochiaceae
1200:Paullinia cururu
1149:S. toxifera
1132:Other families:
939:Muscle relaxants
862:that blocks the
806:
803:
785:
778:
726:
722:
715:
714:
710:
632:Charles Waterton
507:
503:
420:
417:
411:
395:
387:
357:skeletal muscles
344:paralyzing agent
331:
321:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
205:
198:
194:
191:
185:
178:improve the lead
162:
161:
154:
131:
125:
99:
98:|topic=
96:, and specifying
81:Google Translate
62:
58:
41:
40:
33:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4856:
4778:
4766:
4372:Chlorisondamine
4246:
4239:
4231:
3842:
3835:
3823:
3813:
3805:
3775:
3770:
3758:Directly acting
3748:
3607:
3598:Cyclobenzaprine
3589:Antimuscarinics
3586:
3578:
3560:
3542:
3524:
3477:Benzodiazepines
3471:
3404:
3400:Botulinum toxin
3386:
3347:
3229:
3183:
3177:
3169:
3158:
3053:
3051:
2984:
2982:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2910:
2908:Further reading
2905:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2857:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2793:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2693:
2689:
2674:
2670:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2631:
2627:
2582:
2578:
2556:
2555:, reprinted in
2511:
2507:
2492:
2488:
2477:
2473:
2446:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2261:
2254:
2219:
2215:
2188:
2184:
2139:
2135:
2116:
2112:
2093:Bernard, Claude
2090:
2086:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2024:"George Harley"
2022:
2021:
2017:
1994:
1990:
1945:
1941:
1924:
1923:, reprinted in
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1849:
1845:
1811:
1807:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1724:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1661:
1657:
1634:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1585:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1527:
1520:
1508:
1499:
1487:
1478:
1463:menispermaceous
1456:
1447:
1414:
1360:
1351:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1301:needs expansion
1286:
1233:
1026:
975:Harold Griffith
915:
860:muscle relaxant
844:
807:
801:
798:
791:needs expansion
776:
724:
720:
712:
708:
707:
700:skeletal muscle
669:
546:Lesser Antilles
534:
505:
501:
475:
447:
421:
415:
412:
405:
396:
385:
329:
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288:
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65:
42:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4911:
4906:
4901:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:Kynurenic acid
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4346:κ-bungarotoxin
4342:α-bungarotoxin
4335:
4330:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4280:, many others)
4270:α-bungarotoxin
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4202:Tribendimidine
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Sebacylcholine
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Butyrylcholine
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:long duration:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:short duration
3249:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3197:
3188:
3171:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3112:
3076:(4): 795–806.
3059:
3035:
3007:(7): 363–367.
2990:
2966:
2964:anesthesiology
2938:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2876:
2870:978-1259385513
2869:
2851:
2833:
2826:
2806:
2791:
2772:
2765:
2743:
2716:
2709:
2687:
2668:
2650:
2643:
2625:
2596:(6): 833–837.
2576:
2505:
2486:
2471:
2440:
2420:
2397:
2371:
2341:
2308:
2282:
2275:
2252:
2213:
2182:
2133:
2110:
2084:
2040:
2015:
1988:
1939:
1909:
1879:
1843:
1805:
1794:Bonpland, Aimé
1781:
1767:
1718:
1684:
1655:
1621:
1599:
1572:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1459:Abuta selloana
1457:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1423:pyridostigmine
1413:
1410:
1398:Cardiac muscle
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1232:
1229:
1208:
1207:
1203:in the family
1196:
1184:
1170:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1052:
1043:Chondrodendron
1034:Menispermaceae
1025:
1022:
914:
911:
876:d-tubocurarine
843:
840:
809:
808:
788:
786:
775:
772:
760:Sir Henry Dale
692:nerve impulses
688:Claude Bernard
668:
665:
604:River natives.
578:mentioned the
576:Walter Raleigh
533:
530:
512:
511:
489:
478:
473:
468:Menispermaceae
464:Chondrodendron
460:D-tubocurarine
446:
445:Classification
443:
423:
422:
399:
397:
390:
384:
381:
223:D-tubocurarine
208:
207:
167:The article's
166:
164:
157:
150:
149:
145:
144:
137:
126:
104:
101:
89:adding a topic
84:
73:
66:
47:
46:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4931:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:Phencyclidine
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Nitrous oxide
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Levomethadone
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Hexafluronium
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Decamethonium
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Cisatracurium
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:Bungarotoxins
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:pentobarbital
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:α-Neurotoxins
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Decamethonium
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Acetylcholine
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Methocarbamol
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:Mephenoxalone
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Chlorzoxazone
3637:
3635:
3634:Chlorphenesin
3632:
3630:
3629:Chlormezanone
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Flunitrazepam
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Phenprobamate
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Difebarbamate
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:Carbamic acid
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3382:Hexamethonium
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:Suxamethonium
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3343:
3342:Hexafluronium
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Cisatracurium
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3180:antinicotinic
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2682:New Scientist
2679:
2672:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2644:0-471-53320-3
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2433:(in German).
