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on a subconscious level make basic evaluations of perceptive stimuli, focus attention on important stimuli, and start basic emotional reactions. Research has also found that the brain differentiates between negative and positive stimuli and reacts quicker and more automatically to negative stimuli which are also better remembered. This likely has evolutionary explanations with it often being important to quickly focus attention on, evaluate, and quickly respond to threats. While the reaction to a strong negative stimulus is to avoid, a moderately negative stimulus instead causes curiosity and further examination. Negative media news is argued to fall into the latter category which explains their popularity. Lifelike audiovisual media are argued to have particularly strong effects compared to reading.
40:
1065:
characterized by two factors, an element of change (or uncertainty) and the relevance of that change to the security of the individual. The same two conditions are observed to be characteristic of news. The news value of a story, if defined in terms of the interest it carries for an audience, is determined by the degree of change it contains and the relevance that change has for the individual or group. Analysis shows that journalists and publicists manipulate both the element of change and relevance ('security concern') to maximize, or some cases play down, the strength of a story.
1094:
to moderately negative stimuli has been explained as it being the role of men in evolutionary history to investigate and potentially respond aggressively to threats while women and children withdrew. It has been claimed that negative news are framed according to male preferences by the often male journalists who cover such news and that a more positive framing may attract a larger female audience. However, other scholars have urged caution as regards evolutionary psychology's claims about gender differences.
3302:
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731:(selection and distortion are repeated at all steps in the chain from event to reader). Furthermore, three basic hypotheses are presented by Galtung and Ruge: the additivity hypothesis that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the probability that it becomes news; the complementary hypothesis that the factors will tend to exclude each other; and the exclusion hypothesis that events that satisfy none or very few factors will not become news.
954:: Stories must compete with one another for space in the media. For instance, editors may seek to provide a balance of different types of coverage, so that if there is an excess of foreign news for instance, the least important foreign story may have to make way for an item concerned with the domestic news. In this way the prominence given to a story depends not only on its own news values but also on those of competing stories.
1093:
Women have on average stronger avoidance reactions to moderately negative stimuli. Men and women also differ on average in how they enjoy, evaluate, remember, comprehend, and identify with the people in news depending on if the news are negatively or positively framed. The stronger avoidance reaction
1089:
explanation for why negative news have a higher news value than positive news starts with the empirical observation that the human perceptive system and lower level brain functions have difficulty distinguishing between media stimuli and real stimuli. These lower level brain mechanisms which function
762:
the news they want and find interesting, is an increasingly important goal for media outlets seeking to maintain market share. This has made news organizations more open to audience input and feedback, and forced them to adopt and apply news values that attract and keep audiences. Given these changes
1068:
Security concern is proportional to the relevance of the story for the individual, his or her family, social group and societal group, in declining order. At some point there is a
Boundary of Relevance, beyond which the change is no longer perceived to be relevant, or newsworthy. This boundary may
1052:
Conventional models concentrate on what the journalist perceives as news. But the news process is a two-way transaction, involving both news producer (the journalist) and the news receiver (the audience), although the boundary between the two is rapidly blurring with the growth of citizen journalism
893:
has with the topic. "Cultural proximity" is a factor here—events concerned with people who speak the same language, look the same, and share the same preoccupations as the audience receive more coverage than those concerned with people who speak different languages, look different and have different
883:: Events that can be portrayed as the actions of individuals will be more attractive than one in which there is no such "human interest." Personalization is about whether an event can be contextualised in personal terms (affecting or involving specific, "ordinary" people, not the generalised masses).
