452:"Invisible Children" took Kony's actions and turned them into a short film, posting it on YouTube. It was the fastest growing viral video of all time, receiving over 100 million views in the span of 6 days. Kony had been wanted by the International Criminal Court since 2005 for crimes against humanity. After gaining so much attention from social media sites like YouTube and Twitter, the U.S. finally declares the LRA a terrorist group in 2008. They even sent 100 of their own troops to support Uganda in tracking Kony and taking him down. Hundreds of thousands of people tweeted with the hashtag "#stopkony". The Kony video resulted in never before seen international efforts to end Africa's longest lasting issue. The video incorporated people form all over the world who probably had no idea this problem was occurring otherwise. It proved that if people knew about an issue and were given the opportunity to help, they in fact would. Social justice campaigns have been using new media strategies to communicate to the public. Things like online distribution, podcasts and the new cultural norm of social media have been fused with the traditional rallies, protests and lobbying efforts and have created a new type of change that is somewhat convenient for its followers. These new social platforms have made it possible for the public to be both the consumer and producer of media, making their efforts for change reach numbers of people at never before seen speed, like the Kony video.
443:, also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, a fatal disease which causes damage to a person's motor functions through the breakdown of nerve cells. The challenge involves pouring a bucket of cold water over a person's head, and donating to the ALS Association. It began in July 2014, when Chris Kennedy first challenged his sister, Jeanette Senerchia, to participate in the challenge. Senerchia was inspired to partake in order to support her husband who had previously been diagnosed with the disease. Soon the challenge became widespread across mainstream media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. The challenge picked up a mass following due to the amount of lives touched by the disease and the desire to see progress in the fight against ALS. The accumulation of donations made by supporters of the cause resulted in as much as $ 115 million being donated to the ALS Association in an effort to find a cure and bring awareness to the cause.
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national minorities who face similar issues. Indigenous groups in the
Philippines have been able to use online media to debunk stereotypes propagated in national media and to communicate their causes and claims with an international audience. Media activism also allows indigenous groups to mobilize external support from international allies, especially when local conditions become too dangerous to mobilize locally, due cases of political harassment or extrajudicial killings. Agents of media in terms of activism, are a doubled edged sword which indicate the historic importance, while also laying stepping stones for its significance in the future. Similarly, indigenous life writing is a phenomenon which not only signifies its historic importance but also lays the foundation for the future white settler conception of colonialism and a medium to secure land rights for the indigenous.
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with
Standing Rock movement. Social media hashtags associated with the movement included #NoDAPL, #StandwithStandingRock, #Waterislife, and #ReZpectOurWater. During the 2016 movement, more than one million Facebook users checked in to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's reservation located near the border of North Dakota and South Dakota along the Missouri River. The Facebook check-in's demonstrated the global reach of the Indigenous movement. On Sunday November 20, 2016, livestreams and videos were circulated through social media platforms that showed evidence of North Dakota law enforcement officers utilizing "pepper spray, teargas, rubber bullets, Tasers, sound weapons, and other âless-than-lethalâ weapons" against pipeline protestors who referred to themselves as
414:, a campaign against violence and systemic racism towards African Americans, has been influenced strongly by Social Media Activism with leaders, hashtags, and policy proposals brought forward because of Social Media. The hashtag #blacklivesmatter was created in 2013 by Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi after the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the murder in Florida of seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she said: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter.â Once the hashtag was formed, it has been a rallying cry for various organizing efforts across the country centered on Black lives.
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they cannot - for example when they are too young to vote. The internet allows for these individuals to avoid feeling helpless when they cannot vote. This is a free way for leaders to organize and allows more individuals interested in engaging with certain movements online rather than in person to speak up. On the other hand, this is also a common form of activism for celebrities to use and there is debate on how effective it really is. One criticism of Media
Activism is that since everyone has a voice radicals sound as loud as the average whether itâs one person or not which can undermine the movement entirely.
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under tents, one of the main issues the protesters pushed was economic inequality. Then with the winter pressing forward the police swept the protesters away. All across the country the crowds began to thin and enthusiasm diminished, and eventually the movement all but dissolved. The catch phrase that became well known by the occupants was "We are the 99 percent.â The 99 percent were referred to as the lower-income people that are struggling to make a change. This was in contrast to the 1% who were well off financially and were in control of social, political and economic levers of powers.
418:#BLM, #BlackLivesMatter, and #equality on Twitter, Facebook, and many social media platforms. In response to the visible violent acts against Black communities more than 50 organizations from across the country have come together to fight this unfairness based on color. Today this is still an issue, and in some peoples' opinion media does not have a positive effect on BLM. It causes people to riot and build more hatred for each other instead of the whole concept of unity. Sometimes the media, which has fake news can take things out of context, in result people will have an upsetting reaction.
