Media bias - Knowledge

1363:, there are six factors that contribute to media bias against minority religions: first, the knowledge and familiarity of journalists with the subject matter; second, the degree of cultural accommodation of the targeted religious group; third, limited economic resources available to journalists; fourth, time constraints; fifth, sources of information used by journalists; and finally, the front-end/back-end disproportionality of reporting. According to Yale Law professor Stephen Carter, "it has long been the American habit to be more suspicious of – and more repressive toward – religions that stand outside the mainline Protestant-Roman Catholic-Jewish troika that dominates America's spiritual life." As for front-end/back-end disproportionality, Wright says: "news stories on unpopular or marginal religions frequently are predicated on unsubstantiated allegations or government actions based on faulty or weak evidence occurring at the front-end of an event. As the charges weighed in against material evidence, these cases often disintegrate. Yet rarely is there equal space and attention in the mass media given to the resolution or outcome of the incident. If the accused are innocent, often the public is not made aware." 1463:", an adversarial format in which representatives of opposing views comment on an issue. This approach theoretically allows diverse views to appear in the media. However, the person organizing the report still has the responsibility to choose reporters or journalists that represent a diverse or balanced set of opinions, to ask them non-prejudicial questions, and to edit or arbitrate their comments fairly. When done carelessly, a point/counterpoint can be as unfair as a simple biased report, by suggesting that the "losing" side lost on its merits. Besides these challenges, exposing news consumers to differing viewpoints seems to be beneficial for a balanced understanding and more critical assessment of current events and latent topics. Using this format can also lead to accusations that the reporter has created a misleading appearance that viewpoints have equal validity (sometimes called " 1290:

whereas liberal accounts are exposed to moderate content, shifting those users' experiences toward the political center. The study determined: "Both in terms of information to which they are exposed and content they produce, drifters initialized with Right-leaning sources stay on the conservative side of the political spectrum. Those initialized with Left-leaning sources, on the other hand, tend to drift toward the political center: they are exposed to more conservative content and even start spreading it." These findings held true for both hashtags and links. The study also found that conservative accounts are exposed to substantially more low-credibility content than other accounts.

69: 1342:. Scholar Sarah Hughes, in a study published in 2016, argued that the panic "both reflected and shaped a cultural climate dominated by the overlapping worldviews of politically active conservatives" whose ideology "was incorporated into the panic and reinforced through" tabloid media, sensationalist television and magazine reporting, and local news. Although the panic dissipated in the 1990s after it was discredited by journalists and the courts, Hughes argues that the panic has had an enduring influence in American culture and politics even decades later. 25: 1410:

trusted that news organizations would deal fairly with all sides when dealing with political and social issues dropped from 34% in 1985 to 16% in 2011. By 2011 almost two-thirds of respondents considered news organizations to be “politically biased in their reporting”, up from 45% in 1985. Similar decreases in trust have been reported by Gallup, with an all-time low around the 2016 American presidential election. In 2022, half of Americans responded that they believed that news organizations would deliberately attempt to mislead them.

7132: 7144: 619: 4346:, "This leads us to the two most likely sources of the public's increasing antipathy toward the media: tabloid coverage and elite opinion leadership.", p. 126, "... Democratic elite criticism and Republican elite criticism (of the media) can reduce media confidence across a broad spectrum of the public.", p. 127, "... the evidence also indicates that little of the decline (in media trust) can be explained by direct reaction to news bias." p. 125, Princeton University Press, 2012, 4152:...much popular media criticism has posited that journalists' personal attitudes produce a liberal tilt in their coverage. Most scholarly studies have failed to support this conclusion, however, and the increasing public perception of liberal media bias has been linked to audience biases and strategic efforts by conservative elites. However, recent studies have rekindled this debate, while attributing biased coverage to economic incentives rather than journalists' mindsets. 1264:(2018), argues that on social media networks, the most emotionally charged and polarizing topics usually predominate, and that "If you wanted to build a machine that would distribute propaganda to millions of people, distract them from important issues, energize hatred and bigotry, erode social trust, undermine journalism, foster doubts about science, and engage in massive surveillance all at once, you would make something a lot like Facebook." 895:

framing bias, epistemological bias, bias by semantic properties, and connotation bias), text-level context bias (featuring statement bias, phrasing bias, and spin bias), reporting-level context bias (highlighting selection bias, coverage bias, and proximity bias), cognitive biases (such as selective exposure and partisan bias), and related concepts like

1213:. Social media has a place in disseminating news in modern society, where viewers are exposed to other people's comments while reading news articles. In their 2020 study, Gearhart and her team showed that viewers' perceptions of bias increased and perceptions of credibility decreased after seeing comments with which they held different opinions. 1414:

unrelated to whether that medium is actually biased or not. The only other factor with as strong an influence on belief that media is biased, he found, was extensive coverage of celebrities. A majority of people see such media as biased, while at the same time preferring media with extensive coverage of celebrities.

1275:

found that Republicans' frequent argument that social media companies like Facebook and Twitter have an "anti-conservative" bias is false and lacks any reliable evidence supporting it; the report found that right-wing voices are in fact dominant on social media and that the claim that these platforms

1179:

Dong, Ren, and Nickerson investigated Chinese stock-related news and weibos in 20132014 from Sina Weibo and Sina Finance (4.27 million pieces of news and 43.17 million weibos) and found that news that aligns with Weibo users' beliefs are more likely to attract readers. Also, the information in biased

1175:

In demand-driven bias, preferences and attitudes of readers can be monitored on social media, and mass media write news that caters to readers based on them. Mass media skew news driven by viewership and profits, leading to the media bias. And readers are also easily attracted to lurid news, although

764:

In the 2017 Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, S. Robert Lichter described how in academic circles, media bias is more of a hypothesis to explain various patterns in news coverage than any fully-elaborated theory, and that a variety of potentially overlapping types of bias have been proposed

2637:

Neely, for one, believes Lincoln probably understood what had happened: The state's Republicans had used their newfound war powers not just to shut down newspapers and arrest those they considered disloyal but to intimidate and disenfranchise the Democrats, many of whom supported slavery and some of

1289:

examined political bias on social media by assessing the degree to which Twitter users were exposed to content on the left and right – specifically, exposure on the home timeline (the "news feed"). The study found that conservative Twitter accounts are exposed to content on the right,

1252:

Yu-Ru and Wen-Ting's research looks into how liberals and conservatives conduct themselves on Twitter after three mass shooting events. Although they would both show negative emotions towards the incidents they differed in the narratives they were pushing. Both sides would often contrast in what the

756:). Other focuses beyond political bias include international differences in reporting, as well as bias in reporting of particular issues such as economic class or environmental interests. Academic findings around bias can also differ significantly from public discourse and understanding of the term. 1205:

suggest that the political economy of social media platforms has led to a commodification of information on social media. Messages are prioritized and rewarded based on their virality and shareability rather than their truth, promoting radical, shocking click-bait content. Social media influences

1191:

Demand-driven models evaluate to what extent media bias stems from companies providing consumers what they want. Stromberg posits that because wealthier viewers result in more advertising revenue, the media as a result ends up targeted to whiter and more conservative consumers while wealthier urban

1413:

Jonathan M. Ladd (2012), who has conducted intensive studies of media trust and media bias, concluded that the primary cause of belief in media bias is telling people that particular media are biased. People who are told that a medium is biased tend to believe that it is biased, and this belief is

1200:

Perceptions of media bias may also be related to the rise of social media. The rise of social media has undermined the economic model of traditional media. The number of people who rely upon social media has increased and the number who rely on print news has decreased. Studies of social media and

1183:

In Raymond and Taylor's test of weather forecast bias, they investigated weather reports of the New York Times during the games of the baseball team the Giants from 1890 to 1899. Their findings suggest that the New York Times produce biased weather forecast results depending on the region in which

4207:

Much of the literature criticizes such biases for favoring the existing power structure, hindering civic participation or democratic outcomes, and failing to provide audiences with the information they need to make rational decisions about public affairs. Television has been the leading target of

1304:

Media bias is also reflected in search systems in social media. Kulshrestha and her team found through research in 2018 that the top-ranked results returned by these search engines can influence users' perceptions when they conduct searches for events or people, which is particularly reflected in

1355:

has often been misinterpreted in the media as another word for atheism, stating that: "Secularism must be the most misunderstood and mangled ism in the American political lexicon. Commentators on the right and the left routinely equate it with Stalinism, Nazism and Socialism, among other dreaded

894:

An ongoing and unpublished research project named "The Media Bias Taxonomy" is attempting to assess the various definitions and meanings of media bias. While still ongoing, it attempts to summarize the domain as the distinct subcategories linguistic bias (encompassing linguistic intergroup bias,

1409:

Perceptions of media bias and trust in the media have changed significantly from 1985-2011 in the US. Pew studies reported that the percentage of Americans who trusted that news media “get their facts straight” dropped from 55% in 1985, to 25% in 2011. Similarly, the percentage of Americans who

1451:(on which country an article reports). As a result, each cell contains articles that have been published in one country and that report on another country. Particularly in international news topics, such an approach helps to reveal differences in media coverage between the involved countries. 1431:

Polis (or Pol.is) is a social media website that allows people to share their opinions and ideas while elevating ideas that have more consensus. By September 2020, it had helped to form the core of dozens of pieces of legislation passed in Taiwan. Proponents had sought out a way to inform the

1081:

While most accusations of bias tend to revolve around ideological disagreements, other forms of bias are cast as structural in nature. There is little agreement on how they operate or originate but some involve economics, government policies, norms, and the individual creating the news. Some

1388:

Experiments have shown that media bias affects behavior and more specifically influences the readership's political ideology. A study found higher politicization rates with increased exposure to the Fox News channel, while a 2009 study found a weakly-linked decrease in support for the Bush

949:

by national governments. Although a process of media deregulation has placed the majority of the western broadcast media in private hands, there still exists a strong government presence, or even monopoly, in the broadcast media of many countries across the globe. At the same time, the

1123:

David Baron suggests a game-theoretic model of mass media behaviour in which, given that the pool of journalists systematically leans towards the left or the right, mass media outlets maximise their profits by providing content that is biased in the same direction as their employees.

1486:

counterpart, are governed by the 1991 Broadcasting Act, which states programming should be "varied and comprehensive, providing balance of information...provide a reasonable opportunity for the public to be exposed to the expression of differing views on matters of public concern."

1187:

Sendhil Mullainathan and Andrei Shleifer of Harvard University constructed a behavioural model in 2005, which is built around the assumption that readers and viewers hold beliefs that they would like to see confirmed by news providers, which they argue the market then provides.