2432:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2360:on 9 May 2008
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1898:on 9 May 2008
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:9781483221922
1596:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1563:"curare (n.)"
1558:
1554:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:A. imene
1470:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:physostigmine
1428:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1299:This section
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
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1197:
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1190:
1185:
1183:
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1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1024:Plant sources
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
906:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
888:physostigmine
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
853:
848:
839:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
805:
796:
792:
789:This section
787:
784:
780:
779:
771:
769:
763:
761:
757:
749:
744:
740:
738:
734:
733:acetylcholine
730:
718:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:George Harley
664:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
574:In 1596, Sir
572:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
528:
526:
519:
517:
516:The Alkaloids
509:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
479:
476:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:
455:
452:
442:
440:
439:
434:
430:
419:
409:
403:
400:This section
398:
394:
389:
388:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
352:South America
349:
345:
341:
340:arrow poisons
338:
334:
333:
324:
323:
312:
280:
253:
247:
243:
242:
237:
236:
231:
224:
220:
219:
214:
204:
201:
193:
183:
180:and read the
179:
173:
170:
165:
156:
155:
142:
138:
135:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
95:
94:main category
91:
90:
85:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
67:
61:
55:
53:
48:You can help
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
4919:Plant toxins
4747:Tubocurarine
4677:Promegestone
4672:Progesterone
4587:Mecamylamine
4397:Cyclopropane
4391:
4387:Coronaridine
4319:Barbiturates
4304:Anatruxonium
4274:α-cobratoxin
4117:Sazetidine A
4037:JNJ-39393406
4027:Ispronicline
3744:Zoxazolamine
3603:Orphenadrine
3574:Methaqualone
3566:Quinazolines
3437:Cyclarbamate
3432:Carisoprodol
3378:
3364:
3357:Depolarizing
3338:
3322:Pipecuronium
3303:
3273:
3257:Rapacuronium
3252:
3242:
3225:Tubocurarine
3203:
3123:the original
3117:
3073:
3067:
3052:, retrieved
3048:the original
3043:
3004:
2998:
2983:, retrieved
2979:the original
2974:
2969:James, Mel,
2945:
2931:, retrieved
2919:
2886:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2816:
2809:
2783:Pharmacology
2782:
2775:
2754:
2746:
2735:the original
2726:
2719:
2700:
2690:
2681:
2671:
2662:
2634:
2628:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2562:
2558:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2502:(5): 346–50.
2499:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:the original
2410:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2353:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2323:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2285:
2265:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2001:
1998:Practitioner
1997:
1991:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1891:
1882:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1798:
1784:
1775:
1770:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1707:(1): 83–92.
1704:
1700:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1670:
1665:
1658:
1650:the original
1641:
1612:. Retrieved
1589:
1566:
1557:
1531:Arrow poison
1514:
1510:
1495:Anomospermum
1493:
1489:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1415:
1391:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1340:
1337:Richard Gill
1334:
1328:
1322:
1309:
1305:adding to it
1300:
1275:
1245:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1198:
1187:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1109:Anomospermum
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1010:
1007:
979:Enid Johnson
972:
968:
960:
956:cyclopropane
923:electroplexy
916:
907:
896:
857:
836:
823:Tubocurarine
815:isoquinoline
812:
799:
795:adding to it
790:
764:
756:tubocurarine
753:
675:
670:
660:
654:
647:tracheostomy
623:
617:
583:
582:in his book
580:arrow poison
573:
566:
554:Yagua people
535:
532:Hunting uses
524:
521:
515:
513:
451:Rudolf Boehm
448:
436:
428:
426:
413:
401:
361:asphyxiation
251:
250:
239:
233:
216:
196:
187:
176:Please help
171:
169:lead section
116:edit summary
107:
87:
59:(March 2014)
57:
49:
4909:Neurotoxins
4852:Pirisudanol
4817:Cyprodenate
4797:Adafenoxate
4712:Surugatoxin
4702:Sevoflurane
4657:Pentolinium
4637:Norketamine
4557:Laudanosine
4487:Erythravine
4477:Encenicline
4462:Dipyrandium
4432:Dextrorphan
4278:α-conotoxin
4237:Antagonists
4222:WAY-317,538
4217:Varenicline
4207:Tropisetron
4197:Tebanicline
4142:SSR-180,711
4107:Rivanicline
4097:Pozanicline
4092:PNU-282,987
4087:PNU-120,596
4082:PHA-709,829
4077:PHA-543,613
4017:Galantamine
3992:Epiboxidine
3987:Epibatidine
3907:Altinicline
3739:Tolperisone
3724:Silperisone
3714:Promoxolane
3674:Lanperisone
3669:Inaperisone
3654:Flopropione
3649:Fenyramidol
3538:Eszopiclone
3452:Meprobamate
3447:Febarbamate
3317:Pancuronium
3246:Gantacurium
3178:(primarily
2527:(2): 2–35.