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352:, an overseas Filipino domestic worker, was arrested and convicted in Indonesia for attempting to smuggle 5.7lb of heroin. She was placed on death row and was initially set to be executed. Human rights organizations claimed that Veloso was used by her recruiters as a drug mule and should be given the opportunity to defend herself in court. Through a joint effort of legal advocacy and online media activism, Veloso's execution was delayed. The petition on Change.org to support her was one of the fastest-growing and most signed online petitions from the region.
336:, where 34 journalists were killed in a single event. Competing interests within traditional media also complicate the landscape of journalistic transparencyâa number of the country's largest newspapers are owned by a few select families who compete in both business and politics. In response, local organizations have turned to alternative forms of information dissemination. For example, indigenous groups in the Philippines have developed their online media presence in order to build international awareness of local issuesâsuch as
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media use, Bronwyn
Carlson and Ryan Frazer found that many people experience unpleasant interactions like trolling and racism, but still value social media: âFor many, it had become an invaluable tool in the realisation of their hopes and dreams; it helped them âfindâ and share their identities and produce intimate communities of mutual trust, respect, care and kindness.â Social media is an important tool for developing activistsâ collective identities.
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of
Occupies largest unrecognized victories is the drive for a higher minimum wage. The occupy protests helped to motivate workers in the fast food industry in New York City to walk off their jobs in November, 2012, triggering national movement to raise the minimum wage to $ 15 an hour. This march in New York helped lead the way for tens of thousands of workers who marched in hundreds of cities asking for better paying conditions.
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501:. Social media was used to organize rallies and political platforms and affected campaign content. Opposition candidate Capriles used social media as an activist approach to "drum up" support and connect with voters politically. This form of media activism connected most dominantly in the Venezuelan youth populationâa generation considered to be tech-savvy.
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were used to bring people from all over to one place for an agreed upon cause. It started off with the small number of people who had the idea. Once the events, rallies and protests began, it gained the attention from mass media. This ultimately created a huge platform for the change these participants yearned for.
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people use social media at higher rates than non-Indigenous Australians. As a form of activism, they use social media and especially memes, to challenge dominant views of Australian history. In a comprehensive study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social
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African
Americans use Twitter at a higher rate than their white counterparts with 22 percent of online blacks using the service in 2014 compared to 16 percent of online whites. Hashtags such as #OscarsSoWhite, #handsupdontshoot, and #icantbreathe have sprung up as offshoots in the social movement and
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uprisings made extensive use of social media activism within the countries of
Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. These nations concentrated on the ability of the society to operate social media and begin organizing a grassroots initiative for a globalized form of democracy. Arab youth population are described
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is a term coined to emphasize on the lack of action media activism enrolls, through engaging in the talk of social issues but not reacting. Critics argue that media activism does not seem to be the most efficient engine in taking action towards social regimes, however many recognize it as a powerful
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of 2016 was one the largest, more contemporary, Indigenous protests in the United States where social media played role in raising awareness globally of the
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's concerns with the oil pipeline construction. The protests have been referred to as the NoDAPL movement or the Stand
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Occupy Wall Street protesters capitalized on the tools of social media to spread awareness about the movement, to inform participants about organized meetings, rallies, and events, and to ultimately generate national news and mainstream media attention. Social media handles like
Facebook and Twitter
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in place, where the press freedoms are not considered free, rather oppressive. Youth in China have worked towards stronger press freedoms online and a dedication to utilizing the principles of media activism. Intensive civic conversation occurs online in China. Youth satirized the government through
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Media activism gives disadvantaged groups the ability to have their own voices heard and organize in bigger groups allowing for more autonomise activism to enact social change. As well as disadvantaged communities, media activism allows younger generations to have a voice in situations where legally
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Rotuman in Fiji, the Rotuman people are deemed the minority, causing vast outmigration of nearly 80 percent of the population. Digital communication is relied on heavily to conserve the Rotuman culture. The communication aspects of digital media are of great benefit. The use of digital media allows
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It is a movement that brings the African American community together. It is a campaign that does not promote violence but instead unity. There can be both negative or positive views on the movement due to the way the media affects people. This movement began in 2013 when people started hash tagging
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The movement came about because of the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Its main goal was to fight against the unequal income gap and the corrupting influence of money. Although many people believed that the movement disappeared, it has instead evolved into a variety of different causes. One
