119:
both the solid and fluid phases. The fluid phase is made up of water -which contributes 80% of the wet weight – and inorganic ions e. g Sodium ion, Calcium ion and
Potassium ion. The solid phase is made up of porous ECM. The proteoglycans and interstitial fluids interact to give compressive force to the cartilage through negative electrostatic repulsive forces. The ion concentration difference between the extracellular and intracellular ions composition of chondrocytes result in hydrostatic pressure. During development, mechanical environment of joint determines surface and topology of the joint. In adult, moderate mechanical loading is required to maintain cartilage; immobilization of joint leads to loss of proteoglycans and cartilage atrophy while excess mechanical loading results in degeneration of joint.
160:
The embryo is formed by self-assembly through which cells differentiate into tissues performing specialized functions. It was previously believed that only chemical signals give cues that control spatially oriented changes in cell growth, differentiation and fate switching that mediate morphogenetic
118:
is the connective tissue that protects bones of load-bearing joints like knee, shoulder by providing a lubricated surface. It deforms in response to compressive load, thereby reducing stress on bones. This mechanical responsiveness of articular cartilage is due to its biphasic nature; it contains
131:
is also responsive to mechanical signals which are relayed from the extracellular matrix through the cytoskeleton by the help of Linker of
Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton LINC-associated proteins like KASH and SUN. Examples of effect of mechanical responses in the nucleus involve:
257:
cell-generated traction forces also contribute significantly to these responses by modulating tensional prestress within cells, tissues, and organs that govern their mechanical stability, as well as mechanical signal transmission from the macroscale to the nanoscale.
161:
controls. This is based on the ability of chemical signals to induce biochemical responses like tissue patterning in distant cells. However, it is now known that mechanical forces generated within cells and tissues provide regulatory signals.
19:
is an emerging field of science at the interface of biology, engineering, chemistry and physics. It focuses on how physical forces and changes in the mechanical properties of cells and tissues contribute to development, cell differentiation,
81:
are vital in development and wound repair and they are affected by mechanical cues like tension, compression and shear pressure. Fibroblasts synthesize structural proteins, some of which are mechanosensitive and form integral part of the
32:—the molecular mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to mechanical signals. While medicine has typically looked for the genetic and biochemical basis of disease, advances in mechanobiology suggest that changes in cell mechanics,
218:
increase the skin area available for reconstructive surgery. Surgical tension application devices are used for bone fracture healing, orthodontics, cosmetic breast expansion and closure of non-healing wounds.
137:
28:
and bone during exercise, and shear pressure on the blood vessel during blood circulation are all examples of mechanical forces in human tissues. A major challenge in the field is understanding
206:
The effectiveness of many of the mechanical therapies already in clinical use shows how important physical forces can be in physiological control. Several examples illustrate this point.
180:
system. Local variation in physical forces and mechanical cues such as stiffness of the ECM also control the expression of genes that give rise to the embryonic developmental process of
210:
promotes lung development in premature infants; modifying the tidal volumes of mechanical ventilators reduces morbidity and death in patients with acute lung injury. Expandable
176:. The spindle positioning within symmetrically and asymmetrically dividing cells in the early embryo is controlled by mechanical forces mediated by microtubules and
168:, cells aggregate and the compactness between cells increases with the help of actomyosin-dependent cytoskeletal traction forces and their application to adhesive
24:, and disease. Mechanical forces are experienced and may be interpreted to give biological responses in cells. The movement of joints, compressive loads on the
609:
Haapala, Jussi; Arokoski, Jari P.A.; Hyttinen, Mika M.; Lammi, Mikko; Tammi, Markku; Kovanen, Vuokko; Helminen, Heikki J.; Kiviranta, Ilkka (May 1999).
60:. There is also a strong mechanical basis for many generalized medical disabilities, such as lower back pain, foot and postural injury, deformity, and
140:(ATR) to the nuclear peripheral region while mechanical stretching due to hypo-osmotic challenge and compression re-localizes and activates
699:
Xia, Yuntao; Pfeifer, Charlotte R.; Cho, Sangkyun; Discher, Dennis E.; Irianto, Jerome (2018-12-21). del RĂo Hernández, Armando (ed.).
191:
leads to the ectopic expression of inner cell mass markers in the trophectoderm, and the pluripotent transcription factor,
925:
Niwa, Hitoshi; Toyooka, Yayoi; Shimosato, Daisuke; Strumpf, Dan; Takahashi, Kadue; Yagi, Rika; Rossant, Janet (December 2005).
