2147:
4931:
4021:
1727:
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1238:
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48:
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5012:
1211:
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4681:
2564:
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and self-fertilisation often injurious, at least with the plants on which I experimented." An important adaptive benefit of outcrossing is that it allows the masking of deleterious mutations in the genome of progeny. This beneficial effect is also known as hybrid vigor or heterosis. Once outcrossing is established, subsequent switching to inbreeding becomes disadvantageous since it allows expression of the previously masked deleterious recessive mutations, commonly referred to as inbreeding depression.
2732:
2725:
2702:
2781:
1266:
1877:
2767:
2753:
2696:
1502:
2718:
14036:
2795:
2739:
2802:
2746:
17575:
16465:
14697:
803:
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1680:
5230:
2432:
14685:
5777:
790:
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14717:
14707:
13179:
90:
5763:
2760:
1252:
2774:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4797:
4794:
5597:, have now been answered. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various
5361:. The combination is the name of the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised (or underlined when italics are not available).
9478:
Demole, E.; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin".
5090:
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and
5214:
Although reference to major morphological categories such as root, stem, leaf, and trichome are useful, one has to keep in mind that these categories are linked through intermediate forms so that a continuum between the categories results. Furthermore, structures can be seen as processes, that is,
3875:
Charles Darwin in his 1878 book The
Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom at the start of chapter XII noted "The first and most important of the conclusions which may be drawn from the observations given in this volume, is that generally cross-fertilisation is beneficial
1410:
in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier "physic gardens", often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for suspected medicinal uses. They supported the growth of botany as an
5103:
are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single
4249:
regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed. Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the
10711:
Lee, Ernest K.; Cibrian-Jaramillo, Angelica; Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis; Katari, Manpreet S.; Stamatakis, Alexandros; Ott, Michael; Chiu, Joanna C.; Little, Damon P.; Stevenson, Dennis W.; McCombie, W. Richard; Martienssen, Robert A.; Coruzzi, Gloria; Desalle, Rob (2011). Sanderson, Michael J
5496:
describes this as having "direct access to the genetic basis of evolution." As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of
3039:
is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record. It is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution during the
3508:
from indigenous people that is gathered by ethnobotanists. This information can relay a great deal of information on how the land once was thousands of years ago and how it has changed over that time. The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns,
2388:
Among the important botanical questions of the 21st century are the role of plants as primary producers in the global cycling of life's basic ingredients: energy, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and water, and ways that our plant stewardship can help address the global environmental issues of
5240:
Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and
1579:
Botany was originally a hobby for upper-class women. These women would collect and paint flowers and plants from around the world with scientific accuracy. The paintings were used to record many species that could not be transported or maintained in other environments.
2652:
while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms. The energy in the red and blue light that these pigments absorb is used by chloroplasts to make energy-rich carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by
4786:
could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.
4404:
group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division
5491:
sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to.
11313:
Mithila, J.; Hall, J.C.; Victor, J.M.; Saxena, P.K. (January 2003). "Thidiazuron
Induces Shoot Organogenesis at Low Concentrations and Somatic Embryogenesis at High Concentrations on Leaf and Petiole Explants of African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl)".
3950:
between two different species. Both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally, but may be unable to cross-breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mismatch in chromosome numbers. These plants that are
12395:
Sun, Yuh-Ju; Forouhar, Farhad; Li Hm, Hsou-min; Tu, Shuh-Long; Yeh, Yi-Hong; Kao, Sen; Shr, Hui-Lin; Chou, Chia-Cheng; Chen, Chinpan; Hsiao, Chwan-Deng (2002). "Crystal
Structure of Pea Toc34, a Novel GTPase of the Chloroplast Protein Translocon".
9192:
Chini, A.; Fonseca, S.; Fernández, G.; Adie, B.; Chico, J.M.; Lorenzo, O.; García-Casado, G.; López-Vidriero, I.; Lozano, F.M.; Ponce, M.R.; Micol, J.L.; Solano, R. (2007). "The JAZ Family of
Repressors is the Missing Link in Jasmonate Signaling".
4909:
In addition to being the primary energy source for plants, light functions as a signalling device, providing information to the plant, such as how much sunlight the plant receives each day. This can result in adaptive changes in a process known as
2311:
within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria (now studied in
5122:(a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or
2082:
have botanical subfields. These are commonly denoted by prefixing the word plant (e.g. plant taxonomy, plant ecology, plant anatomy, plant morphology, plant systematics, plant ecology), or prefixing or substituting the prefix phyto- (e.g.
9787:
17066:
2948:
and almost all other organic molecules of biological origin are synthesised. Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast. Starch is the characteristic energy store of most land plants and algae, while
16955:
5011:
4793:
4592:
including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues.
2211:
Historically, all living things were classified as either animals or plants and botany covered the study of all organisms not considered animals. Botanists examine both the internal functions and processes within plant
1430:(1498–1554) (also called Hieronymus Tragus). Fuchs and Brunfels broke away from the tradition of copying earlier works to make original observations of their own. Bock created his own system of plant classification.
17042:
11253:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2011).
5459:
have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The
13117:
4782:(IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant
1288:. The early recorded history of botany includes many ancient writings and plant classifications. Examples of early botanical works have been found in ancient texts from India dating back to before 1100 BCE,
16963:
4764:, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements". About the same time, the role of
4460:
vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the
Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late
1005:
with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – plants that were edible, poisonous, and possibly medicinal, making it one of the first endeavours of human investigation. Medieval
5593:
for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, many questions, such as which families represent the earliest branches of
4861:
in the chloroplasts and other plastids. It inhibits cell division, promotes seed maturation, and dormancy, and promotes stomatal closure. It was so named because it was originally thought to control
3738:
4735:
such as light, touch, and injury by moving or growing towards or away from the stimulus, as appropriate. Tangible evidence of touch sensitivity is the almost instantaneous collapse of leaflets of
9435:
9794:
2184:
into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release
16971:
4338:, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.
5464:
takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups (
1584:
illustrated over 900 species in extreme detail with watercolor and oil paintings. Her work and many other women's botany work was the beginning of popularizing botany to a wider audience.
2510:
is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant–people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or
1545:
in synoptic keys. By the 18th century, new plants for study were arriving in Europe in increasing numbers from newly discovered countries and the
European colonies worldwide. In 1753,
2563:
2447:
because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. This is what ecologists call the first
5368:. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of
16947:
11488:
Ideologies as
Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, October 27–31, 2000
4660:. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for
5476:). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as
2685:
16787:
16295:
5290:
1554:
1625:
in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the
Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity.
1087:
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with contributions and insights from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant
17002:
16827:
5343:. The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism. For example, the tiger lily is
4853:. They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy-breaking in seeds, in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering.
4106:. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of
12125:
16939:
11000:
11294:
10908:
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Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant
16875:
16867:
11257:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
10462:
12902:
2126:
Botany also overlaps on the one hand with agriculture, horticulture and silviculture, and on the other hand with medicine and pharmacology, giving rise to fields such as
1920:
and most aspects of the biochemistry, physiology, morphology and behaviour of plants can be subjected to detailed experimental analysis. The concept originally stated by
9843:
4345:, which do not follow the Mendelian heritage rules. These epigenetic marks are carried from one generation to the next, with one allele inducing a change on the other.
16994:
10356:
Jasechko, Scott; Sharp, Zachary D.; Gibson, John J.; Birks, S. Jean; Yi, Yi; Fawcett, Peter J. (April 3, 2013). "Terrestrial Water Fluxes
Dominated by Transpiration".
10204:
13109:
17026:
4196:, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the
1607:(1819) all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed. The
4572:
encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all
16835:
16300:
4597:
is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into simpler structures to release the energy they contain, essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.
9247:
16779:
4334:
and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei. While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as
4330:, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the
2044:(or filicology) is the study of ferns and allied plants. A number of other taxa of ranks varying from family to subgenus have terms for their study, including
1534:
1411:
academic subject. Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe; the first in England was the
16931:
18644:
11216:
McCutcheon, A.R.; Ellis, S.M.; Hancock, R.E.; Towers, G.H. (1992-10-01). "Antibiotic screening of medicinal plants of the British Columbian native peoples".
9174:
4833:. Zeatin is produced in roots and transported to shoots in the xylem where it promotes cell division, bud development, and the greening of chloroplasts. The
4488:(megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (
3244:
have used various plants as ways of treating illness or disease for thousands of years. This knowledge Native Americans have on plants has been recorded by
16811:
10559:
Klemm, Dieter; Heublein, Brigitte; Fink, Hans-Peter; Bohn, Andreas (September 6, 2005). "Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material".
18632:
16843:
8974:
Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa Andrea; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven Alexander; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert Bradley (2008).
11697:
9419:
18638:
16771:
16739:
16433:
8917:
2216:, cells, tissues, whole plants, plant populations and plant communities. At each of these levels, a botanist may be concerned with the classification (
4701:
2518:
of Canada in identifying edible plants from inedible plants. This relationship the indigenous people had with plants was recorded by ethnobotanists.
10816:
5281:
as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called
3524:
interception, stabilise mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other organisms in their
18448:
16979:
2108:
The intersection of fields from the above pair of categories gives rise to fields such as bryogeography (the study of the distribution of mosses).
11983:
Schell, J.; Van Montagu, M. (1977). "The Ti-Plasmid of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens, A Natural Vector for the Introduction of NIF Genes in Plants?".
9344:
18650:
5087:
generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.
4241:
but cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently. One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by
18780:
17613:
9460:
8843:
Björn, L.O.; Callaghan, T.V.; Gehrke, C.; Johanson, U.; Sonesson, M. (November 1999). "Ozone Depletion, Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life".
1944:
when a gene of interest is being expressed. These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in
14753:
10514:
Kim, E.; Archibald, J.M. (2009). "Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes". In Sandelius, Anna Stina; Aronsson, Henrik (eds.).
2361:, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an
1595:
and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus.
13093:
13025:
18460:
16351:
13001:
10291:
12878:
9076:
4873:. It is now known to be the hormone that stimulates or regulates fruit ripening and abscission, and it, or the synthetic growth regulator
4756:
or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards
16501:
12184:
11729:
10849:
9891:
9868:
9403:
8892:
4950:
is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of
12039:
8767:
3938:
or partly autopolyploid organism, or during normal processes of cellular differentiation to produce some cell types that are polyploid (
1995:
families and species. The theoretical possibility of a practical method for identification of plant species and commercial varieties by
18576:
12965:
3044:
period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the
2016:
Some subfields of botany relate to particular groups of organisms. Divisions related to the broader historical sense of botany include
834:
13133:
12985:
12067:"Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis"
4978:
with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (
17560:
15219:
13252:
11095:"Photosynthetic Flexibility and Ecophysiological Plasticity: Questions and Lessons from Clusia, the Only CAM Tree, in the Neotropics"
5261:, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the
4468:. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the
1025:. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of
126:
13041:
7352:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray". darwin-online.org.uk
4245:
which determines whether they will be expressed or not. Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to
3516:(soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's
3031:
to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. Lignin is also used in other cell types like
2498:
for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of
16819:
16167:
12109:
9148:
Chase, Mark W.; Bremer, Birgitta; Bremer, Kåre; Reveal, James L.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Stevens, Peter S. (2003).
8680:
Benderoth, Markus; Textor, Susanne; Windsor, Aaron J.; Mitchell-Olds, Thomas; Gershenzon, Jonathan; Kroymann, Juergen (June 2006).
5727:
5211:). All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants. Some plants reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some via both means.
10902:
11287:
11271:
10666:
2968:
Unlike in animals (which lack chloroplasts), plants and their eukaryote relatives have delegated many biochemical roles to their
1967:
Modern morphology recognises a continuum between the major morphological categories of root, stem (caulome), leaf (phyllome) and
10446:
10311:
Janzen, Daniel H. with the CBOL Plant Working Group; Forrest, L.L.; Spouge, J.L.; Hajibabaei, M.; et al. (August 4, 2009).
9887:
Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D
9569:
8662:
12894:
4250:
fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code. Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive
3782:
while she was studying maize. Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.
9827:
15214:
13211:
13146:
12801:
12747:
12578:
12485:
12385:
12366:
12347:
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11597:
11574:
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11440:
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11393:
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11185:
11147:
10843:
10690:
10603:
10541:
10456:
10435:
10412:
10226:
10165:
10151:
10095:
10059:
9837:
9509:
9429:
9397:
9138:
9024:
9005:
8983:
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8945:
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4006:. Chloroplasts are inherited through the male parent in gymnosperms but often through the female parent in flowering plants.
3241:
1755:
10696:
10232:
15018:
14460:
12941:
4064:
was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (
2160:
The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the
740:
521:
12693:
Woese, C.R.; Magrum, W.E.; Fox, L.J.; Wolfe, G.E.; Woese, R.S. (August 1977). "An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria".
11909:
Scharf, Sara T. (2009). "Identification Keys, the "Natural Method," and the Development of Plant Identification Manuals".
10028:
5613:
A few symbols are in current use in botany. A number of others are obsolete; for example, Linnaeus used planetary symbols
1845:
facilitated rational experimental design and data analysis in botanical research. The discovery and identification of the
14044:
12636:
9658:"Integral Membrane Proteins of the Chloroplast Envelope: Identification and Subcellular Localization of New Transporters"
4208:
and other plant species. Today, genetic modification of the Ti plasmid is one of the main techniques for introduction of
3854:
1412:
735:
13069:
12264:
11528:
Possingham, J.V.; Rose, R.J. (May 18, 1976). "Chloroplast Replication and Chloroplast DNA Synthesis in Spinach Leaves".
9239:
5133:
Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as
5021:, the most common type of plant (three-fifths of all plant species). However, no plant actually looks exactly like this.
17606:
17018:
13632:
12926:
11452:"All Hands on Deck – The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity"
10126:
8486:
2515:
2443:
by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most
1661:
12857:. Plant Hormones, Long Ashton Research Station, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. Archived from
1821:
apertures. These developments, coupled with new methods for measuring the size of stomatal apertures, and the rate of
17465:
17050:
16732:
16357:
14746:
13657:
12328:
11166:
9906:
Glynn, Jonathan M.; Miyagishima, Shin-ya; Yoder, David W.; Osteryoung, Katherine W.; Vitha, Stanislav (May 1, 2007).
5742:
5497:
multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
3853:. In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals. These species are said to be
2369:
in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric
1376:
1324:
9150:"An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II"
4700:
With the sun at an angle and only shining on one side of the shoot, auxin moves to the opposite side and stimulates
3362:, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock.
2630:
relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment
2526:
Plant biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes used by plants. Some of these processes are used in their
2343:). However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic
17656:
15252:
12199:
Sobotka, Roman; Sáková, Lenka; Curn, Vladislav (2000). "Molecular Mechanisms of Self-incompatibility in Brassica".
9096:"Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development"
5294:
4934:
A nineteenth-century illustration showing the morphology of the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the rice plant
975:
12982:"Evolution and Diversity, Botany for the Next Millennium: I. The Intellectual: Evolution, Development, Ecosystems"
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from the parent species but live within the same geographical area, may be sufficiently successful to form a new
3575:
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16696:
16172:
4354:
3830:
3758:
Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms.
2354:
1870:
974:
respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the
827:
17:
10796:
5451:
Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through
4930:
4877:
which is rapidly metabolised to produce ethylene, are used on industrial scale to promote ripening of cotton,
4542:. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a
1569:
17735:
17725:
17708:
17599:
17057:
16986:
15622:
14720:
13642:
11666:
3850:
3107:
is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during
1842:
1108:
8913:
8787:. Vol. 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
6156:
4034:
A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of
1040:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of
17525:
17460:
16341:
15928:
15443:
14739:
14668:
11620:
Reik, Wolf (May 2007). "Stability and Flexibility of Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Mammalian Development".
11384:
History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day
8993:
5707:
5625:(Saturn) for woody perennials, based on the planets' orbital periods of 2, 12 and 30 years; and Willd used
5083:
do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The
4903:
3073:
2535:
1783:
1604:
1496:
4076:, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of
3379:
2150:
Botany involves the recording and description of plants, such as this herbarium specimen of the lady fern
1557:. This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the
1533:. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (
1100:
17224:
17170:
16423:
16177:
14658:
10812:
5732:
5702:
3774:). What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far-reaching benefits outside of botany. Similarly, "
2944:(G3P). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the first product of photosynthesis and the raw material from which
2933:
2654:
1669:
5483:
From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been
4668:
produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and
1751:
17579:
17284:
17086:
16716:
16487:
16157:
14108:
11781:
Russin, William A.; Evert, Ray F.; Vanderveer, Peter J.; Sharkey, Thomas D.; Briggs, Steven P. (1996).
9375:
5752:
5586:
4381:, (commonly but incorrectly known as "blue-green algae") and are thought to be derived from an ancient
4213:
2980:. The fatty acids that chloroplasts make are used for many things, such as providing material to build
2941:
2862:
2780:
2292:
1984:
1961:
1612:
1600:
16676:
9656:
Ferro, Myriam; Salvi, Daniel; Rivière-Rolland, Hélène; Vermat, Thierry; et al. (20 August 2002).
3334:
are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products.
1936:
experimentally to knock out a gene or genes responsible for a specific trait, or to add genes such as
17101:
16307:
14143:
14103:
14068:
13680:
13259:
13236:
13204:
10477:
Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (September 1997). "The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land".
5722:
5245:. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as
4629:
4390:
4176:
4130:
3659:
3415:
2891:
2701:
2192:
all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global
1972:
1937:
1854:
1787:
1778:
as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of
1576:, included all plants with concealed reproductive parts, mosses, liverworts, ferns, algae and fungi.
820:
105:
39:
12030:
10524:
9451:
8616:"Evolution of Leaf-form in Land Plants Linked to Atmospheric CO2 Decline in the Late Palaeozoic Era"
3623:
2483:
grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among
17591:
17495:
17326:
17010:
16858:
16445:
16290:
15340:
14710:
13423:
13232:
5835:
4266:
4193:
1629:
1621:
1184:
730:
35:
11849:
Sattler, R.; Jeune, B. (1992). "Multivariate analysis confirms the continuum view of plant form".
4669:
4484:
and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the
3398:
are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of
1979:
largely ignores morphological characters, relying on DNA sequences as data. Molecular analysis of
1971:. Furthermore, it emphasises structural dynamics. Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover
1866:
17740:
17535:
17485:
17230:
16762:
16701:
16591:
14195:
13329:
13183:
13021:
7111:
5712:
5484:
5274:
5199:, undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues: wood (secondary
5142:
4150:
4072:
4052:
or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million
3952:
3465:
3249:
2570:
2484:
2378:
1976:
1686:
in a Connecticut greenhouse. Botany uses Latin names for identification; here, the specific name
1407:
1022:
31:
17266:
14762:
13085:
13005:
10295:
4902:
which regulates wound responses in plants by unblocking the expression of genes required in the
3926:
Most sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, with paired chromosomes, but doubling of their
3351:
1747:
1726:
1140:
17480:
17320:
17302:
17106:
16275:
16199:
14828:
14272:
13954:
13896:
13539:
12874:
10519:
9035:
5472:) – and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (
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3960:
3802:
3655:
3460:
3170:
2925:
2904:
2853:
2794:
2752:
2738:
1392:
725:
333:
16004:
12168:
11713:
10833:
9885:
9862:
9387:
8896:
17703:
17555:
17392:
17290:
16706:
16440:
14913:
14888:
14868:
14355:
14330:
14310:
13652:
13393:
13323:
13303:
12046:
11783:"Modification of a Specific Class of Plasmodesmata and Loss of Sucrose Export Ability in the
10402:
8761:
5374:
are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless
5286:
5119:
4919:
4898:
4783:
4323:. The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.
4185:
4168:
3763:
3481:
2900:
2801:
2745:
2152:
1980:
1801:
Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of
1763:
1759:
1183:, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in
1030:
416:
391:
371:
208:
188:
18941:
12961:
11828:
Sattler, R. (1992). "Process morphology: structural dynamics in development and evolution".
5605:
have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed.
5396:(highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.
1809:(the transport of water within plant tissues), the temperature dependence of rates of water
18936:
18682:
17540:
17368:
17356:
17146:
16907:
16803:
16162:
16059:
16014:
15686:
15245:
15133:
14943:
14893:
14575:
14385:
14335:
14148:
14118:
13989:
13949:
13911:
13559:
13197:
13152:
12981:
12824:
12702:
11629:
11537:
10864:
Lewis, Louise A.; McCourt, Richard M. (2004). "Green Algae and the Origin of Land Plants".
10626:
10486:
10365:
9726:
9669:
9202:
9169:
8852:
8805:
8693:
8630:
7721:
6967:
6965:
5452:
5358:
4882:
4779:
4613:
4594:
4577:
4505:
4382:
4335:
4040:
4026:
3984:
3956:
3884:
3537:
3150:
3108:
3028:
3020:
2882:
2787:
2574:
2547:
2406:
2394:
2165:
1862:
1615:, which was influential until the mid-19th century, was influenced by Candolle's approach.
1572:
plants into 24 groups according to the number of their male sexual organs. The 24th group,
1518:
1371:
1352:
1319:
1180:
758:
636:
446:
396:
15662:
10999:. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 385–386.
8783:
Bennett, K.D.; Willis, K.J. (2001). "Pollen". In Smol, John P.; Birks, H. John B. (eds.).
8021:
5311:
and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is:
4480:, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger
4331:
4030:, the first plant to have its genome sequenced, remains the most important model organism.
3711:
3032:
2385:, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.
8:
18101:
18084:
17994:
17842:
17520:
17510:
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17096:
16711:
16576:
16546:
16332:
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15048:
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14663:
14653:
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14073:
14063:
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13049:
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8299:
5697:
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3699:
3587:
3565:
3533:
3501:
3225:
2873:
2766:
2390:
1957:
1933:
1921:
1884:
20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of
1814:
1673:
1530:
1049:
1013:, contained plants possibly having medicinal benefit. They were forerunners of the first
773:
763:
551:
421:
115:
17188:
12828:
12706:
11633:
11541:
10630:
10490:
10369:
9730:
9673:
9206:
8856:
8809:
8697:
8634:
6962:
4327:
2490:
Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through
18377:
18128:
18111:
17953:
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17698:
17686:
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16135:
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15391:
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15209:
15163:
15143:
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14953:
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14605:
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14570:
14395:
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14016:
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13886:
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12780:
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12619:
12557:
12523:
12496:
12459:
12434:
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12252:
12018:
11971:
11934:
11866:
11862:
11761:
11689:
11653:
11609:
11553:
11486:
11382:
11368:
11351:
Morgensen, H.L. (1996). "The Hows and Whys of Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Seed Plants".
11339:
11116:
10889:
10740:
10713:
10649:
10614:
10590:
10547:
10502:
10424:
10389:
10339:
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9950:
9937:
9774:
9766:
9644:
9610:
9585:
9543:
9331:
9226:
9129:
Chapman, Jasmin; Horsfall, Peter; O'Brien, Pat; Murphy, Jan; MacDonald, Averil (2001).
9120:
9095:
9063:
8934:
8831:
8724:
8711:
8681:
8654:
8594:
8569:
8556:
8260:
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5254:
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4911:
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4015:
3779:
3719:
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3138:
3089:
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2731:
2724:
2527:
2440:
2402:
2217:
2189:
2068:
2008:
1925:
1850:
1529:
groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of
1362:
1128:
1124:
1096:
1041:
720:
666:
646:
631:
456:
451:
122:
110:
53:
13383:
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11811:
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11586:
11255:
11076:
11051:
10663:
9692:
9657:
9556:
9297:
9264:
8864:
6890:
4600:
Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of
4091:
4035:
3619:
3509:
productivity, environmental impact, evolution, and responses to environmental change.