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movement, which began during the fall of 2011, is another instance were social media largely contributed to the efforts of the initiative. It was a people powered movement beginning September 17, 2011 in Liberty Square in Manhattans financial district. As Occupy Wall Street sprang up in parks and
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argues that suppression of online activism is to protect authorities' political or economic interests. In North Korea, the state curtails virtually all forms of digital communication, but a few transnational citizen-journalists have used technology like cell phones and thumb drives to communicate
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In light of the benefits of media activism, there are those who oppose the usage of it as an organizing tool. One caveat of technology is that those in power can use the internet to track down and target activists. Dominant elites, or those challenged by media activism, have tried to push back by
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Joseph Kony was the leader of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in 2012. He was accused of abducting over 60,000 Ugandan children, turning the boys into brainwashed killing machines and the young girls into sex slaves. He killed anyone who stood in his way. In 2012, an American charity named
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Social Media has become a primary organizing tool for political and social movements globally. They serve to strengthen already existing networks of political and social relationships among activists offline. Media activism among youth can be linked to the way youth protest and create communities
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Media activism has also provided an opportunity for Indigenous peoples to address issues of local government inadequacy. Through the usage of media technology and online communication, Indigenous groups are able to reach out further than their specific localities and build solidarity with other
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Egyptian protesters utilized social media to reduce the difficulties and cost associated with organizing rallies and a readily-mobilized political force. This facilitation of assembly through social media allowed the creation of new gateways for civic engagement where Egypt had suppressed such
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can reach a much larger audience than traditional media. Although often only a small percentage of people who express interest in a cause online are willing to commit to offline action, social media interaction is viewed as "the first step in a ladder of engagement"."Social media has helped us
271:. This image was coined as Maorilyn Maoroe, which in the image is juxtaposed next to a homophone for profanity. "Maorilyn Maoroe" was an opponent to the societal River Crab, which is a pun on "harmonious," a principle that Chinese censorship was created to promote, but has failed to do so.
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have helped create a subculture on the website that some have called âBlack Twitterâ. Jelani Cobb, professor of Journalism at Columbia University, has argued that that âBlack Twitterâ has been as vital to Black Lives Matter as television was for the Civil Rights Movement.
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still require the coverage of traditional mass media outlets in order to gain significant traction. Social movements, especially ones rooted in online social media, also require a critical mass of participants in order to sustain the presence on social media platforms.
469:. During the NoDAPL movement there was a mass mobilization of people who traveled to the confluence of the Missouri River and Cannonball River in North Dakota, where the oil pipeline crosses under the Missouri River, near the border of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
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opportunities under emergency power for the last 30 years. This uprising led to violent conflict within each of the nations, and can thus media and media activism can be viewed as a fundamental contributor to the nation's new national identity under a new rule.
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Media activism has a long history in the United States including the revolutionary pamphleteers of the Revolutionary War, the abolitionist press in the decades leading up to the Civil War and the socialist press during the years of the labor movement such as
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what came to be known as "the River Crab critique," in turn spurring civic conversation on the internet. Media Activists in China used their online presence and freedom to alter images, such as Marilyn Monroe, to have the face of Chinese Communist leader
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or the Walkie-Talkie application with their smartphones in order to improve communication between protestors during the manifestations thanks to its quick and instantaneous sharing of information. Moreover, the usage of applications such as
154:. Methods of media activism include publishing news on websites, creating video and audio investigations, spreading information about protests, or organizing campaigns relating to media and communications policies.
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organize without having leaders," said Victor Damaso, 22, demonstrating on SĂŁo Paulo's main Paulista Avenue on Thursday night. "Our ideas, our demands are discussed on Facebook. There are no meetings, no rules".
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Sandoval-Almazan, Rodrigo; Gil-Garcia, J. Ramon (2014). "Towards cyberactivism 2.0? Understanding the use of social media and other information technologies for political activism and social movements".
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and net-based campaigns are also considered media activism. Typically, the purpose of media activism is to spread awareness through media communications which sometimes leads to action.
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Christine Harold (September 2004). "Pranking Rhetoric: "Culture Jamming" as Media Activism". Critical Studies in Media Communication 21 (3 ed.). pp. 189â211. Retrieved December 19, 2012
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is often used as a form of media activism. Because of the interactive features and widespread adoption, users can quickly disseminate information and rally supporters. Platforms like
246:. Media activism additionally educates the audience to be producers of their own media. Media activism to be expanded to facilitate action through media production and involvement.
