894:. ABP is essential to concentrating testosterone in levels high enough to initiate and maintain spermatogenesis. Intratesticular testosterone levels are 20–100 or 50–200 times higher than the concentration found in blood, although there is variation over a 5- to 10-fold range amongst healthy men. Testosterone production does not remain constant throughout the day, but follows a circadian rhythm. The maximum peak of testosterone occurs at 8 a.m., which explains why men frequently suffer from morning erections. In younger men, testosterone peaks are higher. FSH may initiate the sequestering of testosterone in the testes, but once developed only testosterone is required to maintain spermatogenesis. However, increasing the levels of FSH will increase the production of spermatozoa by preventing the
101:
93:
45:
681:
29:
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479:
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testicular arterial and venous blood streams and may, in part, explain the temperature gradient between aortic and testicular arterial blood reported in dogs and rams. Moreover, reduction in pulse pressure, occurring in the proximal one third of the coiled length of the internal spermatic artery. Moreover, the activity of spermatogenic recombinase decreases, and this is supposed to be an important factor of testicles degeneration.
308:—to produce immature sperm. Maturation occurs in the epididymis. The location is specifically important as the process of spermatogenesis requires a lower temperature to produce viable sperm, specifically 1°-8 °C lower than normal body temperature of 37 °C (98.6 °F). Clinically, small fluctuations in temperature such as from an athletic support strap, causes no impairment in sperm viability or count.
471:
846:, alcohol, and infectious diseases will also adversely affect the rate of spermatogenesis. In addition, the male germ line is susceptible to DNA damage caused by oxidative stress, and this damage likely has a significant impact on fertilization and pregnancy. According to the study by Omid Mehrpour et al exposure to pesticides also affects spermatogenesis.
264:– one of each gamete must have half the usual number of chromosomes present in other body cells. Otherwise, the offspring will have twice the normal number of chromosomes, and serious abnormalities may result. In humans, chromosomal abnormalities arising from incorrect spermatogenesis results in congenital defects and abnormal birth defects (
694:
At all stages of differentiation, the spermatogenic cells are in close contact with
Sertoli cells which are thought to provide structural and metabolic support to the developing sperm cells. A single Sertoli cell extends from the basement membrane to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, although the
212:
Spermatogenesis starts in the bottom part of seminiferous tubes and, progressively, cells go deeper into tubes and moving along it until mature spermatozoa reaches the lumen, where mature spermatozoa are deposited. The division happens asynchronically; if the tube is cut transversally one could
834:
One important mechanism is a thermal exchange between testicular arterial and venous blood streams. Specialized anatomic arrangements consist of two zones of coiling along the internal spermatic artery. This anatomic arrangement prolongs the time of contact and the thermal exchange between the
325:
The entire process of spermatogenesis can be broken up into several distinct stages, each corresponding to a particular type of cell in humans. In the following table, ploidy, copy number and chromosome/chromatid counts are for one cell, generally prior to DNA synthesis and division (in G1 if
316:
For humans, the entire process of spermatogenesis is variously estimated as taking 74 days (according to tritium-labelled biopsies) and approximately 120 days (according to DNA clock measurements). Including the transport on ductal system, it takes 3 months. Testes produce 200 to 300 million
806:
Seminiferous epithelium is sensitive to elevated temperature in humans and some other species, and will be adversely affected by temperatures as high as normal body temperature. In addition, spermatogonia do not achieve maturity at body temperature in most of mammals, as β-polimerase and
544:
Each cell division from a spermatogonium to a spermatid is incomplete; the cells remain connected to one another by bridges of cytoplasm to allow synchronous development. Not all spermatogonia divide to produce spermatocytes; otherwise, the supply of spermatogonia would run out. Instead,
2482:
Chambers, Christopher V.; Shafer, Mary-Ann; Adger, Hoover; Ohm-Smith, Marilyn; Millstein, Susan G.; Irwin, Charles E.; Schachter, Julius; Sweet, Richard (February 1987). "Microflora of the urethra in adolescent boys: Relationships to sexual activity and nongonococcal urethritis".
2368:
Citing: Dorland's
Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, 2007 by Saunders; The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company; Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition 2009; McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill
934:; whether he was sterile or not is unclear. Levels of estrogen that are too high can be detrimental to spermatogenesis due to suppression of gonadotropin secretion and by extension intratesticular testosterone production. The connection between spermatogenesis and
2310:
Spaggiari, Giorgia; Costantino, Francesco; Granata, Antonio R. M.; Tagliavini, Simonetta; Canu, Giulia; Varani, Manuela; De Santis, Maria
Cristina; Roli, Laura; Trenti, Tommaso; Simoni, Manuela; Santi, Daniele (2023-08-01).
1492:
Alpatov R, Lesch BJ, Nakamoto-Kinoshita M, Blanco A, Chen S, Stützer A, Armache KJ, Simon MD, Xu C, Ali M, Murn J, Prisic S, Kutateladze TG, Vakoc CR, Min J, Kingston RE, Fischle W, Warren ST, Page DC, Shi Y (May 2014).
567:
from secondary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes produced earlier rapidly enter meiosis II and divide to produce haploid spermatids. The brevity of this stage means that secondary spermatocytes are rarely seen in
854:
Hormonal control of spermatogenesis varies among species. In humans the mechanism is not completely understood; however it is known that initiation of spermatogenesis occurs at puberty due to the interaction of the
917:
and inhibin. The Leydig cells are also capable of producing estradiol in addition to their main product testosterone. Estrogen has been found to be essential for spermatogenesis in animals. However, a man with
1948:
Mehrpour, Omid; Karrari, Parissa; Zamani, Nasim; Tsatsakis, Aristides M.; Abdollahi, Mohammad (October 2014). "Occupational exposure to pesticides and consequences on male semen and fertility: A review".