1089:

literature on mass media bias, both on the theoretical and the empirical side. On the theoretical side the focus is on understanding to what extent the political positioning of mass media outlets is mainly driven by demand or supply factors. This literature was surveyed by

1300:

using a long-running massive-scale randomized experiment, found that the political right enjoys higher algorithmic amplification than the political left in six out of seven countries studied. In the US, algorithmic amplification favored right-leaning news sources.

1240:

poll in 2019 showed that 28% of US adults "often" find their news through social media, and 55% of US adults get their news from social media either "often" or "sometimes". Additionally, more people are reported as going to social media for their news as the

1220:

reported that 64% of Americans believed that social media had a toxic effect on U.S. society and culture in July 2020. Only 10% of Americans believed that it had a positive effect on society. Some of the main concerns with social media lie with the spread of

2612:

The Virginia report of 1799 to 1800, touching the Alien and sedition laws; together with the Virginia resolutions of, the debate and proceedings thereon in the House of delegates of Virginia, and several other documents illustrative of the report and

1371:

Academic studies tend not to confirm a popular media narrative of liberal journalists producing a left-leaning media bias in the U.S., though some studies suggest economic incentives may have that effect. Instead, the studies reviewed by

1082:

examples, according to Cline (2009) include commercial bias, temporal bias, visual bias, bad news bias, narrative bias, status quo bias, fairness bias, expediency bias, class bias and glory bias (or the tendency to glorify the reporter).

899:

effects, hate speech, sentiment analysis, and group biases (encompassing gender bias, racial bias, and religion bias). The authors emphasize the complex nature of detecting and mitigating bias across different media content and contexts.

1356:

isms. In the United States, of late, another false equation has emerged. That would be the groundless association of secularism with atheism. The religious right has profitably promulgated this misconception at least since the 1970s."

1184:

the Giants play. When they played at home in Manhattan, reports of sunny days predicting increased. From this study, Raymond and Taylor found that bias pattern in New York Times weather forecasts was consistent with demand-driven bias.

844:(or bad news bias), a tendency to show negative events and portray politics as less of a debate on policy and more of a zero-sum struggle for power. Excessive criticism or negativity can lead to cynicism and disengagement from politics. 2516:

Spinde, Timo; Hinterreiter, Smilla; Haak, Fabian; Ruas, Terry; Giese, Helge; Meuschke, Norman; Gipp, Bela (January 1, 2023). "The Media Bias Taxonomy: A Systematic Literature Review on the Forms and Automated Detection of Media Bias".

1313:

Tanya Pamplone warns that since much of international journalism takes place in English, there can be instances where stories and journalists from countries where English is not taught have difficulty entering the global conversation.

1439:

to analyze the bias of text. For example, person-oriented framing analysis attempts to identify frames, i.e., "perspectives", in news coverage on a topic by determining how each person mentioned in the topic's coverage is portrayed.

1384:

Critics of media bias tend to point out how a particular bias benefits existing power structures, undermines democratic outcomes and fails to inform people with the information they need to make decisions around public policy.

717:. Politics and media bias may interact with each other; the media has the ability to influence politicians, and politicians may have the power to influence the media. This can change the distribution of power in society. 1422:

NPR's ombudsman wrote a 2011 article about how to note the political leanings of think tanks or other groups that the average listener might not know much about before citing a study or statistic from an organization.

1317:

Language may also introduce a more subtle form of bias. The selection of metaphors and analogies, or the inclusion of personal information in one situation but not another can introduce bias, such as a gender bias.

1073:, which is funded by businesses, accuses the media of being biased in favor of science and against business interests, and of credulously reporting science that shows that greenhouse gasses cause global warming. 969:, which prohibited newspapers from publishing "false, scandalous, or malicious writing" against the government, including any public opposition to any law or presidential act. This act was in effect until 1801. 3265:

Gundersen, Torbjørn; Alinejad, Donya; Branch, T.Y.; Duffy, Bobby; Hewlett, Kirstie; Holst, Cathrine; Owens, Susan; Panizza, Folco; Tellmann, Silje Maria; van Dijck, José; Baghramian, Maria (October 17, 2022).

1295: 1119:

An example of supply-driven bias is Zinman and Zitzewitz's study of snowfall reporting. Ski attractions tend to be biased in snowfall reporting, and they have higher snowfall than official forecasts report.

1171:

Demand-side incentives are often not related to distortion. Competition can still affect the welfare and treatment of consumers, but it is not very effective in changing bias compared to the supply side.

5838: 864:

Speculative content, when stories focus not on what has occurred, but primarily on what might occur, using words like "could", "might", or "what if", without labeling the article as analysis or opinion.

1432:

government with the opinions of citizens between elections while also providing an online outlet for citizens that was less divisive and more informative than social media and other large websites.

808:

Episodic framing of television, for example, can lead people to ascribe blame to individuals instead of society, in contrast to thematic framing that leads people to look more at societal causes.

3693: 3468: 1236:

allow users to be steeped within their own ideology. Because social media is tailored to your interests and your selected friends, it is an easy outlet for political echo chambers. Another

1853:

In academic circles, media bias is referenced more often as a hypothesis to explain patterns of news coverage than as a component of any fully elaborated theory of political communication.

3731: 3053: 853:, bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary, giving the impression that rare events, such as airplane crashes, are more common than common events, such as automobile crashes. " 1206:

people in part because of psychological tendencies to accept incoming information, to take feelings as evidence of truth, and to not check assertions against facts and memories.

3710: 802:

Demographic bias, where factors such as gender, race, and social and economic status influence reporting and can be a factor in different coverage of various demographic groups.

6982: 919: 818:

occur when an issue is presented as having equally-compelling reasons on both sides, despite disproportionate amounts of evidence favoring one (also known as undue weight).

6992: 6987: 2481:

van Dalen, A. (June 10, 2011). "Structural Bias in Cross-National Perspective: How Political Systems and Journalism Cultures Influence Government Dominance in the News".

1150:

Demand from media consumer for a particular type of bias is known as demand-driven bias. Consumers tend to favor a biased media based on their preferences, an example of

4627: 796:

Decision-making bias, means that the motivation, frame of mind, or beliefs of the journalists will have an impact on their writing. It is generally pejorative.

3549: 835:). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. 1977:

Eberl, J.-M.; Boomgaarden, H. G.; Wagner, M. (November 19, 2015). "One Bias Fits All? Three Types of Media Bias and Their Effects on Party Preferences".

1253:

root cause was along with who is deemed the victims, heroes, and villain/s. There was also a decrease in any conversation that was considered proactive.

1112:

Competition leads to decreased bias and hinders the impact of persuasive incentives. And it tends to make the results more responsive to consumer demand.

1138:) cite supply-driven bias including around the use of official sources, funding from advertising, efforts to discredit independent media ("flak"), and " 991:

Antisemitic politicians who favored the United States entering World War II on the Nazi side asserted that the international media were controlled by

682:, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. 6476: 3915:

Kulshrestha, Juhi; Eslami, Motahhare; Messias, Johnnatan; Zafar, Muhammad Bilal; Ghosh, Saptarshi; Gummadi, Krishna P.; Karahalios, Karrie (2019).

2628: 689:

include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent

5833: 5287: 867:

Statement bias (also known as tonality bias or presentation bias), when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues.

4318: 5673: 3714: 3086: 2246:

Hofstetter, C. Richard; Buss, Terry F. (September 1, 1978). "Bias in television news coverage of political events: A methodological analysis".

1272: 1109:

Supply-side incentives are able to control and affect consumers. Strong persuasive incentives can even be more powerful than profit motivation.

7025: 1334:

and episode of national hysteria that emerged in the U.S. in the 1980s (and thereafter to Canada, Britain, and Australia), was reinforced by

1225:

and the spread of hate and extremism. Social scientist experts explain the growth of misinformation and hate as a result of the increase in

5262: 4396: 654: 6972: 2979: 1471:

exists around one of the viewpoints, or when one of the representatives habitually makes claims that are easily shown to be inaccurate.

2363: 2446:

Haselmayer, Martin; Meyer, Thomas M.; Wagner, Markus (2019). "Fighting for attention: Media coverage of negative campaign messages".

787:

Content bias, differential treatment of the parties in political conflicts, where biased news presents only one side of the conflict.

784:

bias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain.

2127:

van der Pas, Daphne J. (November 10, 2022). "Do European media ignore female politicians? A comparative analysis of MP visibility".

6950: 5871: 5292: 3963: 3958: 1513: 954:

in private hands, and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals, has also led to accusations of media bias.

934:. This coincided with the rise of journalism as a powerful social force. Even today, though, the most conscientiously objective 4467:. The 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. Virtual Event, Ireland. pp. 3007–3014. 4049: 5491: 3104: 2319:

Brandenburg, Heinz (July 1, 2006). "Party Strategy and Media Bias: A Quantitative Analysis of the 2005 UK Election Campaign".

831:(also known as selectivity or selection bias), when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see 7067: 6469: 5821: 5658: 5508: 4525: 4351: 4233: 3985:

Burke, Cindy; Mazzarella, Sharon R (2008). "A Slightly New Shade of Lipstick": Gendered Mediation in Internet News Stories".

3576: 2947: 2858: 2779: 2734: 2709: 2684: 2593: 2568: 2381: 2230: 1912: 1662: 957:

There are many examples of accusations of bias being used as a political tool, sometimes resulting in government censorship.

1712: 1115:

Competition can improve consumer treatment, but it may affect the total surplus due to the ideological payoff of the owners.

1024:

media were accused of bias in favor of mixing of the races, and many television programs with racially mixed casts, such as

5397: 4365: 1245:

has restricted politicians to online campaigns and social media live streams. GCF Global encourages online users to avoid

909: 678:

show bias in how they report and cover news. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening of

7042: 6372: 5425: 4299: 3987: 4251:"Does the Media Matter? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effect of Newspapers on Voting Behavior and Political Opinions" 5561: 4619: 981: 825:, implying that an event is a new event, and thus deriving notability, without addressing past events of the same kind. 4074:

Wright, Stuart A. (December 1997). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths?".

1652: 7047: 6746: 6402: 5683: 5449: 4192: 4137: 3420:"Hostile media bias on social media: Testing the effect of user comments on perceptions of news bias and credibility" 3204: 2899: 2823: 2659: 1838: 1475: 838:

Mainstream bias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone.

7189: 7174: 6741: 6558: 6462: 6367: 4689: 3676: 1584:

Sucháček, Jan; Sed’a, Petr; Friedrich, Václav; Wachowiak-Smolíková, Renata; Wachowiak, Mark P. (November 8, 2016).