1076:
In 2018, Hal
Pashler and Gail Heriot published a study showing that perceptions of newsworthiness tend to be contaminated by a political usefulness bias. In other words, individuals tend to view stories that give them "ammunition" for their political views as more newsworthy. They give credence to
730:
is constructed. They proposed a "chain of news communication," which involves processes of selection (the more an event satisfies the "news factors," the more likely it is selected as news), distortion (accentuating the newsworthy factors of the event, once it has been selected), and replication
1038:
One of the key differences in relation to these news values is whether they relate to events or stories. For example, composition and co-option both relate to the published news story. These are news values that concern how news stories fit with the other stories around them. The aim here is to
799:
will be written about that event, third, how that story is written, and fourth whether this story will end up being published as news and if so, where it is placed. Therefore, "there is no end to lists of news criteria." There are multiple competing lists of news values (including
Galtung &
1064:
have shown that apes and humans constantly monitor the environment for information that may signal the possibility of physical danger or threat to the individual's social position. This receptiveness to risk signals is a powerful and virtually universal survival mechanism. A "risk signal" is
738:. The findings of a content analysis of three major national newspapers in the UK were used to critically evaluate Galtung and Ruge's original criteria and to propose a contemporary set of news values. Forty years on, they found some notable differences, including the rise of
948:: A story that is already in the news gathers a kind of inertia. This is partly because the media organizations are already in place to report the story, and partly because previous reportage may have made the story more accessible to the public (making it less ambiguous).
931:: Events that fit with the media's expectations and preconceptions receive more coverage than those that defy them (and for which they are thus unprepared). Note this appears to conflict with unexpectedness above. However, consonance really refers to the media's
877:: Events whose implications are clear make for better copy than those that are open to more than one interpretation, or where any understanding of the implications depends on first understanding the complex background in which the events take place.
1043:
or edition. Such news values are qualitatively different from news values that relate to aspects of events, such as
Eliteness (the elite status of news actors or sources) or Proximity (the closeness of the event's location to the target audience).
815:: Events that occur suddenly and fit well with the news organization's schedule are more likely to be reported than those that occur gradually or at inconvenient times of day or night. Long-term trends are not likely to receive much coverage.
693:
practice), and discursive (focusing on the discourse). A discursive perspective tries to systematically examine how news values such as
Negativity, Proximity, Eliteness, and others, are constructed through words and images in published
1053:
and interactive media. Little has been done to define equivalent factors that determine audience perception of news. This is largely because it would appear impossible to define a common factor, or factors, that generate interest in a
688:
Methodologically and conceptually, news values can be approached from four different perspectives: material (focusing on the material reality of events), cognitive (focusing on people's beliefs and value systems), social (focusing on
914:
receive more attention than those concerned with less influential nations. Events concerned with the rich, powerful, famous and infamous get more coverage. Also includes the eliteness of sources – sometimes called
706:, and is called "discursive news values analysis" (DNVA). It focuses on the "distortion" step in Galtung and Ruge's chain of news communication, by analysing how events are discursively constructed as newsworthy.
684:
of March–April 1964. Results were mainly consistent with their theory and hypotheses. Johan
Galtung later said that the media have misconstrued his work and become far too negative, sensational, and adversarial.
763:
and the rapid rise of digital technology in recent years, Harcup and O’Neill updated their 2001 study in 2016, while other scholars have analysed news values in viral news shared via social media. The growth of
1030:: Media need to back up all of their stories with data in order to remain relevant and reliable. Reporters prefer to look at raw data in order to be able to take an unbiased perspective. An alternative term is
992:), read, liked, commented-on. To be qualified as shareable, a story arguably has to be simple, emotional, unexpected and triggered. Engaging with such analytics is now an important part of newsroom practice.
1069:
be manipulated by journalists, power elites and communicators seeking to encourage audiences to exclude, or embrace, certain groups: for instance, to distance a home audience from the enemy in time of
1057:. Basing his judgement on many years as a newspaper journalist Hetherington states that: "...anything which threatens people's peace, prosperity and well being is news and likely to make headlines."
865:: Opposition of people or forces resulting in a dramatic effect. Events with conflict are often quite newsworthy. Sometimes included in Negativity rather than listed as a separate news value.
718:
and Mari
Holmboe Ruge. In their seminal 1965 study, Galtung and Ruge put forward a system of twelve factors describing events that together are used as defining "newsworthiness." Focusing on
771:
is fast altering the traditional distinction between news producer and passive audience and may in future lead to a redefinition of what "news" means and the role of the news industry.
976:: A story that is marginal in news terms but written and available may be selected ahead of a much more newsworthy story that must be researched and written from the ground up.