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Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction Tomer Avidor-Reiss*, Atul Khire, Emily L. Fishman and Kyoung H. Jo Curr Biol. 2015 Nov 16;25(22):2956-63. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.045. Epub 2015 Oct 17.
684:
Labelled diagram of the organisation of
Sertoli cells (red) and spermatocytes (blue) in the testis. Spermatids which have not yet undergone spermiation are attached to the lumenal apex of the cell
162:. Thus, the primary spermatocyte gives rise to two cells, the secondary spermatocytes, and the two secondary spermatocytes by their subdivision produce four spermatozoa and four haploid cells.
2531:
Whitmore, Willet F.; Karsh, Lawrence; Gittes, Ruben F. (October 1985). "The Role of
Germinal Epithelium and Spermatogenesis in the Privileged Survival of Intratesticular Grafts".
2109:
Pareek, Tej K.; Joshi, Ayesha R.; Sanyal, Amartya; Dighe, Rajan R. (2007). "Insights into male germ cell apoptosis due to depletion of gonadotropins caused by GnRH antagonists".
1823:
Hotta, Yasuo; Fujisawa, Masato; Tabata, Satoshi; Stern, Herbert; Yoshida, Shonen (1 September 1988). "The effect of temperature on recombination activity in testes of rodents".
1100:
Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I (2018). "Localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis, Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa".
2234:
Smith, Eric P.; Boyd, Jeff; Frank, Graeme R.; Takahashi, Hiroyuki; Cohen, Robert M.; Specker, Bonny; Williams, Timothy C.; Lubahn, Dennis B.; Korach, Kenneth S. (1994).
668:. While in the epididymis the spermatozoa gain motility and become capable of fertilization. However, transport of the mature spermatozoa through the remainder of the
1544:"Comparative spermatogenesis, spermatocytogenesis, and spermato-zeugmata formation in males of viviparous species of clinid fishes (Teleostei: Clinidae, Blennioidei)"
503:
213:
observe different maturation states. A group of cells with different maturation states that are being generated at the same time is called a spermatogenic wave.
602:
also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is packaged firstly with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with
205:
and usually continues uninterrupted until death, although a slight decrease can be discerned in the quantity of produced sperm with increase in age (see
2598:
795:
and temperature. Testosterone is required in large local concentrations to maintain the process, which is achieved via the binding of testosterone by
910:(both LH and FSH) support the process of spermatogenesis by suppressing the proapoptotic signals and therefore promote spermatogenic cell survival.
598:. The anterior part of the tail (called midpiece) thickens because mitochondria are arranged around the axoneme to ensure energy supply. Spermatid
807:
spermatogenic recombinase need a specific optimal temperature. Consequently, the testes are located outside the body in a sac of skin called the
142:. The mitotic division of these produces two types of cells. Type A cells replenish the stem cells, and type B cells differentiate into primary
1453:"Further quantification of human spermatogenesis: germ cell loss during postprophase of meiosis and its relationship to daily sperm production"
304:
adjacent to the inner tubule wall divide in a centripetal direction—beginning at the walls and proceeding into the innermost part, or
189:
in a stepwise fashion. Spermatogenesis is highly dependent upon optimal conditions for the process to occur correctly, and is essential for
498:, which resides in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, divides mitotically, producing two diploid intermediate cells called
2385:"Effects of environmental radiation on testes and spermatogenesis in wild large Japanese field mice ( Apodemus speciosus ) from Fukushima"
823:) below body temperature. This is achieved by regulation of blood flow and positioning towards and away from the heat of the body by the
725:
Testosterone is needed in very high quantities for maintenance of the reproductive tract, and ABP allows a much higher level of fertility
3153:
2434:
Johnson, L.; Blanchard, T.L.; Varner, D.D.; Scrutchfield, W.L. (November 1997). "Factors affecting spermatogenesis in the stallion".
913:
The
Sertoli cells themselves mediate parts of spermatogenesis through hormone production. They are capable of producing the hormones
474:
The process of spermatogenesis as the cells progress from primary spermatocytes, to secondary spermatocytes, to spermatids, to Sperm
3735:
3622:
2992:
2982:
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3322:
2591:
1260:"scrotum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 14 Jan. 2015 <
3725:
2294:
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2008:
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1435:
698:
Sertoli cells serve a number of functions during spermatogenesis, they support the developing gametes in the following ways:
549:
divide mitotically to produce copies of themselves, ensuring a constant supply of spermatogonia to fuel spermatogenesis.
2000:
The
Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication, The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise
2383:
Okano, Tsukasa; Ishiniwa, Hiroko; Onuma, Manabu; Shindo, Junji; Yokohata, Yasushi; Tamaoki, Masanori (23 March 2016).
1905:
Lewis, S. E. M.; Aitken, R. J. (24 May 2005). "DNA damage to spermatozoa has impacts on fertilization and pregnancy".
