404:, acquire infection by way of miracidia penetration. Upon embryonated egg deposition into aqueous environments from feces of adult flukes in the large intestine of tadpoles and rectum of frogs, miracidia penetrate snails and undergo three generations of rediae in the liver-the third producing and releasing an immature cercariae into the tissues of the snail host. Daily shedding of mature cercariae opportunistically encyst on the skin of tadpoles and adult frogs, particularly the dark spots of the fore and hindlegs. Tadpoles then become infected by ingestion of such encysted metacercariae or inhalation of free cercariae and attach onto the large intestine and become gravid. During the process of metamorphosis, the process at which tadpoles structurally mature into adult frogs, flukes migrate superiorly into the small intestine, as far as possible as to elude being dispensed. As the intestine shortens after metamorphosis and adolescent frogs begin development of a protein diet, the remaining flukes return to the rectum. Infection in adult frogs may also occur by ingestion of metacercariae.
25:
521:
448:
infection include snails-first definitive hosts, tadpoles, and frogs-definitive hosts to the parasite. Localized in the hepatopancreas of snails, large intestine of tadpoles, and rectum of adult frogs, means of disease control include: random and periodic testing of vulnerable species populations for
263:
that contain a pair of posterior fluid filled pouch located in the oral sucker with a posterior sucker that is equal to the largest width of the body. The tegumental surface of this parasite contains various rows of indentations. The patterns of the indentation merge into several areas into folds
286:
into the water to penetrate the skin of frogs. The frogs regularly cast off the outer layers of the skin which results in their exposure to metaceriae. The metaceriae remains in the rectum of the frog and matures in the time span of four months.
370:
The ocellated cercariae escape daily from infected intermediate hosts and attach to the skin of tadpoles or frogs and enter the muscles where they encyst and grow to be infectious.
400:
416:
may be identified by examining miracidia on snails, dead cercarae or formed metacercariae on tadpoles, and/or rectal flukes in adult frogs via dissection.
394:
292:
609:
324:
635:
453:
via pesticides, introduction of new species to combat transmission and minimize both transmission prevalence and incidence of infection.
596:
622:
382:
preferentially infects snails-its first intermediate host, tadpoles, and frogs-its definitive host. Thus, environments harboring
627:
694:
291:
are less commonly infected, but when infected they are infected by the ingestion of cercaria. Through the process of
68:
46:
640:
282:
are displayed in the stomach and rectum of frogs and tadpoles. The snails that are diffused with miracidia releases
39:
661:
556:
in
Tadpoles and Metamorphosed Anurans. Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Parasite. 2008 (3):396-401
449:
infection, controlling both snail and frog populations, and/or controlling saturated ecosystems infected with
361:
273:
666:
549:(Stafford, 1905) Harwood, 1932 (Paramphistomidae: Trematoda). American Midland Naturalist. Page 172.
520:
488:
33:
531:
Burton, Bogitsh. Cytochemical and
Ultrastructural Observations on the Tegument of the Trematode
689:
614:
564:
483:
50:
653:
342:
Eggs are laid fully embryonated containing miracidia that enter the first intermediate hosts.
190:
8:
388:
93:
648:
538:
Nollen, P. and Pyne, J. Observations on
Spermatogenesis and Inseminative Behavior of
509:
501:
493:
239:
497:
354:
587:
350:
683:
505:
311:
230:
family and is a common parasite located in the urinary bladder and rectum of
227:
152:
140:
513:
433:
429:
166:
336:
601:
542:
Adults in Frogs. American
Society of Parasitologist. 1979 (65)1:35-37.
470:
Bolek, M.G.; Janovy, J. (2008). "Alternative life cycle strategies of
260:
128:
558:
535:. Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University 1968. 87(4):477-286.
299:
travels primarily from the anterior to the posterior of the rectum.
581:
283:
244:
223:
116:
332:
288:
219:
104:
552:
Bolek, MG and Janovy, J. Alternative Life Cycle
Strategies of
386:
include streams, ponds, and bodies of water. Snails, commonly
328:
264:
with ridges that represent the posterior and genital pores.
310:
are commonly prevalent in the high altitude regions of the
231:
353:
of snails is finally parasitized, whereas in the gills of
234:. The primary host is frogs and the intermediate hosts of
444:
Vulnerable populations in North
America susceptible to
323:
The adult worms live in the rectum of frogs or in the
436:(PZQ) may be used as treatment to combat infection.
681:
463:
367:The last one produces with a pharyngeal pouch.
360:In both hosts miracidia transform into mother
469:
424:Based on the similar tegument integrity of
487:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
474:in tadpoles and metamorphosed anurans".
32:This article includes a list of general
682:
563:
562:
364:, which give rise to 2–3 generations.