332:, due to the subsequent rapid expansion of newspapers, radio stations, and programming throughout the country. This has changed over the years, especially after events such as the
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In China, youth and other media activists have discovered and utilized new methods to indirectly criticize the political and societal environments, going around the government
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can be an example of this way of broadcasting in terms of the lack of the objectivity of the actual media and the television. On the other hand, a lot of protestors used
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Citizen reporting on platforms such as Twitter and Facebook help drive the coverage of traditional media on stories of violence, discrimination, and harassment.
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was imprisoned by the Scientific Penal and Criminal Investigation Corps of Venezuela for tweeting a message that was considered "destabilizing to the country".
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Wolf, Linda (2001). Global Uprising: Confronting the Tyrannies of the 21st Century : Stories from a New Generation of Activists. New Society Publ.
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also suggests that digital creations and media have to be emotionally moving in order to spur civic engagement and mobilization of citizens.
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Soriano, Cheryll Ruth (2012). "The arts of indigenous online dissent: Negotiating technology, indigeneity, and activism in the Cordillera".
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One example is the four-stage model for political movements using social media created by Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan and J. Roman Gil-Garcia.
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Although media activism is a form of activism it is not a form of high risk activism, more a form of organization through communication.
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filtering the internet, blocking specific websites, decreasing the connection speeds, and tracking users who view political information.
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is another efficient tool of spreading information and is generally used with other social media forms such as Facebook and Twitter.
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Ghobadi, Shahla; Clegg, Stewart (2015). ""These days will never be forgotten âŠ": A critical mass approach to online activism".
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Scholars have attempted to create theoretical frameworks to illustrate the use of media within social movements and activism.
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that re-appropriates the tropes of mainstream media "in order to take advantage of the resources and venues they afford".
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Limitations of social media activism have also been pointed out by scholars. Some critics argue that media activism and
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Ed Carrasco (March 26, 2012). "How Social Media Has Helped Activism". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved December 19, 2012
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can therefore be seen as a media activist approach to civic participation within the bounds of government censorship.
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Sarah Kessler (October 9, 2010). "Why Social Media Is Reinventing Activism". Mashable. Retrieved December 19, 2012
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818:"Social media's commodified, transgender ambassador: Caitlyn Jenner, celebrity activism, and social media"
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Global Voices Advocacy - Defending free speech online.. Global Voices Advocacy, n.d. Web. 16 May 2013.
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as "opening" societies through social media in places where governments are otherwise repressive.
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is among the newest method of critique. Activists use "microblogs" to critique the government.
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can improve organization among protestors with added features such as group message. Similarly,
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Gerry, Felicity (22 March 2016). "Human Trafficking, Drug Trafficking, and the Death Penalty".
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The Philippines was once said to have the freest press in Southeast Asia, after the ousting of
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Titifanue, Jason; Varea, Rufino Robert; Varea, Renata; Kant, Romitesh; Finau, Glen (2018).
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was a form of media activism that swept through online communities to bring awareness to
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Americas Society and Council of the Americas (AS/COA), 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 16 May 2013.
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1826:"Art, Affect, and Social Media in the 'No Dakota Access Pipeline' Movement"
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Media activism is used for many different purposes. It is often a tool for
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Media activism has expanded its scope to include fields of study such as
1215:"Facebook: virtual impact on reality in the Middle East | openDemocracy"
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Kim Deterline. "FAIR's Media Activism Kit". Retrieved December 19, 2012.
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From here it spread to cities all over the United States, and globally.
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the Rotuman people to remain in touch and conserve their culture.
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Social media has been used politically to achieve success during
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1192:"The Role Social of Media and Modern Technology in Arabs Spring"
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967:"Turkish protesters using encryption software to evade censors"
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Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
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Form of activism using media for social or political movements
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1991:"SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research"
1618:"How Black Lives Matter Uses Social Media to Fight the Power"
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tool of communication to connect like-minded populations.
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A study of the protests and media activism sparked by the
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Curtis & McCarthy, Polly & Tom (March 8, 2012).
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Protestors as a part of the occupy wall street movement
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Frameworks for the use of media in political movements
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1063:(January/February 2011). Council on Foreign Relations
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news stories. Certain forms of politically motivated
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online over specific issues and social connections.
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307:after President Mubarak announced his resignation.
1553:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech
1493:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech
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2161:"Indigenous memes and the invention of a people"
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594:in the name of national harmony, although the
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1156:"Chinese censorship: FÇ KĂš YĂłu, River Crab."
2194:"Social Media Mob: Being Indigenous Online"
1671:School of Journalism and Mass Communication
764:"The Darker Sides of Social Media Activism"
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298:
165:to spread information not available via
119:
2243:
2192:Carlson, Bronwyn; Frazer, Ryan (2018).