1070: 951: 722: 647: 2173: 7169: 5364: 5282: 5092: 3602: 3247: 1518: 679: 93: 890:

Ventriloquism, when experts or witnesses are quoted in a way that intentionally voices the author's own opinion.

4319:"Trust in media is so low that half of Americans now believe that news organizations deliberately mislead them" 4250: 3469:"64% of Americans say social media have a mostly negative effect on the way things are going in the U.S. today" 3267: 2750: 1249:

by interacting with different people and perspectives along with avoiding the temptation of confirmation bias.

1167:

Reputation, consumers will make choices based on their prior beliefs and the reputation of the media companies.

1032: 5211: 6028: 5097: 4751: 930:

In the 19th century, journalists began to recognize the concept of unbiased reporting as an integral part of

7077: 6977: 6783: 6622: 5828: 4746: 1508: 1503: 1164:

Psychological utility, "consumers get direct utility from news whose bias matches their own prior beliefs."

858: 264: 143: 3694:

Book Review: Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy by Siva Vaidhyanathan

2772:

Global Warming and Other Eco-myths: How the Environmental Movement Uses False Science to Scare Us to Death

1016:, newspapers supporting liberal social reform were accused by conservative newspapers of communist bias. 6928: 6583: 6563: 6443: 5864: 5481: 4869: 3838:

Huszár, Ferenc; Ktena, Sofia Ira; O’Brien, Conor; Belli, Luca; Schlaikjer, Andrew; Hardt, Moritz (2022).

2927: 996: 828: 640: 2608: 2149: 7179: 7122: 6923: 5205: 4731: 4542: 4492: 3916: 2060: 887:

suggests how people overestimate the risk from dangers that are disproportionately discussed in media.

7184: 7037: 6114: 5760: 5695: 5556: 5335: 5059: 4859: 4837: 4578: 1865:

Eberl, Jakob-Moritz; Wagner, Markus; Boomgaarden, Hajo G. (2018). "Party Advertising in Newspapers".

1102:

When an organization prefers consumers to take particular actions, this would be supply-driven bias.

896: 706: 3732:

Are Social Media Companies Biased Against Conservatives? There's No Solid Evidence, Report Concludes

3073: 2017:

D'Alessio, D; Allen, M (December 1, 2000). "Media bias in presidential elections: a meta-analysis".

721:

forces may also cause bias. Examples include bias introduced by the ownership of media, including a

7109: 7087: 6967: 6890: 5566: 5390: 5359: 5272: 5154: 4919: 4899: 4795: 2545: 1460: 686: 360: 300: 179: 174: 108: 4649: 7062: 6510: 6324: 6273: 6134: 6129: 4543:"Automated identification of media bias in news articles: An interdisciplinary literature review" 4176: 4121: 2807: 2288:"Media Bias by the Numbers: Challenges and Opportunities in the Empirical Study of Partisan News" 1822: 966: 355: 97: 4430: 1693: 870:

Structural bias, when an actor or issue receives more or less favorable coverage as a result of

68: 7052: 6915: 6843: 6808: 6520: 5985: 5857: 5755: 5731: 5653: 5345: 5029: 5009: 4790: 4768: 4168: 4113: 3068: 2799: 1814: 1544: 1026: 330: 255: 133: 3526: 3494: 941:

Like newspapers, the broadcast media (radio and television) have been used as a mechanism for

7136: 7015: 6895: 6778: 6768: 6751: 6707: 6605: 6525: 6485: 6334: 5816: 5551: 5503: 5486: 5124: 5039: 5014: 4959: 4221: 4164: 4109: 3014: 3010: 2795: 2114:

Proceedings of the Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018)

1810: 1538: 1443:

Another approach, matrix-based news aggregation, spans a matrix over two dimensions, such as

1285: 1277: 1222: 1202: 1135: 1013: 714: 486: 471: 380: 365: 224: 214: 4184: 4129: 3054:"The Herman-Chomsky Propaganda Model: A Critical Approach to Analysing Mass Media Behaviour" 2815: 2373: 1934: 1830: 7032: 6935: 6838: 6773: 6682: 6677: 6573: 6515: 6500: 6283: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5736: 5721: 5593: 5466: 5437: 5077: 4929: 4805: 4682: 4026:

Hughes, Sarah (2017). "American Monsters: Tabloid Media and the Satanic Panic, 1970–2000."

3861: 3778: 1597: 1555: 1497: 1391: 1246: 1233: 1226: 1210: 924: 461: 370: 350: 345: 310: 280: 199: 3283: 2304: 2287: 8: 7199: 7194: 7164: 6945: 6875: 6418: 6104: 6018: 5726: 5444: 5383: 5232: 5149: 5049: 4984: 4924: 4914: 4909: 4773: 3718: 2532: 1397: 1347: 1268: 1237: 1217: 931: 790:

Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media.

710: 702: 628: 523: 430: 320: 270: 260: 234: 164: 118: 6230: 3917:"Search bias quantifcation: investigating political bias in social media and web search" 3865: 3782: 3379: 3362: 1601: 1192:

markets may be more liberal and produce an opposite effect in newspapers in particular.

793:

Coverage bias when media choose to report only negative news about one party or ideology

38:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7020: 6758: 6736: 6731: 6649: 6644: 6600: 6397: 6339: 6263: 6175: 6165: 6088: 6002: 5980: 5894: 5770: 5748: 5498: 5129: 5114: 4874: 4864: 4847: 4601: 4503: 4465:

A multidimensional dataset based on crowdsourcing for analyzing and detecting news bias

4281: 4273: 4091: 4004: 3939: 3892: 3851: 3839: 3820: 3807: 3768: 3756: 3658: 3530: 3522: 3449: 3400: 3305: 3185: 3162: 3143: 2998: 2953: 2939: 2905: 2518: 2498: 2463: 2423: 2398: 2344: 2196: 2154: 2088: 2030: 1994: 1954: 1882: 1789: 1740: 1628: 1585: 1533: 1257: 1005: 973: 854: 832: 718: 410: 385: 325: 290: 204: 189: 184: 103: 4491:

Hamborg, Felix; Heinser, Kim; Zhukova, Anastasia; Donnay, Karsten; Gipp, Bela (2021).

3711:

False Accusation: The Unfounded Claim that Social Media Companies Censor Conservatives

3123: 2362:

Lichter, S. Robert (September 2, 2014). Kenski, Kate; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (eds.).

995:, and that reports of German mistreatment of Jews were biased and without foundation. 945:

from their earliest days, a tendency made more pronounced by the initial ownership of

7148: 6940: 6900: 6853: 6672: 6654: 6542: 6377: 6195: 6170: 6083: 5990: 5970: 5934: 5914: 5899: 5688: 5623: 5608: 5571: 5476: 5461: 5242: 5179: 5164: 5087: 5069: 5004: 4800: 4716: 4521: 4438: 4404: 4347: 4229: 4198: 4188: 4143: 4133: 4008: 3897: 3879: 3824: 3812: 3794: 3662: 3650: 3534: 3514: 3453: 3441: 3404: 3392: 3384: 3343: 3309: 3297: 3213: 3189: 3082: 3006: 3002: 2943: 2895: 2864: 2854: 2829: 2819: 2775: 2730: 2705: 2680: 2655: 2609:

Virginia. General Assembly. House Of Delegates; James Madison; J. W Randolph (1850),

2589: 2564: 2502: 2467: 2428: 2377: 2348: 2336: 2263: 2226: 2200: 2158: 2092: 2080: 2034: 1950: 1908: 1886: 1844: 1834: 1781: 1777: 1744: 1732: 1658: 1633: 1615: 1560: 1524: 1373: 1242: 1151: 946: 815: 623: 549: 534: 501: 425: 415: 405: 305: 229: 219: 209: 138: 4605: 4285: 3943: 2909: 2107:"Media Bias Monitor: Quantifying Biases of Social Media News Outlets at Large-Scale" 2106: 1958: 1793: 6962: 6858: 6848: 6615: 6532: 6423: 6392: 6345: 6288: 6253: 6225: 6200: 6144: 6078: 5924: 5909: 5785: 5456: 5309: 5169: 5109: 5034: 5019: 4879: 4832: 4741: 4736: 4721: 4593: 4557: 4513: 4468: 4265: 4180: 4125: 4083: 4031: 4000: 3996: 3931: 3887: 3869: 3802: 3786: 3755:

Chen, Wen; Pacheco, Diogo; Yang, Kai-Cheng; Menczer, Filippo (September 22, 2021).

3640: 3510: 3506: 3431: 3374: 3287: 3279: 3177: 3135: 3078: 3034: 2990: 2957: 2935: 2887: 2811: 2490: 2455: 2418: 2410: 2369: 2328: 2299: 2255: 2225:. American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 2188: 2144: 2136: 2072: 2026: 1998: 1986: 1946: 1874: 1826: 1773: 1760: 1724: 1623: 1605: 1436: 1360: 1127: 884: 778:

Anti-science bias, when stories promote superstition or other non-scientific ideas.

749: 539: 496: 491: 420: 390: 340: 295: 194: 6038: 3038: 2677:

The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North

2414: 2140: 1878: 6880: 6788: 6702: 6433: 6298: 6268: 6220: 5997: 5716: 5663: 5638: 5628: 5613: 5546: 5536: 5432: 5420: 5277: 5267: 5044: 5024: 4939: 4842: 4817: 4812: 4785: 4763: 4675: 4517: 3629:"The dynamics of Twitter users' gun narratives across major mass shooting events" 2891: 1610: 1549: 1483: 1000: 977: 841: 805:

Distortion bias, when the fact or reality is distorted or fabricated in the news.

600: 395: 315: 169: 159: 4493:"Newsalyze: Effective Communication of Person-Targeting Biases in News Articles" 4463:

Färber, Michael; Burkard, Victoria; Jatowt, Adam; Lim, Sora (October 10, 2020).

847:

Partisan bias, a tendency to report to serve particular political party leaning.

6910: 6825: 6815: 6803: 6714: 6687: 6632: 6578: 6258: 6240: 6205: 6160: 6139: 6023: 5319: 5314: 5304: 5227: 5144: 5104: 5054: 4999: 4989: 4974: 4969: 4934: 4889: 4854: 4758: 4707: 3790: 3645: 3628: 3495:"A Problem of Amplification: Folklore and Fake News in the Age of Social Media" 3332:"Detecting Clickbait: Here's How to Do It / Comment détecter les pièges à clic" 2399:"Partisan Bias in Message Selection: Media Gatekeeping of Party Press Releases" 2076: 1139: 1056: 985: 850: 744:, which is studied at schools of journalism, university departments (including 741: 595: 375: 128: 4597: 4562: 4035: 3935: 2882:

Prat, Andrea; Strömberg, David (2013). "The Political Economy of Mass Media".