641:. The resulting spermatozoa are now mature but lack motility. The mature spermatozoa are released from the protective
521:. This division implicates sources of genetic variation, such as random inclusion of either parental chromosomes, and
2584:
3677:
3492:
977:
526:
3160:
2870:
2792:
2787:
919:
768:
761:
1706:
Harrison, RG; Weiner, JS (1949). "Vascular patterns of the mammalian testis and their functional significance".
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843:
537:
and regulates the dynamics of the DDR machinery during spermatogenesis. FMRP appears to be necessary for the
3657:
730:
Secrete hormones affecting pituitary gland control of spermatogenesis, particularly the polypeptide hormone,
3672:
3472:
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2965:
1743:"Role of temperature in regulation of spermatogenesis and the use of heating as a method for contraception"
868:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3315:
3123:
879:(LH) appears to have little role in spermatogenesis outside of inducing gonadal testosterone production.
621:
Maturation then takes place under the influence of testosterone, which removes the remaining unnecessary
1495:"A chromatin-dependent role of the fragile X mental retardation protein FMRP in the DNA damage response"
595:
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2826:
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2649:
1592:
1859:
3440:
3253:
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3213:
3128:
3106:
1165:"Immunohistochemical Analysis of Histone H3 Modifications in Germ Cells during Mouse Spermatogenesis"
753:
546:
301:
139:
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levels appears to be moderate, with optimal prolactin levels reflecting efficient sperm production.
791:
The process of spermatogenesis is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the environment, particularly
740:
3381:
3273:
3076:
3071:
3043:
2797:
2691:
2607:
2313:"Prolactin and spermatogenesis: new lights on the interplay between prolactin and sperm parameters"
883:
799:
present in the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone is produced by interstitial cells, also known as
796:
715:
669:
285:
63:
2566:
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3285:
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1163:
Song, Ning; Liu, Jie; An, Shucai; Nishino, Tomoya; Hishikawa, Yoshitaka; Koji, Takehiko (2011).
150:
I) into two secondary spermatocytes; each secondary spermatocyte divides into two equal haploid
3578:
3573:
3369:
3364:
3308:
2365:
75:
2082:
1998:
1377:
Forster P, Hohoff C, Dunkelmann B, Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015).
1049:
1048:
de
Kretser, D. M.; Loveland, K. L.; Meinhardt, A.; Simorangkir, D.; Wreford, N. (1998-04-01).
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is achieved via muscle contraction rather than the spermatozoon's recently acquired motility.
3682:
3133:
3091:
3086:
3014:
2571:
2284:
2055:
522:
494:
possessing half the normal complement of genetic material. In spermatocytogenesis, a diploid
326:
applicable). The primary spermatocyte is arrested after DNA synthesis and prior to division.
3617:
2857:
2396:
2027:
Fody EP, Walker EM (1985). "Effects of drugs on the male and female reproductive systems".
1342:
Amann RP (2008). "The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in humans: a need to revisit?".
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891:
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273:
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8:
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spermatozoa daily. However, only about half or 100 million of these become viable sperm.
297:
242:
190:
154:
by
Meiosis II. The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperm) by the process of
2400:
1430:(15th ed.). Elsevier (A Divisionof Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Limited). p. 201.
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100:
92:
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3223:
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2833:
2814:
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2661:
2512:
Czyba, J.C.; Girod, C. (1980). "Development of normal testis". In Hafez, E.S.E. (ed.).
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Bardin, C.W. (1991). "Pituitary-testicular axis". In Yen, S.S.C.; Jaffee, R.B. (eds.).
2417:
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1930:
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molecules regulate spermatid adhesion on the apical side of the barrier (towards the
558:
397:
169:
in many sexually reproducing organisms. Thus, spermatogenesis is the male version of
2138:
1978:
1934:
1577:
1247:
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1958:
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992:
982:
959:
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cytoplasmic processes are difficult to distinguish at the light microscopic level.
206:
1066:
590:
on one of the centrioles, which turns into basal body. These microtubules form an
529:
response (DDR) machinery plays an important role in spermatogenesis. The protein
44:
3667:
3649:
3595:
3111:
2902:
2897:
2865:
2843:
2676:
2236:"Estrogen Resistance Caused by a Mutation in the Estrogen-Receptor Gene in a Man"
2080:
1962:
1875:
1858:
Jenardhanan, Pranitha; Panneerselvam, Manivel; Mathur, Premendu P. (2016-11-01).
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780:
611:
194:
68:
2252:
2235:
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Wolf-Bernhard Schill; Frank H. Comhaire; Timothy B. Hargreave (26 August 2006).
28:
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867:. If the pituitary gland is removed, spermatogenesis can still be initiated by
772:
680:
581:
495:
434:
361:
260:
To preserve the number of chromosomes in the offspring – which differs between
155:
2122:
1918:
1741:
Wallach, Edward E.; Kandeel, Fouad R.; Swerdloff, Ronald S. (1 January 1988).
1113:
506:
of the seminiferous tubules and duplicates its DNA and subsequently undergoes
138:
located close to the basement membrane of the tubules. These cells are called
3719:
3637:
3568:
3534:
3445:
3411:
3208:
2972:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2624:
2336:
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2261:
1883:
1075:
1017:
1002:
828:
265:
170:
1681:
1649:
1315:
Heller CG, Clermont Y (1964). "Kinetics of the germinal epithelium in man".