2159:Frazer, Ryan; Carlson, Bronwyn (2017).
2125:
1798:
1766:Levin, Sam; Woolf, Nicky (2016-11-01).
1596:
1427:
1332:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1185:
1183:
862:
36:not related to the topic of the article
3338:
2351:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1932:
1923:
1549:"African Americans and Technology Use"
1328:
1326:
1324:
1267:
1139:
1130:
1051:
1045:
964:
945:
776:
599:accurate news to citizens and abroad.
2325:
2262:
2020:
2018:
1546:
1384:
1263:
1261:
1241:"Social Media and Political Activism"
1081:
1075:
1057:"The Political Power of Social Media"
983:
406:
374:
1896:
1860:
1229:
1212:
1189:
1180:
1107:
1011:. Burlington College. Archived from
76:
18:
2246:"North Korea's Digital Underground"
2216:
2046:
1823:
1664:
1615:
1461:Kanalley, Craig (6 December 2011).
1321:
561:Representation of Indigenous groups
456:No Dakota Access Pipeline (#NoDAPL)
343:
146:and communication technologies for
131:using their laptops, September 2011
13:
2015:
1258:
816:Williams, Melvin L. (2020-06-28).
555:2009 Iranian presidential election
290:North Africa & The Middle East
14:
3367:
2303:
2244:Boynton, Robert (February 2011).
1897:Wong, Julia Carrie (2016-11-21).
1710:"Kony 2012: What the Real Story?"
1393:: 265â282 – via HeinOnline.
303:Protesters in Egypt celebrate in
2309:
2072:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.12.002
2028:Government Information Quarterly
1161:, 7 June 2011. Web. 14 May 2013.
1113:
740:10.1002/9781118767771.wbiedcs083
615:
355:
264:China has strong censorship laws
81:
23:
2988:Party platforms (or manifestos)
2256:
2185:
2152:
2126:Carlson, Bronwyn (2017-04-27).
2119:
2078:
1982:
1969:
1957:
1933:Forero, Juan (1 October 2012).
1890:
1854:
1817:
1792:
1759:
1727:
1701:
1677:
1658:
1634:
1609:
1590:
1572:Williams, Stereo (2015-07-06).
1565:
1540:
1505:
1480:
1454:
1421:
1397:
1378:
1353:
1296:
1177:, 5 Mar. 2013. Web. 3 May 2013.
1164:
1148:
1098:
1082:Poell, Thomas (24 April 2012).
1027:
992:
977:
965:Arthur, Charles (4 June 2013).
958:
939:
921:
865:"Communicating Global Activism"
462:Dakota Access Pipeline Protests
249:
1744:10.7551/mitpress/9568.003.0033
1282:10.1080/01296612.2000.11726622
1239:Pfiefle, Mark (14 June 2012).
912:
903:
856:
809:
770:
756:
726:Cammaerts, Bart (2015-02-11).
719:
704:
695:
573:
323:
294:
1:
2286:10.1080/17404622.2014.1003310
2104:10.1080/10304312.2018.1404669
1995:Media International Australia
1830:Theory, Culture & Society
1799:Torchin, Leshu (2016-11-04).
1447:10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.0109
1434:Journal of Information Policy
834:10.1080/19392397.2020.1782236
711:Andors, Ph.D., Ellen (2012).
689:
441:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
103:related to non-recent events.
94:slanted towards recent events
45:or discuss this issue on the
3076:Rally 'round the flag effect
2060:Information and Organization
1574:"The Power of Black Twitter"
984:Kates, Glenn (7 June 2013).
881:10.1080/1369118032000093860a
863:Bennett, W. (January 2003).
783:Political Research Quarterly
777:Bimber, Bruce (March 2001).
603:Criticisms of Media Activism
596:Council on Foreign Relations
472:
446:
7:
2219:"Media Censorship in China"
1665:Coy, Shannon (April 2015).
1547:Smith, Aaron (2014-01-06).
728:"Social Media and Activism"
652:
506:Lourdes Alicia Ortega PĂ©rez
10:
3374:
1347:10.1016/j.tele.2011.04.004
1335:Telematics and Informatics
713:The Task of Activist Media
499:Henrique Capriles Radonski
491:2013 presidential campaign
3270:
3215:
3147:
3089:
3021:
2938:
2855:
2807:
2697:
2608:
2535:
2425:
2417:Manipulation (psychology)
2359:
2263:Glenn, Cerise L. (2015).
2040:10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.016
1839:10.1177/02632764221146715
1824:Lee, Robyn (2023-03-01).