2332: 2259: 1047:

accused newspapers of anti-American bias, and in a famous speech delivered in

7158: 7010: 6957: 6885: 6726: 6537: 6329: 6308: 5904: 5880: 5800: 5471: 5257: 5237: 5200: 5174: 5159: 5139: 5119: 5082: 4994: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4822: 4726: 4442: 4408: 4202: 4147: 3883: 3798: 3654: 3518: 3445: 3388: 3347: 3301: 3139: 2868: 2833: 2494: 2459: 2340: 2267: 2084: 2038: 1990: 1848: 1785: 1736: 1619: 1464: 1335: 1327: 1040: 962: 811: 753: 745: 675: 590: 480: 451: 400: 335: 4631: 4473: 3874: 3217: 1094:

of Columbia University and David Stromberg of Stockholm University in 2013.

7104: 7092: 6793: 6568: 6438: 6428: 6210: 6119: 6109: 5975: 5949: 5678: 5633: 5531: 5526: 5217: 4979: 4964: 3901: 3816: 3396: 2848: 2432: 1637: 1479: 1339: 1131: 1060: 585: 466: 456: 6454: 3221: 2926:

Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M.; Stone, Daniel F. (January 1, 2015).

1728: 6868: 6798: 6627: 6505: 6303: 6124: 6061: 6033: 5954: 5743: 5668: 5618: 5588: 5581: 5541: 5134: 4904: 4894: 4884: 4780: 2397:

Haselmayer, Martin; Wagner, Markus; Meyer, Thomas M. (February 6, 2017).

1583: 1331: 1091: 1065: 1051:

in 1970, called anti-war protesters "the nattering nabobs of negativism."

1044: 914: 871: 772: 544: 113: 4277: 2994: 7082: 7072: 6830: 6610: 6588: 6489: 6215: 6066: 5939: 5919: 5700: 5643: 5406: 5247: 5222: 4397:"How Taiwan's 'civic hackers' helped find a new way to run the country" 4269: 4095: 3959:"Watch Your Language: How English is Skewing the Global News Narrative" 3292: 3147: 1500: – Term used to explain attention distribution across social media 1352: 1262:

Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy

1021: 942: 935: 822: 730: 726: 698: 694: 671: 565: 510: 285: 239: 123: 83: 60: 3331: 1527: – influence of the United States media on an international level 6763: 6697: 6664: 6362: 6071: 5944: 5929: 5598: 5576: 5340: 4827: 3436: 3419: 2610: 1586:"From Regional to National Clouds: TV Coverage in the Czech Republic" 1086: 1048: 875: 874:

and media routines, not as the result of ideological decisions (e.g.

781: 690: 570: 519: 446: 4431:"Taiwan is making democracy work again. It's time we paid attention" 4087: 3418:

Gearhart, Sherice; Moe, Alexander; Zhang, Bingbing (March 5, 2020).

2192: 1142:" ideology, resulting in news in favor of U.S. corporate interests. 7097: 6719: 6637: 6278: 5299: 5184: 4508: 3856: 3773: 3181: 2930:. In Anderson, Simon P.; Waldfogel, Joel; Strömberg, David (eds.). 2523: 1389:

administration when given a free subscription to the right-leaning

1157:

There are three major factors that make this choice for consumers:

734: 529: 1678:

Newton, K. (1989). "Media bias". In Goodin, R.; Reeve, A. (eds.).

1376:

generally found the media to be a conservative force in politics.

923:, published in 1644, was one of the first publications advocating 7057: 6863: 6692: 6387: 6293: 6248: 5795: 5603: 4226:

Information and Public Choice: From Media Markets to Policymaking

4208:

such criticism, but it frequently extends to other media as well.

3577:"Online Echo Chambers are Deepening America's Ideological Divide" 2061:""Tell all the truth, but tell it slant": Documenting media bias" 775:

bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers.

580: 87: 5849: 3105:"Be Careful What You Read: Evidence of demand-driven media bias" 3554: 2368:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 403, 410–412. 1459:

A technique used to avoid bias is the "point/counterpoint" or "

605: 4579:"Bias-aware news analysis using matrix-based news aggregation" 2847:

Cline, Andrew (2009). "53: Bias". In Eadie, William F. (ed.).

5648: 5375: 3914: 3109:

Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems

2223:

Is anyone responsible? how television frames political issues

1468: 920:

Areopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing

3264: 2629:"Revoking Civil Liberties: Lincoln's Constitutional Dilemma" 1180:

reports also influences the decision-making of the readers.

4698: 4628:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

4490: 3361:

Brashier, Nadia M.; Marsh, Elizabeth J. (January 4, 2020).

1552: – Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse 1017: 575: 275: 78: 4500:

2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL)

2515: 1055:

Not all accusations of bias are political. Science writer

4667: 3984: 3550:"More Americans Are Getting Their News From Social Media" 3268:"A New Dark Age? Truth, Trust, and Environmental Science" 2702:

I Am a Man!: Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement

992: 768:

Various proposed hypotheses of media bias have included:

4650:"We can probably measure media bias. But do we want to?" 2172:

Shor, Eran; van de Rijt, Arnout; Fotouhi, Babak (2019).

4366:"What to Think about Think Tanks? : NPR Ombudsman" 3837: 1565:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4462: 4249:

Gerber, Alan S.; Karlan, Dean; Bergan, Daniel (2009).

3754: 2586:

Journalistic Ethics: Moral Responsibility in the Media

2171: 1976: 1864: 1076: 7120: 4577:

Hamborg, Felix; Meuschke, Norman; Gipp, Bela (2018).

2445: 2396: 1161:

Delegation, which takes a filtering approach to bias.

4541:

Hamborg, Felix; Donnay, Karsten; Gipp, Bela (2019).

4047: 3121: 3103:

Dong, H.; Ren, J.; Nickerson, J. V. (January 2018).

2928:"Chapter 14 – Media Bias in the Marketplace: Theory" 2925: 2853:. 21st century reference series. Los Angeles: Sage. 1529:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1276:

have an anti-conservative lean "is itself a form of

4576: 4300:"Americans' Trust In Media Remains Near Record Low" 4220:DellaVigna, Stefano; Kaplan, Ethan (June 6, 2008). 4167:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 4112:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 3757:"Neutral bots probe political bias on social media" 3336:

Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science

2798:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 1813:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate; 4248: 4242: 3840:"Algorithmic amplification of politics on Twitter" 3603:"Digital Media Literacy: What is an Echo Chamber?" 2759:. March 27, 2008. Discusses quote around 1:24:00. 2016: 1935:"Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power" 1761:"Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power" 1759: 1063:bias. He claimed that television programs such as 1012:In the US during the labor union movement and the 701:, biases the media in some countries, for example 4540: 3025:Baron, David P. (2006). "Persistent Media Bias". 1541: – Measures to avoid offense or disadvantage 7156: 4219: 3417: 3122:Mullainathan, Sendhil; Shleifer, Andrei (2005). 3102: 2934:. Vol. 1. North-Holland. pp. 623–645. 2850:21st century communication: a reference handbook 2321:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 2174:"A Large-Scale Test of Gender Bias in the Media" 2059:Raymond, Collin; Taylor, Sarah (April 1, 2021). 1209:Media bias in social media is also reflected in 910:Media bias in the United States § History 4486: 4484: 4344:Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters 3924:Information Retrieval Journal (2019) 22:188–227 3844:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3160: 2065:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 4173:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 4118:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 3627:Lin, Yu-Ru; Chung, Wen-Ting (August 3, 2020). 2804:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 2245: 1819:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 1651:Mackey, Thomas P.; Jacobson, Trudi E. (2019). 1650: 999:was accused of Jewish bias, and films such as 6470: 5865: 5391: 4683: 4175:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 4120:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 3633:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 3360: 3161:Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2006). 2881: 2806:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 2704:. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Press. 2679:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 2058: 1821:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York: 1351:, columnist Jacques Berlinerblau argued that 1039:During the war between the United States and 648: 4570: 4481: 4258:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3248:"How to combat fake news and disinformation" 3051: 2150:11245.1/f63f3114-d170-40c3-aeae-c6e14259999c 1654:Metilerate Learning for the Post-Truth World 1454: 1447:(in which articles have been published) and 6973:Political polarization in the United States 6484: 3329: 2483:The International Journal of Press/Politics 2318: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2126: 6477: 6463: 5872: 5858: 5398: 5384: 5346:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making 4690: 4676: 4586:International Journal on Digital Libraries 4550:International Journal on Digital Libraries 3715:Stern Center for Business and Human Rights 3330:Brogly, Chris; Rubin, Victoria L. (2018). 3272:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 2727:Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories 2674: 1417: 1273:Stern Center for Business and Human Rights 988:cause, and ordered many newspapers closed. 655: 641: 7026:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal 4561: 4507: 4472: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3956: 3891: 3873: 3855: 3806: 3772: 3644: 3435: 3378: 3291: 3258: 3202: 3072: 2649: 2638:whom were sympathetic to the Confederacy. 2588:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2583: 2522: 2480: 2422: 2303: 2148: 1627: 1609: 1521: – Media favoring certain ideologies 740:Assessing possible bias is one aspect of 3626: 3424:Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 3354: 3052:Mullen, Andrew; Klaehn, Jeffery (2010). 2285: 2274: 1713:"Election Monitoring Vs. Disinformation" 1435:Attempts have also been made to utilize 1176:they may be biased and not true enough. 4534: 4363: 4163: 4108: 3964:Global Investigative Journalism Network 3957:Pampalone, Tanya (September 27, 2019). 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 2794: 2724: 2654:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2361: 2220: 1902: 1809: 1514:Mass media impact on spatial perception 1069:promote superstition. In contrast, the 1059:has accused the entertainment media of 7157: 4647: 4428: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4316: 4310: 4073: 4048:Jacques Berlinerblau (July 28, 2012). 4015: 3466: 3323: 3246:West, Darrell M. (December 18, 2017). 2884:Advances in Economics and Econometrics 2769: 2558: 1932: 1757: 1710: 1677: 1305:political bias and polarizing topics. 1036:, were not aired on Southern stations. 697:influence, including overt and covert 7068:Psychological effects of Internet use 6458: 5853: 5379: 4671: 4364:Shepard, Alicia C. (April 12, 2011). 4185:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 4130:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 3547: 3284:10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-015909 3024: 2977: 2921: 2919: 2846: 2816:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 2752:William Safire Oral History Interview 2699: 2626: 2374:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 2305:10.1146/annurev-polisci-040811-115123 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1831:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44 1682:. London: Routledge. pp. 130–55. 1267:In a 2021 report, researchers at the 1145: 1097: 4222:"The Political Impact of Media Bias" 3741: 3492: 3245: 3239: 2165: 1898: 1896: 1805: 1803: 1232:Fueled by confirmation bias, online 1105:Implications of supply-driven bias: 18: 7043:Digital media use and mental health 4395:Miller, Carl (September 27, 2020). 4383: 4317:Bauder, David (February 15, 2023). 4157: 4102: 3709:Paul M. Barrett & Grant Simms, 3467:Auxier, Brooke (October 15, 2020). 3380:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807 2788: 2627:Ewers, Justin (February 10, 2009). 1758:Entman, Robert M. (March 1, 2007). 1077:Structural (Non-ideological) biases 13: 4641: 4429:Miller, Carl (November 26, 2019). 3203:Strömberg, David (November 1999). 2940:10.1016/b978-0-444-63685-0.00014-0 2916: 2774:. New York, NY: Prima Lifestyles. 2561:Areopagitica And Other Prose Works 2292:Annual Review of Political Science 2045: 2031:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02866.x 2005: 1965: 1921: 1751: 1379: 938:cannot avoid accusations of bias. 861:" are examples of this phenomenon. 14: 7211: 7048:Effects of violence in mass media 6747:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 5879: 4648:Wilner, Tamar (January 9, 2018). 3548:Suciu, Peter (October 11, 2019). 1903:Gardner, Martin (July 15, 1997). 1893: 1800: 1404: 7142: 7130: 7021:2021 Facebook company files leak 6742:Mobile phones and driving safety 6368:Concentration of media ownership 3988:Women's Studies in Communication 3499:The Journal of American Folklore 3083:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00275.x 2675:Richardson, Heather Cox (2001). 1951:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x 1778:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x 1698:Committee to Protect Journalists 1071:Competitive Enterprise Institute 952:concentration of media ownership 723:concentration of media ownership 617: 67: 23: 6993:2020 U.S. presidential election 6988:2016 U.S. presidential election 4612: 4456: 4422: 4357: 4336: 4292: 4213: 4067: 4041: 3978: 3950: 3908: 3831: 3724: 3703: 3686: 3669: 3620: 3595: 3569: 3541: 3486: 3460: 3411: 3206:The Politics of Public Spending 3196: 3154: 3115: 3096: 3045: 2971: 2875: 2840: 2763: 2743: 2718: 2693: 2668: 2643: 2620: 2602: 2577: 2552: 2509: 2474: 2439: 2390: 2355: 2312: 2239: 2214: 2120: 2099: 1563: – Principle in journalism 1519:Media bias in the United States 1195: 965:, in 1798, Congress passed the 5405: 4001:10.1080/07491409.2008.10162548 3527:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329 3511:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329 2286:Groeling, Tim (May 10, 2013). 1858: 1704: 1686: 1671: 1644: 1577: 1223:deliberately false information 1009:were offered as alleged proof. 725:, the subjective selection of 1: 6559:Betteridge's law of headlines 3212:(PhD). Princeton University. 3039:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.10.006 2415:10.1080/10584609.2016.1265619 2141:10.1080/01402382.2021.1988387 1879:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1234356 1571: 1426: 606:Pundit / commentator 7078:Social aspects of television 6978:Social media use in politics 6623:Missing white woman syndrome 4518:10.1109/JCDL52503.2021.00025 4076:Review of Religious Research 3170:Journal of Political Economy 2892:10.1017/CBO9781139060028.004 1694:"10 Most Censored Countries" 1611:10.1371/journal.pone.0165527 1509:Journalistic interventionism 1504:Freedom of speech by country 859:missing white woman syndrome 765:that remain widely debated. 144:Index of journalism articles 7: 6584:Least objectionable program 5212:Déformation professionnelle 4228:. World Bank Publications. 4224:. In Islam, Roumeen (ed.). 4050:"Secularism Is Not Atheism" 4028:Journal of American Studies 3677:Anti-Social Media: A Review 3367:Annual Review of Psychology 3163:"Media Bias and Reputation" 3027:Journal of Public Economics 2932:Handbook of Media Economics 1490: 1467:"). This may happen when a 1366: 1321: 1308: 680:the standards of journalism 10: 7216: 6924:Algorithmic radicalization 5206:Basking in reflected glory 4697: 4654:Columbia Journalism Review 4502:. IEEE. pp. 130–139. 3791:10.1038/s41467-021-25738-6 3646:10.1057/s41599-020-00533-8 2725:Nichols, Nichelle (1995). 2633:US News & World Report 2616:, Richmond: J. W. Randolph 2077:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.09.021 1933:Entman, Robert M. (2007). 1216:Within the United States, 980:accused newspapers in the 907: 903: 16:Bias within the mass media 7038:Cultural impact of TikTok 7003: 6909: 6824: 6663: 6551: 6496: 6411: 6355: 6317: 6239: 6188: 6153: 6097: 6054: 6047: 6011: 5963: 5887: 5809: 5709: 5519: 5413: 5354: 5336:Cognitive bias mitigation 5328: 5193: 5068: 4705: 4598:10.1007/s00799-018-0239-9 4563:10.1007/s00799-018-0261-y 4036:10.1017/S0021875816001298 3936:10.1007/s10791-018-9341-2 2650:Pizzitola, Louis (2002). 2333:10.1080/13689880600716027 2260:10.1080/08838157809363907 1455:Giving time to both sides 685:Practical limitations to 629:Category: Journalism 32:This article needs to be 7110:Violence and video games 7088:Social impact of YouTube 6968:Knowledge gap hypothesis 6891:Social-desirability bias 6784:Information–action ratio 6444:Society of the Spectacle 5567:Content-control software 4920:Illusion of transparency 4620:"Broadcasting Act, 1991" 3140:10.1257/0002828054825619 3128:American Economic Review 2978:Baron, David P. (2004). 2584:Jacquette, Dale (2007). 2495:10.1177/1940161211411087 2460:10.1177/1354068817724174 2221:Iyengar, Shanto (1994). 2019:Journal of Communication 1991:10.1177/0093650215614364 1939:Journal of Communication 1766:Journal of Communication 1711:Merloe, Patrick (2015). 1085:There is also a growing 984:of bias in favor of the 759: 7190:Criticism of journalism 7175:Influence of mass media 7063:Mass shooting contagion 6511:Evolutionary psychology 6325:Influence of mass media 6130:Narcotizing dysfunction 5822:Chinese issues overseas 4474:10.1145/3340531.3412876 4177:Oxford University Press 4169:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 4122:Oxford University Press 4114:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 3875:10.1073/pnas.2025334119 2980:"Persistent Media Bias" 2808:Oxford University Press 2800:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 2770:Bailey, Ronald (2002). 