906:
acts to decrease the levels of FSH. Studies from rodent models suggest that
3704:
3556:
3433:
3428:
3374:
3240:
3165:
3053:
2821:
2739:
2719:
2686:
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2455:
2426:
2344:
2220:
2179:
2170:
2153:
2130:
1970:
1926:
1891:
1784:"The effect of elevated ambient temperature on spermatogenesis in the boar"
1727:
1667:
1569:
1528:
1412:
1394:
1363:
1328:
1276:"Effect of increased scrotal temperature on sperm production in normal men"
1198:
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947:
907:
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856:
719:
702:
Maintain the environment necessary for development and maturation, via the
689:
642:
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511:
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143:
50:
34:
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2999:
2937:
2804:
2765:
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1719:
927:
864:
800:
665:
293:
201:
have been implicated in the regulation of this process. It starts during
115:
3203:
2777:
1542:
Fishelson, Lev; Gon, Ofer; Holdengreber, Vered; Delarea, Yakob (2007).
987:
657:
626:
538:
518:
487:
347:
289:
246:
151:
2408:
2081:
Eberhard
Nieschlag; Hermann M. Behre; Susan Nieschlag (26 July 2012).
1180:
1047:
586:
During spermiogenesis, the spermatids begin to form a tail by growing
245:
and involves the two gametes both contributing half the normal set of
3544:
3519:
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2615:
1560:
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1007:
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914:
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607:
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174:
135:
119:
104:
High-power view of a seminiferous tubule with normal spermatogenesis.
2309:
1608:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 369.
1593:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcell.2015.00021/full
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81:
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288:. The initial stages occur within the testes and progress to the
261:
254:
250:
229:, which are able to fertilize the counterpart female gamete, the
202:
147:
131:
112:
3551:
3524:
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3026:
2192:
1541:
776:
764:
746:
Protect spermatids from the immune system of the male, via the
638:
338:
238:
230:
186:
178:
166:
1947:
1857:
1634:"Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and spermatogenesis"
923:
221:
Spermatogenesis produces mature male gametes, commonly called
1996:
955:
951:
820:
284:
Spermatogenesis takes place within several structures of the
159:
2481:
736:
Phagocytose residual cytoplasm left over from spermiogenesis
300:
of the testes are the starting point for the process, where
3352:
530:
1273:
606:
during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed
525:
that increases the genetic variability of the gamete. The
3331:
1860:"Effect of environmental contaminants on spermatogenesis"
816:
599:
292:
where the developing gametes mature and are stored until
2382:
2152:
O'Donnell L, Robertson KM, Jones ME, Simpson ER (2001).
1822:
1262:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530078/scrotum
1099:
2289:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 83–.
2233:
2060:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 76–.
1740:
1214:"Evidence of a Wave of Spermatogenesis in Human Testis"
158:. These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as
3300:
2282:
2108:
803:, which reside adjacent to the seminiferous tubules.
2511:
1379:"Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers"
838:
Dietary deficiencies (such as vitamins B, E and A),
594:. Later the centriole is modified in the process of
2530:
1992:
1990:
1988:
2193:Carreau S, Bouraima-Lelong H, Delalande C (2012).
2074:
2047:
1782:Cameron, R. D. A.; Blackshaw, A. W. (1 May 1980).
1450:
656:The non-motile spermatozoa are transported to the
614:surrounds the now condensed nucleus, becoming the
482:Cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the testis
1997:William J. Kraemer; A. D. Rogol (15 April 2008).
237:to produce a single-celled individual known as a
3717:
1985:
1781:
1425:
1162:
502:. Each primary spermatocyte then moves into the
146:. The primary spermatocyte divides meiotically (
2567:Spermatogenesis — male reproductive physiology
2084:Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution
2022:
2020:
1705:
1314:
811:. The optimal temperature is maintained at 2
664:secreted by the Sertoli cells with the aid of
3316:
2592:
2227:
2087:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–.
1631:
1095:
1093:
842:, metals (cadmium and lead), x-ray exposure,
722:in close proximity to the developing gametes
2606:
2462:
2186:
2145:
1864:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1632:Xiao, X.; Mruk, D. D.; Cheng, C. Y. (2013).
1603:
1485:
2467:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
2017:
1904:
1866:. Molecular Mechanisms in Spermatogenesis.
1627:
1625:
3323:
3309:
2599:
2585:
2283:Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr. (20 October 2010).
2026:
1090:
743:causes deterioration of the Müllerian duct
2416:
2251:
2210:
2169:
1941:
1799:
1758:
1657:
1559:
1518:
1468:
1426:Padubidri, VG; Daftary, SN, eds. (2011).
1402:
1291:
1229:
1188:
1065:
514:, which will later divide once more into
33:Seminiferous tubule with maturing sperm.
2286:Male Infertility: Problems and Solutions
2003:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 286–.
1622:
926:) was found produce sperm with a normal
679:
675:
486:Spermatocytogenesis is the male form of
477:
469:
99:
91:
2366:thefreedictionary.com > oligospermia
2276:
1604:Hadley, Mac E.; Levine, Jon E. (2007).
1451:Johnson L, Petty CS, Neaves WB (1983).
1211:
946:Disorders of spermatogenesis may cause
253:) to result in a chromosomally normal (
3718:
2195:"Role of estrogens in spermatogenesis"
882:FSH stimulates both the production of
786:
459:
96:Normal spermatogenesis, testis biopsy.
3304:
2580:
1341:
1144:"The Spermatozoön, in Gray's Anatomy"
708:Secrete substances initiating meiosis
563:Spermatidogenesis is the creation of
279:
637:by surrounding Sertoli cells in the
552:
173:, of which the female equivalent is
3419:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1708:The Journal of Experimental Biology
849:
711:Secrete supporting testicular fluid
610:is transcriptionally inactive. The
13:
2376:
1231:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1982.tb03124.x
775:forming the blood-testis barrier.