3476:
Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their
1553:, a hierarchical classification of plant species that remains the reference point for
1135:, which study the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of
18843:
18744:
18732:
18555:
18269:
18089:
18020:
18010:
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17730:
17693:
17681:
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16851:
16755:
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16428:
15277:
15272:
15148:
15028:
14883:
14590:
14470:
14325:
13994:
13720:
13408:
13398:
13357:
13142:
12842:
12797:
12743:
12718:
12684:
12667:
12611:
12606:
12589:
12574:
12528:
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12413:
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12343:
12324:
12305:
12225:
12208:
12174:
12158:
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12115:
12096:
12006:
11996:
11963:
11926:
11895:
11816:
11769:
11719:
11645:
11593:
11570:
11514:
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11473:
11436:
11417:
11389:
11331:
11261:
11241:
11233:
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11162:
11143:
11137:
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11094:
11081:
11038:
10981:
10946:
10881:
10839:
10788:
10745:
10686:
10654:
10599:
10576:
10537:
10452:
10431:
10408:
10381:
10344:
10278:
10222:
10147:
10091:
10055:
9980:
9929:
9924:
9907:
9833:
9788:"Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology"
9738:
9697:
9615:
9561:
9523:
9505:
9425:
9393:
9367:
9302:
9284:
9218:
9134:
9068:
9020:
9001:
8979:
8960:
8941:
8877:
8823:
8746:
8729:
8646:
8615:
8599:
8548:
8511:
8471:
5747:
5717:
5441:
is a tree with leaves, it has spines and areoles like a more typical cactus, such as
5312:
5282:
4512:
produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include
4291:, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. A single fertilised egg cell, the
4201:
3927:
3817:. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-
3583:
3545:
3541:
3493:
3469:
3455:
2135:
2096:
2032:
as a subfield of mycology. The narrower sense of botany in the sense of the study of
1901:
1885:
1775:
1771:
1754:
is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as
1715:(1898–1997) on plant anatomy is still a major foundation of modern botany. Her books
1608:
1550:
1522:
1465:
1450:
1342:
1200:
1172:
1069:
1068:. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of
1045:
768:
651:
531:
386:
221:
159:
17272:
12730:
12623:
12590:"Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells"
12425:
11975:
11938:
11657:
11343:
10923:
Lilburn, Timothy G.; Harrison, Scott H.; Cole, James R.; Garrity, George M. (2006).
10893:
10774:
10551:
9778:
9648:
9335:
8560:
6515:
5645:
4254:
for the remainder of the cell's life. Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be
2614:
Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "
18756:
18750:
18714:
18397:
18259:
18144:
18045:
17645:
17445:
17428:
17386:
17380:
17350:
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16651:
16214:
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16115:
16069:
15962:
15947:
15908:
15833:
15674:
15598:
15495:
15437:
14873:
14700:
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14004:
13891:
13501:
13464:
13349:
13319:
12832:
12770:
12710:
12679:
12601:
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12518:
12508:
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12078:
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11918:
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11806:
11798:
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11463:
11360:
11323:
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11106:
11071:
11063:
11028:
10971:
10936:
10873:
10778:
10770:
10735:
10725:
10644:
10634:
10568:
10529:
10506:
10494:
10393:
10373:
10334:
10324:
10268:
10260:
10192:
10188:
10180:
10118:
10005:
9970:
9962:
9941:
9919:
9758:
9734:
9687:
9677:
9636:
9605:
9597:
9551:
9535:
9488:
9359:
9323:
9292:
9276:
9230:
9210:
9164:
9115:
9107:
9058:
9050:
8860:
8835:
8813:
8719:
8701:
8658:
8638:
8589:
8581:
8538:
7454:
7442:
5328:
5305:
5150:
4947:
4812:
are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division (especially
4625:
4612:. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the
4555:
4496:
splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian
3786:
3627:
3450:
3375:
3327:
3272:
3085:
2658:
2649:
2511:
2237:
2233:
1953:
1858:
1802:
1795:
1739:
1592:
1422:(1501–1566) was one of "the three German fathers of botany", along with theologian
1403:
1293:
1285:
1088:
1014:
807:
376:
217:
17308:
16009:
12653:
12632:
10682:
Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany, and Use
10247:
Howe, C.J.; Barbrook, A.C.; Nisbet, R.E.R; Lockhart, P.J.; Larkum, A.W.D. (2008).
8527:"Carotenoids 2: Genetics and Molecular Biology of Carotenoid Pigment Biosynthesis"
5423:
5364:
The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its
3440:
2494:, making their work important to humanity's ability to feed the world and provide
2204:. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen,
2105:
is a subfield of plant ecology that classifies and studies communities of plants.
18962:
18848:
18831:
18738:
18264:
18247:
18030:
17989:
17857:
17847:
17827:
17404:
17332:
17200:
17176:
17164:
17158:
17140:
16891:
16656:
16601:
16556:
16468:
16450:
16312:
16141:
16091:
16079:
16041:
15977:
15804:
15772:
15733:
15706:
15535:
15530:
15421:
15357:
15238:
15158:
15123:
14600:
14565:
13916:
13858:
13700:
13637:
13479:
13353:
11992:
10994:
10730:
10680:
10670:
10613:
Kress, W.J.; Wurdack, K.J.; Zimmer, E.A.; Weigt, L.A.; Janzen, D.H. (June 2005).
10422:
Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2002).
10216:
8468:
Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices
8045:
7394:
7001:
5737:
5666:
5324:
5320:
5072:
4991:
4838:
4661:
4633:
4473:
4449:
4242:
4234:
4057:
3880:
3838:
3807:
3691:
3651:
3579:
3154:
2921:
2808:
2555:
2499:
2426:
2272:
2256:
2060:
2040:
is the study of mosses (and in the broader sense also liverworts and hornworts).
1897:
1743:
1704:
1649:
1611:
reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later
1538:
1506:
1484:
1434:
1427:
1351:
written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist
1271:
1112:
991:
661:
626:
47:
16795:
13307:
10835:
Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources
10533:
8543:
8526:
7430:
7250:
6878:
5480:: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.
4774:, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist
3923:, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.
3035:
that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood.
1628:
Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first "modern" textbook,
1318:
who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the
193:
18768:
18708:
18582:
18549:
18507:
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18348:
18343:
18291:
17761:
17676:
17623:
17455:
17314:
17260:
17254:
17194:
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16631:
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16280:
16262:
16226:
15982:
15809:
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15753:
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15335:
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15013:
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14078:
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13921:
13853:
13848:
13710:
13705:
13599:
13554:
13531:
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13403:
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10032:
9662:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8686:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8611:
6827:
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5469:
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of plants have a number of biochemical, structural and genetic similarities to
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4246:
4107:
3939:
3896:
3813:
3745:
3731:
3698:(UV-B), resulting in lower growth rates. Moreover, information from studies of
3663:
3521:
3383:
3331:
3315:
3268:
3253:
3182:
3104:
3000:
2844:
2817:
2717:
2491:
2464:
2414:
2410:
2288:
2268:
2181:
2177:
2131:
2102:
2088:
2084:
2049:
1991:
of flowering plants, answering many of the questions about relationships among
1893:
1822:
1767:
1712:
1653:
1644:. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the
1616:
1596:
1581:
1480:
1464:) published herbals covering the supposed medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist
1419:
1300:
1243:
1176:
1057:
1026:
987:
945:
794:
516:
328:
12540:
Tansley, A.G. (1935). "The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts".
11922:
11891:
11327:
10598:. Environmental Plant Biology Series. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.
9640:
9363:
7117:
4576:. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by
3785:
Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species
3363:
3015:
from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make
18956:
18858:
18702:
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18622:
18535:
18511:
18328:
18050:
18025:
17907:
17852:
17362:
17248:
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16641:
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16398:
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15999:
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15903:
15872:
15823:
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15508:
15431:
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15352:
15347:
15295:
15093:
14988:
14878:
14853:
14848:
14535:
14430:
14320:
14297:
14292:
14185:
14133:
14128:
13906:
13823:
13725:
13690:
13459:
13065:
12873:
12858:
12813:"Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Flowering Plant Arabidopsis thaliana"
11237:
10759:"Under One Leaf, A Historical Perspective on the UK Plant Science Federation"
9519:
9492:
9288:
8490:
8027:
7973:
6476:
5807:
5768:
5590:
5365:
5278:
5258:
5242:
5188:
5040:
5003:
4963:
4943:
4854:
4753:
4742:
4737:
4722:
4609:
4601:
4585:
4501:
4477:
4413:, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class
4378:
4270:
4251:
4139:
4123:
3991:
3943:
3935:
3759:
3529:
3435:
3323:
3276:
3186:
3123:
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2989:
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2589:
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2398:
2374:
2362:
2358:
2229:
2173:
1996:
1988:
1941:
1834:
1806:
1735:
1700:
1588:
1546:
1442:
1423:
1396:
1366:
1332:, constitute the most important contributions to botanical science until the
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1116:
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1034:
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895:
596:
491:
381:
358:
353:
13084:
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10329:
10106:
8706:
8305:
8115:
8113:
7372:
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6866:
6503:
5806:
is also found in some cyanobacteria. A bunch of other chlorophylls exist in
1853:
in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals.
1361:
was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the
18919:
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18762:
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8152:
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5208:
5092:
4995:
4987:
4936:
4889:
4857:(ABA) occurs in all land plants except liverworts, and is synthesised from
4757:
4714:
4604:. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and
4543:
4457:
4422:
4414:
4342:
4255:
4238:
4066:
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3995:
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may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem
3749:
3603:
3489:
3343:
3229:
3129:
and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g.,
3126:
2678:
2580:
2531:
2353:
study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the
2313:
2244:
2205:
2193:
2111:
Different parts of plants also give rise to their own subfields, including
2095:. Other fields are denoted by adding or substituting the word botany (e.g.
2092:
2033:
2017:
1913:
1889:
1826:
1791:
1723:
have been key plant structural biology texts for more than half a century.
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1144:
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641:
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62:
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11245:
11033:
11016:
9966:
8682:"Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism"
8552:
8057:
3963:
or by seed apomixis, forming clonal populations of identical individuals.
2932:
which temporarily store and transport energy. Their energy is used in the
1699:
Building upon the gene-chromosome theory of heredity that originated with
1472:, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope,
1437:(1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal
1210:
1037:
that remains in use to this day for the naming of all biological species.
18726:
18720:
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18404:
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16561:
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16194:
16189:
16125:
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15300:
15188:
15183:
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15108:
15053:
14993:
14978:
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14898:
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14778:
14773:
14630:
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14595:
14550:
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14420:
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14232:
14222:
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13627:
13549:
13428:
13418:
13369:
13311:
12722:
12297:
12010:
10976:
10959:
10941:
10924:
10907:. Oxford: Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
9111:
8585:
8487:"Natural Science Institute in Botany and Ecology for Elementary Teachers"
8110:
8086:
7889:
7682:
7367:
5594:
5473:
5465:
5184:
5048:
4979:
4915:
4834:
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3822:
3703:
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401:
293:
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198:
144:
11870:
11802:
11641:
10377:
10122:
9214:
8818:
8793:
8715:
8076:
8074:
8072:
7961:
7025:
6803:
6683:
6671:
6623:
6527:
4954:
that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary
1900:. With the rise of the related molecular-scale biological approaches of
1509:
of Linnaeus' residence in Uppsala, Sweden, was planted according to his
1339:
Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is
978:. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000
18926:
18853:
18821:
18807:
18790:
18338:
18015:
17804:
17795:
16616:
16566:
16541:
16238:
16231:
16221:
16204:
15887:
15882:
15818:
15610:
15457:
15416:
15310:
15173:
15168:
15113:
15098:
15038:
15003:
14998:
14968:
14928:
14908:
14838:
14818:
14615:
14610:
14555:
14540:
14480:
14445:
14440:
14410:
14370:
14350:
14282:
14262:
14011:
13838:
13730:
13675:
13604:
13584:
13544:
13449:
13365:
13299:
13295:
12714:
12561:
11946:
Scharlemann, J.P.W.; Laurance, W.F. (2008). "How Green are Biofuels?".
11765:
11715:
The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas
11693:
11372:
11120:
10200:
10069:
Haberlandt, G. (1902). "Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen".
10019:
9547:
9280:
8248:
7066:
7064:
6233:
5461:
5180:
5162:
5127:
5084:
5071:
at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the
5068:
5056:
5044:
4999:
4983:
4951:
4870:
4869:
is a gaseous hormone that is produced in all higher plant tissues from
4862:
4858:
4775:
4761:
4688:
4680:
4641:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4527:
4509:
4489:
4485:
4406:
4312:
4300:
4296:
4277:
4274:
4189:
4126:
4099:
4053:
3968:
3862:
3858:
3826:
3790:
3775:
3679:
3674:
allows the reconstruction of past climates. Estimates of atmospheric CO
3667:
3591:
3497:
3414:. These bug repelling properties of sweetgrass were later found by the
3411:
3371:
3197:
3142:
3069:
3045:
3041:
3012:
2958:
2503:
2444:
2308:
2260:
2243:
The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or
2120:
2072:
1992:
1909:
1830:
1665:
1384:
1136:
1104:
1077:
1018:
676:
671:
616:
601:
541:
506:
501:
471:
431:
411:
343:
323:
183:
178:
14731:
13110:"Research confirms Native American use of sweetgrass as bug repellent"
12784:
12513:
12239:
Sprague, T.A.; Sprague, M.S. (1939). "The Herbal of Valerius Cordus".
12082:
11067:
10783:
10710:
10253:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
9770:
7727:
6401:
5878:
4504:
diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including
2435:
The food we eat comes directly or indirectly from plants such as rice.
2123:, these been the study of wood, fruit and pollen/spores respectively.
1876:
1679:
1501:
18591:
18487:
18353:
18237:
18035:
17815:
17784:
17470:
16746:
16621:
16346:
16243:
15972:
15777:
15758:
15669:
15593:
15513:
15465:
15406:
15386:
15325:
15088:
15073:
15058:
15008:
14983:
14530:
14515:
14500:
14450:
14425:
14168:
13969:
13881:
13763:
13695:
13667:
13574:
13388:
13377:
13373:
13341:
13000:
12837:
12812:
10757:
Leonelli, Sabina; Charnley, Berris; Webb, Alex; Bastow, Ruth (2012).
8642:
8164:
8125:
8069:
7502:
7478:
7310:
7076:
7049:
7007:
6563:
6539:
5477:
5456:
5409:
5308:
5273:. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms,
5270:
5234:
5076:
4959:
4955:
4893:
4878:
4842:
4809:
4769:
4653:
4645:
4617:
4535:
4513:
4497:
4481:
4401:
4386:
4284:
4262:
4209:
4115:
4003:
3976:
3915:
genetically identical to the parent. This is one of several types of
3866:
3842:
3647:
3615:
3607:
3571:
3553:
3536:
that collectively constitute vegetation. Regions with characteristic
3525:
3407:
3387:
3359:
3355:
3339:
3213:
3130:
3061:
3004:
2539:
2336:
2287:
descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by
2284:
2252:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2116:
2025:
1779:
1348:
1315:
1281:
1010:
1002:
995:
938:
891:
716:
591:
576:
561:
511:
486:
241:
154:
149:
58:
17621:
16479:
12553:
11841:
11757:
11685:
11364:
10184:
9627:
Ereshefsky, Marc (1997). "The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy".
9539:
7937:
7622:
7061:
6856:
6854:
6611:
6293:
6064:
5810:
and certain algal groups, but none of them are found in land plants.
5633:(Mercury) for hermaphroditic. The following symbols are still used:
5191:
that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds. Woody plants, such as
2514:. Some of the earliest plant-people relationships arose between the
2208:, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.
18863:
18296:
18279:
17715:
17344:
17206:
16596:
16571:
16551:
16536:
16388:
16378:
16322:
16317:
16084:
15957:
15933:
15850:
15520:
15305:
15178:
15103:
15033:
14963:
14958:
14783:
14684:
14620:
14545:
14475:
14405:
14400:
14227:
14161:
13758:
13715:
13614:
13486:
13361:
13337:
13020:
12409:
11707:
10758:
9858:
9327:
8679:
7670:
7448:
7113:
Cultivation of peyote by Native Americans: Past, present and future
6971:
6665:
5776:
5370:
5154:
4874:
4822:
4752:
The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by
4637:
4560:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4363:
Transverse section of a fossil stem of the Devonian vascular plant
4205:
4197:
4163:
4146:
4085:
3980:
3916:
3900:
3683:
3595:
3528:
for resources. They interact with their neighbours at a variety of
3423:
3391:
3354:
and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of
3347:
3335:
3264:
3221:
3217:
3205:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3112:
3053:
3049:
3024:
2954:
2340:
2317:
2276:
2127:
2112:
2053:
2037:
2021:
1968:
1905:
1818:
1473:
1296:
writings, and in works from China purportedly from before 221 BCE.
1215:
1168:
1073:
789:
681:
606:
536:
466:
461:
288:
257:
236:
12065:
Schnurr, J.A.; Shockey, J.M.; De Boer, G.J.; Browse, J.A. (2002).
10498:
9864:
Scientific Papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent
7658:
7466:
7322:
7214:
7202:
7178:
4946:
is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas
2180:, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and
18816:
18519:
18318:
17775:
15573:
15568:
15485:
15475:
15193:
14923:
14793:
14635:
14365:
14237:
14154:
13999:
13974:
13959:
13941:
13788:
13753:
13594:
13589:
13516:
13511:
13491:
13284:
13269:
13220:
12877:. National Center for Biotechnology Information. March 30, 2004.
12497:"Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions"
11021:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
7262:
7037:
6851:
6719:
5393:
5340:
5250:
5166:
5161:. Large, flat, flexible, green leaves are called foliage leaves.
5146:
5096:
5018:
4975:
4971:
4830:
4665:
4649:
4621:
4320:
4155:
4081:
4077:
3912:
3818:
3549:
3513:
3477:
3399:
3319:
3288:
3280:
3174:
3115:
3096:
pathway. These biochemical strategies are unique to land plants.
3084:
pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from
2996:
2962:
2945:
2937:
2708:
2344:
2300:
2296:
2201:
2200:
cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil
2079:
1949:
1565:
within the genus. For the purposes of identification, Linnaeus's
1562:
1399:(d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner.
1065:
979:
955:
921:
913:
875:
867:
696:
426:
298:
245:
231:
81:
12265:"Classification by molecules: What's in it for field botanists?"
11744:
Roux, Stanley J. (1984). "Ca and Phytochrome Action in Plants".
9749:(November 1995). "Frank Yates 12 May 1902 – 17 June 1994".
9314:
Copeland, Herbert Faulkner (1938). "The Kingdoms of Organisms".
8395:
8236:
7997:
7646:
7610:
7154:
6695:
3841:
so that the pollen either fails to reach the stigma or fails to
3410:. Sweetgrass was used by Native Americans to ward off bugs like
894:
who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the
17450:
16026:
15918:
15838:
15792:
15782:
15743:
15681:
15657:
15652:
15647:
15642:
13833:
13818:
13778:
13773:
13647:
13569:
13564:
13474:
13178:
12875:"A Basic Introduction to the Science Underlying NCBI Resources"
12045:. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Archived from
9905:
9813:
Fry, S.C. (1989). "The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan".
9717:, a New Early Seed Plant From the Upper Famennian of Belgium".
9655:
7853:
7490:
7460:
6896:
6743:
6413:
6377:
5375:
5316:
5291:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
5204:
5192:
5175:
5138:
5134:
5123:
5080:
4967:
4827:
4817:
4657:
4605:
4522:
4441:
4365:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4111:
4049:
3892:
3846:
3834:
3561:
3557:
3517:
3484:. Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional
3419:
3299:
3284:
3233:
3194:
3190:
3119:
3065:
3016:
3008:
2950:
2773:
2648:) absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the
2543:
2480:
2468:
2370:
2321:
2185:
2161:
1917:
1873:
or 2,4-D was one of the first commercial synthetic herbicides.
1711:. No other cells can pass on inherited characters. The work of
1708:
1148:
1061:
1053:
925:
253:
66:
18210:
13040:
11017:"Phragmoplastin, Green Algae and the Evolution of Cytokinesis"
8489:. Botanical Gardens Conservation International. Archived from
8277:
8275:
8142:
8140:
7949:
7925:
7913:
7699:
7697:
7424:
7334:
7226:
6950:
6452:
4359:
4154:
has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions.
4145:
related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. A
3959:. Some otherwise sterile plant polyploids can still reproduce
3504:
interactions with other species. Some ecologists even rely on
2365:
relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the
1021:, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the
18802:
18215:
17913:
17627:
16250:
16184:
16106:
16074:
16031:
15923:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15843:
15828:
15797:
15718:
15376:
15367:
13964:
13863:
13795:
13783:
13521:
13469:
12810:
11260:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
10310:
8311:
7562:
7400:
7382:
6938:
6902:
6839:
6521:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6329:
5762:
5598:
5332:
5301:
5289:. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the
5246:
5229:
5200:
5170:
5100:
4765:
4692:
4539:
4517:
4437:
4397:
3979:. The commercial banana is an example of a sterile, seedless
3964:
3904:
3888:
3631:
3485:
3367:
3303:
3259:
Plants can synthesise coloured dyes and pigments such as the
3178:
3134:
3057:
2985:
2929:
2759:
2615:
2551:
2431:
2382:
2332:
2169:
2064:
2028:- the study of bacteria, fungi and algae respectively - with
1846:
1707:(1834–1914) proved that inheritance only takes place through
1558:
1542:
1526:
1156:
963:
959:
949:
930:
907:
900:
871:
249:
89:
12980:
11780:
11215:
8842:
8743:
Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
7877:
7598:
7436:
7274:
7256:
7031:
6926:
6815:
6689:
6575:
6157:"The Victorian Gentlewoman Who Documented 900 Plant Species"
6076:
5992:
5982:
5980:
4326:
Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the
4184:
bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a
3987:
is a triploid that produces viable seeds by apomictic seed.
3173:
of botanical natural products. For example, the pain killer
1738:
was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as
18587:
18306:
16101:
16096:
15748:
15588:
15563:
15558:
15542:
15401:
13843:
13828:
13768:
13444:
13333:
13289:
12960:
12893:
12323:(AP ed.). Belmomt, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cenpage Learning.
12064:
11584:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray H.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
11403:
Needham, Joseph; Lu, Gwei-djen; Huang, Hsing-Tsung (1986).
11014:
9994:"Botanical Contributions to Contemporary Ecological Theory"
9786:
Floros, John D.; Newsome, Rosetta; Fisher, William (2010).
9524:"Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research"
8359:
8335:
8323:
8287:
8272:
8224:
8212:
8188:
8176:
8137:
8051:
8009:
7901:
7865:
7841:
7781:
7769:
7757:
7745:
7733:
7709:
7694:
7634:
7586:
7298:
7166:
7088:
6884:
6767:
6731:
6599:
6389:
6365:
6239:
5884:
5866:
5064:
5060:
5036:
4492:). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on
4445:
4159:
3920:
3899:
habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers
3849:. This is one of several methods used by plants to promote
3771:
3670:, the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from
3641:
3635:
3311:
3307:
3237:
2476:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2280:
2264:
1143:. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing
917:
169:
17915:
17067:
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
13189:
11513:. New Naturalist series No. 97. London: HarperCollins UK.
11199:(5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
11180:(3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
11015:
López-Bautista, J.M.; Waters, D.A.; Chapman, R.L. (2003).
10922:
10756:
10421:
10246:
9502:
How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine, and Crafts
8978:(8 ed.). San Francisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings.
8419:
8347:
8254:
7817:
7805:
7286:
7190:
6833:
6779:
6482:
6425:
6407:
6257:
6245:
6136:
6088:
5965:
5233:
A botanist preparing a plant specimen for mounting in the
5063:
and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised
3287:
traditionally used to dye denim and the artist's pigments
2965:(common table sugar) for export to the rest of the plant.
16021:
15583:
15230:
13622:
13090:
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Vienna Code
13064:
12111:
Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation
11878:
Savidan, Y.H. (2000). "Apomixis: Genetics and Breeding".
11252:
9191:
8959:(2 ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
8266:
8033:
7979:
7355:
6977:
6569:
6341:
6269:
5977:
5902:
5488:
5196:
5051:) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The
3611:
3599:
3500:
of plants to their environment, and their competitive or
3395:
1656:
and was among the first to grasp the significance of the
1152:
12944:. National Museum of Wales. July 4, 2007. Archived from
12940:
12668:"The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically"
10355:
7550:
7514:
7130:
6464:
6311:
6124:
6112:
6070:
4632:
are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of
4588:
gather energy directly from sunlight by photosynthesis.
3464:. The plant provides the bacteria with nutrients and an
958:". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of
13506:
13108:
13004:. University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from
12571:
Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
12304:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11530:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
11449:
11405:
Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6 Part 1 Botany
11312:
10612:
8610:
8383:
8158:
7793:
7574:
7244:
7070:
6989:
6872:
6707:
6509:
6197:
5854:
17629:
13092:. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. 2006.
10518:. Plant Cell Monographs. Vol. 13. pp. 1–39.