2403:Political Communication 2248:Journal of Broadcasting 1823:Oxford University Press 1815:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall 1418:Efforts to correct bias 967:Alien and Sedition Acts 566:Journalists (reporters) 7170:Books about media bias 7053:Fascination with death 6916:Political polarization 6844:Availability heuristic 6809:Television consumption 5986:Freedom of information 5796:Suppression of dissent 2365:Theories of Media Bias 2129:West European Politics 1979:Communication Research 1545:Racism in horror films 134:Editorial independence 7016:Criticism of Facebook 6896:Social influence bias 6779:Information pollution 6769:Information explosion 6752:Texting while driving 6708:Low information voter 6606:Pink-slime journalism 6373:Exploitation of women 5562:Conspiracy of silence 5552:Collateral censorship 5477:Speech and expression 5288:Arab–Israeli conflict 5015:Social influence bias 4960:Out-group homogeneity 3761:Nature Communications 3493:Peck, Andrew (2020). 3124:"The Market for News" 2700:Estes, Steve (2005). 2652:Hearst Over Hollywood 2559:Milton, John (2004). 1729:10.1353/jod.2015.0053 1657:. ALA Neal-Schulman. 1539:Political correctness 1286:Nature Communications 1014:civil rights movement 624:Journalism portal 487:Pink-slime journalism 472:Horse race journalism 7033:Criticism of Netflix 6839:Availability cascade 6774:Information overload 6683:Attention management 6678:Attention inequality 6574:Human-interest story 6516:Behavioral modernity 6501:Cognitive psychology 5839:Muhammad controversy 5776:Naturalistic fallacy 5684:computer and network 4930:Mere-exposure effect 4860:Extrinsic incentives 4806:Selective perception 3583:. September 23, 2020 3020:on October 19, 2017. 2886:. pp. 135–187. 2181:Sociological Science 1717:Journal of Democracy 1556:Structural pluralism 1498:Attention inequality 1392:The Washington Times 1211:hostile media effect 925:freedom of the press 462:Freedom of the press 6946:Post-truth politics 6876:Mean world syndrome 6419:Advanced capitalism 6105:Cult of personality 6019:Advanced capitalism 5834:Internet censorship 5155:Social desirability 5050:von Restorff effect 4925:Mean world syndrome 4900:Hostile attribution 4306:. October 18, 2022. 3866:2022PNAS..11925334H 3783:2021NatCo..12.5580C 3738:(February 1, 2021). 3719:New York University 3698:LSE Review of Books 3473:Pew Research Center 3022:Later published as: 2995:10.2139/ssrn.516006 1602:2016PLoSO..1165527S 1449:mentioned countries 1445:publisher countries 1398:The Washington Post 1269:New York University 1218:Pew Research Center 932:journalistic ethics 799:Demand-driven bias. 729:, or the perceived 524:Newspaper of record 6759:Influence-for-hire 6737:Media multitasking 6732:Human multitasking 6650:Tabloid television 6601:Media manipulation 6340:Semiotic democracy 6264:Civil disobedience 6176:Media manipulation 6166:Crowd manipulation 6089:Tabloid journalism 6003:Media transparency 5981:Media independence 5895:24-hour news cycle 5771:Moralistic fallacy 5509:banned video games 5492:banned televisions 5070:Statistical biases 4848:Curse of knowledge 4634:on April 17, 2006. 4342:Jonathan M. Ladd, 4270:10.1257/app.1.2.35 4165:Lichter, S. Robert 4110:Lichter, S. Robert 4030:, 51(3), 691–719. 3700:(October 4, 2018). 2796:Lichter, S. Robert 2540:Unknown parameter 1905:The Night Is Large 1867:Journalism Studies 1811:Lichter, S. Robert 1680:Liberal Neutrality 1534:Media transparency 1258:Siva Vaidhyanathan 1146:Demand-driven bias 1098:Supply-driven bias 1006:The Great Dictator 974:American Civil War 947:broadcast spectrum 881:Supply-driven bias 855:Hierarchy of death 7180:Mass media issues 7118: 7117: 6941:Fake news website 6901:Spiral of silence 6854:Confirmation bias 6673:Attention economy 6655:Yellow journalism 6543:Social psychology 6452: 6451: 6378:Freedom of speech 6196:Theodor W. Adorno 6184: 6183: 6171:Managing the news 5991:Freedom of speech 5971:Media development 5935:News broadcasting 5915:Independent media 5900:Alternative media 5847: 5846: 5829:Freedom of speech 5674:Strategic lawsuit 5624:National intranet 5572:Damnatio memoriae 5373: 5372: 5010:Social comparison 4791:Choice-supportive 4527:978-1-6654-1770-9 4352:978-0-691-14786-4 4235:978-0-8213-7516-7 3227:on April 15, 2010 3092:on June 17, 2012. 3061:Sociology Compass 2949:978-0-444-63691-1 2860:978-1-4129-5030-5 2781:978-0-7615-3660-4 2736:978-1-57297-011-3 2711:978-0-8078-2929-5 2686:978-0-674-00637-9 2595:978-0-13-182539-0 2570:978-1-4179-1211-7 2383:978-0-19-979347-1 2232:978-0-226-38855-7 1914:978-0-312-16949-7 1664:978-0-8389-1776-3 1561:View from nowhere 1525:Media imperialism 1374:S. Robert Lichter 1243:COVID-19 pandemic 1152:confirmation bias 1043:, Vice President 816:false equivalence 665: 664: 550:Alternative media 502:Yellow journalism 139:Journalism school 53: 52: 7207: 7185:Social influence 7147: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7126: 6963:Knowledge divide 6859:Crowd psychology 6849:Bandwagon effect 6616:Public relations 6533:Media psychology 6479: 6472: 6465: 6456: 6455: 6424:Culture industry 6393:Social influence 6346:The Lonely Crowd 6289:Political satire 6254:Call-out culture 6231:Jacques Rancière 6226:Marshall McLuhan 6201:Jean Baudrillard 6145:Viral phenomenon 6079:Public relations 6052: 6051: 5925:Mainstream media 5910:Electronic media 5874: 5867: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5786:Propaganda model 5414:Media regulation 5400: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5170:Systematic error 5125:Omitted-variable 5040:Trait ascription 4880:Frog pond effect 4708:Cognitive biases 4692: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4636: 4635: 4630:. Archived from 4616: 4610: 4609: 4583: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4511: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4392: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4024: 4013: 4012: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3930:(1–2): 188–227. 3921: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3877: 3859: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3810: 3776: 3752: 3739: 3728: 3722: 3721:(February 2021). 3707: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3675:Barbara Fister, 3673: 3667: 3666: 3648: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3505:(529): 329–351. 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3439: 3437:10.1002/hbe2.185 3415: 3409: 3408: 3382: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3295: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3220:. Archived from 3211: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3134:(4): 1031–1053. 3119: 3113: 3112: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3085:. Archived from 3076: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3021: 3019: 3013:. Archived from 2984: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2426: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2283: 2272: 2271: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2178: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2135:(7): 1481–1492. 2124: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2056: 2043: 2042: 2014: 2003: 2002: 1985:(8): 1125–1148. 1974: 1963: 1962: 1930: 1919: 1918: 1900: 1891: 1890: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1807: 1798: 1797: 1763: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1613: 1596:(11): e0165527. 1581: 1566: 1530: 1437:machine-learning 1395:or left-leaning 1361:Stuart A. Wright 1293:A 2022 study in 1283:A 2021 study in 876:incumbency bonus 829:Gatekeeping bias 750:cultural studies 687:media neutrality 657: 650: 643: 622: 621: 620: 497:Propaganda model 492:Public relations 71: 57: 56: 48: 45: 39: 27: 26: 19: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7119: 7114: 6999: 6914: 6905: 6881:Negativity bias 6829: 6820: 6789:One weird trick 6703:Cognitive miser 6659: 6552:Media practices 6547: 6492: 6483: 6453: 6448: 6434:Media franchise 6407: 6351: 6313: 6269:Culture jamming 6235: 6221:Walter Lippmann 6180: 6149: 6093: 6043: 6007: 5998:Media pluralism 5959: 5883: 5878: 5848: 5843: 5805: 5705: 5664:Self-censorship 5639:Prior restraint 5629:Newspaper theft 5614:Internet police 5547:Chilling effect 5537:Broadcast delay 5515: 5409: 5404: 5374: 5369: 5350: 5324: 5189: 5064: 5045:Turkey illusion 4813:Compassion fade 4710: 4701: 4696: 4658: 4656: 4644: 4642:Further reading 4639: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4393: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4362: 4358: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4315: 4311: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4218: 4214: 4195: 4179:. p. 405. 4162: 4158: 4140: 4124:. p. 412. 4107: 4103: 4088:10.2307/3512176 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4054:Huffington Post 4046: 4042: 4025: 4016: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3955: 3951: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3836: 3832: 3753: 3742: 3730:Alison Durkee, 3729: 3725: 3708: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3683:(June 6, 2018). 3674: 3670: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3546: 3542: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3465: 3461: 3416: 3412: 3363:"Judging Truth" 3359: 3355: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3263: 3259: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3120: 3116: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3074:10.1.1.458.4091 3056: 3050: 3046: 3023: 3017: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2950: 2924: 2917: 2902: 2880: 2876: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2826: 2810:. p. 405. 2793: 2789: 2782: 2768: 2764: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2648: 2644: 2625: 2621: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2557: 2553: 2541: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2514: 2510: 2479: 2475: 2444: 2440: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2360: 2356: 2317: 2313: 2284: 2275: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2193:10.15195/v6.a20 2176: 2170: 2166: 2125: 2121: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2057: 2046: 2015: 2006: 1975: 1966: 1931: 1922: 1915: 1901: 1894: 1863: 1859: 1841: 1825:. p. 403. 