632:Free Press (organization)
483:2012 re-election campaign
2595:Criticism of advertising
2178:10.1177/2056305117738993
2008:10.1177/1329878x18803377
1526:10.1177/1095796015620171
1428:Pickard, Victor (2015).
715:. Peoples Video Network.
637:Independent Media Center
437:ALS Ice Bucket Challenge
431:ALS Ice Bucket Challenge
258:
3257:Promotional merchandise
2968:Character assassination
2905:Narcotizing dysfunction
2779:Photograph manipulation
2492:Guerrilla communication
1738:, The MIT Press, 2014,
511:
185:Forms of media activism
138:is a broad category of
3351:Alternative journalism
3240:Product demonstrations
2669:Historical negationism
2171:(4): 205630511773899.
2165:Social Media + Society
384:
308:
132:
3172:Reputation management
3091:Psychological warfare
2940:Political campaigning
2749:Firehose of falsehood
2273:Communication Teacher
1685:"The ALS Association"
1642:"The ALS Association"
1175:The American Interest
1140:Wallis, Cara (2011).
382:
302:
123:
34:may contain material
3207:Corporate propaganda
2318:at Wikimedia Commons
1387:Indonesia Law Review
664:Freedom of the press
364:The Appeal to Reason
334:Maguindanao massacre
210:protests in Istanbul
43:improve this section
3295:Media concentration
3167:Non-apology apology
3157:Cult of personality
2885:Emotive conjugation
2639:Burying of scholars
2217:Bennett, Isabella.
1832:: 026327642211467.
1308:www.manilatimes.net
1245:The Huffington Post
1190:Khan, A. A (2012).
766:. 19 December 2019.
504:On March 14, 2013,
152:political movements
3278:Influence-for-hire
3071:National mythology
3041:Crowd manipulation
2930:Tabloid journalism
2799:Video manipulation
2744:Fictitious entries
2467:Civil disobedience
2353:Media manipulation
1862:Wong, Julia Carrie
946:Kantrowitz, Alex.
538:Viral organization
412:Black Lives Matter
407:Black Lives Matter
389:Occupy Wall Street
385:
375:Occupy Wall Street
309:
133:
125:Occupy Wall Street
3356:Alternative media
3333:
3332:
3099:Airborne leaflets
2978:Election promises
2832:Product placement
2707:Alternative facts
2447:Alternative media
2314:Media related to
1753:978-0-262-32121-1
1213:Khashaba, Karim.
822:Celebrity Studies
674:Internet activism
659:Alternative media
547:internet activism
541:Physical response
118:
117:
75:
74:
67:
3363:
3346:Activism by type
3325:Media proprietor
3149:Public relations
3129:Public diplomacy
3114:Information (IT)
2993:Name recognition
2618:Media regulation
2600:Annoyance factor
2457:Call-out culture
2372:Crowd psychology
2346:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2298:
2297:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2010:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1930:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1805:The Conversation
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1616:Stephen, Bijan.
1613:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1509:
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1500:
1499:
1484:
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1449:
1425:
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1418:
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1265:
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1226:
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1127:
1125:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:. Archived from
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1009:"Media Activism"
1005:
999:
996:
990:
989:
981:
975:
974:
962:
956:
955:
943:
937:
936:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
900:
860:
854:
853:
813:
807:
806:
774:
768:
767:
760:
754:
753:
723:
717:
716:
708:
702:
699:
592:media censorship
532:Triggering event
481:, including the
467:Water Protectors
350:Mary Jane Veloso
344:Mary Jane Veloso
330:Ferdinand Marcos
167:mainstream media
113:
110:
104:
101:add more content
85:
84:
77:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3320:Media influence
3315:Media franchise
3300:Media democracy
3266:
3211:
3143:
3085:
3066:Loaded language
3017:
2934:
2851:
2803:
2693:
2622:
2604:
2531:
2472:Culture jamming
2421:
2355:
2350:
2306:
2301:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2124:
2120:
2083:
2079:
2056:
2047:
2023:
2016:
1987:
1983:
1975:Sonia, Doglio.
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1945:on 30 June 2013
1939:Washington Post
1931:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1859:
1855:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1736:DIY Citizenship
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1714:theguardian.com
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1578:The Daily Beast
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1541:
1514:New Labor Forum
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1467:Huffington Post
1459:
1455:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1217:. openDemocracy
1211:
1207:
1188:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1153:
1149:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1118:. Freedom House
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1061:Foreign Affairs
1050:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
982:
978:
963:
959:
944:
940:
935:. 21 June 2013.