3152:
3162:
3157:
800:
Ruge's news factors, and others put forward by
Schlesinger, Bell, Bednarek & Caple), with considerable overlap but also disagreement as to what should be included.
1206:
Galtung, Johan; Holmboe Ruge, Mari (1965). "The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four
Norwegian newspapers".
664:
on the basis of their experience and intuition, although analysis by
Galtung and Ruge showed that several factors are consistently applied across a range of
641:
are "criteria that influence the selection and presentation of events as published news." These values help explain what makes something "newsworthy."
2646:
904:
refers more generally to an event's impact, on the target audience, or on others. An event with significant consequences (high impact) is newsworthy.
1811:
Grabe, Maria Elizabeth (24 November 2011). "News as reality-inducing, survival-relevant, and gender-specific stimuli". In Roberts, S. Craig (ed.).
935:
to report an item. Consonance has also been defined as relating to editors' stereotypes and their mental scripts for how events typically proceed.
1579:
2003:
3195:
1895:. Medill School of Journalism visions of the American press (25th anniversary ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
625:
656:, some attempt to describe news practices across cultures, while others have become remarkably specific to the press of particular (often
3142:
843:: Bad news is more newsworthy than good news. Sometimes described as "the basic news value." Conversely, it has also been suggested that
1252:
742:
news and that good news (as well as bad news) was a significant news value, as well as the newspaper's own agenda. They examined three
900:, which is about the relevance of the event as regards the target readers/viewers own lives or how close it is to their experiences.
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970:: A story that is only marginally newsworthy in its own right may be covered if it is related to a major running story.
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have strict deadlines and a short production cycle, which selects for items that can be researched and covered quickly.
791:
or unethical reporting. Many different factors have the potential to influence whether an event is first noticed by a
3217:
2916:
677:
726:, Galtung and Ruge devised a list describing what they believed were significant contributing factors as to how the
2911:
2728:
2632:
988:: The impact of a published story (not the event), for example whether it is being shared widely (sometimes called
618:
2142:
871:: Events that are out of the ordinary, unexpected, or rare are more newsworthy than routine, unsurprising events.
64:
681:
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833:
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1073:, or conversely, to highlight the plight of a distant culture so as to encourage support for aid programs.
235:
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1997:
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News values can relate to aspects of events and actors, or to aspects of news gathering and processing:
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660:) nations. In the Western tradition, decisions on the selection and prioritization of news are made by
1989:
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In 2001, the influential 1965 study was updated by Tony Harcup and Deirdre O'Neill, in a study of the
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22:
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821:: Events that have only just happened, are current, ongoing, or are about to happen are newsworthy.
331:
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150:
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79:
2007:
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1954:
Schulz, Winfried Friedrich (1982). "News structure and people's awareness of political events".
39:
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for this news value, which includes geographical and cultural proximity (see "meaningfulness").
301:
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1911:
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1430:"Investigating evaluation and news values in news items that are shared through social media"
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185:
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2011:
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Whyte-Venables suggests audiences may interpret news as a risk signal. Psychologists and
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1580:"Delving into the discourse: Approaches to news values in journalism studies and beyond"
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109:
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1024:, and functionality of technical resources can determine whether a story is covered.
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1582:. Oxford, UK: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
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1967:
1930:
1735:"Perceptions of newsworthiness are contaminated by a political usefulness bias"
1595:
1221:
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566:
346:
99:
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even from remote regions, the ability to deploy and control production and
925:: Events with a large scale or scope or with high intensity are newsworthy.
911:
780:
690:
673:
556:
437:
427:
21:"Newsworthy" redirects here. For the New Zealand television programme, see
2624:
1446:
1429:
1297:
The discourse of news values: How news organizations create newsworthiness
3038:
2968:
2675:
2594:
961:
699:
515:
1759:
1253:"Academic who defined news principles says journalists are too negative"
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2765:
2758:
2659:
2526:
2333:
2283:
2170:
2132:
2068:
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1844:
Cameron, Deborah (2010). "Sex/gender, language and the new biologism".
1660:
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481:
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210:
94:
54:
31:
1946:
1229:
1039:
ensure a balanced spread of stories with minimal duplication across a
982:: An event is more likely to be covered if it has been pre-scheduled.