468:"Comparison of the equilibrium response of articular cartilage in unconfined compression, confined compression and indentation"
195:
may be negatively expressed, thereby inducing lineage switching. This cell fate switching is regulated by the mechanosensitive
700:
515:"Finite deformation biphasic material properties of bovine articular cartilage from confined compression experiments"
222:
Insights into the mechanical basis of tissue regulation may also lead to development of improved medical devices,
1183:
99:
1178:
466:
Korhonen, R.K; Laasanen, M.S; Töyräs, J; Rieppo, J; Hirvonen, J; Helminen, H.J; Jurvelin, J.S (July 2002).
650:"Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton Complex Proteins in Cardiac Structure, Function, and Disease"
229:
Known contributors to cellular mechanotransduction are a growing list and include stretch-activated
61:
136:
Hyperosmotic challenge results in chromosome condensation and translocation and activation of the
196:
103:
36:
structure, or mechanotransduction may contribute to the development of many diseases, including
169:
95:
995:
826:
564:"Articular cartilage functional histomorphology and mechanobiology: a research perspective"
207:
185:
83:
33:
1088:
Ingber, DE (1997). "Tensegrity: the architectural basis of cellular mechanotransduction".
611:"Remobilization Does Not Fully Restore Immobilization Induced Articular Cartilage Atrophy"
8:
177:
29:
999:
830:
1154:
1070:
1016:
983:
964:
855:
814:
790:
757:
733:
676:
649:
648:
Stroud, Matthew J; Banerjee, Indroneal; Veevers, Jennifer; Chen, Ju (31 January 2014).
443:
410:
391:
378:
343:
324:
188:
879:
610:
579:
531:
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483:
1146:
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591:
583:
544:
536:
513:
Ateshian, G.A.; Warden, W.H.; Kim, J.J.; Grelsamer, R.P.; Mow, V.C. (November 1997).
495:
487:
448:
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395:
383:
365:
316:
308:
1158:
1074:
968:
1136:
1097:
1052:
1011:
1003:
984:"Growing skin - A computational model for skin expansion in reconstructive surgery"
938:
891:
850:
834:
785:
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728:
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671:
661:
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575:
563:
526:
479:
467:
438:
422:
373:
355:
328:
300:
215:
141:
815:"Polarized Myosin Produces Unequal-Size Daughters During Asymmetric Cell Division"
813:
Ou, Guangshuo; Stuurman, Nico; D’Ambrosio, Michael; Vale, Ronald D. (2010-09-30).
666:
37:
1007:
943:
926:
250:
1057:
1040:
927:"Interaction between Oct3/4 and Cdx2 Determines Trophectoderm Differentiation"
304:
172:
in neighboring cells, thereby leading to formation of solid balls called
1172:
952:
903:
846:
781:
724:
634:
587:
540:
491:
434:
369:
312:
53:
838:
426:
344:"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: The mechanobiology of differential growth"
288:
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1141:
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411:"Extracellular Matrix and Dermal Fibroblast Function in the Healing Wound"
716:
151:
hinders the access of kinases , thereby suppressing its degradation etc.
773:
267:
254:
78:
21:
360:
94:, lamin etc. In addition to the structural proteins, fibroblasts make
1125:"Cellular mechanotransduction: putting all the pieces together again"
880:"Tensegrity: The Architectural Basis of Cellular Mechanotransduction"
242:
238:
115:
25:
409:
Tracy, Lauren E.; Minasian, Raquel A.; Caterson, E.J. (March 2016).
982:
Buganza Tepole, A; Ploch, CJ; Wong, J; Gosain, AK; Kuhl, E (2011).
756:
Mammoto, Akiko; Mammoto, Tadanori; Ingber, Donald E. (2012-07-01).
234:
87:
41:
253:, extracellular matrix, and numerous other signaling molecules.
91:
226:, and engineered tissues for tissue repair and reconstruction.
211:
173:
165:
57:
45:
981:
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608:
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106:
that plays in tissue in tissue maintenance and remodeling.
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758:"Mechanosensitive mechanisms in transcriptional regulation"
148:
512:
647:
812:
408:
1041:"Mechanobiology and diseases of mechanotransduction"
755:
698:
155:
214:physically prevent coronary artery constriction.
1170:
289:"An introductory review of cell mechanobiology"
287:Wang, J. H.-C.; Thampatty, B. P. (March 2006).
286:
293:Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
615:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
561:
245:, growth factor receptors, myosin motors,
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67:
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1038:
877:
164:During the division of the fertilized
138:Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related
341:
184:. The loss of stiffness-controlled
13:
562:Wong, M; Carter, D.R (July 2003).
14:
1195:
1102:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.575
896:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.575
705:Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
627:10.1097/00003086-199905000-00031
1116:
1081:
1032:
975:
918:
871:
806:
749:
201:
156:Mechanobiology of embryogenesis
109:
100:Transforming-Growth-Factor-beta
878:Ingber, D. E. (October 1997).