8371:
7985:
7829:
7406:
6791:
6647:
6635:
6004:
5941:
5931:
5929:
4564:
Five of the key areas of study within plant physiology
4237:
that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying
2641:(as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin
2164:
and food that provide humans and other organisms with
1782:
to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of
1406:
were founded in a number of Italian universities. The
61:, is the source of two valuable spices, the red aril (
10558:
9263:
Cone, Karen C.; Vedova, Chris B. Della (2004-06-01).
8973:
8876:(4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8407:
8170:
8131:
8119:
8092:
8080:
8063:
7895:
7538:
7376:
7142:
7082:
7043:
6809:
6755:
6677:
6629:
6617:
6587:
6545:
6533:
6493:
6491:
6281:
6209:
6185:
6173:
6028:
6016:
4508:, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms.
2957:
is used for the same purpose in the sunflower family
2439:
Virtually all staple foods come either directly from
2168:
with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants,
12763:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
12480:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
12435:"The Scientific Roots of Modern Plant Biotechnology"
12222:
Identically Different: Why You Can Change Your Genes
12142:"Botanical symbols: a new symbol set for new images"
10448:
Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments
10404:
Aspirin : The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug
9751:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
9477:
8443:
8431:
8200:
7967:
7105:
7103:
7013:
6317:
6100:
6040:
5953:
5758:
5455:
in which characters have arisen independently. Some
3934:. This can occur early in development to produce an
3919:
that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a
3598:
provide plants with nutrients in exchange for food,
2347:
are usually covered in introductory botany courses.
1127:. Dominant themes in 21st-century plant science are
12573:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press.
11945:
11667:"Dioecy and its Correlates in the Flowering Plants"
10714:"A Functional Phylogenomic View of the Seed Plants"
10144:
Plant Animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach
9785:
9000:. Glacier National Park, MT: Kessinger Publishing.
8570:"Streptophyte Algae and the Origin of Embryophytes"
7526:
7055:
6914:
6749:
6353:
6221:
5926:
5914:
5601:. Technological developments such as computers and
4805:, showing the touch-sensitive insect trap in action
4664:come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals.
3686:densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient
3590:beneficial relationships with plants. For example,
3480: – the environments where they complete their
2920:is initially in the form of electrons (and later a
1983:from most families of flowering plants enabled the
18437:
12568:
12394:
12338:Stewart, Wilson Nichols; Rothwell, Gar W. (1993).
12040:"California Noxious and Invasive Weed Action Plan"
11608:
11585:
11583:
11450:Padmanabhan, Meenu S.; Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. (2010).
11381:
10615:"Use of DNA Barcodes to Identify Flowering Plants"
10589:
10423:
10215:Hoek, Christiaan; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M. (2005).
10083:
8933:
8785:Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments
8028:National Center for Biotechnology Information 2004
8003:
7688:
7484:
6488:
5890:
4500:stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit,
4056:of DNA, forming one of the smallest genomes among
1829:between plants and the atmosphere. Innovations in
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
18386:
18110:
12923:The Plant List (superseded by World Flora Online)
12796:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12633:"University of California Museum of Paleontology"
12198:
11982:
11567:The Pollination of Flowers, New Naturalist series
9793:. Institute of Food Technologists. Archived from
9586:"New Technologies for 21st Century Plant Science"
9019:(2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing.
8760:Bennett, Charles E.; Hammond, William A. (1902).
8306:International Association for Plant Taxonomy 2006
8098:
7508:
7449:Rochaix, Goldschmidt-Clermont & Merchant 1998
7316:
7100:
3224:from tobacco. Most alcoholic beverages come from
3111:. Some of these compounds are toxins such as the
2681:incorporates carbon dioxide into sugar molecules.
2176:are the major groups of organisms that carry out
1825:have enabled precise description of the rates of
1487:, and a short time later in living plant tissue.
18954:
17939:
17043:Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage
16980:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
13048:. University of California-Davis. Archived from
10957:
9345:"'Open Minded' Cells: How Cells Can Change Fate"
7943:
7109:
6551:
6052:
5487:, which uses molecular characters, particularly
4534:produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a
3821:crosses between wild species and their hybrids.
2622:. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from
18618:
12569:Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L.; Krings, M. (2009).
12337:
10619:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10317:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10104:
9584:Ehrhardt, D.W.; Frommer, W.B. (February 2012).
9583:
9385:
8914:"Angiosperm Origins: A Monocots-First Scenario"
8524:
7676:
7496:
6383:
6371:
4925:
4172:are commonly used to study plant cell biology.
4098:are used for studying the molecular biology of
3072:have since independently evolved pathways like
2463:, maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses,
2188:into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by
1798:, and evolutionary history of economic plants.
1742:, who produced the hypothesis that plants form
18568:
18217:
12942:"Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany"
12917:
12853:
12356:
12238:
11664:
11527:
11508:
11402:
11197:Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology
11178:Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology
10675:
10166:"The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens"
10141:
10051:Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species
9708:
9128:
9033:
8759:
7847:
7664:
7628:
7472:
7340:
7328:
7220:
7208:
7184:
6785:
6725:
6581:
6094:
5998:
5971:
5908:
4713:Extra growth on that side causes the shoot to
3766:by studying inherited traits such as shape in
17759:
17607:
16495:
15246:
14747:
13205:
13135:The State of the World's Plants Report – 2016
12737:
12107:
11161:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
10925:"Computational aspects of systematic biology"
10901:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
10214:
9948:
9825:
8782:
8763:The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction
8317:
7232:
6956:
6142:
6082:
5872:
5269:– grouping organisms by ancestry rather than
3911:with asexual reproduction and giving rise to
3169:come directly from plants. Others are simple
2538:. Others make specialised materials like the
2036:(land plants) is disambiguated as phytology.
1672:that enabled the calculation of the rates of
1497:Taxonomy (biology) § History of taxonomy
828:
16956:Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale
16352:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
12692:
12588:Thompson, James E.; Fry, Stephen C. (2001).
12241:The Journal of the Linnean Society of London
11848:
10900:
10863:
10513:
10476:
10105:Heinhorst, S.; Cannon, G.C. (January 1993).
9991:
9421:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History
9147:
9043:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
8466:Acharya, Deepak; Anshu, Shrivastava (2008).
8465:
8401:
8242:
7616:
7160:
6944:
6860:
6821:
6773:
6419:
5860:
4258:, while others are reset in the germ cells.
3907:, may develop instead of flowers, replacing
3133:), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in
2992:that protects land plants from drying out.
1964:designed for traits such as improved yield.
1634:
1537:) or more closely related to the natural or
1525:, where unidentified plants are placed into
1322:as the "Father of Botany". His major works,
12756:
12651:
12587:
10587:
9890:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
9857:
8992:
8740:
8567:
7859:
7652:
7280:
7268:
6932:
6908:
6701:
6605:
6458:
6335:
6299:
5257:. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of
5183:are seed-producing plants with open seeds.
4672:are transported by a variety of processes.
3990:As in other eukaryotes, the inheritance of
2940:to produce molecules of the 3-carbon sugar
2048:(or graminology) for the study of grasses,
1999:is the subject of active current research.
1817:of water vapour and carbon dioxide through
1730:Class of alpine botany in Switzerland, 1936
1356:
1340:
18932:
17614:
17600:
16502:
16488:
15253:
15239:
14754:
14740:
13212:
13198:
12811:The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000).
12791:
12475:
12361:(3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Longman.
11564:
10426:Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach
10068:
10031:. Arizona State University. Archived from
9626:
9262:
7955:
7931:
7919:
7580:
7196:
7008:University of Maryland Medical Center 2011
6737:
6446:
6395:
5010:
3891:in potato is one example. Particularly in
3789:are often possible. A familiar example is
3737:
2684:
1960:, as well as the practical application of
835:
821:
18486:
18235:
17561:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
16751:of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC
15220:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
12836:
12774:
12683:
12605:
12522:
12512:
12458:
12342:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12157:
12090:
12037:
11985:Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation
11810:
11708:Rochaix, J.D.; Goldschmidt-Clermont, M.;
11467:
11350:
11110:
11075:
11032:
10975:
10958:Lin, Z.; Zhong, S.; Grierson, D. (2009).
10940:
10782:
10739:
10729:
10648:
10638:
10523:
10338:
10328:
10272:
10221:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10009:
9974:
9923:
9691:
9681:
9609:
9555:
9518:
9392:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9386:Cousens, Roger; Mortimer, Martin (1995).
9343:Costa, Silvia; Shaw, Peter (March 2007).
9342:
9296:
9168:
9119:
9062:
8890:
8817:
8723:
8705:
8593:
8542:
8052:López-Bautista, Waters & Chapman 2003
7568:
7412:
7388:
6761:
6593:
5253:. Biological classification is a form of
4990:cells and those of the green algal order
4974:than in animal cells and the presence of
4695:(pink) is evenly distributed in its tip.
4265:biology serve to regulate the process of
4044:, a weedy species in the mustard family (
3748:depicting a cross between two pea plants
3204:are obtained by chemical modification of
3099:
2573:, some of which can be seen here through
2487:with the most desirable characteristics.
2307:, nurtures the developing diploid embryo
16820:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
16296:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
12794:Domestication of Plants in the Old World
12630:
12494:
12340:Paleobiology and the Evolution of Plants
12146:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
11592:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
11430:
11414:Biophysical Plant Physiology and Ecology
11407:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11156:
10400:
10090:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
9709:Fairon-Demaret, Muriel (October 1996). "
9499:
9424:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
9313:
9265:"Paramutation: The Chromatin Connection"
9157:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
8745:. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
8614:; Osborne, C.P.; Chaloner, W.G. (2001).
8568:Becker, Burkhard; Marin, Birger (2009).
8505:
8484:
8353:
7604:
7148:
7019:
6983:
6845:
6666:Cleveland Museum of Natural History 2012
6106:
5959:
5947:
5728:List of botanists by author abbreviation
5621:(Jupiter) for herbaceous perennials and
5228:
4929:
4922:in a plant that are sensitive to light.
4789:
4679:
4584:, including all green plants, algae and
4559:
4358:
4019:
3642:Plants, climate and environmental change
3439:
2430:
2145:
1875:
1774:. Clements is credited with the idea of
1725:
1678:
1636:Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik
1500:
1284:, the study and use of plants for their
1209:
46:
14761:
13131:
13024:. Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
12738:Yaniv, Zohara; Bachrach, Uriel (2005).
12539:
12476:Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo (2002).
12378:The Natural History of Medicinal Plants
12219:
12139:
11877:
11827:
11718:. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic.
11484:
11435:(in German). Wien: Sammlung De Nobili.
11285:
11194:
11175:
10992:
10815:. Australian National Botanic Gardens.
10173:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
10047:
9951:"The Path from C3 to C4 Photosynthesis"
9238:Cocking, Edward C. (October 18, 1993).
9237:
9093:
8931:
8470:. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers.
8449:
8437:
8389:
8365:
8341:
8329:
8293:
8281:
8230:
8218:
8194:
8182:
8146:
8039:
8015:
7907:
7871:
7799:
7787:
7775:
7763:
7751:
7739:
7715:
7703:
7640:
7592:
7544:
7361:
7304:
7172:
7136:
7094:
6653:
6470:
6434:
6359:
6263:
6251:
6034:
6010:
5896:
5157:. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out
4731:Plants are not passive, but respond to
3540:and dominant plants as well as similar
2141:
1299:Modern botany traces its roots back to
14:
18955:
16964:Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation
12905:from the original on September 8, 2017
12881:from the original on February 16, 2002
12665:
12432:
12375:
12296:
12259:
11908:
11379:
11092:
10960:"Recent Advances in Ethylene Research"
10451:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
10430:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
10289:
10129:from the original on February 26, 2013
10081:
9883:
9871:from the original on February 10, 2023
9826:Gordh, Gordon; Headrick, D.H. (2001).
9745:
9449:
9417:
9170:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
8911:
8770:from the original on February 10, 2023
8525:Armstrong, G.A.; Hearst, J.E. (1996).
8425:
8377:
7883:
7835:
7823:
7811:
7532:
7292:
6797:
6497:
6347:
6287:
6275:
6203:
6191:
6118:
6022:
5986:
5920:
5402:Two cacti of very different appearance
3694:can expose plants to higher levels of
2961:. Some of the glucose is converted to
2013:Botany is divided along several axes.
1490:
18209:
17595:
16509:
16483:
15234:
15215:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
14735:
13193:
13096:from the original on January 26, 2021
12988:from the original on January 31, 1998
12968:from the original on October 16, 2012
12964:. National Science Foundation. 1989.
12639:from the original on February 4, 2009
12635:. University of California-Berkeley.
12357:Stover, R.H.; Simmonds, N.W. (1987).
12318:
12224:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
12166:
11665:Renner, S.S.; Ricklefs, R.E. (1995).
11611:A Short History of the Plant Sciences
11411:
10831:
9719:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
9250:from the original on November 9, 2012
9014:
8413:
8206:
7245:Beerling, Osborne & Chaloner 2001
6641:
6323:
6215:
6179:
6130:
6046:
5468:) or those left over from ancestors (
4409:, sister to the green algal division
4233:is the study of heritable changes in
4009:
3752:for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms
2995:Plants synthesise a number of unique
2521:
2002:
1916:, the relationship between the plant
1880:Micropropagation of transgenic plants
1790:(1887–1943) produced accounts of the
1694:
14706:
13028:from the original on August 11, 2014
12919:"Bryophytes (Mosses and liverworts)"
12792:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000).
11743:
11619:
11606:
11509:Porley, Ron; Hodgetts, Nick (2005).
11456:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
11135:
11049:
10810:
10444:
10160:
10026:
8954:
8871:
8791:
8104:
7991:
7556:
7520:
6995:
6713:
6557:
6227:
6154:
6058:
5935:
5218:
5104:leaf, as is the case with plants in
3220:from coffee, tea and chocolate, and
2303:phase of embryophytes, known as the
1517:During the 18th century, systems of
1336:, almost seventeen centuries later.
1084:to classify plants more accurately.
990:(of which approximately 369,000 are
986:, including some 391,000 species of
14716:
13068:. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2009.
12201:Current Issues in Molecular Biology
11142:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10218:Algae: An Introduction to Phycology
10142:Herrera, C.M.; Pellmyr, O. (2002).
10071:Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche
9992:Grime, J.P.; Hodgson, J.G. (1987).
9812:
9240:"Obituary: Professor F. C. Steward"
8845:Chemosphere – Global Change Science
8766:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
8485:Addelson, Barbara (December 2003).
7425:University of California-Davis 2012
6920:
6873:Padmanabhan & Dinesh-Kumar 2010
5842:. Internet Archive. 27 January 2021
5650:⚲ vegetative (asexual) reproduction
5629:(Saturn) for neuter in addition to
5118:– which can dedifferentiate into a
4580:, is the basis of almost all life.
4549:
4295:, gives rise to the many different
3019:, a polymer used to strengthen the
2972:, including synthesising all their
2924:) that's used to make molecules of
1413:University of Oxford Botanic Garden
1347:, a five-volume encyclopedia about
1001:Botany originated in prehistory as
24:
17019:Experiments on Plant Hybridization
16972:Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen
13633:Evolutionary developmental biology
13072:from the original on June 24, 2006
12652:Went, F.W.; Thimann, K.V. (1937).
12253:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x
11863:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088338
10588:Kolattukudy, Pappachan E. (1996).
10146:. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Science.
10054:. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing.
10011:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04695.x
9832:. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing.
9133:. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes.
7968:Demole, Lederer & Mercier 1962
7401:Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 2000
4385:relationship between an ancestral
4348:
3942:), or during gamete formation. An
3672:thousands or millions of years ago
3263:responsible for the red colour of
3248:and then in turn has been used by
2936:of the Calvin cycle by the enzyme
2618:" have unique organelles known as
2420:
1640:, published in English in 1849 as
1060:and the structure and function of
25:
18974:
17051:Variation and Evolution in Plants
16301:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
13658:Post-transcriptional modification
13171:
12742:. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
12114:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
11987:. Vol. 9. pp. 159–179.
11911:Journal of the History of Biology
11300:from the original on June 9, 2015
10819:from the original on June 8, 2008
10107:"DNA Replication in Chloroplasts"
8895:. Ohio University. Archived from
6750:Floros, Newsome & Fisher 2010
6690:Botanical Society of America 2013
5743:List of systems of plant taxonomy
4896:, first isolated from the oil of
4675:
3857:when referring to vascular plant
2283:. Embryophytes are multicellular
2091:). The study of fossil plants is
2052:for the study of composites, and
1924:in 1902 that all plant cells are
18931:
17574:
17573:
16675:
16464:
16463:
14715:
14705:
14696:
14695:
14683:
14034:
13177:
12984:. Botanical Society of America.
12759:"Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962"
12685:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x
12607:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x
12495:Takaichi, Shinichi (June 2011).
12159:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01021.x
11703:from the original on 2017-10-24.
11288:"Taxonomy and Arboreturm Design"
11159:Lisa; An Ancient Egyptian Herbal
11112:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01755.x
11052:"Evolution of Sucrose Synthesis"
10210:from the original on 2022-10-09.
9949:Gowik, U.; Westhoff, P. (2010).
9925:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00545.x
9867:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
8004:Raven, Evert & Eichhorn 2005
7689:Taylor, Taylor & Krings 2009
7346:
6240:National Science Foundation 1989
5885:Online Etymology Dictionary 2012
5775:
5761:
5422:
5408:
5295:International Botanical Congress
5059:bearing green photosynthesising
4958:composed of the polysaccharides
3879:Unlike in higher animals, where
3429:
3338:, a pure form of carbon made by
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2700:
2694:
2562:
2546:used to build their bodies, and
2451:. The modern forms of the major
1264:
1250:
1236:
976:International Botanical Congress
802:
801:
788:
88:
17506:History of evolutionary thought
17476:History of agricultural science
13120:from the original on 2018-10-19
12929:from the original on 2017-06-06
12321:The Unity and Diversity of Life
12187:from the original on 2023-02-10
12140:Simpson, Niki (February 2010).
12128:from the original on 2023-02-10
12108:Silyn-Roberts, Heather (2000).
11732:from the original on 2023-02-10
11416:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
11274:from the original on 2013-11-04
11003:from the original on 2023-02-10
10911:from the original on 2021-02-24
10852:from the original on 2023-02-10
10799:from the original on 2021-12-10
10775:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.4168.x
10699:from the original on 2023-02-10
10465:from the original on 2023-02-10
10313:"A DNA Barcode for Land Plants"
10235:from the original on 2023-02-10
9894:from the original on 2023-02-10
9846:from the original on 2023-02-10
9815:Journal of Experimental Biology
9572:from the original on 2008-06-07
9466:from the original on 2016-10-14
9453:The Power of Movement in Plants
9438:from the original on 2023-02-10
9406:from the original on 2023-02-10
9180:from the original on 2016-03-03
9082:from the original on 2011-01-10
9034:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2004).
8920:from the original on 2012-10-23
8668:from the original on 2010-09-20
7317:Sobotka, Sáková & Curn 2000
7110:TeachEthnobotany (2012-06-12),
7056:Scharlemann & Laurance 2008
6148:
5796:
4749:, and the pollinia of orchids.
4436:that lack the vascular tissues
4417:and the land plant sub-kingdom
4341:Epigenetic changes can lead to
3831:self-incompatibility mechanisms
3350:fuel, as a filter material and
3185:, originally isolated from the
2403:biologically invasive organisms
1843:Rothamsted Experimental Station
1746:, and his mentor and successor
1642:Principles of Scientific Botany
1468:(1522–1605) was considered the
1205:
1031:binomial system of nomenclature
18942:Current definitions of Plantae
17531:History of molecular evolution
17399:Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper
16948:Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen
16697:Natural History Museum, London
13141:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
12757:Yates, F.; Mather, K. (1963).
12695:Journal of Molecular Evolution
12302:New Flora of the British Isles
12170:Dynamics of Biological Systems
10964:Journal of Experimental Botany
8936:Processes of Vegetation Change
8510:. Pentland, OR: Timber Press.
7944:Lin, Zhong & Grierson 2009
6570:Missouri Botanical Garden 2009
5828:
5293:(ICN) and administered by the
4355:Evolutionary history of plants
4219:
4212:to plants and the creation of
3710:is essential to understanding
3468:environment, and the bacteria
2984:out of and making the polymer
2355:evolutionary history of plants
2075:is the study of woody plants.
1932:ultimately enabled the use of
1871:2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
1813:from the leaf surface and the
1561:and the second identified the
13:
1:
16788:Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus
12173:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
11565:Proctor, M.; Yeo, P. (1973).
11494:. Bologna: Mimesis Edizioni.
8916:. Chicago: The Field Museum.
8865:10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00038-0
7509:Schell & Van Montagu 1977
6071:National Museum of Wales 2007
5817:
4998:as a template for building a
4906:response to pathogen attack.
4826:, and is a derivative of the
3232:-rich plant products such as
2913:The light energy captured by
2291:. They have life cycles with
2059:Study can also be divided by
1555:modern botanical nomenclature
1521:were developed comparable to
1458:
1391:. In the early 13th century,
1308:
1286:possible medicinal properties
1214:An engraving of the cells of
17526:History of molecular biology
17461:History of plant systematics
17297:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
17003:Vergleichende Untersuchungen
16828:Prodromus Theatrici Botanici
16342:History of plant systematics
15929:Thorns, spines, and prickles
12740:Handbook of Medicinal Plants
11993:10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12
11230:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90036-q
11218:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
11139:Secondary Metabolism, 2nd ed
10731:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002411
9739:10.1016/0034-6667(95)00127-1
9389:Dynamics of Weed Populations
8794:"Perceptions of Epigenetics"
8506:Anderson, Edward F. (2001).
8269:, p. Preamble, para. 7.
5972:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
5822:
5708:Glossary of plant morphology
5617:(Mars) for biennial plants,
5153:plants or in the process of
4994:divide by construction of a
4926:Plant anatomy and morphology
4904:systemic acquired resistance
4770:
4432:Nonvascular land plants are
3402:, important alternatives to
3364:Products made from cellulose
3074:Crassulacean acid metabolism
2536:crassulacean acid metabolism
2251:(gymnosperms, including the
1750:whose system for describing
939:
931:
901:
7:
17225:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
16940:Experiments Upon Vegetables
13219:
12899:Online Etymology Dictionary
10929:Briefings in Bioinformatics
10679:; Turner, Nancy J. (1991).
10534:10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_1
10401:Jeffreys, Diarmuid (2005).
10290:Hunter, Philip (May 2008).
10029:"Why Study Photosynthesis?"
9884:Greene, Edward Lee (1909).
9861:; Sargent, Charles (1889).
9316:Quarterly Review of Biology
9036:"Only Six Kingdoms of Life"
8998:Origin of Cultivated Plants
8912:Burger, William C. (2013).
8544:10.1096/fasebj.10.2.8641556
7677:Stewart & Rothwell 1993
7497:Heinhorst & Cannon 1993
7071:Washington Post 18 Aug 2015
6384:Ehrhardt & Frommer 2012
6372:Cousens & Mortimer 1995
6143:Hoek, Mann & Jahns 2005
5733:List of domesticated plants
5703:Glossary of botanical terms
5685:
5271:superficial characteristics
3930:may occur due to errors in
3764:genetic laws of inheritance
3725:
3574:eat plants, but plants can
3532:in groups, populations and
3193:trees, and a wide range of
2934:light-independent reactions
2864:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2657:, a process that generates
2502:in agriculture and natural
2056:for the study of brambles.
1660:that had been described by
1613:Bentham & Hooker system
1445:of lasting importance, the
1389:The Classification of Soils
1349:preliminary herbal medicine
994:) and approximately 20,000
65:) enclosing the dark brown
10:
18979:
17285:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
17087:Alternation of generations
16868:De Sexu Plantarum Epistola
16775:of Albertus Magnus c. 1256
16717:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
16158:Alternation of generations
15260:
13066:"Plants and Life on Earth"
12380:. New York: Timber Press.
11830:Canadian Journal of Botany
11674:American Journal of Botany
11569:. London: Harper Collins.
11388:. London: Academic Press.
11353:American Journal of Botany
11195:Mauseth, James D. (2012).
11176:Mauseth, James D. (2003).
10866:American Journal of Botany
10594:. In Kerstiens, G. (ed.).
10048:Hancock, James F. (2004).
9829:A Dictionary of Entomology
9500:Densmore, Frances (1974).