2460:: 322–324.
2354:Ye Olde Log
1892:Ye Olde Log
1732:Anaesthesia
1516:Cissampelos
1435:edrophonium
1427:neostigmine
1408:necessary.
1284:Preparation
1241:lethal dose
1205:Sapindaceae
1144:Loganiaceae
1125:Cissampelos
1085:Telitoxicum
987:pancuronium
925:). In 1939
892:neostigmine
821:alkaloids.
768:pancuronium
696:motor nerve
667:Medical use
628:respiration
486:terra cotta
482:Loganiaceae
4893:Categories
4812:Citicoline
4792:Acetyl-coA
4776:Precursors
4752:Vanoxerine
4742:Tropeinium
4727:Toxiferine
4692:Reboxetine
4682:Radafaxine
4627:Neramexane
4617:Mivacurium
4612:Metocurine
4577:Malouetine
4542:Isoflurane
4497:Fazadinium
4492:Esketamine
4472:Doxacurium
4457:Dioscorine
4417:Desflurane
4382:Coclaurine
4314:Atracurium
4299:Amantadine
4289:Alcuronium
4042:Levamisole
4032:Ivermectin
3977:Dianicline
3937:Butinoline
3922:Anatoxin-a
3811:modulators
3766:Dantrolene
3734:Tizanidine
3704:Pregabalin
3689:Metaxalone
3679:Mephenesin
3659:Gabapentin
3520:Tetrazepam
3510:Nitrazepam
3495:Clonazepam
3485:Bromazepam
3307:Doxacurium
3297:Vecuronium
3292:Rocuronium
3287:Fazadinium
3277:Atracurium
3267:Chandonium
3262:Mivacurium
3215:Alcuronium
2437:: 168–189.
2334:23 January
1550:References
1543:Strychnine
1404:including
1312:March 2014
1237:parenteral
1194:Piperaceae
1192:of family
1176:of family
1146:including
1142:of family
1060:, species
1032:In family
991:anesthesia
983:rocuronium
952:chloroform
943:anesthesia
919:psychiatry
913:Anesthesia
802:March 2014
684:strychnine
569:monopolies
504:toxiferine
416:March 2014
246:toxiferine
4652:Pentamine
4647:Pempidine
4597:Methadone
4592:Memantine
4512:Halothane
4502:Gallamine
4482:Enflurane
4437:Diadonium
4352:Bupropion
4137:SIB-1553A
4132:SIB-1508Y
4122:SB-206553
3947:Carbachol
3927:AR-R17779
3917:Anatabine
3912:Anabasine
3877:A-867,744
3872:A-582,941
3867:A-366,833
3644:Eperisone
3515:Temazepam
3505:Lorazepam
3462:Styramate
3339:unsorted:
3332:Gallamine
3327:Laudexium
3207:alkaloids
3185:NMJ block
3160:Skeletal
3054:March 13,
2364:23 August
2324:Drugs.com
1902:23 August
1838:186210185
1677:4 January
1349:Adjuvants
1335:In 1938,
1329:Strychnos
1323:In 1807,
1224:Erythrina
1219:fabaceous
1139:Strychnos
1117:Orthomene
1101:Caryomene
995:halothane
870:, at the
868:receptors
694:from the
656:Strychnos
641:alive by
564:distant.
558:blowpipes
550:Caribbean
525:Strychnos
408:talk page
369:diaphragm
365:paralysis
241:Strychnos
134:talk page
86:Consider
54:in French
4864:See also
4806:lecithin
4782:prodrugs
4732:Tramadol
4582:ME-18-MC
4547:Ketamine
4537:Ibogaine
4357:BW284C51
4112:RJR-2429
4102:Pyrantel
4062:Nicotine
4057:Morantel
4047:Lobeline
4012:EVP-6124
4007:EVP-4473
3962:Cytisine
3957:Cotinine
3862:A-84,543
3833:Agonists
3709:Pridinol
3699:Phenibut
3624:Baclofen
3556:Etizolam
3490:Diazepam
3467:Tybamate
3031:12091515
2985:June 20,
2933:June 20,
2801:51622037
2620:13327828
2551:13159140
2390:14 April
2381:"Curare"
2320:"Curare"
2301:17 April
2223:"Curare"
2177:20778253
2095:(1857).