14:
3752:
2560:
771:have antagonistic effects on the
629:. The excess cytoplasm, known as
575:
3700:
3699:
3493:Evolution of sexual reproduction
2514:Descended and Cryptorchid Testis
1169:Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica
978:Evolution of sexual reproduction
762:intercellular adhesion molecules
490:and results in the formation of
165:Spermatozoa are the mature male
43:
27:
3736:Mammal male reproductive system
2993:Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum
2983:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
2516:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
2359:
2303:
2240:New England Journal of Medicine
2102:
1898:
1851:
1816:
1775:
1734:
1699:
1674:
1597:
1584:
1535:
1444:
1419:
1370:
920:estrogen insensitivity syndrome
417:spermatidogenesis (meiosis II)
225:but more specifically known as
130:. This process starts with the
3601:Sexual reproduction in animals
2154:"Estrogen and spermatogenesis"
1428:Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology
1335:
1308:
1267:
1254:
1205:
1156:
1136:
1102:Journal of Molecular Histology
1041:
1013:Origin and function of meiosis
831:smooth muscle in the scrotum.
1:
2545:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)47438-6
2497:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80180-4
2448:10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00353-1
1760:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59640-X
1293:10.1016/s0015-0282(97)81525-7
1212:Schulze, W. (24 April 2009).
1034:
241:. This is the cornerstone of
3726:Animal developmental biology
3473:Sex as a biological variable
3456:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
1963:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.029
1876:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.024
1837:10.1016/0014-4827(88)90387-4
954:with a low concentration of
941:
869:follicle stimulating hormone
7:
3124:Internal urethral sphincter
2253:10.1056/NEJM199410203311604
2057:Andrology for the Clinician
1067:10.1093/humrep/13.suppl_1.1
965:
958:and is a common finding in
890:, and the formation of the
311:
10:
3757:
3611:Penile-vaginal intercourse
3451:Sequential hermaphroditism
3259:Posterior scrotal arteries
2465:Reproductive Endocrinology
2329:10.1007/s12020-023-03375-x
1825:Experimental Cell Research
1511:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.040
1470:10.1095/biolreprod29.1.207
1356:10.2164/jandrol.107.004655
718:(ABP), which concentrates
687:
579:
556:
463:
276:of the developing foetus.
216:
3695:
3648:
3481:
3441:Testis-determining factor
3338:
3254:Anterior scrotal arteries
3229:Internal spermatic fascia
3214:External spermatic fascia
3191:
3173:External urethral orifice
3154:External sphincter muscle
3129:Internal urethral orifice
2936:
2927:
2856:
2748:
2700:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2572:Spermatogenesis animation
2485:The Journal of Pediatrics
2123:10.1007/s10495-006-0039-3
1919:10.1007/s00441-005-1097-5
1638:Human Reproduction Update
1114:10.1007/s10735-018-9759-2
547:spermatogonial stem cells
320:
302:spermatogonial stem cells
140:spermatogonial stem cells
74:
62:
57:
42:
26:
21:
3382:Sex-determination system
3274:Posterior scrotal nerves
3077:Internal pudendal artery
2608:Male reproductive system
1907:Cell and Tissue Research
930:, albeit abnormally low
884:androgen binding protein
797:androgen binding protein
754:spermatogonial stem cell
716:androgen-binding protein
670:male reproductive system
286:male reproductive system
111:is the process by which
3330:
3286:Posterior scrotal veins
3269:Anterior scrotal nerves
3097:Internal pudendal veins
2761:Tubuli seminiferi recti
1747:Fertility and Sterility
666:peristaltic contraction
512:secondary spermatocytes
510:to produce two haploid
355:Process entered by cell
3365:Sexual differentiation
2171:10.1210/edrv.22.3.0431
1395:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898
875:. In contrast to FSH,
741:anti-Müllerian hormone
685:
645:into the lumen of the
483:
475:
105:
97:
76:Anatomical terminology
3407:Temperature-dependent
1801:10.1530/jrf.0.0590173
1650:10.1093/humupd/dms049
1548:The Anatomical Record
683:
676:Role of Sertoli cells
523:chromosomal crossover
504:adluminal compartment
500:primary spermatocytes
481:
473:
341:/chromosomes in human
272:) and in most cases,
103:
95:
2915:Bulbourethral glands
2756:Seminiferous tubules
2692:Blood–testis barrier
1720:10.1242/jeb.26.3.304
1317:Recent Prog Horm Res
900:type A spermatogonia
892:blood-testis barrier
748:blood-testis barrier
704:blood-testis barrier
649:in a process called
596:centrosome reduction
539:repair of DNA damage
364:(types Ad, Ap and B)
298:seminiferous tubules
274:spontaneous abortion
270:Klinefelter syndrome
199:histone modification
183:seminiferous tubules
124:seminiferous tubules
3623:Hormonal motivation
3596:Fungal reproduction
3515:Reproductive system
3178:Lacunae of Morgagni
2966:Suspensory ligament
2839:Testicular arteries
2715:Spermatocytogenesis
2401:2016NatSR...623601O
2029:Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci
1714:(3): 304–16, 2 pl.