8458:
7473:Possingham & Rose 1976
7341:Porley & Hodgetts 2005
7329:Renner & Ricklefs 1995
7221:Herrera & Pellmyr 2002
7209:Herrera & Pellmyr 2002
7185:Herrera & Pellmyr 2002
6786:Kuhnlein & Turner 1991
6726:Stover & Simmonds 1987
6155:Ross, Ailsa (2015-04-22).
6095:Sprague & Sprague 1939
5999:Bennett & Hammond 1902
5753:Timeline of British botany
5608:
5587:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
5392:have spines produced from
5222:
4720:
4553:
4352:
4319:, etc. as it continues to
4223:
4214:genetically modified crops
4013:
3729:
3433:
3216:come from plants, such as
2942:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
2471:and plantains, as well as
2424:
2006:
1985:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
1973:phylogenetic relationships
1962:genetically modified crops
1756:temperate broadleaf forest
1494:
1453:(1516–1565) and herbalist
1426:(1489–1534) and physician
1198:
1194:
1117:evolutionary relationships
1070:molecular genetic analysis
950:
908:
29:
18914:
18830:
18789:
18678:
18663:
18614:
18605:
18564:
18544:
18533:
18482:
18473:
18433:
18418:
18414:
18374:
18370:
18305:
18278:
18246:
18231:
18227:
18205:
18153:
18137:
18119:
18073:
18069:
18003:
17982:
17970:
17966:
17935:
17906:
17884:
17866:
17814:
17794:
17774:
17770:
17755:
17639:
17569:
17466:Systems of plant taxonomy
17438:
17125:
17102:Phylogenetic nomenclature
17077:
16924:Systema Naturae, 10th ed.
16743:of Theophrastus c. 300 BC
16725:
16684:
16673:
16517:
16459:
16407:
16371:
16308:Cultivated plant taxonomy
16271:Biological classification
16261:
16134:
16050:
15946:
15896:
15621:
15551:
15494:
15456:
15430:
15366:
15286:
15268:
15202:
14769:
14677:
14646:
14208:
14178:
14144:Polymerase chain reaction
14104:Green fluorescent protein
14054:
14043:
14032:
13940:
13872:
13804:
13744:
13681:Earliest known life forms
13666:
13613:
13530:
13437:
13277:
13268:
13227:
12398:Nature Structural Biology
12038:Schoening, Steve (2005).
11923:10.1007/s10739-008-9161-0
11892:10.1002/9780470650158.ch2
11785:sucrose export defective1
11615:. New York: Ronald Press.
11485:Panaino, Antonio (2002).
11431:Oberlies, Thomas (1998).
11328:10.1007/s00299-002-0544-y
10996:An introduction to botany
10838:. Leiden: Brill Archive.
9522:; Gale, M.D. (May 2000).
9364:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.005
8955:Butz, Stephen D. (2007).
8792:Bird, Adrian (May 2007).
8741:Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009).
7233:Bennett & Willis 2001
6957:Gowik & Westhoff 2010
6302:, pp. 9–25, 450–465.
6083:Yaniv & Bachrach 2005
5909:The Plant List & 2013
5873:Gordh & Headrick 2001
5723:List of botanical gardens
5550:
5535:
5528:
5513:
5506:
5017:A diagram of a "typical"
4816:). The natural cytokinin
4778:. The first known auxin,
4634:elements that plants need
4177:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
4131:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
4038:such as the Thale cress,
3833:that operate between the
3678:concentrations since the
3512:Plants depend on certain
3416:American Chemical Society
3283:, source of the blue dye
3275:used together to produce
2893:Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
2381:the ancient oxygen-free,
1886:organic chemical analysis
1855:Frederick Campion Steward
1470:father of natural history
1402:In the mid-16th century,
1187:, and the maintenance of
741:List of unsolved problems
40:Botanist (disambiguation)
17496:History of biotechnology
17327:Matthias Jakob Schleiden
17011:On the Origin of Species
16995:Die Vegetabilische Zelle
16168:Evolutionary development
11607:Reed, Howard S. (1942).
11380:Morton, Alan G. (1981).
10685:. Taylor & Francis.
10407:. New York: Bloomsbury.
10249:"The Origin of Plastids"
9493:10.1002/hlca.19620450233
9450:Darwin, Charles (1880).
8957:Science of Earth Systems
8893:"What is Plant Biology?"
8891:Braselton, J.P. (2013).
8243:Sattler & Jeune 1992
7161:Grime & Hodgson 1987
6945:Kenrick & Crane 1997
6861:Lewis & McCourt 2004
6822:Kim & Archibald 2009
6774:Acharya & Anshu 2008
6420:Sattler & Jeune 1992
5861:Liddell & Scott 1940
5789:
5285:. It includes ranks and
4820:was discovered in corn,
4267:cellular differentiation
4194:horizontal gene transfer
3946:plant may result from a
3682:have been obtained from
3660:impact of climate change
3492:, genetic diversity and
3250:pharmaceutical companies
2530:like the photosynthetic
2130:, horticultural botany,
1857:pioneered techniques of
1758:changes by a process of
1587:Increasing knowledge of
1314:–287 BCE), a student of
1185:environmental management
936:is in turn derived from
736:List of research methods
36:Botanic (disambiguation)
17536:History of paleontology
17486:History of biochemistry
17231:Rudolf Jakob Camerarius
17027:Die Vegetation der Erde
16799:of Hieronymus Bock 1539
16759:of Dioscorides c. 60 AD
16702:Orto botanico di Padova
16592:Molecular phylogenetics
15819:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
14196:species discovery curve
13324:Response to environment
12376:Sumner, Judith (2000).
12167:Small, Michael (2012).
11960:10.1126/science.1153103
11469:10.1094/MPMI-05-10-0113
11433:Die Religion des Rgveda
11157:Manniche, Lisa (2006).
11093:Lüttge, Ulrich (2006).
10640:10.1073/pnas.0503123102
10330:10.1073/pnas.0905845106
10193:2027/hvd.32044102800596
10111:Journal of Cell Science
9641:10.1023/A:1006556627052
9094:Chaffey, Nigel (2007).
8940:. London: Unwin Hyman.
8707:10.1073/pnas.0601738103
7860:Went & Thimann 1937
7653:Becker & Marin 2009
6933:Thompson & Fry 2001
6899:, pp. 11487–11492.
6524:, pp. 12794–12797.
6459:Gray & Sargent 1889
6336:Yates & Mather 1963
5713:List of botany journals
5485:molecular phylogenetics
5275:molecular phylogenetics
4691:with the sun overhead.
4391:cyanobacterial resident
4204:in the root nodules of
4151:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
4073:Brachypodium distachyon
3953:reproductively isolated
3903:are rare, plantlets or
3696:ultraviolet radiation-B
3606:to provide protection,
3586:. Other organisms form
2655:oxygenic photosynthesis
2571:photosynthetic pigments
2259:) and the free-sporing
1977:Molecular phylogenetics
1975:between plants. Modern
1676:in biological systems.
1330:On the Causes of Plants
1029:and led in 1753 to the
209:Response to environment
32:Botany (disambiguation)
17481:History of agriculture
17321:Joakim Frederik Schouw
17303:Alexander von Humboldt
17107:Spontaneous generation
17059:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
16836:Pinax theatri botanici
16434:by author abbreviation
16358:Plant taxonomy systems
16276:Botanical nomenclature
14829:Biological engineering
14669:Plant morphology terms
14273:Biological engineering
13955:Biological interaction
12776:10.1098/rsbm.1963.0006
12661:. New York: Macmillan.
12631:Waggoner, Ben (2001).
12451:10.1105/tpc.108.058735
11880:Plant Breeding Reviews
11550:10.1098/rspb.1976.0047
11293:. Harvard University.
11286:Medbury, Scot (1993).
10878:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535
10832:Levey, Martin (1973).
10664:Supporting Information
10573:10.1002/chin.200536238
10265:10.1098/rstb.2008.0050
10082:Harris, Henry (2000).
9908:"Chloroplast Division"
9763:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0033
9683:10.1073/pnas.172390399
9629:Biology and Philosophy
9602:10.1105/tpc.111.093302
9504:. Dover Publications.
9481:Helvetica Chimica Acta
9418:Dallal, Ahmad (2010).
9352:Trends in Cell Biology
9055:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
8932:Burrows, W.J. (1990).
7956:Taiz & Zeiger 2002
7932:Taiz & Zeiger 2002
7920:Taiz & Zeiger 2002
7581:Cone & Vedova 2004
7197:Proctor & Yeo 1973
7032:McCutcheon et al. 1992
6738:Zohary & Hopf 2000
5674:🛈 further information
5646:hermaphrodite/bisexual
5237:
5215:process combinations.
5203:) and bark (secondary
5143:reproduce vegetatively
4940:
4806:
4741:, the insect traps of
4718:
4565:
4486:spore-producing organs
4370:
4261:Epigenetic changes in
4031:
3656:historical climatology
3473:
3461:Sinorhizobium meliloti
3153:(active ingredient in
3122:. Others, such as the
3100:Medicine and materials
2988:which is found in the
2855:1,3-biphosphoglycerate
2436:
2157:
1881:
1869:. The synthetic auxin
1731:
1721:Anatomy of Seed Plants
1691:
1635:
1619:'s publication of the
1514:
1483:(a term he coined) in
1408:Padua botanical garden
1393:Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati
1357:
1341:
1229:
1023:Padua botanical garden
726:List of biology awards
334:Biological engineering
70:
57:, a species native to
17556:Philosophy of biology
17393:William Gilson Farlow
17291:Carl Ludwig Willdenow
16876:Éléments de botanique
16863:of John Ray 1686–1704
16780:Herbarum Vivae Icones
16707:Orto botanico di Pisa
16441:Botanical expeditions
14914:Developmental biology
14889:Computational biology
14869:Cellular microbiology
14356:Developmental biology
14331:Computational biology
14311:Cellular microbiology
13653:Mendelian inheritance
13565:Energy transformation
12666:Willis, A.J. (1997).
12319:Starr, Cecie (2009).
12220:Spector, Tim (2012).
11511:Mosses and Liverworts
11034:10.1099/ijs.0.02561-0
10445:Karp, Gerald (2009).
10292:"What Genes Remember"
10086:The Birth of the Cell
10027:Gust, Devens (1996).
9967:10.1104/pp.110.165308
9711:Dorinnotheca streelii
9015:Capon, Brian (2005).
8994:de Candolle, Alphonse
8899:on September 24, 2015
8054:, pp. 1715–1718.
7886:, pp. 1189–1198.
7631:, pp. 1251–1262.
7569:Costa & Shaw 2007
7413:Devos & Gale 2000
7271:, pp. 5369–5370.
6974:, pp. 9118–9123.
6972:Benderoth et al. 2006
6887:, pp. 1700–1709.
6875:, pp. 1368–1380.
6863:, pp. 1535–1556.
6848:, pp. 1101–1118.
6836:, pp. 2675–2685.
6704:, pp. 5367–5368.
6512:, pp. 8369–8374.
5430:Echinocactus grusonii
5287:binomial nomenclature
5232:
5223:Further information:
5189:seed-producing plants
4933:
4899:Jasminum grandiflorum
4800:
4721:Further information:
4683:
4563:
4554:Further information:
4362:
4336:chromatin remodelling
4305:xylem vessel elements
4169:Physcomitrella patens
4023:
4014:Further information:
3971:allopolyploid, while
3778:" were discovered by
3658:, and the biological
3578:and some species are
3443:
3240:) and grapes (wine).
2675:(Interactive diagram)
2485:wild ancestral plants
2434:
2425:Further information:
2153:Athyrium filix-femina
2149:
1987:to publish in 1998 a
1879:
1764:Henry Chandler Cowles
1760:ecological succession
1729:
1682:
1504:
1495:Further information:
1363:medieval Muslim world
1280:Botany originated as
1213:
1159:and drugs, in modern
1107:, chemical products,
1095:and differentiation,
874:life and a branch of
417:Developmental biology
392:Computational biology
372:Cellular microbiology
50:
18937:List of plant orders
18817:Pinopsida (conifers)
18803:Cycadopsida (cycads)
18795:(living gymnosperms)
18292:Leiosporocerotopsida
18011:Nephroselmidophyceae
17541:History of phycology
17369:Nathanael Pringsheim
17267:José Celestino Mutis
17147:Pedanius Dioscorides
16932:Familles des Plantes
16908:Philosophia Botanica
16804:De plantis libri XVI
16173:Evolutionary history
16163:Double fertilization
16015:Cellular respiration
15134:Reproductive biology
15019:Mathematical biology
14944:Evolutionary biology
14894:Conservation biology
14576:Reproductive biology
14461:Mathematical biology
14386:Evolutionary biology
14336:Conservation biology
14149:Two-hybrid screening
14119:Protein purification
13950:Biogeochemical cycle
13912:Internal environment
13560:Cellular respiration
13186:at Wikimedia Commons
13086:"Recommendation 60F"
11412:Nobel, P.S. (1983).
10993:Lindley, J. (1848).
10811:Lepp, Heino (2012).
10677:Kuhnlein, Harriet V.
9800:on February 16, 2012
9017:Botany for Gardeners
8171:Campbell et al. 2008
8132:Campbell et al. 2008
8120:Campbell et al. 2008
8093:Campbell et al. 2008
8081:Campbell et al. 2008
8066:, pp. 630, 738.
8064:Campbell et al. 2008
7896:Campbell et al. 2008
7655:, pp. 999–1004.
7377:Campbell et al. 2008
7083:Campbell et al. 2008
6810:Campbell et al. 2008
6678:Campbell et al. 2008
6630:Campbell et al. 2008
6618:Campbell et al. 2008
6546:Campbell et al. 2008
6534:Campbell et al. 2008
6408:Leonelli et al. 2012
6312:Jasechko et al. 2013
5603:electron microscopes
5453:convergent evolution
5137:, food as in potato
4780:indole-3-acetic acid
4715:bend towards the sun
4614:transpiration stream
4578:cellular respiration
4546:to the gymnosperms.
4114:loading of sugar in
4096:Arabidopsis thaliana
4041:Arabidopsis thaliana
4027:Arabidopsis thaliana
3885:asexual reproduction
3342:of wood, has a long
3151:tetrahydrocannabinol
3109:secondary metabolism
3021:secondary cell walls
2884:Ribulose 5-phosphate
2575:paper chromatography
2569:Plants make various
2407:carbon sequestration
2142:Scope and importance
2119:(or fructology) and
1863:plant tissue culture
1831:statistical analysis
1784:Alphonse de Candolle
1748:Christen C. Raunkiær
1519:plant identification
1449:in 1546. Naturalist
1372:Nabatean Agriculture
1353:Pedanius Dioscorides
1320:scientific community
1181:genetic modification
1147:, materials such as
1009:, often attached to
954:), "to feed" or "to
759:Agricultural science
637:Reproductive biology
522:Mathematical biology
447:Evolutionary biology
397:Conservation biology
18645:Archaeopteridopsida
18378:Polysporangiophytes
18102:Klebsormidiophyceae
18085:Mesostigmatophyceae
18031:Chlorodendrophyceae
17995:Pyramimonadophyceae
17949:Prasinodermophyceae
17843:Compsopogonophyceae
17521:History of medicine
17511:History of genetics
17417:G. Ledyard Stebbins
17097:Center of diversity
16712:Rothamsted Research
16577:Genetic engineering
16547:Comparative anatomy
15392:Non-vascular plants
14919:Ecological genetics
14763:Branches of biology
14361:Ecological genetics
14074:Gel electrophoresis
14064:Genetic engineering
14017:Population dynamics
13927:Reproductive system
12829:2000Natur.408..796T
12707:1977JMolE...9..305B
12433:Sussex, I. (2008).
11803:10.1105/tpc.8.4.645
11642:10.1038/nature05918
11634:2007Natur.447..425R
11542:1976RSPSB.193..295P
11050:Lunn, J.E. (2002).
10631:2005PNAS..102.8369K
10491:1997Natur.389...33K
10378:10.1038/nature11983
10370:2013Natur.496..347J
10323:(31): 12794–12797.
10259:(1504): 2675–2685.
10123:10.1242/jcs.104.1.1
10035:on February 9, 2012
9998:The New Phytologist
9731:1996RPaPa..93..217F
9674:2002PNAS...9911487F
9668:(17): 11487–11492.
9215:10.1038/nature06006
9207:2007Natur.448..666C
9049:(1545): 1251–1262.
8872:Bold, H.C. (1977).
8857:1999ChGCS...1..449B
8819:10.1038/nature05913
8810:2007Natur.447..396B
8698:2006PNAS..103.9118B
8635:2001Natur.410..352B
8428:, pp. 459–459.
8404:, pp. 399–436.
8368:, pp. 442–450.
8344:, pp. 446–449.
8332:, pp. 438–444.
8296:, pp. 528–555.
8284:, pp. 528–551.
8267:McNeill et al. 2011
8255:Lilburn et al. 2006
8245:, pp. 249–269.
8233:, pp. 244–277.
8221:, pp. 209–243.
8197:, pp. 154–184.
8185:, pp. 114–153.
8161:, pp. 408–414.
8159:Mithila et al. 2003
8149:, pp. 185–208.
8122:, pp. 812–814.
8095:, pp. 607–608.
8018:, pp. 433–467.
7982:, pp. 666–671.
7970:, pp. 675–685.
7958:, pp. 539–558.
7946:, pp. 331–336.
7934:, pp. 519–538.
7922:, pp. 461–492.
7910:, pp. 411–413.
7898:, pp. 827–830.
7874:, pp. 411–412.
7862:, pp. 110–112.
7848:Plant Hormones 2013
7826:, pp. 449–492.
7814:, pp. 129–200.
7790:, pp. 373–398.
7778:, pp. 341–372.
7766:, pp. 315–340.
7754:, pp. 280–314.
7742:, pp. 278–279.
7730:, p. e1002411.
7718:, pp. 751–785.
7706:, pp. 720–750.
7679:, pp. 279–294.
7667:, pp. 217–233.
7665:Fairon-Demaret 1996
7643:, pp. 617–654.
7629:Cavalier-Smith 2004
7619:, pp. 305–311.
7607:, pp. 383–420.
7595:, pp. 552–581.
7571:, pp. 101–106.
7559:, pp. 425–432.
7523:, pp. 396–398.
7511:, pp. 159–179.
7475:, pp. 295–305.
7463:, pp. 451–461.
7439:, pp. 645–658.
7403:, pp. 796–815.
7391:, pp. 383–384.
7379:, pp. 495–496.
7331:, pp. 596–606.
7319:, pp. 103–112.
7307:, pp. 190–196.
7295:, pp. 629–633.
7259:, pp. 449–454.
7247:, pp. 287–394.
7223:, pp. 185–210.
7211:, pp. 157–185.
7187:, pp. 211–235.
7175:, pp. 819–848.
7163:, pp. 283–295.
7097:, pp. 786–818.
6998:, pp. 186–187.
6885:Schnurr et al. 2002
6812:, pp. 190–193.
6728:, pp. 106–126.
6716:, pp. 534–553.
6680:, pp. 516–517.
6632:, pp. 619–620.
6582:Chapman et al. 2001
6536:, pp. 186–187.
6485:, pp. 347–350.
6461:, pp. 292–293.
6449:, pp. 493–519.
6437:, pp. 708–714.
6422:, pp. 249–262.
6350:, pp. 554–573.
6314:, pp. 347–350.
6278:, pp. 267–271.
6266:, pp. 299–302.
6254:, pp. 481–482.
6133:, pp. 220–223.
5989:, pp. 140–142.
5698:Evolution of plants
5255:scientific taxonomy
5114:, or even a single
4280:become the various
4138:itself, contains a
3967:wheat is a fertile
3948:hybridisation event
3909:sexual reproduction
3829:flowers often have
3716:habitat destruction
3654:for temperature in
3566:tropical rainforest
3088:in the more common
3033:sclerenchyma fibres
2875:Inorganic phosphate
2665:) as a by-product.
2399:human food security
2391:resource management
2299:phases. The sexual
2166:aerobic respiration
2024:(or fungology) and
1934:genetic engineering
1922:Gottlieb Haberlandt
1815:molecular diffusion
1803:plant physiological
1674:molecular diffusion
1491:Early modern botany
1377:Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī
1325:Enquiry into Plants
1050:electron microscopy
764:Biomedical sciences
422:Ecological genetics
76:Part of a series on
27:Study of plant life
18836:(flowering plants)
18757:Lyginopteridopsida
18550:Eophyllophytopsida
18503:Zosterophyllopsida
18441:Paratracheophytes*
18219:sensu strictissimo
18129:Coleochaetophyceae
18112:Phragmoplastophyta
17954:Palmophyllophyceae
17876:Glaucocystophyceae
17838:Stylonematophyceae
17833:Porphyridiophyceae
17622:Classification of
17551:Natural philosophy
17546:History of science
17516:History of geology
17501:History of ecology
17491:History of biology
17411:Barbara McClintock
17375:Wilhelm Hofmeister
17243:Bernard de Jussieu
16884:Vegetable Staticks
16860:Historia Plantarum
16812:Stirpium Historiae
16807:of Caesalpino 1583
16764:Naturalis Historia
16734:Historia Plantarum
16692:Jardin des Plantes
16607:Numerical taxonomy
15897:Surface structures
15692:Flower development
15210:History of biology
15144:Structural biology
15129:Relational biology
14954:Generative biology
14949:Freshwater biology
14690:Biology portal
14586:Structural biology
14571:Relational biology
14396:Generative biology
14391:Freshwater biology
14191:mark and recapture
14139:Restriction enzyme
13932:Respiratory system
13887:Circulatory system
13814:Epidermis (botany)
13052:on August 24, 2011
12715:10.1007/BF01796092
12672:Functional Ecology
11316:Plant Cell Reports
10977:10.1093/jxb/erp204
10942:10.1093/bib/bbl005
10669:2007-11-03 at the
9459:. London: Murray.
9281:10.1105/tpc.160630
9112:10.1093/aob/mcm015
8586:10.1093/aob/mcp044
8318:Silyn-Roberts 2000
7487:, pp. 95–100.
7437:Russin et al. 1996
6911:, pp. 83–108.
6522:Janzen et al. 2009
6338:, pp. 91–129.
6121:, pp. 73–117.
5693:Branches of botany
5677:× crossbred hybrid
5353:is the genus, and
5346:Lilium columbianum
5238:
5225:Taxonomy (biology)
4941:
4912:photomorphogenesis
4851:mevalonate pathway
4807:
4801:Venus's fly trap,
4719:
4566:
4421:together form the
4371:
4032:
4016:Molecular genetics
4010:Molecular genetics
3913:clonal populations
3865:when referring to
3780:Barbara McClintock
3720:species extinction
3614:and other animals
3474:
3208:obtained from the
3147:recreational drugs
2837:3-phosphoglycerate
2828:3-phosphoglycerate
2548:secondary products
2528:primary metabolism
2522:Plant biochemistry
2441:primary production
2437:
2158:
2078:Many divisions of
2009:Branches of botany
2003:Branches of botany
1882:
1851:Kenneth V. Thimann
1849:plant hormones by
1805:processes such as
1734:The discipline of
1732:
1695:Late modern botany
1692:
1664:in 1831. In 1855,
1630:Matthias Schleiden
1515:
1439:Historia Plantarum
1230:
1129:molecular genetics
1105:primary metabolism
1042:optical microscopy
795:Biology portal
647:Structural biology
632:Relational biology
457:Generative biology
452:Freshwater biology
71:
54:Myristica fragrans
38:, and
18950:
18949:
18910:
18909:
18906:
18905:
18902:
18901:
18898:
18897:
18894:
18893:
18890:
18889:
18886:
18885:
18882:
18881:
18878:
18877:
18874:
18873:
18844:Basal angiosperms
18745:Gigantopteridales
18694:seed plant groups
18692:and other extinct
18659:
18658:
18633:Noeggerathiopsida
18601:
18600:
18556:Trimerophytopsida
18529:
18528:
18469:
18468:
18425:(vascular plants)
18390:Protracheophytes*
18366:
18365:
18362:
18361:
18329:Andreaeobryopsida
18270:Jungermanniopsida
18201:
18200:
18197:
18196:
18193:
18192:
18189:
18188:
18185:
18184:
18181:
18180:
18177:
18176:
18173:
18172:
18090:Chlorokybophyceae
18065:
18064:
18061:
18060:
18021:Chloropicophyceae
17962:
17961:
17941:Prasinodermophyta
17902:
17901:
17589:
17588:
17219:Marcello Malpighi
16916:Species Plantarum
16852:Anatomy of Plants
16844:Anatome Plantarum
16756:De Materia Medica
16511:History of botany
16477:
16476:
16116:Herbaceous plants
15942:
15941:
15228:
15227:
15149:Synthetic biology
15029:Molecular biology
14884:Cognitive biology
14729:
14728:
14591:Synthetic biology
14471:Molecular biology
14326:Cognitive biology
14204:
14203:
14030:
14029:
13721:Natural selection
13502:Organic compounds
13399:Scientific method
13389:Emergent property
13330:Hierarchy of life
13300:Energy processing
13182:Media related to
13148:978-1-84246-628-5
13042:"Physical Map of
13002:"Herbal Medicine"
12823:(6814): 796–815.