714:
Initially labelled "news factors," news values are widely credited to
2933:
2867:
2834:
2569:
2496:
2073:
2016:
1328:
1114:
896:
759:
755:
739:
541:
490:
417:
3267:
2889:
2807:
2579:
890:
500:
668:. Their theory was tested on the news presented in four different
3227:
3033:
2862:
2136:
2083:
661:
649:
648:. Among the many lists of news values that have been drawn up by
645:
551:
58:
16:
Criteria that influence the selection of events as published news
960:: Commercial or professional competition between media may lead
2108:
1465:
Prime time activism: Media strategies for grassroots organizing
669:
576:
2021:
999:
644:
News values are not universal and can vary between different
2323:
2127:
2078:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
784:
727:
546:
246:
49:
1070:
1190:
779:
A variety of external and internal pressures influence
964:
to endorse the news value given to a story by a rival.
3290:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1166:
Broadcast journalism: Techniques of radio and TV news
1386:"What is news? : News values revisited (again)"
1571:
1482:
1480:
1205:
1462:
1270:
1034:– the favouring of facts and figures in hard news.
889:: This relates to the sense of identification the
1383:
1344:"What is news? : Galtung and Ruge revisited"
1341:
3314:
1578:Caple, Helen; Bednarek, Monika (December 2013).
1477:
1990:Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero
1047:
1650:
2640:
2037:
1815:. Oxford University Press. pp. 361–377.
1806:
1804:
1732:
1577:
1548:
1546:
1291:
787:-making process, which can sometimes lead to
619:
1615:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1080:
3143:Political polarization in the United States
2654:
1592:
1504:
1486:
827:: To do with people or places close to the
749:
2647:
2633:
2044:
2030:
1801:
1622:. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. p. 40.
1616:Hetherington, Alastair (25 October 1985).
847:is a news value in certain cases (such as
626:
612:
3196:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
1821:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.003.0022
1776:
1758:
1523:
1445:
1401:
1305:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190653934.001.0001
1168:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Focal Press.
1909:
1666:
1424:
1250:
1016:: Although eased by the availability of
754:In a rapidly evolving market, achieving
1843:
1384:Harcup, Tony; O'Neill, Deirdre (2016).
1342:Harcup, Tony; O'Neill, Deirdre (2001).
1299:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1120:Mass media impact on spatial perception
3315:
1953:
1912:"Factors influencing the flow of news"
1733:Pashler, Harold; Heriot, Gail (2018).
1699:
1671:. Kings Ripton, UK: Elm Publications.
774:
3238:Psychological effects of Internet use
2628:
2025:
1810:
1873:
1651:Whyte-Venables, John (4 July 2012).
1593:Brighton, Paul; Foy, Dennis (2007).
1552:
1507:Putting 'reality' together: BBC News
1489:Putting 'reality' together: BBC News
1460:
1163:
3213:Digital media use and mental health
1655:(3rd ed.). Willow Publishing.
1469:. Boston: South End Press. p.
1251:Haagerup, Ulrik (18 January 2019).
13:
998:: Traditional news media such as
894:preoccupations. A related term is
14:
3344:
3218:Effects of violence in mass media
2917:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2004:Chart – Real and Fake News (2014)
1983:
1877:Deciding what's news: A study of
1702:Source journalism and news values
1491:(2nd ed.). London: Methuen.
1329:"Discursive News Values Analysis"
807:Values in news actors and events:
698:. This approach is influenced by
3300:
3191:2021 Facebook company files leak
2912:Mobile phones and driving safety
588:
38:
3163:2020 U.S. presidential election
3158:2016 U.S. presidential election
2017:Discursive News Values Analysis
1837:
1813:Applied evolutionary psychology
1726:
1693:
1644:
1619:News, newspapers and television
1609:
1586:
2051:
1454:
1418:
1377:
1335:
1321:
1244:
1157:
1:
2729:Betteridge's law of headlines
2109:Pundit / commentator
1956:Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands)
1867:
1403:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193
577:Pundit / commentator
3248:Social aspects of television
3148:Social media use in politics
2793:Missing white woman syndrome
1505:Schlesinger, Philip (1978).