1023:Sexual reproduction
877:luteinizing hormone
787:Influencing factors
647:seminiferous tubule
535:meiotic chromosomes
466:Spermatocytogenesis
460:Spermatocytogenesis
374:spermatocytogenesis
243:sexual reproduction
191:sexual reproduction
16:Production of sperm
3628:Human reproduction
3606:Sexual intercourse
3591:Plant reproduction
3224:Cremasteric fascia
2961:Fundiform ligament
2888:Seminal colliculus
2834:Rectovesical pouch
2815:Pampiniform plexus
2793:Superior ligaments
2788:Inferior ligaments
2533:Journal of Urology
2389:Scientific Reports
1951:Toxicology Letters
1389:(1803): 20142898.
1054:Human Reproduction
825:cremasteric muscle
752:Contribute to the
686:
484:
476:
280:Location in humans
106:
98:
3731:Animal physiology
3713:
3712:
3633:Lordosis behavior
3348:Sexual dimorphism
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
2988:Corpus spongiosum
2978:Corpora cavernosa
2923:
2922:
2893:Ejaculatory ducts
2852:
2851:
2725:Spermatidogenesis
2409:10.1038/srep23601
2296:978-1-60761-193-6
2246:(16): 1056–1061.
2094:978-1-107-01290-5
2067:978-3-540-33713-3
2010:978-0-470-75780-2
1682:"Spermatogenesis"
1615:978-0-13-187606-4
1437:978-81-312-2548-6
1181:10.1267/ahc.11027
1050:"Spermatogenesis"
840:anabolic steroids
559:Spermatidogenesis
553:Spermatidogenesis
488:gametocytogenesis
457:
456:
398:spermatidogenesis
391:diploid (2N) / 46
367:diploid (2N) / 46
181:it occurs in the
90:
89:
85:
3748:
3703:
3702:
3663:Animal sexuality
3586:Sexual selection
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3062:Arteries of bulb
3044:Tunica albuginea
2934:
2933:
2866:Seminal vesicles
2858:Accessory glands
2844:Testicular veins
2655:Tunica vasculosa
2650:Tunica albuginea
2645:Tunica vaginalis
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2556:
2527:
2508:
2478:
2459:
2442:(7): 1199–1216.
2430:
2420:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1561:10.1002/ar.20412
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1069:
1060:(suppl_1): 1–8.
1045:
993:Male infertility
983:Folliculogenesis
960:male infertility
850:Hormonal control
662:testicular fluid
447:haploid (N) / 23
441:four functional
428:haploid (N) / 23
411:haploid (N) / 23
346:DNA copy number/
329:
328:
207:Male infertility
132:mitotic division
82:edit on Wikidata
79:
47:
31:
19:
18:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3691:
3678:Differentiation
3668:Human sexuality
3658:Plant sexuality
3644:
3540:Spermatogenesis
3484:
3477:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3299:
3290:
3187:
3183:Urethral glands
3161:Navicular fossa
3112:Pudendal nerves
3067:Dorsal arteries
2919:
2848:
2822:Vasa deferentia
2810:Spermatic cords
2744:
2702:Spermatogenesis
2696:
2610:
2605:
2563:
2524:
2475:
2379:
2377:Further reading
2374:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2232:
2228:
2191:
2187:
2150:
2146:
2117:(6): 1085–100.
2107:
2103:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1986:
1946:
1942:
1903:
1899:
1856:
1852:
1821:
1817:
1780:
1776:
1739:
1735:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1686:Spermatogenesis
1680:
1679:
1675:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1540:
1536:
1490:
1486:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1420:
1375:
1371:
1340:
1336:
1313:
1309:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1210:
1206:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1098:
1091:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
968:
944:
932:sperm viability
861:pituitary gland
852:
789:
773:tight junctions
692:
678:
631:residual bodies
612:Golgi apparatus
584:
578:
561:
555:
468:
462:
323:
314:
282:
219:
195:DNA methylation
109:Spermatogenesis
86:
53:
49:A mature human
38:
22:Spermatogenesis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3424:Sex chromosome
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:Perineal nerve
3276:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3020:Septum glandis
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Urethral crest
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:Excretory duct
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:Efferent ducts
2768:
2763:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:Spermiogenesis
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Spermatogonium
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2561:External links
2559:
2558:
2557:
2539:(4): 782–786.
2528:
2522:
2509:
2491:(2): 314–321.
2479:
2473:
2460:
2436:Theriogenology
2431:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2323:(2): 330–339.
2302:
2295:
2275:
2226:
2185:
2164:(3): 289–318.
2144:
2101:
2093:
2073:
2066:
2046:
2016:
2009:
1984:
1957:(2): 146–156.
1940:
1897:
1850:
1831:(1): 163–168.
1815:
1794:(1): 173–179.
1774:
1733:
1698:
1673:
1621:
1614:
1596:
1583:
1534:
1484:
1443:
1436:
1418:
1369:
1350:(5): 469–487.
1334:
1307:
1280:Fertil. Steril
1266:
1253:
1224:(2): 200–207.
1204:
1155:
1135:
1108:(2): 195–208.