12803:978-0-19-850356-9
12749:978-1-56022-994-0
12594:The Plant Journal
12580:978-0-12-373972-8
12514:10.3390/md9061101
12507:(12): 1101–1118.
12487:978-0-87893-823-0
12387:978-0-88192-483-1
12368:978-0-582-46357-8
12349:978-0-521-38294-6
12311:978-0-521-70772-5
12231:978-0-297-86631-2
12180:978-1-4398-5336-8
12121:978-0-7506-4636-9
12083:10.1104/pp.003251
12002:978-1-4684-0882-9
11901:978-0-470-65015-8
11725:978-0-7923-5174-0
11710:Merchant, Sabeeha
11628:(7143): 425–432.
11599:978-0-7167-1007-3
11588:Biology of Plants
11576:978-0-00-219504-1
11536:(1112): 295–305.
11520:978-0-00-220212-1
11501:978-88-8483-107-1
11462:(11): 1368–1380.
11442:978-3-900271-31-2
11423:978-0-7167-1447-7
11395:978-0-12-508380-5
11267:978-3-87429-425-6
11206:978-1-4496-6580-7
11187:978-0-7637-2134-3
11149:978-0-19-855529-2
11136:Mann, J. (1987).
11068:10.1104/pp.010898
10970:(12): 3311–3336.
10872:(10): 1535–1556.
10845:978-90-04-03796-0
10692:978-2-88124-465-0
10625:(23): 8369–8374.
10605:978-1-85996-130-8
10543:978-3-540-68692-7
10458:978-0-470-48337-4
10437:978-0-87893-403-4
10414:978-1-58234-600-7
10364:(7445): 347–350.
10228:978-0-521-30419-1
10153:978-0-632-05267-7
10097:978-0-300-08295-1
10061:978-0-85199-685-1
9839:978-0-85199-291-4
9520:Devos, Katrien M.
9511:978-0-486-13110-8
9431:978-0-300-15911-0
9399:978-0-521-49969-9
9201:(7154): 666–671.
9140:978-0-17-438746-6
9026:978-0-88192-655-2
9007:978-1-4286-0946-4
8985:978-0-321-54325-7
8966:978-1-4180-4122-9
8947:978-0-04-580013-1
8883:978-0-13-680389-8
8874:The Plant Kingdom
8804:(7143): 396–398.
8752:978-3-540-68831-0
8692:(24): 9118–9123.
8629:(6826): 352–354.
8517:978-0-88192-498-5
8508:The Cactus Family
8477:978-81-7910-252-7
8402:Chase et al. 2003
8356:, pp. 26–27.
8042:, pp. 62–81.
7994:, pp. 25–29.
7980:Chini et al. 2007
7617:Woese et al. 1977
7461:Glynn et al. 2007
7364:, pp. 13–86.
7257:Björn et al. 1999
7058:, pp. 52–53.
7044:Klemm et al. 2005
6986:, pp. 38–40.
6959:, pp. 56–63.
6947:, pp. 33–39.
6935:, pp. 23–34.
6897:Ferro et al. 2002
6740:, pp. 20–22.
6644:, pp. 10–11.
6510:Kress et al. 2005
6473:, pp. 14–16.
6398:, pp. 69–92.
6206:, pp. 76–81.
5748:Outline of botany
5718:List of botanists
5631:⟨☿⟩
5627:⟨♄⟩
5623:⟨♄⟩
5619:⟨♃⟩
5615:⟨♂⟩
5581:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5562:
5416:Pereskia aculeata
5283:Linnaean taxonomy
5219:Systematic botany
5095:shoots or roots.
4888:Another class of
4845:synthesised from
4803:Dionaea muscipula
4798:
4636:to transport are
4202:nitrogen fixation
4002:in plants is non-
3928:chromosome number
3845:and produce male
3712:vegetation change
3700:community ecology
3628:dispersal vectors
3602:are recruited by
3576:defend themselves
3418:in the molecules
2516:indigenous people
2512:palaeoethnobotany
2240:) of plant life.
2136:phytopharmacology
2097:systematic botany
1928:and can be grown
1902:molecular biology
1796:centres of origin
1776:climax vegetation
1772:Frederic Clements
1762:was developed by
1622:Origin of Species
1609:Candollean system
1551:Species Plantarum
1466:Ulisse Aldrovandi
1451:Conrad von Gesner
1418:German physician
1404:botanical gardens
1379:'s (828–896) the
1358:De materia medica
1343:De materia medica
1201:History of botany
1173:plant propagation
1054:chromosome number
1046:live cell imaging
1015:botanical gardens
845:
844:
769:Health technology
652:Synthetic biology
532:Molecular biology
387:Cognitive biology
184:Energy processing
16:(Redirected from
18970:
18935:
18934:
18849:Core angiosperms
18837:
18796:
18791:Acrogymnospermae
18769:Peltaspermopsida
18751:Glossopteridales
18733:Corystospermales
18715:Callistophytales
18695:
18687:
18681:
18676:
18675:
18672:
18671:
18639:Aneurophytopsida
18621:
18616:
18615:
18612:
18611:
18608:
18566:
18565:
18542:
18541:
18538:
18497:Barinophytopsida
18484:
18483:
18480:
18479:
18476:
18440:
18435:
18434:
18431:
18430:
18427:
18426:
18416:
18415:
18398:Horneophytopsida
18389:
18384:
18383:
18380:
18372:
18371:
18312:
18297:Anthocerotopsida
18285:
18280:Anthocerotophyta
18260:Haplomitriopsida
18253:
18244:
18243:
18240:
18233:
18232:
18229:
18228:
18221:
18207:
18206:
18160:
18151:
18150:
18145:Zygnematophyceae
18135:
18134:
18117:
18116:
18108:
18107:
18078:
18071:
18070:
18046:Trebouxiophyceae
18016:Picocystophyceae
17980:
17979:
17976:
17968:
17967:
17937:
17936:
17933:
17932:
17929:
17919:
17821:
17772:
17771:
17768:
17767:
17764:
17757:
17756:
17668:
17648:
17633:
17616:
17609:
17602:
17593:
17592:
17577:
17576:
17446:Botanical garden
17429:Arthur Cronquist
17387:Eugenius Warming
17381:Julius von Sachs
17351:August Grisebach
17339:George Engelmann
17249:Carolus Linnaeus
17189:Cristóbal Acosta
17183:Andrea Cesalpino
16900:Genera Plantarum
16772:De Vegetabilibus
16740:Causes of Plants
16679:
16662:Plant physiology
16652:Plant morphology
16504:
16497:
16490:
16481:
16480:
16467:
16466:
16446:Individual trees
16121:Secondary growth
16092:Succulent plants
16080:Prostrate shrubs
15963:Apical dominance
15948:Plant physiology
15909:Epicuticular wax
15454:
15453:
15447:
15438:Plant morphology
15255:
15248:
15241:
15232:
15231:
14874:Chemical biology
14756:
14749:
14742:
14733:
14732:
14719:
14718:
14709:
14708:
14699:
14698:
14692:
14688:
14687:
14664:Ecological terms
14316:Chemical biology
14179:Field techniques
14052:
14051:
14038:
13897:Digestive system
13892:Endocrine system
13465:Chemical element
13424:Biology journals
13320:Self-replication
13275:
13274:
13214:
13207:
13200:
13191:
13190:
13181:
13166:
13164:
13163:
13157:
13151:. Archived from
13140:
13132:RBG Kew (2016).
13128:
13126:
13125:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13081:
13079:
13077:
13061:
13059:
13057:
13037:
13035:
13033:
13017:
13015:
13013:
12997:
12995:
12993:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12962:"Katherine Esau"
12957:
12955:
12953:
12948:on June 29, 2012
12937:
12935:
12934:
12914:
12912:
12910:
12890:
12888:
12886:
12870:
12868:
12866:
12850:
12840:
12838:10.1038/35048692
12807:
12788:
12778:
12753:
12734:
12689:
12687:
12662:
12660:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12627:
12609:
12584:
12565:
12536:
12526:
12516:
12491:
12478:Plant Physiology
12472:
12462:
12445:(5): 1189–1198.
12429:
12391:
12372:
12353:
12334:
12315:
12293:
12291:
12290:
12284:
12278:. Archived from
12269:
12256:
12235:
12216:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12163:
12161:
12136:
12134:
12133:
12104:
12094:
12077:(4): 1700–1709.
12071:Plant Physiology
12061:
12059:
12057:
12052:on July 18, 2015
12051:
12044:
12034:
12028:
12024:
12022:
12014:
11979:
11942:
11905:
11874:
11851:Annals of Botany
11845:
11824:
11814:
11777:
11740:
11738:
11737:
11704:
11702:
11671:
11661:
11616:
11614:
11603:
11591:
11580:
11561:
11524:
11505:
11493:
11481:
11471:
11446:
11427:
11408:
11399:
11387:
11376:
11347:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11299:
11292:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11249:
11210:
11191:
11172:
11153:
11132:
11114:
11089:
11079:
11056:Plant Physiology
11046:
11036:
11027:(6): 1715–1718.
11011:
11009:
11008:
10989:
10979:
10954:
10944:
10919:
10917:
10916:
10897:
10860:
10858:
10857:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10786:
10753:
10743:
10733:
10724:(12): e1002411.
10707:
10705:
10704:
10662:
10652:
10642:
10609:
10593:
10584:
10555:
10527:
10510:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10441:
10429:
10418:
10397:
10352:
10342:
10332:
10307:
10305:
10303:
10294:. Archived from
10286:
10276:
10243:
10241:
10240:
10211:
10209:
10179:(1/2): 185–240.
10170:
10157:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10101:
10089:
10078:
10065:
10044:
10042:
10040:
10023:
10013:
9988:
9978:
9955:Plant Physiology
9945:
9927:
9902:
9900:
9899:
9880:
9878:
9876:
9854:
9852:
9851:
9822:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9799:
9792:
9782:
9742:
9725:(1–4): 217–233.
9715:gen. et sp. nov.
9713:Fairon-Demaret,
9705:
9695:
9685:
9652:
9623:
9613:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9559:
9515:
9496:
9474:
9472:
9471:
9465:
9458:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9382:
9380:
9374:. Archived from
9349:
9339:
9310:
9300:
9275:(6): 1358–1364.
9259:
9257:
9255:
9234:
9188:
9186:
9185:
9179:
9172:
9154:
9144:
9125:
9123:
9100:Annals of Botany
9090:
9088:
9087:
9081:
9066:
9040:
9030:
9011:
8989:
8970:
8951:
8939:
8928:
8926:
8925:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8887:
8868:
8839:
8821:
8788:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8756:
8737:
8727:
8709:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8667:
8643:10.1038/35066546
8620:
8607:
8597:
8574:Annals of Botany
8564:
8546:
8521:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8481:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8363:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8339:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8297:
8291:
8285:
8279:
8270:
8264:
8258:
8252:
8246:
8240:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8144:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8090:
8084:
8078:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7281:Ben-Menahem 2009
7278:
7272:
7269:Ben-Menahem 2009
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7235:, pp. 5–32.
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7139:, pp. 1–73.
7134:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7116:, archived from
7107:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6923:, pp. 1–11.
6918:
6912:
6909:Kolattukudy 1996
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6834:Howe et al. 2008
6831:
6825:
6824:, pp. 1–39.
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6800:, pp. 7–25.
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6702:Ben-Menahem 2009
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6606:Ben-Menahem 2009
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6486:
6483:Judd et al. 2002
6480:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6386:, pp. 1–21.
6381:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6300:de Candolle 2006
6297:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6218:, pp. 118–.
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6182:, pp. 299–.
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5938:, pp. 7–29.
5933:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5832:
5811:
5800:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5680:+ grafted hybrid
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5531:
5530:
5509:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5462:cladistic method
5426:
5412:
5384:. However, both
5359:specific epithet
5014:
4948:plant morphology
4799:
4773:
4768:(from the Greek
4733:external signals
4626:active transport
4574:plant metabolism
4556:Plant physiology
4550:Plant physiology
4299:types including
4200:responsible for
4058:flowering plants
3994:organelles like
3985:Common dandelion
3741:
3650:can be a useful
3538:vegetation types
3451:Medicago italica
3310:, some types of
3242:Native Americans
3086:photorespiration
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2672:The Calvin cycle
2659:molecular oxygen
2609:
2597:
2585:
2566:
2339:), and viruses (
2324:-forming fungi (
2257:flowering plants
2247:, which include
2236:), or function (
1859:micropropagation
1752:plant life forms
1740:Eugenius Warming
1684:Echeveria glauca
1638:
1523:dichotomous keys
1463:
1460:
1360:
1346:
1313:
1310:
1303:specifically to
1268:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1239:
992:flowering plants
953:
952:
942:
934:
911:
910:
904:
837:
830:
823:
810:
805:
804:
797:
793:
792:
731:List of journals
377:Chemical biology
92:
73:
72:
21:
18978:
18977:
18973:
18972:
18971:
18969:
18968:
18967:
18953:
18952:
18951:
18946:
18870:
18835:
18834:
18826:
18794:
18793:
18785:
18739:Czekanowskiales
18693:
18691:
18689:
18688:
18685:
18679:
18669:
18668:
18664:
18655:
18619:
18606:
18597:
18569:Moniliformopses
18560:
18534:
18525:
18475:Eutracheophytes
18474:
18465:
18438:
18424:
18423:
18419:
18410:
18387:
18375:
18358:
18349:Polytrichopsida
18344:Tetraphidopsida
18310:
18309:
18301:
18283:
18282:
18274:
18265:Marchantiopsida
18251:
18250:
18248:Marchantiophyta
18236:
18223:
18169:
18158:
18157:
18149:
18133:
18106:
18074:
18057:
17999:
17990:Mamiellophyceae
17971:
17958:
17927:
17921:
17911:
17910:
17898:
17880:
17862:
17858:Florideophyceae
17848:Rhodellophyceae
17828:Cyanidiophyceae
17819:
17818:
17810:
17790:
17760:
17751:
17750:
17666:
17644:
17635:
17620:
17590:
17585:
17565:
17434:
17405:Nikolai Vavilov
17333:Alexander Braun
17201:Joachim Jungius
17177:Rembert Dodoens
17165:Valerius Cordus
17159:Hieronymus Bock
17141:Pliny the Elder
17127:
17121:
17079:
17073:
16892:Systema Naturae
16721:
16680:
16671:
16657:Plant pathology
16602:Natural history
16557:Economic botany
16519:
16513:
16508:
16478:
16473:
16455:
16424:Botanical terms
16417:
16403:
16367:
16313:Citrus taxonomy
16291:Author citation
16257:
16151:
16130:
16052:
16046:
16042:Turgor pressure
15950:
15938:
15892:
15707:Floral symmetry
15625:
15617:
15547:
15536:Vascular bundle
15531:Vascular tissue
15490:
15450:
15441:
15440:
15426:
15397:Vascular plants
15362:
15358:Plant pathology
15282:
15264:
15259:
15229:
15224:
15198:
15159:Systems biology
15124:Quantum biology
14765:
14760:
14730:
14725:
14682:
14681:
14673:
14659:Botanical terms
14642:
14641:
14640:
14601:Systems biology
14566:Quantum biology
14200:
14174:
14056:
14046:
14039:
14026:
13936:
13917:Muscular system
13874:
13868:
13859:Vascular tissue
13806:
13800:
13740:
13701:History of life
13662:
13643:Gene regulation
13638:Gene expression
13609:
13526:
13433:
13264:
13223:
13218:
13174:
13169:
13161:
13159:
13155:
13149:
13138:
13123:
13121:
13116:. 18 Aug 2015.
13114:Washington Post
13099:
13097:
13075:
13073:
13055:
13053:
13031:
13029:
13011:
13009:
12991:
12989:
12971:
12969:
12951:
12949:
12932:
12930:
12908:
12906:
12884:
12882:
12864:
12862:
12804:
12750:
12658:
12642:
12640:
12581:
12554:10.2307/1930070
12488:
12388:
12369:
12350:
12331:
12312:
12288:
12286:
12282:
12267:
12261:Stace, Clive A.
12232:
12190:
12188:
12181:
12131:
12129:
12122:
12055:
12053:
12049:
12042:
12026:
12025:
12016:
12015:
12003:
11954:(5859): 43–44.
11902:
11842:10.1139/b92-091
11758:10.2307/1309422
11735:
11733:
11726:
11700:
11686:10.2307/2445418
11669:
11600:
11577:
11521:
11502:
11491:
11443:
11424:
11396:
11365:10.2307/2446172
11303:
11301:
11297:
11290:
11277:
11275:
11268:
11207:
11188:
11169:
11150:
11099:New Phytologist
11062:(4): 1490–500.
11006:
11004:
10914:
10912:
10904:Botane (βοτάνη)
10855:
10853:
10846:
10822:
10820:
10802:
10800:
10763:New Phytologist
10702:
10700:
10693:
10671:Wayback Machine
10606:
10567:(36): 3358–93.
10544:
10525:10.1.1.325.3438
10516:The Chloroplast
10485:(6646): 33–39.
10468:
10466:
10459:
10438:
10415:
10301:
10299:
10238:
10236:
10229:
10207:
10185:10.2307/2990033
10168:
10162:Hill, Arthur W.
10154:
10132:
10130:
10098:
10062:
10038:
10036:
9897:
9895:
9874:
9872:
9849:
9847:
9840:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9790:
9575:
9573:
9540:10.2307/3870991
9512:
9469:
9467:
9463:
9456:
9441:
9439:
9432:
9409:
9407:
9400:
9378:
9347:
9253:
9251:
9244:The Independent
9183:
9181:
9177:
9152:
9141:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9038:
9027:
9008:
8986:
8967:
8948:
8923:
8921:
8902:
8900:
8884:
8773:
8771:
8753:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8618:
8580:(7): 999–1004.
8518:
8496:
8494:
8493:on May 23, 2013
8478:
8461:
8456:
8448:
8444:
8436:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8400:
8396:
8388:
8384:
8376:
8372:
8364:
8360:
8352:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8328:
8324:
8316:
8312:
8304:
8300:
8292:
8288:
8280:
8273:
8265:
8261:
8253:
8249:
8241:
8237:
8229:
8225:
8217:
8213:
8205:
8201:
8193:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8169:
8165:
8157:
8153:
8145:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8099:
8091:
8087:
8079:
8070:
8062:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8002:
7998:
7990:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7966:
7962:
7954:
7950:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7858:
7854:
7846:
7842:
7834:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7798:
7794:
7786:
7782:
7774:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7728:Lee et al. 2011
7726:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7702:
7695:
7687:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7663:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7635:
7627:
7623:
7615:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7579:
7575:
7567:
7563:
7555:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7531:
7527:
7519:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7499:, pp. 1–9.
7495:
7491:
7485:Sun et al. 2002
7483:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7459:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7399:
7395:
7387:
7383:
7375:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7351:
7347:
7343:, pp. 2–3.
7339:
7335:
7327:
7323:
7315:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7291:
7287:
7283:, p. 5369.
7279:
7275:
7267:
7263:
7255:
7251:
7243:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7219:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7183:
7179:
7171:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7147:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7123:
7121:
7108:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7069:
7062:
7054:
7050:
7042:
7038:
7030:
7026:
7018:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6982:
6978:
6970:
6963:
6955:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6883:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6832:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6760:
6756:
6748:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6700:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6656:, pp. 1–3.
6652:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6628:
6624:
6616:
6612:
6608:, p. 5368.
6604:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6548:, p. 1240.