692:
641:
602:
555:
506:
459:
402:
335:
280:
72:
1:
667:10.1161/circresaha.114.301236
580:10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00083-8
532:10.1016/s0021-9290(97)85606-0
484:10.1016/s0021-9290(02)00052-0
273:
147:High nuclear tension on the
7:
884:Annual Review of Physiology
261:
10:
1200:
1008:10.1016/j.jmps.2011.05.004
944:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.040
342:Smit, Theodoor H. (2020).
1058:10.1080/07853890310016333
305:10.1007/s10237-005-0012-z
701:"Nuclear mechanosensing"
144:to the nuclear membrane.
90:types I, III, IV, V VI,
62:irritable bowel syndrome
839:10.1126/science.1196112
762:Journal of Cell Science
519:Journal of Biomechanics
472:Journal of Biomechanics
427:10.1089/wound.2014.0561
104:matrix metalloproteases
1184:Biological engineering
415:Advances in Wound Care
123:Nuclear mechanobiology
1142:10.1096/fj.05-5424rev
988:J. Mech. Phys. Solids
96:Tumor-Necrosis-Factor
717:10.1042/ETLS20180051
654:Circulation Research
525:(11–12): 1157–1164.
208:Pulmonary surfactant
186:transcription factor
84:extracellular Matrix
68:Load sensitive cells
34:extracellular matrix
1179:Branches of biology
1123:Ingber, DE (2006).
1039:Ingber, DE (2003).
1000:2011JMPSo..59.2177B
831:2010Sci...330..677O
178:actin microfilament
30:mechanotransduction
1090:Annu. Rev. Physiol
1045:Annals of Medicine
774:10.1242/jcs.093005
994:(10): 2177–2190.
825:(6004): 677–680.
768:(13): 3061–3073.
361:10.1002/jsp2.1115
98:- alpha (TNF-α),
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38:atherosclerosis
12:
11:
5:
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1165:
1164:
1135:(7): 811–827.
1115:
1080:
1031:
974:
937:(5): 917–929.
917:
890:(1): 575–599.
870:
805:
748:
711:(5): 713–725.
691:
660:(3): 538–548.
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478:(7): 903–909.
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421:(3): 119–136.
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17:Mechanobiology
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354:(4): e1115.
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247:cytoskeletal
231:ion channels
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224:biomaterials
221:
205:
202:Applications
182:blastulation
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159:
126:
113:
110:Chondrocytes
102:(TGF-β) and
76:
50:osteoporosis
16:
15:
1096:: 575–599.
621:: 218–229.
574:(1): 1–13.
299:(1): 1–16.
249:filaments,
86:(ECM) e. g
79:fibroblasts
73:Fibroblasts
1173:Categories
274:References
268:Biophysics
255:Endogenous
114:Articular
22:physiology
953:0092-8674
904:0066-4278
847:0036-8075
782:0021-9533
725:2397-8554
635:0009-921X
588:8756-3282
541:0021-9290
492:0021-9290
435:2162-1918
396:225497216
370:2572-1143
348:JOR Spine
313:1617-7959
243:cadherins
239:integrins
170:receptors
116:cartilage
26:cartilage
1159:21267494
1151:16675838
1075:22753025
1067:14708967
1026:22081726
969:13242763
961:16325584
865:20929735
800:22797927
743:31693005
686:24481844
596:12919695
500:12052392
453:26989578
388:33392452
321:16489478
262:See also
235:caveolae
88:collagen
42:fibrosis
1129:FASEB J
1110:9074778
1017:3212404
996:Bibcode
912:9074778
856:3032534
827:Bibcode
819:Science
791:3434847
734:6830732
677:4006372
549:9456384
444:4779293
379:7770204
329:5017641
149:Lamin A
129:nucleus
92:elastin
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251:nuclei
212:stents
174:Morula
166:oocyte
58:cancer
56:, and
46:asthma
1155:S2CID
1071:S2CID
965:S2CID
392:S2CID
325:S2CID
193:Oct-4
142:cPLA2
77:Skin
1147:PMID
1106:PMID
1063:PMID
1022:PMID
957:PMID
949:ISSN
931:Cell
908:PMID
900:ISSN
861:PMID
843:ISSN
796:PMID
778:ISSN
739:PMID
721:ISSN
682:PMID
631:ISSN
592:PMID
584:ISSN
568:Bone
545:PMID
537:ISSN
496:PMID
488:ISSN
449:PMID
431:ISSN
384:PMID
366:ISSN
317:PMID
309:ISSN
127:The
1137:doi
1098:doi
1053:doi
1012:PMC
1004:doi
939:doi
935:123
892:doi
851:PMC
835:doi
823:330
786:PMC
770:doi
766:125
729:PMC
713:doi
672:PMC
662:doi
658:114
623:doi
619:362
576:doi
527:doi
480:doi
439:PMC
423:doi
374:PMC
356:doi
301:doi
189:Cdx
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