1089:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1028:Semen analysis
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
969:
967:
964:
943:
940:
902:. The hormone
851:
848:
788:
785:
769:soluble ICAM-1
758:
757:
750:
744:
737:
734:
728:
727:
726:
712:
709:
706:
688:Main article:
677:
674:
582:Spermiogenesis
580:Main article:
577:
576:Spermiogenesis
574:
557:Main article:
554:
551:
496:spermatogonium
464:Main article:
461:
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
438:
437:
435:spermiogenesis
432:
429:
426:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
405:two secondary
402:
401:
395:
392:
389:
382:
381:
371:
368:
365:
362:spermatogonium
358:
357:
352:
343:
335:
322:
319:
313:
310:
281:
278:
218:
215:
156:spermiogenesis
88:
87:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
48:
40:
39:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3753:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3638:Pelvic thrust
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:Fertilization
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:Gametogenesis
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:parasexuality
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:Hermaphrodite
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:Haplodiploidy
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Dartos fascia
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Pre-prostatic
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Dorsal nerves
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Deep arteries
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Paradidymides
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Sertoli cells
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Seminal tract
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:(2): 167–86.
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1606:Endocrinology
1600:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1554:(3): 311–23.
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:(4): 869–81.
1504:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1463:(1): 207–15.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:(4): 183–90.
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Sertoli cells
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:Oncofertility
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:(a defective
921:
916:
911:
909:
908:gonadotropins
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:Sertoli cells
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
847:
845:
841:
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
819:) (8 °C
818:
814:
810:
804:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:
755:
751:
749:
745:
742:
739:Secretion of
738:
735:
733:
729:
724:
723:
721:
717:
713:
710:
707:
705:
701:
700:
699:
696:
691:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:Sertoli cells
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
573:
571:
566:
560:
550:
548:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:spermatocytes
489:
480:
472:
467:
452:
449:
446:
444:
443:spermatozoids
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
425:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
408:
407:spermatocytes
404:
403:
399:
396:
393:
390:
388:
384:
383:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
351:
349:
344:
342:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
327:
318:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:Down syndrome
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:gametogenesis
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:spermatocytes
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:develop from
117:
114:
110:
102:
94:
83:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
35:H&E stain
30:
25:
20:
3557:spermatozoon
3539:
3485:reproduction
3434:Y chromosome
3429:X chromosome
3375:Virilization
3370:Feminization
3166:Lacuna magna
3144:Intermediate
3092:Vein of bulb
3087:Dorsal veins
2778:Epididymides
2766:Retia testes
2740:Spermatozoon
2720:Spermatocyte
2701:
2682:Leydig cells
2536:
2532:
2513:
2488:
2484:
2464:
2439:
2435:
2395:(1): 23601.
2392:
2388:
2361:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2285:
2278:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2212:10.2741/e356
2202:
2199:Front Biosci
2198:
2188:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2083:
2076:
2056:
2049:
2035:(6): 451–8.
2032:
2028:
1999:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1913:(1): 33–41.
1910:
1906:
1900:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1791:
1788:Reproduction
1787:
1777:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1641:
1637:
1605:
1599:
1586:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1487:
1460:
1457:Biol. Reprod
1456:
1446:
1427:
1421:
1386:
1383:Proc R Soc B
1382:
1372:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1286:(2): 334–9.
1283:
1279:
1269:
1256:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1138:
1105:
1101:
1057:
1053:
1043:
948:oligospermia
945:
912:
899:
881:
873:testosterone
865:Leydig cells
857:hypothalamus
853:
837:
833:
805:
801:Leydig cells
790:
759:
720:testosterone
697:
693:
690:Sertoli cell
661:
655:
650:
635:phagocytosed
630:
620:
588:microtubules
585:
570:histological
562:
543:
507:
485:
453:spermiation
400:(meiosis I)
387:spermatocyte
354:
345:
337:
332:
324:
315:
305:
283:
259:
226:
222:
220:
211:
185:of the male
164:
108:
107:
51:spermatozoon
3032:Superficial
2798:Stereocilia
2667:Mediastinum
2205:(1): 1–11.
2158:Endocr. Rev
1870:: 126–140.
1753:(1): 1–23.
1323:: 545–571.
950:, which is
928:sperm count
651:spermiation
294:ejaculation
247:chromosomes
227:spermatozoa
160:sperm cells
116:spermatozoa
58:Identifiers
3720:Categories
3618:Copulation
3339:Biological
2523:9024723337
2474:0721632068
1691:12 January
1218:Andrologia
1149:2010-10-07
1035:References
988:Germ cells
871:(FSH) and
658:epididymis
627:organelles
604:protamines
565:spermatids
527:DNA damage
519:spermatids
424:spermatids
348:chromatids
290:epididymis
257:) zygote.
235:conception
152:spermatids
136:stem cells
120:germ cells
3673:Mechanics
3650:Sexuality
3545:Oogenesis
3520:Sex organ
3510:Germ cell
3498:Anisogamy
3250:Arteries
3219:Cremaster
3139:Prostatic
3058:Arteries
2730:Spermatid
2634:Testicles
2369:Companies
2353:258485662
2337:1559-0100
2317:Endocrine
2262:0028-4793
2111:Apoptosis
1884:1084-9521
1076:0268-1161
1008:Oogenesis
973:Anisogamy
942:Disorders
936:prolactin
915:estradiol
896:apoptosis
886:(ABP) by
623:cytoplasm
608:chromatin
572:studies.