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6469:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6447:Ereshefsky 1997
6445:
6441:
6433:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6402:
6396:Haberlandt 1902
6394:
6390:
6382:
6378:
6370:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6286:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6250:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6226:
6222:
6214:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6165:
6163:
6153:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6069:
6065:
6057:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6021:
6017:
6009:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5946:
5942:
5934:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5895:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5843:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5757:
5738:List of flowers
5688:
5683:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5583:
5582:
5573:
5564:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5319:(or Division);
5227:
5221:
5029:vascular plants
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
4992:Trentepohliales
4928:
4839:gibberelic acid
4790:
4729:
4705:
4702:cell elongation
4696:
4678:
4662:plant nutrition
4582:Photoautotrophs
4558:
4552:
4444:. They include
4425:group or clade
4387:eukaryotic cell
4368:gwynne-vaughani
4357:
4351:
4349:Plant evolution
4243:DNA methylation
4228:
4222:
4140:green-pigmented
4134:, while not an
4119:
4018:
4012:
3881:parthenogenesis
3811:and spearmint,
3808:Mentha aquatica
3805:hybrid between
3762:discovered the
3756:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3734:
3728:
3692:Ozone depletion
3677:
3644:
3456:nitrogen fixing
3438:
3432:
3376:wallpaper paste
3316:particle boards
3246:enthnobotanists
3102:
3094:carbon fixation
3093:
3082:carbon fixation
3081:
2953:, a polymer of
2922:proton gradient
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:Carbon fixation
2809:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2664:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2567:
2556:aroma compounds
2524:
2500:plant pathogens
2429:
2427:Human nutrition
2423:
2421:Human nutrition
2373:started by the
2351:Palaeobotanists
2144:
2011:
2005:
1958:pharmaceuticals
1898:electrophoresis
1788:Nikolai Vavilov
1705:August Weismann
1697:
1650:Theodor Schwann
1567:Systema Sexuale
1535:diagnostic keys
1511:Systema sexuale
1507:Linnaean Garden
1499:
1493:
1461:
1435:Valerius Cordus
1428:Hieronymus Bock
1311:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:Hieronymus Bock
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1058:plant chemistry
988:vascular plants
884:plant scientist
841:
800:
787:
786:
779:
778:
754:
746:
745:
712:
704:
703:
702:
701:
662:Systems biology
627:Quantum biology
272:
264:
263:
228:
213:
175:
164:
140:
132:
97:
95:Science of life
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18976:
18966:
18965:
18948:
18947:
18945:
18944:
18939:
18929:
18923:
18915:
18912:
18911:
18908:
18907:
18904:
18903:
18900:
18899:
18896:
18895:
18892:
18891:
18888:
18887:
18884:
18883:
18880:
18879:
18876:
18875:
18872:
18871:
18869:
18868:
18867:
18866:
18861:
18856:
18846:
18840:
18838:
18828:
18827:
18825:
18824:
18819:
18814:
18805:
18799:
18797:
18787:
18786:
18784:
18783:
18777:
18775:Pentoxylopsida
18771:
18765:
18759:
18753:
18747:
18741:
18735:
18729:
18723:
18717:
18711:
18709:Calamopityales
18705:
18698:
18696:
18673:
18666:Spermatophytes
18661:
18660:
18657:
18656:
18654:
18653:
18647:
18641:
18635:
18628:
18626:
18623:Progymnosperms
18609:
18603:
18602:
18599:
18598:
18596:
18595:
18588:Polypodiopsida
18585:
18583:Cladoxylopsida
18579:
18572:
18570:
18562:
18561:
18559:
18558:
18552:
18545:
18539:
18536:Euphyllophytes
18531:
18530:
18527:
18526:
18524:
18523:
18508:Lycopodiopsida
18505:
18499:
18492:
18490:
18477:
18471:
18470:
18467:
18466:
18464:
18463:
18457:
18451:
18449:Cooksoniopsida
18444:
18442:
18428:
18412:
18411:
18409:
18408:
18400:
18393:
18391:
18381:
18368:
18367:
18364:
18363:
18360:
18359:
18357:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18341:
18339:Oedipodiopsida
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18315:
18313:
18303:
18302:
18300:
18299:
18294:
18288:
18286:
18276:
18275:
18273:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18256:
18254:
18241:
18225:
18224:
18203:
18202:
18199:
18198:
18195:
18194:
18191:
18190:
18187:
18186:
18183:
18182:
18179:
18178:
18175:
18174:
18171:
18170:
18168:
18167:
18163:
18161:
18148:
18147:
18141:
18139:
18132:
18131:
18126:
18120:
18114:
18105:
18104:
18099:
18092:
18087:
18081:
18079:
18067:
18066:
18063:
18062:
18059:
18058:
18056:
18055:
18054:
18053:
18048:
18043:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18007:
18005:
18001:
18000:
17998:
17997:
17992:
17986:
17984:
17983:Prasinophytina
17977:
17964:
17963:
17960:
17959:
17957:
17956:
17951:
17945:
17943:
17930:
17904:
17903:
17900:
17899:
17897:
17896:
17890:
17888:
17886:incertae sedis
17882:
17881:
17879:
17878:
17872:
17870:
17864:
17863:
17861:
17860:
17855:
17850:
17845:
17840:
17835:
17830:
17824:
17822:
17812:
17811:
17809:
17808:
17800:
17798:
17792:
17791:
17789:
17788:
17780:
17778:
17765:
17762:Archaeplastida
17753:
17752:
17749:
17748:
17747:
17746:
17745:
17744:
17741:Mesomycetozoea
17738:
17733:
17723:
17713:
17712:
17711:
17706:
17701:
17696:
17691:
17690:
17689:
17677:Diaphoretickes
17674:
17669:
17664:
17659:
17654:
17649:
17641:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17624:Archaeplastida
17619:
17618:
17611:
17604:
17596:
17587:
17586:
17584:
17583:
17570:
17567:
17566:
17564:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17543:
17538:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17508:
17503:
17498:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17478:
17473:
17468:
17463:
17458:
17456:Plant taxonomy
17453:
17448:
17442:
17440:
17436:
17435:
17433:
17432:
17426:
17420:
17414:
17408:
17402:
17396:
17390:
17384:
17378:
17372:
17366:
17360:
17354:
17348:
17342:
17336:
17330:
17324:
17318:
17315:Thomas Nuttall
17312:
17306:
17300:
17294:
17288:
17282:
17276:
17273:Félix de Azara
17270:
17264:
17261:Jan Ingenhousz
17258:
17255:Michel Adanson
17252:
17246:
17240:
17234:
17228:
17222:
17216:
17210:
17204:
17198:
17195:Gaspard Bauhin
17192:
17186:
17180:
17174:
17171:William Turner
17168:
17162:
17156:
17150:
17144:
17138:
17131:
17129:
17123:
17122:
17120:
17119:
17117:Ultrastructure
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17083:
17081:
17075:
17074:
17072:
17071:
17063:
17055:
17047:
17039:
17031:
17023:
17015:
17007:
16999:
16991:
16990:
16989:
16976:
16968:
16960:
16952:
16944:
16936:
16928:
16920:
16912:
16904:
16896:
16888:
16880:
16872:
16864:
16856:
16848:
16840:
16832:
16824:
16816:
16808:
16800:
16792:
16784:
16776:
16768:
16760:
16752:
16744:
16729:
16727:
16723:
16722:
16720:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16688:
16686:
16682:
16681:
16674:
16672:
16670:
16669:
16664:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16647:Plant genetics
16644:
16639:
16634:
16632:Phytogeography
16629:
16627:Phytochemistry
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16599:
16594:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16559:
16554:
16549:
16544:
16539:
16534:
16529:
16523:
16521:
16515:
16514:
16507:
16506:
16499:
16492:
16484:
16475:
16474:
16472:
16471:
16460:
16457:
16456:
16454:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16437:
16436:
16426:
16420:
16418:
16416:
16415:
16414:Related topics
16412:
16408:
16405:
16404:
16402:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16375:
16373:
16369:
16368:
16366:
16365:
16363:Taxonomic rank
16360:
16355:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16338:
16337:
16336:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16315:
16305:
16304:
16303:
16298:
16293:
16288:
16283:
16281:Botanical name
16273:
16267:
16265:
16263:Plant taxonomy
16259:
16258:
16256:
16255:
16254:
16253:
16248:
16247:
16246:
16239:Megasporangium
16236:
16235:
16234:
16227:Microsporangia
16219:
16218:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16192:
16187:
16182:
16181:
16180:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16154:
16152:
16150:
16149:
16144:
16138:
16132:
16131:
16129:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16112:
16111:
16110:
16109:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16088:
16087:
16082:
16072:
16067:
16065:Cushion plants
16056:
16054:
16048:
16047:
16045:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16018:
16017:
16012:
16002:
16000:Plant hormones
15997:
15992:
15991:
15990:
15983:Photosynthesis
15980:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15960:
15954:
15952:
15944:
15943:
15940:
15939:
15937:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15900:
15898:
15894:
15893:
15891:
15890:
15885:
15880:
15875:
15870:
15869:
15868:
15863:
15858:
15848:
15847:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15821:
15816:
15815:
15814:
15813:
15812:
15807:
15802:
15801:
15800:
15795:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15764:
15763:
15762:
15761:
15756:
15746:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15716:
15715:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15702:Floral formula
15699:
15697:Floral diagram
15694:
15689:
15679:
15678:
15677:
15672:
15667:
15666:
15665:
15660:
15650:
15640:
15635:
15629:
15627:
15626:(incl. Flower)
15619:
15618:
15616:
15615:
15614:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15602:
15601:
15596:
15586:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15555:
15553:
15549:
15548:
15546:
15545:
15540:
15539:
15538:
15528:
15526:Storage organs
15523:
15518:
15517:
15516:
15506:
15500:
15498:
15492:
15491:
15489:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15462:
15460:
15451:
15449:
15448:
15434:
15428:
15427:
15425:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15412:Spermatophytes
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15384:
15382:Archaeplastida
15379:
15373:
15371:
15364:
15363:
15361:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15344:
15343:
15336:Phytogeography
15333:
15331:Phytochemistry
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15292:
15290:
15288:Subdisciplines
15284:
15283:
15281:
15280:
15275:
15269:
15266:
15265:
15258:
15257:
15250:
15243:
15235:
15226:
15225:
15223:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15206:
15204:
15200:
15199:
15197:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15014:Marine biology
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14824:Bioinformatics
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14776:
14770:
14767:
14766:
14759:
14758:
14751:
14744:
14736:
14727:
14726:
14724:
14723:
14713:
14703:
14693:
14678:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14650:
14648:
14644:
14643:
14639:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14456:Marine biology
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14303:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14268:Bioinformatics
14265:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14214:
14213:
14212:
14210:
14206:
14205:
14202:
14201:
14199:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14182:
14180:
14176:
14175:
14173:
14172:
14165:
14158:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14099:DNA microarray
14096:
14094:DNA sequencing
14091:
14086:
14084:Centrifugation
14081:
14079:Chromatography
14076:
14071:
14069:Transformation
14066:
14060:
14058:
14049:
14041:
14040:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14027:
14025:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14008:
14007:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13980:Climate change
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13946:
13944:
13938:
13937:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13922:Nervous system
13919:
13914:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13878:
13876:
13870:
13869:
13867:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13854:Vascular plant
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13810:
13808:
13802:
13801:
13799:
13798:
13793:
13792:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13761:
13756:
13750:
13748:
13742:
13741:
13739:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13711:Microevolution
13708:
13706:Macroevolution
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13672:
13670:
13664:
13663:
13661:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13619:
13617:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13607:
13602:
13600:Photosynthesis
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13555:Cell signaling
13552:
13547:
13542:
13536:
13534:
13528:
13527:
13525:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13483:
13482:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13441:
13439:
13438:Chemical basis
13435:
13434:
13432:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13404:Taxonomic rank
13401:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13384:Reductionistic
13381:
13327:
13292:
13287:
13281:
13279:
13272:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13262:
13257:
13256:
13255:
13245:
13240:
13231:Introduction (
13228:
13225:
13224:
13217:
13216:
13209:
13202:
13194:
13188:
13187:
13173:
13172:External links
13170:
13168:
13167:
13147:
13129:
13106:
13082:
13062:
13038:
13018:
12998:
12978:
12958:
12938:
12915:
12891:
12871:
12851:
12808:
12802:
12789:
12754:
12748:
12735:
12701:(4): 305–311.
12690:
12678:(2): 268–271.
12663:
12649:
12628:
12585:
12579:
12566:
12548:(3): 284–307.
12537:
12492:
12486:
12473:
12439:The Plant Cell
12430:
12410:10.1038/nsb744
12392:
12386:
12373:
12367:
12354:
12348:
12335:
12329:
12316:
12310:
12294:
12257:
12247:(341): 1–113.
12236:
12230:
12217:
12207:(4): 103–112.
12196:
12179:
12164:
12152:(2): 117–129.
12137:
12120:
12105:
12062:
12035:
12027:|journal=
12001:
11980:
11943:
11906:
11900:
11875:
11857:(3): 249–262.
11846:
11836:(4): 708–714.
11825:
11797:(4): 645–658.
11791:The Plant Cell
11778:
11741:
11724:
11705:
11662:
11617:
11604:
11598:
11581:
11575:
11562:
11525:
11519:
11506:
11500:
11482:
11447:
11441:
11428:
11422:
11409:
11400:
11394:
11377:
11359:(3): 383–404.
11348:
11322:(5): 408–414.
11310:
11283:
11266:
11250:
11224:(3): 213–223.
11213:
11212:
11211:
11205:
11186:
11173:
11167:
11154:
11148:
11133:
11090:
11047:
11012:
10990:
10955:
10935:(2): 186–195.
10920:
10898:
10861:
10844:
10829:
10808:
10754:
10708:
10691:
10673:
10610:
10604:
10596:Plant Cuticles
10585:
10556:
10542:
10511:
10474:
10457:
10442:
10436:
10419:
10413:
10398:
10353:
10308:
10298:on May 1, 2008
10287:
10244:
10227:
10212:
10158:
10152:
10139:
10102:
10096:
10079:
10066:
10060:
10045:
10024:
10004:(1): 283–295.
9989:
9946:
9918:(5): 451–461.
9903:
9881:
9855:
9838:
9823:
9810:
9783:
9743:
9706:
9653:
9635:(4): 493–519.
9624:
9596:(2): 374–394.
9590:The Plant Cell
9581:
9534:(5): 637–646.
9528:The Plant Cell
9516:
9510:
9497:
9487:(2): 675–685.
9475:
9447:
9430:
9415:
9398:
9383:
9381:on 2013-12-15.
9358:(3): 101–106.
9340:
9328:10.1086/394568
9322:(4): 383–420.
9311:
9269:The Plant Cell
9260:
9235:
9189:
9163:(4): 399–436.
9145:
9139:
9126:
9106:(4): 785–786.
9091:
9031:
9025:
9012:
9006:
8990:
8984:
8971:
8965:
8952:
8946:
8929:
8909:
8888:
8882:
8869:
8851:(4): 449–454.
8840:
8789:
8780:
8757:
8751:
8738:
8677:
8612:Beerling, D.J.
8608:
8565:
8537:(2): 228–237.
8522:
8516:
8503:
8482:
8476:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8442:
8430:
8418:
8416:, p. 223.
8406:
8394:
8392:, p. 453.
8382:
8380:, p. 104.
8370:
8358:
8346:
8334:
8322:
8320:, p. 198.
8310:
8298:
8286:
8271:
8259:
8247:
8235:
8223:
8211:
8199:
8187:
8175:
8173:, p. 741.
8163:
8151:
8136:
8134:, p. 740.
8124:
8109:
8097:
8085:
8083:, p. 739.
8068:
8056:
8044:
8032:
8020:
8008:
7996:
7984:
7972:
7960:
7948:
7936:
7924:
7912:
7900:
7888:
7876:
7864:
7852:
7840:
7838:, p. 573.
7828:
7816:
7804:
7802:, p. 351.
7792:
7780:
7768:
7756:
7744:
7732:
7720:
7708:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7657:
7645:
7633:
7621:
7609:
7597:
7585:
7573:
7561:
7549:
7537:
7525:
7513:
7501:
7489:
7477:
7465:
7453:
7451:, p. 550.
7441:
7429:
7417:
7405:
7393:
7389:Morgensen 1996
7381:
7366:
7354:
7345:
7333:
7321:
7309:
7297:
7285:
7273:
7261:
7249:
7237:
7225:
7213:
7201:
7199:, p. 479.
7189:
7177:
7165:
7153:
7141:
7129:
7099:
7087:
7085:, p. 794.
7075:
7060:
7048:
7036:
7024:
7012:
7000:
6988:
6976:
6961:
6949:
6937:
6925:
6913:
6901:
6889:
6877:
6865:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6776:, p. 440.
6766:
6762:Schoening 2005
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6620:, p. 602.
6610:
6598:
6594:Braselton 2013
6586:
6574:
6562:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6514:
6502:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6439:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6326:, p. 608.
6316:
6304:
6292:
6290:, p. 457.
6280:
6268:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6230:, p. 382.
6220:
6208:
6196:
6194:, p. 377.
6184:
6172:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6087:
6085:, p. 157.
6075:
6063:
6051:
6049:, p. 116.
6039:
6027:
6025:, p. 197.
6015:
6013:, p. 532.
6003:
5991:
5976:
5964:
5952:
5950:, p. 155.
5940:
5925:
5913:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5875:, p. 134.
5865:
5853:
5836:"βοτάνη - LSJ"
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:Biology portal
5772:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5610:
5607:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5470:plesiomorphies
5436:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5267:common descent
5220:
5217:
5159:photosynthesis
5027:The bodies of
5016:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4927:
4924:
4920:photoreceptors
4754:plant hormones
4677:
4676:Plant hormones
4674:
4670:plant hormones
4610:cell membranes
4608:occurs across
4602:spatial scales
4551:
4548:
4478:progymnosperms
4427:Streptophytina
4353:Main article:
4350:
4347:
4252:cell divisions
4224:Main article:
4221:
4218:
4117:
4108:photosynthesis
4011:
4008:
3940:endopolyploidy
3814:Mentha spicata
3746:Punnett square
3743:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:Plant genetics
3730:Main article:
3727:
3724:
3675:
3664:global warming
3643:
3640:
3530:spatial scales
3506:empirical data
3472:for the plant.
3434:Main article:
3431:
3428:
3332:natural rubber
3324:vegetable oils
3254:drug discovery
3236:(beer), rice (
3183:salicylic acid
3177:is the acetyl
3127:peppermint oil
3124:essential oils
3105:Phytochemistry
3101:
3098:
3091:
3079:
3052:periods. Many
3001:polysaccharide
2982:cell membranes
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2860:
2851:
2846:Carbon dioxide
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2637:. Chlorophyll
2600:
2588:
2579:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2523:
2520:
2492:plant breeding
2422:
2419:
2415:sustainability
2411:climate change
2320:) – including
2289:photosynthesis
2182:carbon dioxide
2178:photosynthesis
2143:
2140:
2132:phytopathology
2103:Phytosociology
2089:phytogeography
2085:phytochemistry
2050:synantherology
2007:Main article:
2004:
2001:
1948:to synthesise
1894:chromatography
1867:plant hormones
1865:controlled by
1841:and others at
1823:photosynthesis
1768:Arthur Tansley
1713:Katherine Esau
1696:
1693:
1654:Rudolf Virchow
1582:Marianne North
1549:published his
1539:phyletic order
1492:
1489:
1447:Dispensatorium
1441:in 1544 and a
1420:Leonhart Fuchs
1381:Book of Plants
1301:Ancient Greece
1270:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1244:Leonhart Fuchs
1242:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1207:
1204:
1199:Main article:
1196:
1193:
1125:plant taxonomy
1052:, analysis of
1027:plant taxonomy
1007:physic gardens
856:plant sciences
850:, also called
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
798:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Marine biology
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
329:Bioinformatics
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
239:
234:
227:
226:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:Properties of
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
139:Key components
138:
137:
134:
133:
131:
130:
119:
118:
113:
108:
102:
99:
98:
93:
85:
84:
78:
77:
26:
18:Medical botany
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18975:
18964:
18961:
18960:
18958:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18930:
18928:
18924:
18921:
18917:
18916:
18913:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18851:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18841:
18839:
18833:
18829:
18823:
18820:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18811:
18806:
18804:
18801:
18800:
18798:
18792:
18788:
18782:
18778:
18776:
18772:
18770:
18766:
18764:
18760:
18758:
18754:
18752:
18748:
18746:
18742:
18740:
18736:
18734:
18730:
18728:
18724:
18722:
18718:
18716:
18712:
18710:
18706:
18704:
18703:Bennettitales
18700:
18699:
18697:
18684:
18683:Pteridosperms
18677:
18674:
18670:(seed plants)
18667:
18662:
18652:
18651:Protopityales
18648:
18646:
18642:
18640:
18636:
18634:
18630:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18617:
18613:
18610:
18604:
18593:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18580:
18578:
18574:
18573:
18571:
18567:
18563:
18557:
18553:
18551:
18547:
18546:
18543:
18540:
18537:
18532:
18521:
18517:
18513:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18500:
18498:
18494:
18493:
18491:
18489:
18485:
18481:
18478:
18472:
18462:
18458:
18456:
18452:
18450:
18446:
18445:
18443:
18436:
18432:
18429:
18422:
18421:Tracheophytes
18417:
18413:
18407:
18406:
18401:
18399:
18395:
18394:
18392:
18385:
18382:
18379:
18373:
18369:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18345:
18342:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18334:Andreaeopsida
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18316:
18314:
18308:
18304:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18289:
18287:
18281:
18277:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18257:
18255:
18249:
18245:
18242:
18239:
18234:
18230:
18226:
18222:
18220:
18213:
18208:
18204:
18165:
18164:
18162:
18159:(land plants)
18156:
18152:
18146:
18143:
18142:
18140:
18136:
18130:
18127:
18125:
18122:
18121:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18109:
18103:
18100:
18098:
18097:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18072:
18068:
18052:
18051:Chlorophyceae
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18039:
18038:
18037:
18034:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18026:Pedinophyceae
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18008:
18006:
18004:Chlorophytina
18002:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17987:
17985:
17981:
17978:
17975:
17969:
17965:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17946:
17944:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17931:
17925:
17920:
17918:
17909:
17908:Viridiplantae
17905:
17895:
17892:
17891:
17889:
17887:
17883:
17877:
17874:
17873:
17871:
17869:
17865:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17853:Bangiophyceae
17851:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17825:
17823:
17817:
17813:
17807:
17806:
17802:
17801:
17799:
17797:
17793:
17787:
17786:
17782:
17781:
17779:
17777:
17773:
17769:
17766:
17763:
17758:
17754:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17728:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17718:
17717:
17714:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17704:Stramenopiles
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17688:
17685:
17684:
17683:
17680:
17679:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17667:(major groups
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17647:
17643:
17642:
17638:
17634:
17632:
17625:
17617:
17612:
17610:
17605:
17603:
17598:
17597:
17594:
17582:
17581:
17572:
17571:
17568:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17544:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17443:
17441:
17437:
17430:
17427:
17424:
17421:
17418:
17415:
17412:
17409:
17406:
17403:
17400:
17397:
17394:
17391:
17388:
17385:
17382:
17379:
17376:
17373:
17370:
17367:
17364:
17363:Gregor Mendel
17361:
17358:
17357:Joseph Hooker
17355:
17352:
17349:
17346:
17343:
17340:
17337:
17334:
17331:
17328:
17325:
17322:
17319:
17316:
17313:
17310:
17309:Aimé Bonpland
17307:
17304:
17301:
17298:
17295:
17292:
17289:
17286:
17283:
17280:
17277:
17274:
17271:
17268:
17265:
17262:
17259:
17256:
17253:
17250:
17247:
17244:
17241:
17238:
17237:Stephen Hales
17235:
17232:
17229:
17226:
17223:
17220:
17217:
17214:
17213:Nehemiah Grew
17211:
17208:
17205:
17202:
17199:
17196:
17193:
17190:
17187:
17184:
17181:
17178:
17175:
17172:
17169:
17166:
17163:
17160:
17157:
17154:
17153:Otto Brunfels
17151:
17148:
17145:
17142:
17139:
17137:c. 371–287 BC
17136:
17133:
17132:
17130:
17124:
17118:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17076:
17069:
17068:
17064:
17061:
17060:
17056:
17053:
17052:
17048:
17045:
17044:
17040:
17037:
17036:
17035:Plantesamfund
17032:
17029:
17028:
17024:
17021:
17020:
17016:
17013:
17012:
17008:
17005:
17004:
17000:
16997:
16996:
16992:
16988:
16985:
16984:
16982:
16981:
16977:
16974:
16973:
16969:
16966:
16965:
16961:
16958:
16957:
16953:
16950:
16949:
16945:
16942:
16941:
16937:
16934:
16933:
16929:
16926:
16925:
16921:
16918:
16917:
16913:
16910:
16909:
16905:
16902:
16901:
16897:
16894:
16893:
16889:
16886:
16885:
16881:
16878:
16877:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16865:
16862:
16861:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16849:
16846:
16845:
16841:
16838:
16837:
16833:
16830:
16829:
16825:
16822:
16821:
16817:
16814:
16813:
16809:
16806:
16805:
16801:
16798:
16797:
16793:
16790:
16789:
16785:
16782:
16781:
16777:
16774:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16765:
16761:
16758:
16757:
16753:
16750:
16749:
16745:
16742:
16741:
16736:
16735:
16731:
16730:
16728:
16724:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16689:
16687:
16683:
16678:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16642:Plant ecology
16640:
16638:
16637:Plant anatomy
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16524:
16522:
16516:
16512:
16505:
16500:
16498:
16493:
16491:
16486:
16485:
16482:
16470:
16462:
16461:
16458:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16435:
16432:
16431:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16421:
16419:
16413:
16410:
16409:
16406:
16400:
16399:Phytochemical
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16376:
16374:
16370:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16320:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16310:
16309:
16306:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16278:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16268:
16266:
16264:
16260:
16252:
16249:
16245:
16242:
16241:
16240:
16237:
16233:
16230:
16229:
16228:
16225:
16224:
16223:
16220:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16197:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16155:
16153:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16139:
16137:
16133:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16108:
16105:
16104:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16077:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16062:
16061:
16058:
16057:
16055:
16049:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16037:Transpiration
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16007:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15989:
15986:
15985:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15956:
15955:
15953:
15949:
15945:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15901:
15899:
15895:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15853:
15852:
15849:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15826:
15825:
15824:Inflorescence
15822:
15820:
15817:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15790:
15789:
15786:
15785:
15784:
15781:
15780:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15751:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15720:
15717:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15684:
15683:
15680:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15668:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15655:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15645:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15630:
15628:
15624:
15620:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15591:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15581:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15556:
15554:
15550:
15544:
15541:
15537:
15534:
15533:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15515:
15512:
15511:
15510:
15509:Ground tissue
15507:
15505:
15502:
15501:
15499:
15497:
15493:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15459:
15455:
15452:
15445:
15439:
15436:
15435:
15433:
15432:Plant anatomy
15429:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15383:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15365:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15353:Plant ecology
15351:
15349:
15348:Plant anatomy
15346:
15342:
15339:
15338:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15296:Archaeobotany
15294:
15293:
15291:
15289:
15285:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15271:
15270:
15267:
15263:
15256:
15251:
15249:
15244:
15242:
15237:
15236:
15233:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15207:
15205:
15201:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15094:Phylogenetics
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14989:Human biology
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14879:Chronobiology
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14854:Biotechnology
14852:
14850:
14849:Biostatistics
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14771:
14768:
14764:
14757:
14752:
14750:
14745:
14743:
14738:
14737:
14734:
14722:
14714:
14712:
14704:
14702:
14694:
14691:
14686:
14680:
14679:
14676:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14645:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14536:Phylogenetics
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14431:Human biology
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14321:Chronobiology
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14298:Biotechnology
14296:
14294:
14293:Biostatistics
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14215:
14211:
14207:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14186:Belt transect
14184:
14183:
14181:
14177:
14171:
14170:
14166:
14164:
14163:
14159:
14157:
14156:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14134:Southern blot
14132:
14130:
14129:Northern blot
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14061:
14059:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14042:
14037:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14006:
14003:
14002:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13947:
13945:
13943:
13939:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13907:Immune system
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13879:
13877:
13871:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13824:Ground tissue
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13811:
13809:
13803:
13797:
13794:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13766:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13751:
13749:
13747:
13743:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13726:Phylogenetics
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13691:Genetic drift
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13669:
13665:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13620:
13618:
13616:
13612:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13537:
13535:
13533:
13529:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13497:Nucleic acids
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13481:
13478:
13477:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13460:Chemical bond
13458:
13456:
13455:Carbohydrates
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13442:
13440:
13436:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13328:
13325:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13297:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13267:
13261:
13258:
13254:
13251:
13250:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13238:
13234:
13230:
13229:
13226:
13222:
13215:
13210:
13208:
13203:
13201:
13196:
13195:
13192:
13185:
13180:
13176:
13175:
13158:on 2016-09-28
13154:
13150:
13144:
13137:
13136:
13130:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13083:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13051:
13047:
13045:
13039:
13027:
13023:
13022:"Paleobotany"
13019:
13008:on 2012-03-02
13007:
13003:
12999:
12987:
12983:
12979:
12967:
12963:
12959:
12947:
12943:
12939:
12928:
12924:
12920:
12916:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12861:on 2021-12-10
12860:
12856:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12830:
12826:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12809:
12805:
12799:
12795:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12768:
12764:
12760:
12755:
12751:
12745:
12741:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12664:
12657:
12656:
12655:Phytohormones
12650:
12638:
12634:
12629:
12625:
12621:
12617:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12586:
12582:
12576:
12572:
12567:
12563:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12543:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12493:
12489:
12483:
12479:
12474:
12470:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12404:(2): 95–100.