2079:19309828
2051:(1947).
2049:Gray, TC
2033:14 April
1983:10372809
1854:(1812).
1796:(1907).
1762:10236106
1713:15825249
1525:See also
1439:synapses
1421:such as
1373:such as
1231:Toxicity
1189:Artanthe
1174:Aroideae
1046:notably
933:induced
931:metrazol
748:blowguns
590:Trinidad
542:Kalinago
492:Calabash
337:alkaloid
190:May 2019
110:provide
4802:Choline
4362:BW-A444
4340:(e.g.,
4333:BNC-210
4321:(e.g.,
4284:ABT-126
4268:(e.g.,
4227:XY-4083
4192:TC-6683
4187:TC-5619
4182:TC-5214
4177:TC-2216
4172:TC-1827
4167:TC-1734
4162:TC-1698
4072:NS-1738
4066:tobacco
3952:Choline
3897:ABT-894
3892:ABT-560
3887:ABT-418
3882:ABT-202
3719:Quinine
3108:2479422
3099:1280535
3078:Bibcode
3022:1279945
2928:8280340
2684:(3161).
2611:1465152
2542:1609600
2235:Bibcode
2168:2445804
2070:1940167
1974:1565951
1754:4877723
1609:50-5522
1445:Gallery
1180:called
1178:Araceae
1057:Curarea
711:⁄
698:to the
680:tetanus
676:wourali
624:woorara
602:Orinoco
594:Guayana
548:in the
538:blowgun
383:History
373:tetanus
367:of the
363:due to
348:Central
132:to the
114:in the
56:.
4392:Curare
4309:AQW051
4256:18-MAC
4212:UB-165
4022:GTS-21
3852:5-HIAA
3820:nAChRs
3425:esters
3204:Curare
3106:
3096:
3029:
3019:
2926:
2894:
2867:
2824:
2799:
2789:
2763:
2707:
2641:
2618:
2608:
2549:
2539:
2273:
2227:Nature
2175:
2165:
2077:
2067:
2010:396529
2008:
1981:
1971:
1836:
1760:
1752:
1711:
1614:12 May
1607:
1597:
1465:genus
1433:, and
1221:genus
1122:Genus
1114:Genus
1106:Genus
1098:Genus
1090:Genus
1082:Genus
1074:Genus
1054:Genus
1040:Genus
819:indole
725:
721:
639:donkey
636:female
506:
502:
433:Macusi
429:wurari
252:Curare
238:, the
28:Curara
4780:(and
4762:Xenon
4261:18-MC
4240:(and
3836:(and
3612:Other
2738:(PDF)
2731:(PDF)
2456:(4).
2103:[
1834:S2CID
1758:S2CID
1697:(PDF)
1669:[
1468:Abuta
1093:Abuta
1003:ether
948:ether
717:grain
562:paces
496:gourd
488:pots.
328:kyuu-
77:DeepL
4442:DHβE
4243:NAMs
3839:PAMs
3104:PMID
3056:2007
3027:PMID
2987:2005
2935:2005
2924:PMID
2892:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2822:ISBN
2797:OCLC
2787:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2616:PMID
2547:PMID
2392:2020
2366:2017
2336:2018
2303:2020
2271:ISBN
2173:PMID
2075:PMID
2035:2020
2006:PMID
1979:PMID
1904:2017
1750:PMID
1709:PMID
1679:2020
1616:2014
1605:LCCN
1595:ISBN
1182:taja
1066:and
985:and
977:and
719:(5.4
682:and
592:and
375:and
350:and
332:-ree
322:-ree
318:kuu-
108:must
106:You
70:View
3664:GHB
3166:M03
3094:PMC
3086:doi
3017:PMC
3009:doi
2606:PMC
2598:doi
2594:143
2567:doi
2537:PMC
2529:doi
2525:140
2462:doi
2454:114
2243:doi
2231:135
2204:doi
2163:PMC
2155:doi
2065:PMC
2002:223
1969:PMC
1961:doi
1957:126
1868:doi
1864:102
1826:doi
1822:101
1740:doi
1417:of
1307:.
954:or
890:or
817:or
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494:or
330:RAH
325:or
320:RAH
305:ɑːr
283:or
273:ɑːr
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4344:,
4325:,
4276:,
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3066:.
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3025:.
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2000:.
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1967:.
1955:.
1951:.
1934:22
1932:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