1808: 1801: 1756: 1752: 1709: 1705: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1649: 1645: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1550:Self-censorship 1528: 1493: 1484:French language 1457: 1429: 1420: 1407: 1382: 1380:Impacts of bias 1369: 1348:Huffington Post 1324: 1311: 1198: 1148: 1100: 1079: 1001:Charlie Chaplin 978:Abraham Lincoln 912: 906: 842:Negativity bias 762: 733:of an intended 661: 618: 616: 396:Photojournalism 265:Interventionism 49: 43: 40: 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7213: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7152: 7151: 7139: 7137:Current events 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7004:Related topics 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6920: 6918: 6911:Digital divide 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6826:Cognitive bias 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6816:Sticky content 6813: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6804:Binge-watching 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6715:Digital zombie 6712: 6711: 6710: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6688:Attention span 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6633:Sensationalism 6630: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6579:Junk food news 6576: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6482: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6259:Cancel culture 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6241:Counterculture 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6206:Edward Bernays 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Catch and kill 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6140:Sensationalism 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6029:Bipartisanship 6026: 6024:American Dream 6021: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5877: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5701:Word filtering 5698: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609:Heckler's veto 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5329:Bias reduction 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5305:Political bias 5302: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5233:Infrastructure 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5150:Self-selection 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4985:Pro-innovation 4982: 4977: 4972: 4970:Overton window 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4838:Dunning–Kruger 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4752:Correspondence 4749: 4747:Actor–observer 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4611: 4592:(2): 129–147. 4569: 4556:(4): 391–415. 4533: 4526: 4480: 4455: 4421: 4382: 4356: 4335: 4309: 4291: 4241: 4234: 4212: 4193: 4156: 4138: 4101: 4082:(2): 101–115. 4066: 4040: 4014: 3977: 3949: 3907: 3830: 3740: 3723: 3702: 3685: 3681:InsideHigherEd 3668: 3619: 3594: 3568: 3540: 3485: 3459: 3430:(2): 140–148. 3410: 3373:(1): 499–515. 3353: 3342:(3): 154–175. 3322: 3257: 3238: 3195: 3182:10.1086/499414 3176:(2): 280–316. 3153: 3114: 3095: 3067:(4): 215–229. 3044: 2970: 2948: 2915: 2900: 2874: 2859: 2839: 2824: 2787: 2780: 2762: 2742: 2735: 2717: 2710: 2692: 2685: 2667: 2660: 2642: 2619: 2601: 2594: 2576: 2569: 2551: 2508: 2473: 2454:(3): 412–423. 2448:Party Politics 2438: 2409:(3): 367–384. 2389: 2382: 2354: 2327:(2): 157–178. 2311: 2298:(1): 129–151. 2273: 2254:(4): 517–530. 2238: 2231: 2213: 2164: 2119: 2098: 2044: 2025:(4): 133–156. 2004: 1964: 1945:(1): 163–173. 1920: 1913: 1892: 1873:(6): 782–802. 1857: 1839: 1799: 1772:(1): 163–173. 1750: 1703: 1700:. May 2, 2006. 1685: 1670: 1663: 1643: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1456: 1453: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1406: 1405:Trust in media 1403: 1381: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1323: 1320: 1310: 1307: 1278:disinformation 1260:, in his book 1256:Media scholar 1203:disinformation 1197: 1194: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1147: 1144: 1140:anti-communist 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1099: 1096: 1078: 1075: 1057:Martin Gardner 1053: 1052: 1037: 1010: 989: 970: 905: 902: 892: 891: 888: 882: 879: 872:newsworthiness 868: 865: 862: 851:Sensationalism 848: 845: 839: 836: 826: 819: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 779: 776: 761: 758: 742:media literacy 676:news producers 663: 662: 660: 659: 652: 645: 637: 634: 633: 632: 631: 626: 611: 610: 609: 608: 603: 598: 596:News presenter 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 560: 559: 555: 554: 553: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 514: 513: 507: 506: 505: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 441: 440: 436: 435: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 376:New Journalism 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 346:Human-interest 343: 338: 333: 328: 326:Digital/Online 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 258: 250: 249: 245: 244: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 154: 153: 149: 148: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 129:Sensationalism 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 98:code of ethics 91: 81: 73: 72: 64: 63: 51: 50: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7212: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:Computer rage 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6983:United States 6981: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Filter bubble 6956: 6952: 6951:United States 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6886:Peer pressure 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727:Doomscrolling 6725: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6538:Media studies 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6490:human factors 6487: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:Mediatization 6333: 6331: 6330:Media studies 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6309:Strike action 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274:Demonstration 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6039:Pensée unique 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Digital media 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5881:Media culture 5875: 5870: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5801:Systemic bias 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Student media 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5450:circumvention 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283:United States 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:False balance 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Participation 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5098:Psychological 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Fading affect 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4659:September 27, 4655: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4485: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4375:September 18, 4371: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4194:9780199984350 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139:9780199984350 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3981: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3692:Rose Deller, 3689: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3608: 3607:GCFGlobal.org 3604: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3033:(1–2): 1–36. 3032: 3028: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901:9781139060028 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2825:9780199984350 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2661:0-231-11646-2 2657: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2614: 2605: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2563:. Kessinger. 2562: 2555: 2547: 2534: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1916: 1910: 1907:. Macmillan. 1906: 1899: 1897: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1840:9780199984350 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1681: 1674: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1576: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465:false balance 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1364: 1362: 1359:According to 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1336:tabloid media 1333: 1329: 1328:Satanic panic 1319: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1247:echo chambers 1244: 1239: 1235: 1234:echo chambers 1230: 1228: 1227:echo chambers 1224: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041:North Vietnam 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 987: 983: 982:border states 979: 975: 971: 968: 964: 963:United States 960: 959: 958: 955: 953: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 921: 916: 911: 901: 898: 889: 886: 885:Tuchman's Law 883: 880: 877: 873: 869: 866: 863: 860: 856: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 830: 827: 824: 820: 817: 813: 812:False balance 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 770: 769: 766: 757: 755: 754:peace studies 751: 747: 746:media studies 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 658: 653: 651: 646: 644: 639: 638: 636: 635: 630: 627: 625: 615: 614: 613: 612: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 591:Meteorologist 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561: 557: 556: 551: 548: 546: 545:News agencies 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 525: 521: 518: 517: 516: 515: 512: 509: 508: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 482: 481:False balance 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Fourth Estate 450: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442: 439:Social impact 438: 437: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 401:Press release 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 361:Investigative 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 336:Fact-checking 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 301:Collaborative 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 266: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 252: 251: 247: 246: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 175:Entertainment 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 156: 155: 151: 150: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 84:Writing style 82: 80: 77: 76: 75: 74: 70: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 55: 47: 35: 30: 21: 20: 7105:Technophobia 7093:Technophilia 6936:Echo chamber 6794:Rage farming 6595: 6569:Infotainment 6439:Post-Fordism 6429:Mass society 6398:Transparency 6382: 6344: 6211:Noam Chomsky 6189:Philosophers 6135:Recuperation 6120:Media circus 6110:Dumbing down 5976:Media policy 5950:Social media 5765: 5696:Whitewashing 5679:Surveillance 5659:Sanitization 5634:Pixelization 5532:Book burning 5438:banned films 5426:books banned 5252: 5243:In education 5210: 5194:Other biases 5180:Verification 5165:Survivorship 5115:Non-response 5088:Healthy user 5030:Substitution 5005:Self-serving 4801:Confirmation 4769:Availability 4717:Acquiescence 4657:. Retrieved 4653: 4632:the original 4623: 4614: 4589: 4585: 4572: 4553: 4549: 4536: 4499: 4464: 4458: 4448:February 27, 4446:. Retrieved 4434: 4424: 4414:February 27, 4412:. Retrieved 4401:The Guardian 4400: 4373:. Retrieved 4369: 4359: 4343: 4338: 4326:. Retrieved 4322: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4264:(2): 35–52. 4261: 4257: 4244: 4225: 4215: 4206: 4172: 4159: 4151: 4117: 4104: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4057:. Retrieved 4053: 4043: 4027: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3970:February 22, 3968:. Retrieved 3962: 3952: 3927: 3923: 3910: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3764: 3760: 3735: 3726: 3705: 3697: 3688: 3680: 3671: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3610:. Retrieved 3606: 3597: 3585:. Retrieved 3580: 3571: 3559:. Retrieved 3553: 3543: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3472: 3462: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3313:. Retrieved 3275: 3271: 3260: 3251: 3241: 3229:. Retrieved 3222:the original 3205: 3198: 3173: 3169: 3156: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3108: 3098: 3087:the original 3064: 3060: 3047: 3030: 3026: 3015:the original 2986: 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2931: 2883: 2877: 2849: 2842: 2803: 2790: 2771: 2765: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2726: 2720: 2701: 2695: 2676: 2670: 2651: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2611: 2604: 2585: 2579: 2560: 2554: 2511: 2489:(1): 32–55. 2486: 2482: 2476: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2364: 2357: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2295: 2291: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2222: 2216: 2204:. Retrieved 2184: 2180: 2167: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2113: 2101: 2068: 2064: 2022: 2018: 1982: 1978: 1942: 1938: 1904: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1852: 1818: 1769: 1765: 1753: 1723:(3): 79–93. 