533:binds to
508:meiosis I
414:2C / 2x23
394:4C / 2x46
333:Cell type
233:, during
175:oogenesis
3705:Category
3683:Activity
3579:Internal
3574:External
3463:Intersex
3236:Ligament
3010:Frenulum
3005:Foreskin
2929:External
2878:Prostate
2827:Ampullae
2783:Appendix
2662:Appendix
2616:Internal
2456:16728209
2427:27005329
2345:37140814
2221:22201851
2180:11399746
2139:25378624
2131:17268770
1979:39443009
1971:24487096
1935:27592293
1927:15912407
1892:27060550
1728:15407652
1668:23287428
1578:25069965
1570:17525946
1529:24813610
1413:25694621
1364:18497337
1344:J Androl
1329:14285045
1248:42304875
1199:21927517
1122:29453757
966:See also
827:and the
793:hormones
714:Secrete
616:acrosome
385:primary
350:in human
312:Duration
128:testicle
3741:Meiosis
3530:Meiosis
3503:Isogamy
3265:Nerves
3200:Layers
3193:Scrotum
3119:Urethra
3103:Nerves
2908:Utricle
2672:Lobules
2641:Layers
2553:2863395
2505:3100755
2418:4804236
2397:Bibcode
2270:8090165
2041:4062226
1845:2900772
1810:7401033
1769:3275550
1659:3576004
1520:4038154
1479:6615966
1404:4345458
1302:9240266
1240:7103139
1190:3168764
1130:3761720
1084:9663765
998:Meiosis
904:inhibin
809:scrotum
732:inhibin
592:axoneme
516:haploid
378:mitosis
370:2C / 46
262:species
255:diploid
251:haploid
217:Purpose
203:puberty
179:mammals
167:gametes
148:Meiosis
134:of the
126:of the
122:in the
113:haploid
69:D013091
3552:Gamete
3525:Mating
3483:Sexual
3358:Female
3246:Septum
3149:Spongy
3083:Veins
3049:Septum
3027:Fascia
3015:Corona
2551:
2520:
2503:
2471:
2454:
2425:
2415:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2293:
2268:
2260:
2219:
2178:
2137:
2129:
2091:
2064:
2039:
2007:
1977:
1969:
1933:
1925:
1890:
1882:
1843:
1808:
1767:
1726:
1666:
1656:
1612:
1576:
1568:
1527:
1517:
1477:
1434:
1411:
1401:
1362:
1327:
1300:
1246:
1238:
1197:
1187:
1128:
1120:
1082:
1074:
844:dioxin
829:dartos
777:ICAM-2
765:ICAM-1
639:testes
450:C / 23
431:C / 23
339:ploidy
321:Stages
296:. The
239:zygote
231:oocyte
187:testes
3341:terms
3241:Raphe
3054:Raphe
3000:Glans
2951:Crura
2938:Penis
2903:Ducts
2898:Sinus
2749:Other
2677:Septa
2349:S2CID
2135:S2CID
1975:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1264:>.
1244:S2CID
1126:S2CID
956:sperm
952:semen
821:mouse
781:lumen
756:niche
633:, is
422:four
306:lumen
223:sperm
177:. In
80:[
3562:ovum
3353:Male
3204:Skin
3037:Deep
2973:Body
2956:Bulb
2946:Root
2549:PMID
2518:ISBN
2501:PMID
2469:ISBN
2452:PMID
2423:PMID
2341:PMID
2333:ISSN
2291:ISBN
2266:PMID
2258:ISSN
2217:PMID
2176:PMID
2127:PMID
2089:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2037:PMID
2005:ISBN
1967:PMID
1923:PMID
1888:PMID
1880:ISSN
1841:PMID
1806:PMID
1765:PMID
1724:PMID
1693:2022
1664:PMID
1610:ISBN
1566:PMID
1525:PMID
1499:Cell
1475:PMID
1432:ISBN
1409:PMID
1360:PMID
1325:PMID
1298:PMID
1236:PMID
1195:PMID
1118:PMID
1080:PMID
1072:ISSN
863:and
767:and
760:The
625:and
531:FMRP
197:and
64:MeSH
3332:Sex
2541:doi
2537:134
2493:doi
2489:110
2444:doi
2413:PMC
2405:doi
2325:doi
2248:doi
2244:331
2207:doi
2166:doi
2119:doi
1959:doi
1955:230
1915:doi
1911:322
1872:doi
1833:doi
1829:178
1796:doi
1755:doi
1716:doi
1654:PMC
1646:doi
1556:doi
1552:290
1515:PMC
1507:doi
1503:157
1465:doi
1399:PMC
1391:doi
1387:282
1352:doi
1288:doi
1226:doi
1185:PMC
1177:doi
1110:doi
1062:doi
924:ERα
898:of
817:man
783:).
660:in
600:DNA
209:).
3722::
3402:ZO
3397:XO
3392:ZW
3387:XY
2547:.
2535:.
2499:.
2487:.
2450:.
2440:48
2438:.
2421:.
2411:.
2403:.
2391:.
2387:.
2347:.
2339:.
2331:.
2321:81
2319:.
2315:.
2264:.
2256:.
2242:.
2238:.
2215:.
2201:.
2197:.
2174:.
2162:22
2160:.
2156:.
2133:.
2125:.
2115:12
2113:.
2033:15
2031:.
2019:^
1987:^
1973:.
1965:.
1953:.
1929:.
1921:.
1909:.
1886:.
1878:.
1868:59
1862:.
1839:.
1827:.
1804:.
1792:59
1790:.
1786:.
1763:.
1751:49
1749:.
1745:.
1722:.
1712:26
1710:.
1684:.
1662:.
1652:.
1642:19
1640:.
1636:.
1624:^
1572:.
1564:.
1550:.
1546:.
1523:.
1513:.
1501:.
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