1487:Schlesinger, Philip (1987).
1048:Audience perceptions of news
115:Index of journalism articles
7:
2754:Least objectionable program
2612:List of journalism articles
1097:
940:Values in the news process:
10:
3349:
3094:Algorithmic radicalization
1968:10.1177/001654928203000301
1931:10.1177/002234336500200103
1874:Gans, Herbert J. (2004) .
1739:Royal Society Open Science
1555:The language of news media
1222:10.1177/002234336500200104
709:
20:
3208:Cultural impact of TikTok
3173:
3079:
2994:
2833:
2721:
2666:
2609:
2561:
2488:
2293:
2195:
2119:
2059:
1919:Journal of Peace Research
1628:10.1007/978-1-349-18000-4
1601:. London: Sage. pp.
1557:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
1209:Journal of Peace Research
1081:Evolutionary perspectives
831:. Others prefer the term
600:Category: Journalism
23:Newsworthy (TV programme)
3280:Violence and video games
3258:Social impact of YouTube
3138:Knowledge gap hypothesis
3061:Social-desirability bias
2954:Information–action ratio
1910:Ă–stgaard, Einar (1965).
1503:Originally published as
1461:Ryan, Charlotte (1991).
1151:
910:: Events concerned with
750:Contemporary news values
3233:Mass shooting contagion
2681:Evolutionary psychology
2069:Journalists (reporters)
1667:Venables, John (1993).
1295:; Caple, Helen (2017).
1087:evolutionary psychology
537:Journalists (reporters)
3223:Fascination with death
3086:Political polarization
3014:Availability heuristic
2979:Television consumption
2181:Editorial independence
1363:10.1080/14616700118449
105:Editorial independence
3186:Criticism of Facebook
3066:Social influence bias
2949:Information pollution
2939:Information explosion
2922:Texting while driving
2878:Low information voter
2776:Pink-slime journalism
2537:Pink-slime journalism
2522:Horse race journalism
1858:10.1093/applin/amp022
1700:Landau, Joel (2016).
1509:. London: Constable.
1447:10.3366/cor.2016.0093
1164:Boyd, Andrew (1994).
1110:Agenda-setting theory
1018:global communications
783:decisions during the
680:of July 1960 and the
595:Journalism portal
458:Pink-slime journalism
443:Horse race journalism
3323:Journalism standards
3203:Criticism of Netflix
3009:Availability cascade
2944:Information overload
2853:Attention management
2848:Attention inequality
2744:Human-interest story
2686:Behavioral modernity
2671:Cognitive psychology
2512:Freedom of the press
1553:Bell, Allan (1991).
672:newspapers from the
433:Freedom of the press
3116:Post-truth politics
3046:Mean world syndrome
2574:Newspaper of record
2012:Pew Research Center
1846:Applied Linguistics
1760:10.1098/rsos.172239
1751:2018RSOS....572239P
795:, second whether a
775:List of news values
495:Newspaper of record
2929:Influence-for-hire
2907:Media multitasking
2902:Human multitasking
2820:Tabloid television
2771:Media manipulation
1390:Journalism Studies
1351:Journalism Studies
1145:The Media Equation
1130:Media transparency
769:citizen journalism
744:tabloid newspapers
666:news organizations
3333:Mass media events
3288:
3287:
3111:Fake news website
3071:Spiral of silence
3024:Confirmation bias
2843:Attention economy
2825:Yellow journalism
2713:Social psychology
2622:
2621:
2600:Alternative media
2552:Yellow journalism
2186:Journalism school
1998:Mark Frauenfelder
1902:978-0-8101-2237-6
1830:978-0-19-958607-3
1711:978-1-365-44689-4
1678:978-1-85450-052-6
1637:978-0-333-38606-4
1564:978-0-631-16434-0
1516:978-0-09-462040-7
1498:978-0-416-90190-0
1396:(12): 1470–1488.
1314:978-0-19-065393-4
1175:978-0-7506-1760-4
1125:Media imperialism
1077:their own views.