327:of several species of fish including
302:
18:
13:
439:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
706:
545:Woude, Anne. Germ Cell Cycle of
519:
23:
374:
267:
226:. This parasite belongs to the
1:
456:
317:
251:
419:
407:
7:
498:10.1051/parasite/2008153396
428:, in comparison with other
10:
711:
274:Trematode lifecycle stages
271:
695:Animals described in 1905
571:
196:
189:
94:Scientific classification
92:
85:
236:Megalodiscus temeperatus
573:Megalodiscus temperatus
554:Megalodiscus temperatus
547:Megalodiscus temperatus
540:Megalodiscus temperatus
533:Megalodiscus temperatus
472:Megalodiscus temperatus
380:Megalodiscus temperatus
347:Megalodiscus temperatus
308:Megalodiscus temperatus
297:Megalodiscus temperatus
280:Megalodiscus temperatus
257:Megalodiscus temperatus
215:Megalodiscus temperatus
200:Megalodiscus temperatus
87:Megalodiscus temperatus
53:more precise citations.
278:The reproduction of
16:Species of flatworm
389:Helisoma trivolvis
303:Geographical range
182:M. temperatus
677:
676:
649:Open Tree of Life
565:Taxon identifiers
240:freshwater snails
211:
210:
79:
78:
71:
702:
670:
669:
657:
656:
644:
643:
631:
630:
618:
617:
605:
604:
592:
591:
590:
560:
559:
525:
524:
523:
517:
491:
467:
355:fingernail clams
206:(Stafford, 1905)
202:
83:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
710:
709:
705:
704:
703:
701:
700:
699:
680:
679:
678:
673:
665:
660:
652:
647:
639:
634:
626:
621:
613:
608:
600:
595:
586:
585:
580:
567:
529:
528:
518:
489:10.1.1.621.1582
468:
464:
459:
442:
440:Disease control
422:
410:
377:
357:are penetrated.
320:
305:
276:
270:
254:
224:Platyhelminthes
207:
204:
198:
185:
171:
155:
143:
131:
119:
117:Platyhelminthes
107:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
708:
698:
697:
692:
675:
674:
672:
671:
658:
645:
632:
619:
606:
593:
577:
575:
569:
568:
527:
526:
482:(3): 396–401.
461:
460:
458:
455:
441:
438:
421:
418:
409:
406:
401:H. campanulata
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
365:
358:
351:hepatopancreas
343:
340:
319:
316:
304:
301:
293:metaphorphosis
272:Main article:
269:
266:
253:
250:
222:in the phylum
209:
208:
205:
194:
193:
187:
186:
179:
177:
173:
172:
163:
161:
157:
156:
151:
149:
145:
144:
139:
137:
133:
132:
127:
125:
121:
120:
115:
113:
109:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:
90:
89:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
707:
696:
693:
691:
690:Plagiorchiida
688:
687:
685:
668:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
583:
579:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
522:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
462:
454:
452:
451:M. temperatus
447:
446:M. temperatus
437:
435:
431:
430:anthelmintics
427:
426:M. temperatus
417:
415:
414:M. temperatus
412:Infection by
405:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
390:
385:
384:M. temperatus
381:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
315:
313:
312:United States
309:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
275:
265:
262:
258:
249:
247:
246:
242:in the genus
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Cladorchiidae
225:
221:
217:
216:
203:
201:
195:
192:
191:Binomial name
188:
184:
183:
178:
175:
174:
170:
169:
168:
162:
159:
158:
154:
153:Cladorchiidae
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:Plagiorchiida
138:
135:
134:
130:
126:
123:
122:
118:
114:
111:
110:
106:
102:
99:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
572:
553:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
479:
475:
471:
465:
450:
445:
443:
434:Praziquantel
425:
423:
413:
411:
399:
393:
387:
383:
379:
378:
375:Transmission
346:
325:pyloric ceca
307:
306:
296:
279:
277:
268:Reproduction
256:
255:
243:
235:
214:
213:
212:
199:
197:
181:
180:
167:Megalodiscus
165:
164:
86:
80:
65:
56:
37:
51:introducing
684:Categories
457:References
395:H. antosum
362:sporocysts
318:Life cycle
252:Morphology
34:references
506:1252-607X
484:CiteSeerX
420:Treatment
408:Diagnosis
284:cercariae
176:Species:
129:Trematoda
100:Kingdom:
615:10217062
588:Q3375823
582:Wikidata
514:18814713
476:Parasite
289:Tadpoles
245:Helisoma
220:Digenean
148:Family:
112:Phylum:
105:Animalia
59:May 2011
667:1338286
654:3669910
641:1325194
602:2505637
333:sunfish
160:Genus:
136:Order:
124:Class:
47:improve
512:
504:
486:
349:, the
261:flukes
36:, but
662:WoRMS
628:56199
610:IRMNG
329:trout
232:frogs
218:is a
636:NCBI
623:ITIS
597:GBIF
510:PMID
502:ISSN
398:and
337:bass
335:and
259:are
238:are
494:doi
345:In
686::
664::
651::
638::
625::
612::
599::
584::
508:.
500:.
492:.
480:15
478:.
432:,
392:,
331:,
314:.
295:,
248:.
516:.
496::
339:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.