12403:
12399:
12393:
12389:
12383:
12379:
12374:
12370:
12364:
12360:
12355:
12351:
12345:
12341:
12336:
12332:
12330:9781111580971
12326:
12322:
12317:
12313:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12285:on 2011-07-26
12281:
12277:
12273:
12266:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12237:
12233:
12227:
12223:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12202:
12197:
12186:
12182:
12176:
12172:
12171:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12138:
12127:
12123:
12117:
12113:
12112:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12063:
12048:
12041:
12036:
12032:
12020:
12012:
12008:
12004:
11998:
11994:
11990:
11986:
11981:
11977:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11949:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11917:(1): 73–117.
11916:
11912:
11907:
11903:
11897:
11893:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11876:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11847:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11826:
11822:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11787:Maize Mutant"
11786:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11742:
11731:
11727:
11721:
11717:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11668:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11612:
11605:
11601:
11595:
11590:
11589:
11582:
11578:
11572:
11568:
11563:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11531:
11526:
11522:
11516:
11512:
11507:
11503:
11497:
11490:
11489:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11448:
11444:
11438:
11434:
11429:
11425:
11419:
11415:
11410:
11406:
11401:
11397:
11391:
11386:
11385:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11333:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11311:
11296:
11289:
11284:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11259:
11258:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11214:
11208:
11202:
11198:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11183:
11179:
11174:
11170:
11168:977-416-034-7
11164:
11160:
11155:
11151:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11091:
11087:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11013:
11002:
10998:
10997:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10921:
10910:
10906:
10905:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10862:
10851:
10847:
10841:
10837:
10836:
10830:
10818:
10814:
10809:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10718:PLOS Genetics
10715:
10709:
10698:
10694:
10688:
10684:
10683:
10678:
10674:
10672:
10668:
10665:
10660:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10611:
10607:
10601:
10597:
10592:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10517:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10499:10.1038/37918
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10475:
10464:
10460:
10454:
10450:
10449:
10443:
10439:
10433:
10428:
10427:
10420:
10416:
10410:
10406:
10405:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10309:
10297:
10293:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10245:
10234:
10230:
10224:
10220:
10219:
10213:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10149:
10145:
10140:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10103:
10099:
10093:
10088:
10087:
10080:
10076:
10073:(in German).
10072:
10067:
10063:
10057:
10053:
10052:
10046:
10034:
10030:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9904:
9893:
9889:
9888:
9882:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9860:
9856:
9845:
9841:
9835:
9831:
9830:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9811:
9796:
9789:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9582:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9507:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9476:
9462:
9455:
9454:
9448:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9423:
9422:
9416:
9405:
9401:
9395:
9391:
9390:
9384:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9261:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9190:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9092:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9037:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9018:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8981:
8977:
8972:
8968:
8962:
8958:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8938:
8937:
8930:
8919:
8915:
8910:
8898:
8894:
8889:
8885:
8879:
8875:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8781:
8769:
8765:
8764:
8758:
8754:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8678:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8509:
8504:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8473:
8469:
8464:
8463:
8451:
8446:
8439:
8434:
8427:
8422:
8415:
8410:
8403:
8398:
8391:
8386:
8379:
8374:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8354:Anderson 2001
8350:
8343:
8338:
8331:
8326:
8319:
8314:
8307:
8302:
8295:
8290:
8283:
8278:
8276:
8268:
8263:
8256:
8251:
8244:
8239:
8232:
8227:
8220:
8215:
8209:, p. 11.
8208:
8203:
8196:
8191:
8184:
8179:
8172:
8167:
8160:
8155:
8148:
8143:
8141:
8133:
8128:
8121:
8116:
8114:
8106:
8101:
8094:
8089:
8082:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8065:
8060:
8053:
8048:
8041:
8036:
8029:
8024:
8017:
8012:
8005:
8000:
7993:
7988:
7981:
7976:
7969:
7964:
7957:
7952:
7945:
7940:
7933:
7928:
7921:
7916:
7909:
7904:
7897:
7892:
7885:
7880:
7873:
7868:
7861:
7856:
7849:
7844:
7837:
7832:
7825:
7820:
7813:
7808:
7801:
7796:
7789:
7784:
7777:
7772:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7748:
7741:
7736:
7729:
7724:
7717:
7712:
7705:
7700:
7698:
7691:, chapter 13.
7690:
7685:
7678:
7673:
7666:
7661:
7654:
7649:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7625:
7618:
7613:
7606:
7605:Copeland 1938
7601:
7594:
7589:
7582:
7577:
7570:
7565:
7558:
7553:
7546:
7541:
7534:
7529:
7522:
7517:
7510:
7505:
7498:
7493:
7486:
7481:
7474:
7469:
7462:
7457:
7450:
7445:
7438:
7433:
7426:
7421:
7414:
7409:
7402:
7397:
7390:
7385:
7378:
7373:
7371:
7363:
7358:
7349:
7342:
7337:
7330:
7325:
7318:
7313:
7306:
7301:
7294:
7289:
7282:
7277:
7270:
7265:
7258:
7253:
7246:
7241:
7234:
7229:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7205:
7198:
7193:
7186:
7181:
7174:
7169:
7162:
7157:
7150:
7149:Addelson 2003
7145:
7138:
7133:
7120:on 2021-10-28
7119:
7115:
7114:
7106:
7104:
7096:
7091:
7084:
7079:
7072:
7067:
7065:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7033:
7028:
7021:
7020:Densmore 1974
7016:
7009:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6985:
6984:Jeffreys 2005
6980:
6973:
6968:
6966:
6958:
6953:
6946:
6941:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6917:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6893:
6886:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6855:
6847:
6846:Takaichi 2011
6842:
6835:
6830:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6799:
6794:
6787:
6782:
6775:
6770:
6763:
6758:
6751:
6746:
6739:
6734:
6727:
6722:
6715:
6710:
6703:
6698:
6691:
6686:
6679:
6674:
6667:
6662:
6655:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6631:
6626:
6619:
6614:
6607:
6602:
6595:
6590:
6584:, p. 56.
6583:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6547:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6484:
6479:
6472:
6467:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6443:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6421:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6397:
6392:
6385:
6380:
6373:
6368:
6361:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6337:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6260:
6253:
6248:
6241:
6236:
6229:
6224:
6217:
6212:
6205:
6200:
6193:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6162:
6161:Atlas Obscura
6158:
6151:
6144:
6139:
6132:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6108:
6107:Waggoner 2001
6103:
6096:
6091:
6084:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6060:
6055:
6048:
6043:
6037:, p. 93.
6036:
6031:
6024:
6019:
6012:
6007:
6001:, p. 30.
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5960:Manniche 2006
5956:
5949:
5948:Oberlies 1998
5944:
5937:
5932:
5930:
5923:, p. 16.
5922:
5917:
5910:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5886:
5881:
5874:
5869:
5862:
5857:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5827:
5809:
5808:cyanobacteria
5805:
5799:
5795:
5784:
5778:
5773:
5770:
5769:Plants portal
5764:
5759:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:◊ sex unknown
5652:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5585:In 1998, the
5577:
5576:
5568:
5567:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5440:
5431:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:DNA sequences
5277:, which uses
5276:
5272:
5268:
5265:principle of
5264:
5260:
5259:Carl Linnaeus
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5243:phylogenetics
5236:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5130:and carrots.
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5107:Streptocarpus
5102:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5004:cell division
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4986:). Uniquely,
4985:
4982:) or lipids (
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:hemicellulose
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4944:Plant anatomy
4939:
4938:
4932:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4890:phytohormones
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4855:Abscisic acid
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:Venus flytrap
4740:
4739:
4738:Mimosa pudica
4734:
4728:
4724:
4723:Plant hormone
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4586:cyanobacteria
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4458:Pteridophytic
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4383:endosymbiotic
4380:
4379:cyanobacteria
4376:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4343:paramutations
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:sieve tubes,
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4271:morphogenesis
4268:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4235:gene function
4232:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:single celled
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4029:
4028:
4024:Thale cress,
4022:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3992:endosymbiotic
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:is a fertile
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3944:allopolyploid
3941:
3937:
3936:autopolyploid
3933:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:jumping genes
3773:
3769:
3768:Pisum sativum
3765:
3761:
3760:Gregor Mendel
3751:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:other animals
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3436:Plant ecology
3430:Plant ecology
3427:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:Lincoln green
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:opium poppies
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3037:Sporopollenin
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2990:plant cuticle
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:endosymbiotic
2625:
2624:cyanobacteria
2621:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:food security
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:trophic level
2446:
2442:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:cyanobacteria
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:endosymbiotic
2360:
2359:Cyanobacteria
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:, structure (
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:cyanobacteria
2171:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1997:DNA barcoding
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:DNA sequences
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:Ronald Fisher
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:transpiration
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:plant ecology
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:Plant Anatomy
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:(1822–1884),
1702:
1701:Gregor Mendel
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:plant anatomy
1585:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:Carl Linnaeus
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:pharmacopoeia
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:Otto Brunfels
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1397:Ibn al-Baitar
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:Ibn Wahshiyya
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1292:, in archaic
1291:
1290:Ancient Egypt
1287:
1283:
1273:
1259:
1258:Otto Brunfels
1245:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:DNA sequences
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1035:Carl Linnaeus
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
947:
943:
941:
935:
933:
927:
923:
919:
915:
905:
903:
897:
896:Ancient Greek
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:plant biology
857:
853:
852:plant science
849:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
809:
799:
796:
791:
785:
784:
783:
782:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
718:
715:
714:
708:
707:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Phylogenetics
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:Human biology
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Chronobiology
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
362:
360:
359:Biotechnology
357:
355:
354:Biostatistics
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
268:
267:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
166:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
51:The fruit of
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18920:paraphyletic
18832:Angiospermae
18809:
18808:Ginkgoales (
18781:Petriellales
18763:Medullosales
18690:(seed ferns)
18403:
18324:Sphagnopsida
18319:Takakiopsida
18252:(liverworts)
18218:
18212:Embryophytes
18166:(see below↓)
18124:Charophyceae
18094:
18076:Streptophyta
17928:land plants)
17916:
17885:
17803:
17796:Rhodelphidia
17783:
17726:Opisthokonta
17630:
17578:
17279:Joseph Banks
17135:Theophrastus
17078:Theories and
17065:
17058:
17049:
17041:
17033:
17025:
17017:
17009:
17001:
16993:
16987:Nepenthaceae
16978:
16970:
16962:
16954:
16946:
16938:
16930:
16923:
16914:
16906:
16898:
16890:
16882:
16874:
16866:
16859:
16850:
16842:
16834:
16826:
16818:
16810:
16802:
16796:Kreütterbuch
16794:
16786:
16778:
16770:
16763:
16754:
16747:
16738:
16733:
16726:Publications
16685:Institutions
16582:Horticulture
16532:Biogeography
16394:Horticulture
16384:Floriculture
16286:Correct name
16136:Reproduction
16126:Woody plants
16051:Plant growth
16010:Gas Exchange
15995:Phytomelanin
15873:Plant embryo
15623:Reproductive
15471:Phragmoplast
15261:
15139:Sociobiology
15119:Protistology
15084:Photobiology
15079:Pharmacology
15069:Parasitology
15064:Paleontology
15044:Neuroscience
15024:Microbiology
14934:Epidemiology
14904:Cytogenetics
14864:Cell biology
14858:
14844:Biosemiotics
14834:Biomechanics
14814:Biogeography
14809:Biochemistry
14804:Bacteriology
14799:Astrobiology
14581:Sociobiology
14561:Protistology
14526:Photobiology
14521:Pharmacology
14511:Parasitology
14506:Paleontology
14486:Neuroscience
14466:Microbiology
14376:Epidemiology
14346:Cytogenetics
14306:Cell biology
14288:Biosemiotics
14278:Biomechanics
14258:Biogeography
14253:Biochemistry
14248:Bacteriology
14243:Astrobiology
14167:
14160:
14153:
14124:Western blot
14114:Enzyme assay
14089:Cell culture
13990:Conservation
13875:and function
13873:Animal form
13807:and function
13580:Fermentation
13358:Organ system
13316:Reproduction
13294:Properties (
13160:. Retrieved
13153:the original
13134:
13122:. Retrieved
13113:
13098:. Retrieved
13089:
13074:. Retrieved
13056:February 26,
13054:. Retrieved
13050:the original
13044:Brachypodium
13043:
13030:. Retrieved
13010:. Retrieved
13006:the original
12990:. Retrieved
12970:. Retrieved
12952:February 19,
12950:. Retrieved
12946:the original
12931:. Retrieved
12922:
12909:February 24,
12907:. Retrieved
12898:
12883:. Retrieved
12863:. Retrieved
12859:the original
12820:
12816:
12793:
12766:
12762:
12739:
12698:
12694:
12675:
12671:
12654:
12643:February 27,
12641:. Retrieved
12600:(1): 23–34.
12597:
12593:
12570:
12545:
12541:
12504:
12501:Marine Drugs
12500:
12477:
12442:
12438:
12401:
12397:
12377:
12358:
12339:
12320:
12301:
12298:Stace, Clive
12287:. Retrieved
12280:the original
12275:
12271:
12244:
12240:
12221:
12204:
12200:
12189:. Retrieved
12169:
12149:
12145:
12130:. Retrieved
12110:
12074:
12070:
12054:. Retrieved
12047:the original
11984:
11951:
11947:
11914:
11910:
11883:
11879:
11854:
11850:
11833:
11829:
11794:
11790:
11784:
11752:(1): 25–29.
11749:
11745:
11734:. Retrieved
11714:
11677:
11673:
11625:
11621:
11610:
11587:
11566:
11533:
11529:
11510:
11487:
11459:
11455:
11432:
11413:
11404:
11383:
11356:
11352:
11319:
11315:
11302:. Retrieved
11276:. Retrieved
11256:
11221:
11217:
11196:
11177:
11158:
11138:
11102:
11098:
11059:
11055:
11024:
11020:
11005:. Retrieved
10995:
10967:
10963:
10932:
10928:
10913:. Retrieved
10903:
10869:
10865:
10854:. Retrieved
10834:
10821:. Retrieved
10801:. Retrieved
10769:(1): 10–13.
10766:
10762:
10721:
10717:
10701:. Retrieved
10681:
10622:
10618:
10595:
10564:
10560:
10515:
10482:
10478:
10467:. Retrieved
10447:
10425:
10403:
10361:
10357:
10320:
10316:
10300:. Retrieved
10296:the original
10256:
10252:
10237:. Retrieved
10217:
10176:
10172:
10143:
10131:. Retrieved
10117:(104): 1–9.
10114:
10110:
10085:
10074:
10070:
10050:
10039:February 26,
10037:. Retrieved
10033:the original
10001:
9997:
9961:(1): 56–63.
9958:
9954:
9915:
9911:
9896:. Retrieved
9886:
9875:February 26,
9873:. Retrieved
9863:
9848:. Retrieved
9828:
9818:
9814:
9802:. Retrieved
9795:the original
9754:
9750:
9747:Finney, D.J.
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9665:
9661:
9632:
9628:
9593:
9589:
9574:. Retrieved
9531:
9527:
9501:
9484:
9480:
9468:. Retrieved
9452:
9440:. Retrieved
9420:
9408:. Retrieved
9388:
9376:the original
9355:
9351:
9319:
9315:
9272:
9268:
9252:. Retrieved
9243:
9198:
9194:
9182:. Retrieved
9160:
9156:
9130:
9103:
9099:
9084:. Retrieved
9046:
9042:
9016:
8997:
8975:
8956:
8935:
8922:. Retrieved
8901:. Retrieved
8897:the original
8873:
8848:
8844:
8801:
8797:
8784:
8772:. Retrieved
8762:
8742:
8689:
8685:
8670:. Retrieved
8626:
8622:
8577:
8573:
8534:
8530:
8507:
8495:. Retrieved
8491:the original
8467:
8450:Simpson 2010
8445:
8438:Lindley 1848
8433:
8421:
8409:
8397:
8390:Mauseth 2012
8385:
8373:
8366:Mauseth 2012
8361:
8349:
8342:Mauseth 2012
8337:
8330:Mauseth 2012
8325:
8313:
8301:
8294:Mauseth 2003
8289:
8282:Mauseth 2003
8262:
8250:
8238:
8231:Mauseth 2003
8226:
8219:Mauseth 2003
8214:
8202:
8195:Mauseth 2003
8190:
8183:Mauseth 2003
8178:
8166:
8154:
8147:Mauseth 2003
8127:
8100:
8088:
8059:
8047:
8040:Mauseth 2003
8035:
8023:
8016:Mauseth 2003
8011:
8006:, p. 9.
7999:
7987:
7975:
7963:
7951:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7908:Mauseth 2003
7903:
7891:
7879:
7872:Mauseth 2003
7867:
7855:
7843:
7831:
7819:
7807:
7800:Mauseth 2012
7795:
7788:Mauseth 2003
7783:
7776:Mauseth 2003
7771:
7764:Mauseth 2003
7759:
7752:Mauseth 2003
7747:
7740:Mauseth 2003
7735:
7723:
7716:Mauseth 2003
7711:
7704:Mauseth 2003
7684:
7672:
7660:
7648:
7641:Mauseth 2003
7636:
7624:
7612:
7600:
7593:Mauseth 2003
7588:
7576:
7564:
7552:
7547:, p. 8.
7545:Spector 2012
7540:
7528:
7516:
7504:
7492:
7480:
7468:
7456:
7444:
7432:
7420:
7408:
7396:
7384:
7362:Savidan 2000
7357:
7348:
7336:
7324:
7312:
7305:Hancock 2004
7300:
7288:
7276:
7264:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7216:
7204:
7192:
7180:
7173:Mauseth 2003
7168:
7156:
7144:
7137:Burrows 1990
7132:
7122:, retrieved
7118:the original
7112:
7095:Mauseth 2003
7090:
7078:
7051:
7039:
7027:
7015:
7003:
6991:
6979:
6952:
6940:
6928:
6916:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6868:
6841:
6829:
6817:
6805:
6793:
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6733:
6721:
6709:
6697:
6685:
6673:
6661:
6654:Mauseth 2003
6649:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6601:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6478:
6471:Medbury 1993
6466:
6454:
6442:
6435:Sattler 1992
6415:
6403:
6391:
6379:
6367:
6360:Cocking 1993
6355:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6264:Tansley 1935
6259:
6252:Chaffey 2007
6247:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6199:
6187:
6175:
6164:. Retrieved
6160:
6150:
6145:, p. 9.
6138:
6126:
6114:
6102:
6090:
6078:
6066:
6054:
6042:
6035:Panaino 2002
6030:
6018:
6011:Mauseth 2003
6006:
5994:
5967:
5955:
5943:
5916:
5904:
5897:RGB Kew 2016
5892:
5880:
5868:
5856:
5846:19 September
5844:. Retrieved
5839:
5830:
5803:
5802:Chlorophyll
5798:
5612:
5589:published a
5584:
5552:
5551:
5537:
5536:
5515:
5514:
5482:
5450:
5443:Echinocactus
5442:
5438:
5429:
5415:
5390:Echinocactus
5389:
5385:
5381:Echinocactus
5379:
5369:
5363:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5336:
5299:
5239:
5213:
5174:
5132:
5110:
5106:
5093:adventitious
5089:
5026:
4996:phragmoplast
4988:streptophyte
4942:
4937:Oryza sativa
4935:
4916:Phytochromes
4908:
4897:
4887:
4821:
4808:
4802:
4751:
4747:bladderworts
4736:
4730:
4710:
4706:
4697:
4684:
4599:
4590:Heterotrophs
4567:
4544:sister clade
4521:
4474:sphenophylls
4434:embryophytes
4431:
4423:monophyletic
4415:Charophyceae
4402:polyphyletic
4395:
4375:chloroplasts
4372:
4364:
4340:
4332:sclerenchyma
4325:
4260:
4239:DNA sequence
4229:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4149:
4129:
4095:
4092:Model plants
4090:
4071:
4067:Oryza sativa
4065:
4061:
4046:Brassicaceae
4039:
4036:model plants
4033:
4025:
4000:chloroplasts
3996:mitochondria
3989:
3961:vegetatively
3925:
3878:
3874:
3870:gametophytes
3812:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3767:
3757:
3750:heterozygous
3645:
3618:flowers and
3570:
3511:
3490:biodiversity
3475:
3470:fix nitrogen
3459:
3454:contain the
3449:
3404:fossil fuels
3297:
3261:anthocyanins
3258:
3252:as a way of
3230:carbohydrate
3226:fermentation
3103:
2994:
2970:chloroplasts
2967:
2916:
2915:chlorophyll
2912:
2905:Source image
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2707:
2679:Calvin cycle
2674:
2671:
2644:
2643:chlorophyll
2638:
2633:
2632:chlorophyll
2626:that formed
2620:chloroplasts
2613:
2605:
2604:Chlorophyll
2603:
2593:
2592:Chlorophyll
2591:
2583:Xanthophylls
2582:
2532:Calvin cycle
2525:
2489:
2453:staple foods
2438:
2395:conservation
2387:
2367:chloroplasts
2349:
2314:bacteriology
2295:haploid and
2245:embryophytes
2242:
2210:
2206:biochemicals
2159:
2151:
2125:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2093:palaeobotany
2077:
2063:rather than
2058:
2034:embryophytes
2018:bacteriology
2015:
2012:
1966:
1929:
1914:metabolomics
1890:spectroscopy
1883:
1827:gas exchange
1800:
1792:biogeography
1733:
1720:
1716:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1662:Robert Brown
1658:cell nucleus
1641:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1603:(1789), and
1586:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1516:
1510:
1477:Robert Hooke
1469:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1417:
1401:
1388:
1380:
1370:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1305:Theophrastus
1298:
1279:
1225:Micrographia
1223:
1220:Robert Hooke
1206:Early botany
1189:biodiversity
1161:horticulture
1145:staple foods
1101:biochemistry
1097:reproduction
1086:
1072:, including
1039:
1019:universities
1017:attached to
1000:
972:phycologists
937:
929:
899:
887:
883:
879:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
753:Applications
642:Sociobiology
622:Protistology
587:Photobiology
582:Pharmacology
572:Parasitology
567:Paleontology
547:Neuroscience
527:Microbiology
437:Epidemiology
407:Cytogenetics
367:Cell biology
349:Biosemiotics
339:Biomechanics
319:Biogeography
314:Biochemistry
309:Bacteriology
304:Astrobiology
216:
204:Reproduction
167:
94:
52:
44:
18727:Cordaitales
18721:Caytoniales
18607:Lignophytes
18590:(ferns and
18516:spikemosses
18455:Rhyniopsida
18405:Aglaophyton
18284:(hornworts)
18155:Embryophyta
18138:Anydrophyta
18096:Spirotaenia
18041:Ulvophyceae
17974:Chlorophyta
17924:green algae
17894:Algospongia
17868:Glaucophyta
17820:(red algae)
17423:Eugene Odum
17149:c. 40–90 AD
17126:Influential
17092:Cell theory
16667:Pteridology
16612:Paleobotany
16587:Lichenology
16562:Ethnobotany
16527:Agriculture
16520:disciplines
16210:Pollen tube
16205:Pollinators
16195:Pollination
16190:Germination
16005:Respiration
15988:Chlorophyll
15834:Pedicellate
15768:Gametophyte
15687:Aestivation
15638:Antheridium
15633:Archegonium
15481:Plasmodesma
15458:Plant cells
15321:Paleobotany
15316:Ethnobotany
15301:Astrobotany
15189:Xenobiology
15184:Virophysics
15154:Systematics
15109:Primatology
15054:Ornithology
14994:Ichthyology
14979:Herpetology
14974:Gerontology
14939:Epigenetics
14899:Cryobiology
14789:Agrostology
14779:Aerobiology
14774:Abiogenesis
14721:WikiProject
14631:Xenobiology
14626:Virophysics
14596:Systematics
14551:Primatology
14496:Ornithology
14436:Ichthyology
14421:Herpetology
14416:Gerontology
14381:Epigenetics
14341:Cryobiology
14233:Agrostology
14223:Aerobiology
14218:Abiogenesis
14055:Laboratory
13902:Homeostasis
13805:Plant form
13628:Epigenetics
13550:Cell theory
13450:Amino acids
13429:Common name
13419:Peer review
13394:Mechanistic
11105:(1): 7–25.