927:
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
904:
861:
857:
814:
810:
775:
771:
762:
761:
757:
750:
724:
720:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
655:
618:
605:
582:States such as
576:
563:
523:
514:
475:
458:
449:
433:
409:
377:
358:
346:
326:
297:
292:
261:
252:
229:Culture jamming
187:
114:
108:
105:
98:
86:
82:
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3371:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Understatement
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Indoctrination
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Disinformation
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:Smear campaign
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:Sensationalism
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Agenda-setting
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:False document
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Catch and kill
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Demonstrations
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Cancel culture
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:Media activism
2305:
2304:External links
2302:
2300:
2299:
2255:
2236:
2225:on 10 May 2017
2209:
2184:
2151:
2118:
2077:
2045:
2034:(3): 365â378.
2014:
1981:
1968:
1956:
1922:
1889:
1864:(2016-11-21).
1853:
1816:
1791:
1758:
1752:
1726:
1700:
1676:
1657:
1633:
1608:
1589:
1564:
1539:
1504:
1479:
1453:
1420:
1396:
1377:
1352:
1320:
1295:
1276:(4): 191â196.
1257:
1228:
1205:
1179:
1170:Mead, Walter.
1163:
1147:
1129:
1106:
1097:
1074:
1055:(2010-12-20).
1044:
1041:on 2013-07-03.
1026:
1015:on 10 May 2013
1000:
991:
976:
957:
938:
920:
911:
902:
875:(2): 143â168.
855:
808:
795:10.2307/449207
769:
755:
748:
718:
703:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
684:Tactical media
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
654:
651:
650:
649:
644:
642:Media Alliance
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:Democracy Now!
617:
614:
604:
601:
575:
572:
562:
559:
543:
542:
539:
536:
535:Media response
533:
522:
519:
513:
510:
495:NicolĂĄs Maduro
474:
471:
457:
454:
448:
445:
432:
429:
408:
405:
376:
373:
357:
354:
345:
342:
325:
322:
296:
293:
291:
288:
260:
257:
251:
248:
186:
183:
161:activists and
142:that utilizes
136:Media activism
127:protesters in
116:
115:
92:appears to be
89:
87:
80:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Media ecology
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3288:United States
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3262:Telemarketing
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Fearmongering
3049:
3047:
3044:
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1114:Cook, Sarah.
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679:Radical media
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338:land grabbing
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305:Tahrir Square
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129:Zuccotti Park
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90:This article
88:
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32:This section
30:
21:
20:
3310:Media ethics
3230:Door-to-door
3225:Cold calling
3202:Weasel words
3109:Fifth column
3003:Push polling
2953:Astroturfing
2915:Pseudo-event
2895:Infotainment
2870:Broadcasting
2789:Urban legend
2712:April Fools'
2585:Testimonials
2555:Infomercials
2506:
2382:Dumbing down
2280:(2): 81â85.
2277:
2271:
2258:
2250:The Atlantic
2249:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2187:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2132:The Guardian
2131:
2121:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2066:(1): 52â71.
2063:
2059:
2031:
2027:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1971:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1938:
1914:. Retrieved
1903:The Guardian
1902:
1892:
1881:. Retrieved
1870:The Guardian
1869:
1856:
1829:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1772:The Guardian
1771:
1761:
1735:
1729:
1719:February 17,
1717:. Retrieved
1713:
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1689:www.alsa.org
1688:
1679:
1670:
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1646:www.alsa.org
1645:
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1621:
1611:
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1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1567:
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1552:
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1496:. Retrieved
1492:
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1466:
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1412:. Retrieved
1408:
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1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1367:. 2015-04-29
1364:
1355:
1341:(1): 33â44.
1338:
1334:
1312:. Retrieved
1310:. 2014-05-04
1307:
1298:
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1269:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
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1208:
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1150:
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1120:. Retrieved
1109:
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1088:. Retrieved
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1060:
1053:Shirky, Clay
1047:
1039:the original
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1003:
994:
979:
971:The Guardian
970:
960:
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789:(1): 53â67.
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362:
359:
347:
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318:
310:
280:Social media
273:
262:
253:
250:Case studies
237:
227:
203:
190:Social media
188:
179:
169:or to share
156:
135:
134:
106:
91:
61:
52:
41:Please help
33:
3182:Sound bites
3162:Doublespeak
3013:Wedge issue
2973:Dog whistle
2948:Advertising
2774:Lying press
2759:Gaslighting
2537:Advertising
2512:Occupations
2402:Obfuscation
2392:Half-truths
1599:Smithsonian
1440:: 109â128.