793:news organisation
765:interactive media
636:
635:
521:Alternative media
473:Yellow journalism
110:Journalism school
3340:
3328:Business culture
3305:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3133:Knowledge divide
3029:Crowd psychology
3019:Bandwagon effect
2786:Public relations
2703:Media psychology
2649:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2547:Propaganda model
2542:Public relations
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2022:
1979:
1950:
1916:
1906:
1883:NBC Nightly News
1879:CBS Evening News
1862:
1861:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1780:
1762:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1664:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1426:Bednarek, Monika
1422:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1293:Bednarek, Monika
1289:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1203:
1188:
1187:
1161:
1008:daily newspapers
996:Time constraints
704:social semiotics
628:
621:
614:
593:
592:
591:
468:Propaganda model
463:Public relations
42:
28:
27:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3169:
3084:
3075:
3051:Negativity bias
2999:
2990:
2959:One weird trick
2873:Cognitive miser
2829:
2722:Media practices
2717:
2662:
2653:
2623:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2444:Photojournalism
2313:Interventionism
2289:
2288:
2287:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2055:
2050:
1986:
1914:
1903:
1870:
1865:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1809:
1802:
1731:
1727:
1712:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1614:
1610:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1551:
1524:
1517:
1499:
1485:
1478:
1459:
1455:
1423:
1419:
1382:
1378:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1290:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1249:
1245:
1204:
1191:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1100:
1083:
1050:
1022:reporting staff
923:Superlativeness
881:Personalization
829:target audience
777:
752:
712:
632:
589:
587:
367:Photojournalism
236:Interventionism
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3310:
3309:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3174:Related topics
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3081:Digital divide
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2996:Cognitive bias
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2986:Sticky content
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2974:Binge-watching
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2885:Digital zombie
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Attention span
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2803:Sensationalism
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Junk food news
2746:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
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2534:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:New Journalism
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Human-interest
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Digital/Online
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Sensationalism
2173:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2147:code of ethics
2140:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:News presenter
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2001:
1985:
1984:External links
1982:
1981:
1980:
1962:(3): 139–153.
1951:
1907:
1901:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1852:(2): 173–192.
1836:
1829:
1800:
1725:
1710:
1692:
1677:
1643:
1636:
1608:
1585:
1570:
1563:
1522:
1515:
1497:
1476:
1453:
1440:(2): 227–257.
1417:
1376:
1357:(2): 261–280.
1334:
1320:
1313:
1269:
1243:
1189:
1174:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:Reporting bias
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Afghanistanism
1101:
1099:
1096:
1082:
1079:
1062:primatologists
1049:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1011:
993:
983:
980:Predictability
977:
974:Prefabrication
971:
965:
955:
949:
937:
936:
926:
920:
905:
887:Meaningfulness
884:
878:
872:
869:Unexpectedness
866:
860:
838:
822:
816:
776:
773:
751:
748:
724:broadcast news
711:
708:
634:
633:
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623:
616:
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582:
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569:
567:News presenter
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399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:New Journalism
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:Human-interest
314:
309:
304:
299:
297:Digital/Online
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
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244:
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138:
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125:
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120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
100:Sensationalism
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
69:code of ethics
62:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
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3308:
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3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Computer rage
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:United States
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Filter bubble
3126:
3122:
3121:United States
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Peer pressure
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Doomscrolling
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Media studies
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:human factors
2657:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:News agencies
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:False balance
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Fourth Estate
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2489:Social impact
2487:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Press release
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Investigative
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Fact-checking
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Collaborative
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Entertainment
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:Writing style
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Meteorologist
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:(8): 172239.
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:. p. 1.
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:What is news?
1665:Revised from
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:What is news?
1647:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Systemic bias
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1055:mass audience
1045:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
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2517:Infotainment
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2304:Adversarial
2269:Video games
2224:Environment
2166:Attribution
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2089:Copy editor
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952:Composition
917:Attribution
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700:linguistics
654:journalists
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387:Underground
302:Explanatory
227:Adversarial
196:Video games
151:Environment
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337:Multimedia
257:Churnalism
186:Technology
95:Defamation
32:Journalism
2934:Infodemic
2868:Clickbait
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2497:Fake news
2419:Narrative
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2329:Broadcast
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1939:0022-3433
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