10077:(1): 69–92.
9757:: 554–573.
9131:Science Web
8426:Morton 1981
8378:Stace 2010a
7884:Sussex 2008
7836:Darwin 1880
7824:Darwin 1880
7812:Darwin 1880
7533:Hunter 2008
7293:Stace 2010b
6798:Lüttge 2006
6498:Burger 2013
6348:Finney 1995
6288:Morton 1981
6276:Willis 1997
6204:Harris 2000
6192:Morton 1981
6119:Scharf 2009
6023:Dallal 2010
5987:Greene 1909
5921:Sumner 2000
5671:☠ poisonous
5595:angiosperms
5494:Clive Stace
5474:apomorphies
5466:homoplasies
5378:such as an
5355:columbianum
5304:belongs to
5185:Angiosperms
5181:gnetophytes
5163:Gymnosperms
5128:sugar beets
5111:Saintpaulia
5055:consist of
5049:angiosperms
5045:gymnosperms
5041:seed plants
4984:elaioplasts
4980:amyloplasts
4952:plant cells
4883:climacteric
4859:carotenoids
4835:gibberelins
4814:cytokinesis
4727:Phytochrome
4595:Respiration
4532:Angiosperms
4510:Gymnosperms
4502:seed plants
4494:germination
4490:integuments
4419:Embryophyta
4411:Chlorophyta
4313:guard cells
4282:pluripotent
4231:Epigenetics
4226:Epigenetics
4220:Epigenetics
4182:rhizosphere
4166:and a moss
4143:chloroplast
4136:embryophyte
4104:chloroplast
4100:plant cells
4088:generally.
4062:Arabidopsis
3973:bread wheat
3932:cytokinesis
3859:sporophytes
3851:outcrossing
3823:Angiosperms
3704:systematics
3688:land plants
3592:mycorrhizal
3584:carnivorous
3534:communities
3520:, increase
3502:mutualistic
3482:life cycles
3346:as a metal-
3322:and paper,
3314:, wood and
3293:rose madder
3210:opium poppy
3198:painkillers
3171:derivatives
2978:amino acids
2976:, and most
2974:fatty acids
2508:Ethnobotany
2445:food chains
2330:chlorophyte
2326:lichenology
2305:gametophyte
2293:alternating
2249:seed plants
2046:agrostology
2042:Pteridology
2030:lichenology
1954:antibiotics
1946:bioreactors
1839:Frank Yates
1811:evaporation
1744:communities
1690:means blue.
1670:Fick's laws
1668:formulated
1646:cell theory
1574:Cryptogamia
1479:discovered
1462: 1611
1455:John Gerard
1334:Middle Ages
1165:agriculture
1137:plant cells
1133:epigenetics
1121:systematics
1109:development
1011:monasteries
984:land plants
968:mycologists
912:) meaning "
888:phytologist
692:Xenobiology
687:Virophysics
657:Systematics
612:Primatology
557:Ornithology
497:Ichthyology
482:Herpetology
477:Gerontology
442:Epigenetics
402:Cryobiology
294:Agrostology
284:Aerobiology
279:Abiogenesis
145:Cell theory
18854:Magnoliids
18822:Gnetopsida
18592:horsetails
18520:quillworts
18512:clubmosses
18488:Lycophytes
18461:Renaliales
18238:Bryophytes
17816:Rhodophyta
17805:Rhodelphis
16983:1824–1873
16748:De Plantis
16617:Palynology
16567:Floristics
16542:Cladistics
16518:Fields and
16232:Microspore
16222:Sporangium
16200:Artificial
15888:Sporophyte
15883:Sporophyll
15878:Receptacle
15773:Gynandrium
15643:Androecium
15552:Vegetative
15422:Angiosperm
15417:Gymnosperm
15311:Dendrology
15174:Toxicology
15169:Teratology
15114:Proteomics
15099:Physiology
15039:Neontology
15004:Lipidology
14999:Immunology
14969:Geobiology
14929:Embryology
14909:Dendrology
14839:Biophysics
14819:Biogeology
14647:Glossaries
14616:Toxicology
14611:Teratology
14556:Proteomics
14541:Physiology
14481:Neontology
14446:Lipidology
14441:Immunology
14411:Geobiology
14371:Embryology
14351:Dendrology
14283:Biophysics
14263:Biogeology
14057:techniques
14012:Microbiome
13839:Plant stem
13731:Speciation
13676:Adaptation
13605:Prokaryote
13585:Metabolism
13545:Cell cycle
13376:>
13372:>
13368:>
13366:Population
13364:>
13360:>
13356:>
13352:>
13348:>
13344:>
13340:>
13336:>
13312:Regulation
13296:Adaptation
13162:2016-09-28
13124:2016-05-05
12933:2017-03-13
12769:: 91–129.
12289:2013-07-06
12191:2015-06-27
12132:2020-10-06
11746:BioScience
11736:2015-06-27
11680:(5): 596.
11278:2014-07-28
11007:2022-07-30
10915:2021-02-20
10856:2019-03-15
10803:2018-09-10
10784:10871/9251
10703:2016-05-04
10561:ChemInform
10469:2020-10-06
10302:August 24,
10239:2015-06-27
9898:2015-06-27
9850:2020-10-06
9576:2009-06-29
9470:2013-07-14
9442:2020-10-06
9410:2015-06-27
9246:. London.
9184:2012-04-01
9086:2012-04-01
8924:2013-06-15
8672:2018-12-14
8414:Capon 2005
8207:Capon 2005
7124:2016-05-05
6642:Capon 2005
6324:Nobel 1983
6216:Small 2012
6180:Starr 2009
6166:2024-06-05
6131:Capon 2005
6047:Levey 1973
5818:References
5478:cladograms
5457:euphorbias
5165:, such as
5151:strawberry
5145:as in the
5091:producing
5085:sporophyte
5073:liverworts
5069:root hairs
5033:clubmosses
5031:including
5000:cell plate
4970:, larger
4894:jasmonates
4881:and other
4879:pineapples
4871:methionine
4863:abscission
4847:acetyl CoA
4843:diterpenes
4837:, such as
4810:Cytokinins
4776:Frits Went
4689:coleoptile
4642:phosphorus
4570:physiology
4506:seed ferns
4482:megaspores
4464:and early
4450:liverworts
4407:Charophyta
4328:parenchyma
4301:parenchyma
4297:plant cell
4285:cell lines
4278:stem cells
4275:totipotent
4263:eukaryotic
4210:transgenes
4190:Ti plasmid
4188:-inducing
4127:green alga
4054:base pairs
3969:tetraploid
3901:by animals
3827:monoecious
3791:peppermint
3680:Palaeozoic
3668:Palynology
3630:to spread
3608:honey bees
3604:ant plants
3594:fungi and
3572:Herbivores
3498:adaptation
3458:bacterium
3412:mosquitoes
3406:, such as
3384:gun cotton
3380:biobutanol
3372:cellophane
3302:, cotton,
3214:stimulants
3212:. Popular
3149:, such as
3070:Asteraceae
3046:Ordovician
3042:Ordovician
3013:xyloglucan
3003:molecules
2959:Asteraceae
2504:ecosystems
2455:, such as
2316:), fungi (
2309:sporophyte
2285:eukaryotes
2273:liverworts
2269:clubmosses
2263:including
2261:cryptogams
2238:physiology
2234:morphology
2214:organelles
2121:palynology
2073:Dendrology
1993:angiosperm
1950:pesticides
1926:totipotent
1910:proteomics
1888:, such as
1780:ecosystems
1666:Adolf Fick
1601:de Jussieu
1593:morphology
1570:classified
1531:characters
1433:Physician
1385:Ibn Bassal
1312: 371
1155:, rubber,
1078:proteomics
1064:and other
996:bryophytes
677:Toxicology
672:Teratology
617:Proteomics
602:Physiology
542:Neontology
507:Lipidology
502:Immunology
472:Geobiology
432:Embryology
412:Dendrology
344:Biophysics
324:Biogeology
199:Regulation
179:Adaptation
18354:Bryopsida
18307:Bryophyta
18036:UTC clade
17785:Picomonas
17721:Amoebozoa
17699:Alveolata
17687:Cryptista
17662:Eukaryota
17471:Herbalism
17431:1919–1992
17425:1913–2002
17419:1906–2000
17413:1902–1992
17407:1887–1943
17401:1856–1901
17395:1844–1919
17389:1841–1924
17383:1832–1897
17377:1824–1877
17371:1823–1894
17365:1822–1884
17359:1817–1911
17353:1814–1879
17347:1810–1888
17341:1809–1884
17335:1805–1877
17329:1804–1881
17323:1789–1852
17317:1786–1859
17311:1773–1858
17305:1769–1859
17299:1767–1845
17293:1765–1812
17287:1749–1832
17281:1743–1820
17275:1742–1821
17269:1732–1808
17263:1730–1799
17257:1727–1806
17251:1707–1778
17245:1699–1777
17239:1677–1761
17233:1665–1721
17227:1656–1708
17221:1628–1694
17215:1628–1711
17209:1623–1705
17203:1587–1657
17197:1560–1624
17191:1525–1594
17185:1519–1603
17179:1517–1585
17173:1515–1568
17167:1515–1544
17161:1498–1554
17155:1464–1534
16622:Phycology
16429:Botanists
16347:Herbarium
16244:Megaspore
16142:Evolution
16085:Subshrubs
16053:and habit
15978:Nutrition
15973:Cellulose
15968:Bulk flow
15951:Materials
15914:Epidermis
15778:Gynoecium
15759:Endosperm
15754:Dispersal
15670:Staminode
15606:Sessility
15594:Cataphyll
15514:Mesophyll
15466:Cell wall
15407:Lycophyte
15387:Bryophyte
15341:Geobotany
15326:Phycology
15089:Phycology
15074:Pathology
15059:Osteology
15049:Nutrition
15009:Mammalogy
14984:Histology
14531:Phycology
14516:Pathology
14501:Osteology
14491:Nutrition
14451:Mammalogy
14426:Histology
14169:in silico
14045:Research
14022:Resources
13995:Ecosystem
13985:Community
13970:Biosphere
13882:Breathing
13764:Eukaryote
13746:Diversity
13696:Gene flow
13668:Evolution
13575:Eukaryote
13487:Molecules
13378:Biosphere
13374:Ecosystem
13370:Community
13342:Organelle
13237:Evolution
13076:March 10,
12300:(2010b).
12263:(2010a).
12029:ignored (
12019:cite book
11886:: 13–86.
11238:0378-8741
10520:CiteSeerX
9859:Gray, Asa
9289:1040-4651
8105:Lepp 2012
7992:Roux 1984
7557:Reik 2007
7521:Bird 2007
6996:Mann 1987
6714:Butz 2007
6558:Gust 1996
6228:Karp 2009
6059:Hill 1915
5936:Reed 1942
5823:Citations
5667:perennial
5591:phylogeny
5437:Although
5366:phylogeny
5309:Eukaryota
5263:Darwinian
5235:herbarium
5077:hornworts
4960:cellulose
4956:cell wall
4654:magnesium
4646:potassium
4630:mass flow
4618:Diffusion
4498:Famennian
4454:hornworts
4317:epidermis
4269:. During
4256:heritable
4180:, a soil
4004:Mendelian
3977:hexaploid
3883:is rare,
3867:bryophyte
3855:dioecious
3843:germinate
3648:phenology
3616:pollinate
3580:parasitic
3554:geography
3548:factors,
3526:ecosystem
3466:anaerobic
3408:biodiesel
3388:Sugarcane
3360:Cellulose
3356:gunpowder
3352:adsorbent
3340:pyrolysis
3271:and blue
3267:, yellow
3143:medicinal
3131:capsaicin
3068:like the
3064:and some
3062:pineapple
3025:tracheids
3023:of xylem
3005:cellulose
2999:like the
2819:Reduction
2540:cellulose
2337:phycology
2277:hornworts
2226:evolution
2222:phylogeny
2117:carpology
2026:phycology
1989:phylogeny
1956:or other
1527:taxonomic
1415:in 1621.
1316:Aristotle
1282:herbalism
1089:structure
1003:herbalism
892:scientist
866:, is the
864:phytology
717:Biologist
592:Phycology
577:Pathology
562:Osteology
552:Nutrition
512:Mammalogy
487:Histology
160:Phylogeny
155:Evolution
150:Ecosystem
59:Indonesia
18957:Category
18864:Eudicots
18859:Monocots
18577:Ibykales
18311:(mosses)
18216:Plantae
17914:Plantae
17716:Amorphea
17694:Rhizaria
17682:Hacrobia
17672:Excavata
17657:Bacteria
17628:Plantae
17580:Category
17345:Asa Gray
17207:John Ray
17143:23–79 AD
17112:Taxonomy
17080:concepts
16767:77–79 AD
16597:Mycology
16572:Forestry
16552:Cytology
16537:Bryology
16469:Category
16389:Forestry
16379:Agronomy
16372:Practice
16323:Cultivar
16318:Cultigen
16178:timeline
16070:Rosettes
15958:Aleurone
15934:Trichome
15851:Perianth
15663:Filament
15521:Meristem
15444:glossary
15306:Bryology
15203:See also
15179:Virology
15164:Taxonomy
15104:Pomology
15034:Mycology
14964:Genomics
14959:Genetics
14784:Agronomy
14701:Category
14621:Virology
14606:Taxonomy
14546:Pomology
14476:Mycology
14406:Genomics
14401:Genetics
14228:Agronomy
14209:Branches
14162:in vitro
13759:Bacteria
13736:Taxonomy
13716:Mutation
13686:Function
13615:Genetics
13517:Proteins
13362:Organism
13338:Molecule
13322:),
13278:Overview
13253:Timeline
13233:Genetics
13118:Archived
13100:March 4,
13094:Archived
13070:Archived
13032:July 30,
13026:Archived
13012:March 2,
12992:June 25,
12986:Archived
12972:June 26,
12966:Archived
12927:Archived
12903:Archived
12901:. 2012.
12895:"Botany"
12885:March 5,
12879:Archived
12865:July 15,
12855:"Auxins"
12847:11130711
12731:27788891
12637:Archived
12624:18256045
12616:11359607
12533:21747749
12469:18515500
12426:21855733
12418:11753431
12272:Watsonia
12213:11471754
12185:Archived
12126:Archived
12101:12177483
12056:March 1,
11976:32144220
11968:18174426
11939:25763275
11931:19831202
11871:42758718
11821:12239395
11774:11540810
11730:Archived
11712:(1998).
11698:Archived
11658:11794102
11650:17522676
11478:20923348
11344:28072754
11336:12789442
11304:July 26,
11295:Archived
11272:Archived
11129:16771979
11086:11950997
11043:14657098
11001:Archived
10986:19567479
10951:16772262
10909:Archived
10894:14062252
10886:21652308
10850:Archived
10823:July 14,
10817:Archived
10813:"Mosses"
10797:Archived
10793:22530650
10750:22194700
10697:Archived
10667:Archived
10659:15928076
10581:15861454
10552:83672683
10463:Archived
10386:23552893
10349:19666622
10283:18468982
10233:Archived
10205:Archived
10164:(1915).
10127:Archived
9985:20940348
9934:17451550
9892:Archived
9869:Archived
9844:Archived
9804:March 1,
9779:26871863
9702:12177442
9649:83251018
9620:22366161
9570:Archived
9566:10810140
9461:Archived
9436:Archived
9404:Archived
9372:17194589
9336:84634277
9307:15178748
9248:Archived
9223:17637675
9175:Archived
9077:Archived
9073:15306349
8996:(2006).
8918:Archived
8828:17522671
8774:June 27,
8768:Archived
8734:16754868
8716:30051907
8663:Archived
8651:11268207
8604:19273476
8561:22385652
6921:Fry 1989
5686:See also
5661:biennial
5656:☉ annual
5638:♀ female
5439:Pereskia
5386:Pereskia
5371:Pereskia
5335:(plural
5300:Kingdom
5167:conifers
5155:layering
5126:, as in
5002:late in
4976:plastids
4972:vacuoles
4918:are the
4875:ethephon
4867:Ethylene
4849:via the
4823:Zea mays
4638:nitrogen
4528:Gnetales
4514:conifers
4470:lycopods
4466:Devonian
4462:Silurian
4247:silencer
4198:Nif gene
4164:soybeans
4147:red alga
4102:and the
4094:such as
4086:monocots
3983:hybrid.
3981:triploid
3917:apomixis
3863:dioicous
3819:specific
3799:piperita
3726:Genetics
3708:taxonomy
3702:, plant
3684:stomatal
3596:rhizobia
3588:mutually
3582:or even
3556:make up
3488:, their
3478:habitats
3424:coumarin
3400:biofuels
3392:rapeseed
3366:include
3348:smelting
3336:Charcoal
3265:red wine
3222:nicotine
3218:caffeine
3206:morphine
3167:nicotine
3163:morphine
3159:caffeine
3155:cannabis
3113:alkaloid
3076:and the
3060:and the
3054:monocots
3050:Silurian
2997:polymers
2955:fructose
2650:spectrum
2383:reducing
2379:changing
2345:protists
2341:virology
2318:mycology
2218:taxonomy
2128:agronomy
2113:xylology
2054:batology
2038:Bryology
2022:mycology
1969:trichome
1930:in vitro
1906:genomics
1819:stomatal
1605:Candolle
1599:(1763),
1474:Polymath
1365:include
1177:breeding
1169:forestry
1113:diseases
1074:genomics
1066:proteins
880:botanist
808:Category
774:Pharming
711:Research
682:Virology
667:Taxonomy
607:Pomology
537:Mycology
467:Genomics
462:Genetics
289:Agronomy
271:Branches
258:Protists
237:Bacteria
222:Kingdoms
127:timeline
116:Glossary
18927:extinct
17776:Picozoa
17731:Animals
17652:Archaea
17439:Related
17128:figures
16935:1763–64
16927:1758–59
16147:Ecology
15904:Cuticle
15734:Capsule
15724:Anatomy
15675:Tapetum
15599:Petiole
15574:Rhizome
15569:Rhizoid
15496:Tissues
15486:Vacuole
15476:Plastid
15278:Outline
15273:History
15194:Zoology
14924:Ecology
14794:Anatomy
14711:Commons
14654:Biology
14636:Zoology
14366:Ecology
14238:Anatomy
14155:in vivo
14047:methods
14000:Habitat
13975:Climate
13960:Biomass
13942:Ecology
13789:Protist
13754:Archaea
13648:Genomes
13595:Mitosis
13590:Meiosis
13512:Polymer
13492:Monomer
13480:Quantum
13314:,
13310:,
13306:,
13302:,
13298:,
13285:Science
13270:Biology
13248:History
13243:Outline
13221:Biology
12825:Bibcode
12703:Bibcode
12562:1930070
12542:Ecology
12524:3131562
12460:2438469
12359:Bananas
11948:Science
11766:1309422
11694:2445418
11630:Bibcode
11558:2691108
11538:Bibcode
11373:2446172
11246:1453710
11121:3694480
10741:3240601
10712:(ed.).
10650:1142120
10627:Bibcode
10507:3866183
10487:Bibcode
10394:4371468
10366:Bibcode
10340:2722355
10274:2606771
10201:2990033
10133:July 2,
10020:2433023
9976:3075750
9942:2808844
9912:Traffic
9727:Bibcode
9670:Bibcode
9611:3315222
9548:3870991
9254:July 5,
9231:4383741
9203:Bibcode
9121:2802946
9064:1691724
8976:Biology
8903:June 3,
8853:Bibcode
8836:4357965
8806:Bibcode
8725:1482576
8694:Bibcode
8659:4386118
8631:Bibcode
8595:2707909
8553:8641556
8531:FASEB J
8497:June 8,
8459:Sources
5609:Symbols
5553:animals
5394:areoles
5341:Species
5313:Kingdom
5302:Plantae
5251:species
5193:azaleas
5147:stolons
5097:Stolons
5019:eudicot
4892:is the
4885:crops.
4831:adenine
4762:gravity
4704:there.
4687:An oat
4666:Sucrose
4650:calcium
4622:osmosis
4606:enzymes
4315:of the
4287:of the
4206:legumes
4156:Spinach
4082:grasses
4078:cereals
4048:). The
3957:species
3847:gametes
3803:sterile
3787:hybrids
3626:act as
3550:climate
3542:abiotic
3514:edaphic
3494:fitness
3446:nodules
3344:history
3320:papyrus
3298:Sugar,
3289:gamboge
3281:indoxyl
3175:aspirin
3141:. Many
3120:hemlock
3116:coniine
3029:vessels
2963:sucrose
2946:glucose
2938:rubisco
2710:RuBisCo
2469:bananas
2328:), non-
2301:haploid
2297:diploid
2230:anatomy
2202:erosion
2080:biology
1709:gametes
1597:Adanson
1563:species
1541:of the
1294:Avestan
1218:, from
1195:History
1141:tissues
1062:enzymes
980:species
951:βόσκειν
940:boskein
924:", or "
914:pasture
876:biology
868:science
697:Zoology
427:Ecology
299:Anatomy
246:Animals
242:Eukarya
232:Archaea
224:of life
218:Domains
123:History
111:Outline
82:Biology
18963:Botany
18922:groups
18810:Ginkgo
18518:&
18376:
17972:
17709:Plants
17646:Domain
17451:Herbal
16451:Plants
16354:(IAPT)
16107:Lianas
16075:Shrubs
16027:Starch
15919:Nectar
15839:Raceme
15805:Stigma
15793:Locule
15783:Carpel
15744:Pyrena
15682:Flower
15658:Anther
15653:Stamen
15648:Pollen
15370:groups
15262:Botany
14859:Botany
14302:Botany
14109:vector
13965:Biomes
13834:Phloem
13819:Flower
13779:Fungus
13774:Animal
13570:Enzyme
13475:Matter
13470:Lipids
13409:Theory
13350:Tissue
13304:Growth
13184:Botany
13145:
12845:
12817:Nature
12800:
12785:769423
12783:
12746:
12729:
12723:408502
12721:
12622:
12614:
12577:
12560:
12531:
12521:
12484:
12467:
12457:
12424:
12416:
12384:
12365:
12346:
12327:
12308:
12228:
12211:
12177:
12118:
12099:
12092:166758
12089:
12011:336023
12009:
11999:
11974:
11966:
11937:
11929:
11898:
11869:
11819:
11812:161126
11809:
11772:
11764:
11722:
11692:
11656:
11648:
11622:Nature
11596:
11573:
11556:
11517:
11498:
11476:
11439:
11420:
11392:
11371:
11342:
11334:
11264:
11244:
11236:
11203:
11184:
11165:
11146:
11127:
11119:
11084:
11077:154276
11074:
11041:
10984:
10949:
10892:
10884:
10842:
10791:
10748:
10738:
10689:
10657:
10647:
10602:
10579:
10550:
10540:
10522:
10505:
10479:Nature
10455:
10434:
10411:
10392:
10384:
10358:Nature
10347:
10337:
10281:
10271:
10225:
10199:
10150:
10094:
10058:
10018:
9983:
9973:
9940:
9932:
9836:
9777:
9771:770162
9769:
9700:
9693:123283
9690:
9647:
9618:
9608:
9564:
9557:139917
9554:
9546:
9508:
9428:
9396:
9370:
9334:
9305:
9298:490031
9295:
9287:
9229:
9221:
9195:Nature
9137:
9118:
9071:
9061:
9023:
9004:
8982:
8963:
8944:
8880:
8834:
8826:
8798:Nature
8749:
8732:
8722:
8714:
8657:
8649:
8623:Nature
8602:
8592:
8559:
8551:
8514:
8474:
5641:♂ male
5516:plants
5376:cactus
5351:Lilium
5337:genera
5329:Family
5317:Phylum
5306:Domain
5247:genera
5205:phloem
5179:, and
5176:Ginkgo
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