1202:(1): 56â63.
609:Slacktivism
584:North Korea
574:Suppression
487:Hugo ChĂĄvez
369:Eugene Debs
324:Philippines
313:Arab Spring
295:Arab Spring
3340:Categories
3283:Media bias
3139:Subversion
3104:False flag
3081:Techniques
3023:Propaganda
2983:Lawn signs
2963:Canvassing
2857:News media
2613:Censorship
2545:Billboards
2497:Hacktivism
2487:Grassroots
2412:Persuasion
2145:2019-08-13
2097:(1): 1â6.
1916:2023-10-27
1883:2023-10-27
1810:2023-10-27
1785:2023-10-27
1694:2019-03-22
1651:2019-03-22
1627:2016-11-20
1583:2016-11-20
1558:2016-11-20
1498:2016-11-20
1472:7 February
1414:2018-04-28
1371:2018-04-28
1314:2018-03-20
1270:Media Asia
690:References
669:Hacktivism
276:censorship
269:Mao Zedong
244:news media
240:journalism
206:Livestream
163:anarchists
159:grassroots
3245:Promotion
3124:Political
3031:Bandwagon
2958:Attack ad
2837:Publicity
2809:Marketing
2722:Fake news
2684:Religious
2679:Political
2659:Euphemism
2654:Cover-ups
2649:Corporate
2517:Petitions
2407:Orwellian
2377:Deception
2294:143490079
2202:13 August
2140:0261-3077
2113:1030-4312
2091:Continuum
2001:: 32â42.
1911:0261-3077
1878:0261-3077
1848:0263-2764
1780:0261-3077
1534:155318618
1520:: 34â42.
1290:151138363
1035:"Toolbox"
897:143665342
889:1369-118X
850:225751271
842:1939-2397
828:: 20â38.
647:Adbusters
588:Venezuela
479:elections
473:Venezuela
447:Kony 2012
348:In 2010,
311:The 2011
47:talk page
3192:Transfer
3134:Sedition
2998:Negative
2910:Newspeak
2900:Managing
2842:Research
2817:Branding
2769:Literary
2734:Fakelore
2727:websites
2717:Deepfake
2674:Internet
2565:Modeling
2522:Protests
2502:Internet
2435:Advocacy
2427:Activism
1365:BBC News
1154:R.L.G..
1086:. NECSUS
653:See also
493:between
489:and the
284:Blogging
219:WhatsApp
214:WhatsApp
194:Facebook
171:censored
140:activism
109:May 2013
55:May 2013
3271:Related
3250:Spaving
3235:Pricing
3177:Slogans
3119:Lawfare
3056:Framing
3036:Big lie
2827:Product
2822:Loyalty
2754:Forgery
2699:Hoaxing
2580:Slogans
2560:Mobiles
2452:Boycott
2360:Context
1409:Rappler
1116:"China"
933:Reuters
734:: 1â8.
233:protest
223:YouTube
198:Twitter
175:hacking
2875:Circus
2784:Racial
2292:
2229:14 May
2138:
2111:
1949:14 May
1909:
1876:
1846:
1778:
1750:
1532:
1288:
1250:14 May
1122:14 May
1090:14 May
1067:14 May
1019:13 May
952:Forbes
895:
887:
848:
840:
803:449207
801:
746:
148:social
3217:Sales
2920:Scrum
2880:Cycle
2794:Virus
2664:Films
2629:Books
2570:Radio
2550:False
2527:Youth
2507:Media
2440:group
2397:Media
2290:S2CID
2268:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
1622:WIRED
1530:S2CID
1286:S2CID
1221:2 May
893:S2CID
846:S2CID
799:JSTOR
259:China
144:media
3187:Spin
2764:List
2689:Self
2367:Bias
2231:2013
2204:2019
2136:ISSN
2109:ISSN
1951:2013
1907:ISSN
1874:ISSN
1844:ISSN
1776:ISSN
1748:ISBN
1721:2017
1605:(5).
1474:2017
1252:2013
1223:2013
1124:2013
1092:2013
1069:2013
1021:2013
885:ISSN
838:ISSN
744:ISBN
512:Fiji
497:and
460:The
435:The
387:The
242:and
196:and
150:and
2575:Sex
2282:doi
2173:doi
2099:doi
2068:doi
2036:doi
2003:doi
1999:169
1834:doi
1740:doi
1522:doi
1442:doi
1343:doi
1278:doi
877:doi
830:doi
791:doi
736:doi
3342::
2590:TV
2288:.
2278:29
2276:.
2270:.
2248:.
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2134:.
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1997:.
1993:.
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