1720: 1716: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1673: 1653: 1646: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1480:Radio Canada 1473: 1458: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1370: 1358: 1346: 1344: 1340:infotainment 1325: 1316: 1312: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1251: 1238:Pew Research 1231: 1215: 1208: 1199: 1196:Social media 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1156: 1149: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1104: 1101: 1084: 1080: 1064: 1061:anti-science 1054: 1031: 1025: 1004: 976:, President 956: 940: 929: 918: 917:'s pamphlet 913: 893: 767: 763: 739: 684: 670:occurs when 667: 666: 601:Photographer 535:TV and radio 476: 467:Infotainment 457:Fifth Estate 356:Interpretive 306:Comics-based 54: 41: 33: 6869:Moral panic 6799:Screen time 6628:News values 6564:Gatekeeping 6506:Externality 6318:In academia 6304:Review bomb 6125:Media event 6062:Advertising 6034:Consumerism 5955:State media 5761:LGBT issues 5756:Ideological 5744:Hate speech 5669:Speech code 5654:Revisionism 5619:Memory hole 5589:Expurgation 5582:Minced oath 5542:Censor bars 5504:Video games 5487:Televisions 5310:Publication 5263:Vietnam War 5110:Length time 5093:Information 5035:Time-saving 4895:Horn effect 4885:Halo effect 4833:Distinction 4742:Attribution 4737:Attentional 4059:February 4, 3767:(1): 5580. 3612:December 7, 3587:December 7, 3561:January 19, 3478:January 19, 3293:10852/99734 3278:(1): 5–29. 3231:January 19, 2729:. Berkley. 2613:resolutions 2187:: 526–550. 2071:: 670–691. 1461:round table 1332:moral panic 1092:Andrea Prat 1066:The X-Files 1045:Spiro Agnew 972:During the 936:journalists 915:John Milton 773:Advertising 731:preferences 707:North Korea 672:journalists 586:Copy editor 416:Underground 331:Explanatory 256:Adversarial 225:Video games 180:Environment 119:Attribution 114:News values 109:Objectivity 7200:Publishing 7195:Censorship 7165:Media bias 7159:Categories 7149:Journalism 7083:Social bot 7073:Sealioning 6831:Conformity 6611:Propaganda 6596:Media bias 6589:Soft media 6383:Media bias 6284:Occupation 6216:Guy Debord 6098:Techniques 6067:Propaganda 5964:Principles 5940:News media 5920:Mass media 5817:Censorship 5810:By country 5766:Media bias 5644:Propaganda 5407:Censorship 5273:South Asia 5248:Liking gap 5060:In animals 5025:Status quo 4940:Negativity 4843:Egocentric 4818:Congruence 4796:Commitment 4786:Blind spot 4774:Mean world 4764:Automation 4624:crtc.gc.ca 4509:2110.09158 4304:Gallup Inc 3995:(3): 395. 3857:2110.11010 3774:2005.08141 2757:C-SPAN.org 2542:|url= 2533:cite arXiv 2524:2312.16148 1572:References 1427:Algorithms 1353:secularism 1022:television 943:propaganda 908:See also: 823:timeliness 699:censorship 695:Government 668:Media bias 520:Newspapers 511:News media 477:Media bias 381:Non-profit 366:Multimedia 286:Churnalism 215:Technology 124:Defamation 61:Journalism 6764:Infodemic 6698:Clickbait 6665:Attention 6521:Cognition 6363:Anonymity 6072:Fake news 6048:Deception 5945:Old media 5930:New media 5791:Religious 5722:Corporate 5599:Gag order 5577:Euphemism 5557:Concision 5341:Debiasing 5320:White hat 5315:Reporting 5228:Inductive 5145:Selection 5105:Lead time 5078:Estimator 5055:Zero-risk 5020:Spotlight 5000:Restraint 4990:Proximity 4975:Precision 4935:Narrative 4890:Hindsight 4875:Frequency 4855:Emotional 4828:Declinism 4759:Authority 4732:Anchoring 4722:Ambiguity 4443:1357-0978 4409:0261-3077 4203:959803808 4148:959803808 4009:143545017 3884:0027-8424 3825:235755530 3799:2041-1723 3663:220930950 3655:2662-9992 3581:MediaFile 3535:243130538 3519:0021-8715 3454:216195890 3446:2578-1863 3405:202569061 3389:0066-4308 3348:1920-7239 3310:250659393 3302:1543-5938 3252:Brookings 3190:222429768 3069:CiteSeerX 3003:154786996 2963:March 30, 2869:251216055 2834:959803808 2544:ignored ( 2503:220655744 2468:148843480 2349:145148296 2341:1745-7289 2268:0021-938X 2201:202625899 2159:244550876 2093:228814765 2085:0167-2681 2039:1460-2466 1887:151663981 1849:959803808 1786:0021-9916 1745:146751430 1737:1086-3214 1620:1932-6203 1345:In 2012, 1087:economics 1049:San Diego 1033:Star Trek 997:Hollywood 782:Concision 691:narrative 571:Columnist 530:Magazines 447:Fake news 371:Narrative 351:Immersion 311:Community 281:Broadcast 44:June 2023 7098:Neophile 6720:Phubbing 6638:Hot take 6526:Mismatch 6412:Synonyms 6403:Violence 6279:Graffiti 6012:Ideology 5781:Politics 5732:Facebook 5717:Criminal 5710:Contexts 5604:Heckling 5527:Bleeping 5445:Internet 5238:Inherent 5201:Academic 5175:Systemic 5160:Spectrum 5140:Sampling 5120:Observer 5083:Forecast 4995:Response 4955:Optimism 4950:Omission 4945:Normalcy 4915:In-group 4910:Implicit 4823:Cultural 4727:Affinity 4606:49471192 4435:Wired UK 4286:12693998 4278:25760159 4171:(eds.). 4116:(eds.). 3944:52059050 3902:34934011 3817:34552073 3397:31514579 3218:42036086 2910:15050221 2802:(eds.). 2433:29170614 1959:43280110 1817:(eds.). 1794:43280110 1638:27824947 1590:PLOS ONE 1491:See also 1367:Politics 1322:Religion 1309:Language 986:Southern 735:audience 540:Internet 431:Watchdog 321:Database 276:Blogging 271:Analytic 261:Advocacy 200:Politics 190:Medicine 165:Business 7123:Portals 7058:Griefer 6864:Mobbing 6693:Chumbox 6645:Spiking 6388:Privacy 6294:Protest 6249:Boycott 6115:Framing 5594:Fogging 5520:Methods 5499:Thought 5360:General 5358:Lists: 5293:Ukraine 5218:Funding 4980:Present 4965:Outcome 4870:Framing 4328:June 7, 4323:Fortune 4096:3512176 3893:8740571 3862:Bibcode 3808:8458339 3779:Bibcode 3315:June 7, 3148:4132704 2958:8736042 2424:5679709 2206:June 7, 1999:1574634 1629:5100950 1598:Bibcode 1132:Chomsky 961:In the 904:History 897:framing 857:" and " 715:Myanmar 576:Blogger 411:Tabloid 386:Opinion 291:Citizen 235:Weather 220:Traffic 205:Science 185:Fashion 104:Culture 88:Five Ws 34:updated 6356:Issues 6154:Others 5749:Online 5737:Google 5462:Postal 5365:Memory 5278:Sweden 5268:Norway 5135:Recall 4905:Impact 4781:Belief 4699:Biases 4604: 4524: 4441: 4407: 4350: 4284: 4276: 4232: 4201: 4191: 4146: 4136: 4094: 4007: 3942: 3900: 3890: 3882: 3823: 3815: 3805: 3797: 3736:Forbes 3661: 3653: 3555:Forbes 3533: 3525: 3517: 3452: 3444: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3346: 3308: 3300: 3216: 3188: 3146: 3071: 3011:516006 3009: 3001: 2956: 2946: 2908: 2898: 2867: 2857: 2832: 2822: 2778: 2733: 2708: 2683: 2658: 2592: 2567: 2501: 2466: 2431: 2421: 2380: 2347: 2339: 2266: 2229: 2199: 2157: 2091: 2083: 2037: 1997: 1957: 1911: 1885: 1847: 1837: 1792: 1784: 1743: 1735: 1661: 1636: 1626: 1618: 1482:, its 1128:Herman 821:False 752:, and 719:Market 581:Editor 426:Visual 406:Sensor 248:Genres 210:Sports 94:Ethics 6929:Youth 6486:Media 6055:Forms 5888:Media 5727:Apple 5649:Purge 5472:Radio 5467:Press 5457:Music 5433:Films 5421:Books 5253:Media 5223:FUTON 4602:S2CID 4582:(PDF) 4546:(PDF) 4504:arXiv 4496:(PDF) 4282:S2CID 4274:JSTOR 4254:(PDF) 4092:JSTOR 4005:S2CID 3940:S2CID 3920:(PDF) 3852:arXiv 3850:(1). 3821:S2CID 3769:arXiv 3659:S2CID 3639:(1). 3531:S2CID 3523:JSTOR 3450:S2CID 3401:S2CID 3306:S2CID 3225:(PDF) 3210:(PDF) 3186:S2CID 3166:(PDF) 3144:JSTOR 3090:(PDF) 3057:(PDF) 3018:(PDF) 2999:S2CID 2983:(PDF) 2954:S2CID 2906:S2CID 2519:arXiv 2499:S2CID 2464:S2CID 2345:S2CID 2197:S2CID 2177:(PDF) 2155:S2CID 2110:(PDF) 2089:S2CID 1995:S2CID 1955:S2CID 1883:S2CID 1790:S2CID 1741:S2CID 1469:taboo 1027:I Spy 833:spike 760:Types 727:staff 711:Syria 703:China 558:Roles 421:Video 391:Peace 341:Gonzo 296:Civic 240:World 195:Music 152:Areas 6488:and 6299:Punk 6084:Spin 5689:mass 4661:2019 4522:ISBN 4450:2024 4439:ISSN 4416:2024 4405:ISSN 4377:2018 4348:ISBN 4330:2023 4230:ISBN 4199:OCLC 4189:ISBN 4144:OCLC 4134:ISBN 4061:2013 3972:2024 3898:PMID 3880:ISSN 3813:PMID 3795:ISSN 3651:ISSN 3614:2020 3589:2020 3563:2021 3515:ISSN 3480:2021 3442:ISSN 3393:PMID 3385:ISSN 3344:ISSN 3317:2023 3298:ISSN 3233:2021 3214:OCLC 3007:SSRN 2987:SSRN 2965:2022 2944:ISBN 2896:ISBN 2865:OCLC 2855:ISBN 2830:OCLC 2820:ISBN 2776:ISBN 2731:ISBN 2706:ISBN 2681:ISBN 2656:ISBN 2590:ISBN 2565:ISBN 2546:help 2429:PMID 2378:ISBN 2337:ISSN 2264:ISSN 2227:ISBN 2208:2023 2081:ISSN 2035:ISSN 1909:ISBN 1845:OCLC 1835:ISBN 1782:ISSN 1733:ISSN 1659:ISBN 1634:PMID 1616:ISSN 1478:and 1474:The 1338:and 1330:, a 1326:The 1296:PNAS 1136:1988 1130:and 1030:and 1020:and 1018:Film 993:Jews 814:and 713:and 674:and 316:Data 170:Data 160:Arts 79:News 5300:Net 5185:Wet 4594:doi 4558:doi 4514:doi 4469:doi 4370:NPR 4266:doi 4181:doi 4126:doi 4084:doi 4032:doi 3997:doi 3932:doi 3888:PMC 3870:doi 3848:119 3803:PMC 3787:doi 3641:doi 3507:doi 3503:133 3432:doi 3375:doi 3288:hdl 3280:doi 3178:doi 3174:114 3136:doi 3079:doi 3035:doi 2991:doi 2936:doi 2888:doi 2812:doi 2491:doi 2456:doi 2419:PMC 2411:doi 2370:doi 2329:doi 2300:doi 2256:doi 2189:doi 2145:hdl 2137:doi 2073:doi 2069:184 2027:doi 1987:doi 1947:doi 1875:doi 1827:doi 1774:doi 1725:doi 1624:PMC 1606:doi 1476:CBC 1280:." 1271:'s 1003:’s 230:War 7161:: 4652:. 4626:. 4622:. 4600:. 4590:21 4588:. 4584:. 4554:20 4552:. 4548:. 4520:. 4512:. 4498:. 4483:^ 4437:. 4433:. 4403:. 4399:. 4385:^ 4368:. 4321:. 4302:. 4280:. 4272:. 4260:. 4256:. 4205:. 4197:. 4187:. 4150:. 4142:. 4132:. 4090:. 4080:39 4078:. 4052:. 4017:^ 4003:. 3993:31 3991:. 3961:. 3938:. 3928:22 3926:. 3922:. 3896:. 3886:. 3878:. 3868:. 3860:. 3846:. 3842:. 3819:. 3811:. 3801:. 3793:. 3785:. 3777:. 3765:12 3763:. 3759:. 3743:^ 3734:, 3717:, 3713:, 3696:, 3679:, 3657:. 3649:. 3635:. 3631:. 3605:. 3579:. 3552:. 3529:. 3521:. 3513:. 3501:. 3497:. 3471:. 3448:. 3440:. 3426:. 3422:. 3399:. 3391:. 3383:. 3371:71 3369:. 3365:. 3340:42 3338:. 3334:. 3304:. 3296:. 3286:. 3276:47 3274:. 3270:. 3250:. 3184:. 3172:. 3168:. 3142:. 3132:95 3130:. 3126:. 3107:. 3077:. 3063:. 3059:. 3031:90 3029:. 3005:. 2997:. 2989:. 2985:. 2952:. 2942:. 2918:^ 2904:. 2894:. 2863:. 2828:. 2818:. 2755:. 2635:. 2631:. 2537:: 2535:}} 2531:{{ 2497:. 2487:17 2485:. 2462:. 2452:25 2450:. 2427:. 2417:. 2407:34 2405:. 2401:. 2376:. 2343:. 2335:. 2325:16 2323:. 2296:16 2294:. 2290:. 2276:^ 2262:. 2252:22 2250:. 2195:. 2183:. 2179:. 2153:. 2143:. 2133:45 2131:. 2112:. 2087:. 2079:. 2067:. 2063:. 2047:^ 2033:. 2023:50 2021:. 2007:^ 1993:. 1983:44 1981:. 1967:^ 1953:. 1943:57 1941:. 1937:. 1923:^ 1895:^ 1881:. 1871:19 1869:. 1851:. 1843:. 1833:. 1802:^ 1788:. 1780:. 1770:57 1768:. 1764:. 1739:. 1731:. 1721:26 1719:. 1715:. 1696:. 1632:. 1622:. 1614:. 1604:. 1594:11 1592:. 1588:. 1401:. 1229:. 1154:. 927:. 878:). 748:, 737:. 709:, 705:, 693:. 7125:: 6913:/ 6828:/ 6478:e 6471:t 6464:v 5873:e 5866:t 5859:v 5399:e 5392:t 5385:v 4691:e 4684:t 4677:v 4663:. 4608:. 4596:: 4566:. 4560:: 4530:. 4516:: 4506:: 4477:. 4471:: 4452:. 4418:. 4379:. 4354:. 4332:. 4288:. 4268:: 4262:1 4238:. 4183:: 4128:: 4098:. 4086:: 4063:. 4038:. 4034:: 4011:. 3999:: 3974:. 3946:. 3934:: 3904:. 3872:: 3864:: 3854:: 3827:. 3789:: 3781:: 3771:: 3665:. 3643:: 3637:7 3616:. 3591:. 3565:. 3537:. 3509:: 3482:. 3456:. 3434:: 3428:2 3407:. 3377:: 3350:. 3319:. 3290:: 3282:: 3254:. 3235:. 3192:. 3180:: 3150:. 3138:: 3111:. 3081:: 3065:4 3041:. 3037:: 2993:: 2967:. 2938:: 2912:. 2890:: 2871:. 2836:. 2814:: 2784:. 2739:. 2714:. 2689:. 2664:. 2598:. 2573:. 2548:) 2527:. 2521:: 2505:. 2493:: 2470:. 2458:: 2435:. 2413:: 2386:. 2372:: 2351:. 2331:: 2308:. 2302:: 2270:. 2258:: 2235:. 2210:. 2191:: 2185:6 2161:. 2147:: 2139:: 2116:. 2095:. 2075:: 2041:. 2029:: 2001:. 1989:: 1961:. 1949:: 1917:. 1889:. 1877:: 1829:: 1796:. 1776:: 1747:. 1727:: 1667:. 1640:. 1608:: 1600:: 1298:, 1134:( 656:e 649:t 642:v 526:) 522:( 483:) 479:( 267:) 263:( 100:) 96:( 90:) 86:( 46:) 42:( 36:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.