560:
570:
164:
846:
706:
417:
409:
137:, and within a month it was subscribed to by 452 men who each paid a quarterly subscription fee. This new model of technical educational institution gave classes for working men, and included libraries as well as apparatus to be used for experiments and technical education. Its purpose was to "address societal needs by incorporating fundamental scientific thinking and research into engineering solutions". The school revolutionised access to education in science and technology for ordinary people.
578:
40:
172:
301:
emerged to build, maintain and repair, the machines on which the blessing of progress depended, at a time when population shifts and the dissolving influences of industrialization in the new urban areas, where these were concentrated, destroyed the inadequate old apprentice system and threw into relief the connection between material advancement and the necessity of education to take part in its advantages.
1834:
1696:
97:, and the buildings of some continue to be used as libraries. Others have evolved into parts of universities, adult education facilities, theatres, cinemas, museums, recreational facilities, or community halls. Few are still referred to as mechanics' institutes, but some retain the name and focus as centre of intellectual and cultural advancement. A 21st-century movement, originating in
434:, Mechanics' Institutes were often called Schools of Arts, and they were more likely to be run by the middle-classes. The provision of reading rooms, museums, lectures and classes were still important, but the Australian schools were also more likely to include a social programme in their calendar of events.
300:
The first phase, the
Mechanics Institute movement, grew in an atmosphere of interest by a greater proportion of the population in scientific matters revealed in the public lectures of famous scientists such as Faraday. More precisely, as a consequence of the introduction of machinery a class workmen
251:
Small tradesmen and workers could not afford subscription libraries, so for their benefit, benevolent groups and individuals created mechanics' institutes that contained inspirational and vocational reading matter, for a small rental fee. Later popular non-fiction and fiction books were added to
159:
from 1799 to 1804 and instituted free lectures on arts, science and technical subjects from 1800. This mechanics' class continued to meet after he moved to London in 1804, and in 1823 they decided to formalise their organisation by incorporating themselves as the
Mechanics' Institute. He was
314:, sometimes incorporating or expanding their earlier functions. There have been several worldwide conferences, known as the Mechanics' Worldwide Conference, of representatives of, or people who have an interest in, mechanics' institutes. As of 2021, there have been five such conferences:
267:, mechanics' institutes also provided lecture courses, laboratories, and in some cases contained a museum for the members' entertainment and education. The Glasgow Institute, founded in 1823, not only had all three, it was also provided free light on two evenings a week from the local
399:
Thousands of mechanics' institutes buildings still operate throughout the world, mostly now used as libraries, parts of universities, adult education facilities, and a few still use their original names and function as a society or other type of organisation.
510:, created in 1839. It was renamed The Melbourne Athenaeum in 1872, and continues to operate a library, theatres and shops in the original building. Many mechanics' institutes, athenaeums, schools of arts and related institutions in the state of
206:, has the Cheltenham Mechanics' Institute (1834) and Gloucester Mechanics' Institute (1840) within its history timeline. It was as a result of delivering a lecture series at the Cheltenham Mechanics' Institute that the radical
1169:
259:
passed. Though use of the mechanics' libraries was limited, the majority of the users were favourable towards the idea of free public libraries. However, by 1900 there were over 9,000 mechanics institutes around the world.
442:
522:. In the following decades, almost every town in Victoria had a mechanics' institute, usually including a hall, library and reading rooms, games facilities, and both educational programs and entertainment.
202:) in 1824. By the mid-19th century, there were over 700 institutes in towns and cities across the UK and overseas, some of which became the early roots of other colleges and universities. For example, the
2535:
271:. The London Mechanics' Institute installed gas illumination by 1825, revealing the demand and need for members to use the books. Some mechanics' institutes also offered a programme from the arts;
82:. They were often funded by local industrialists on the grounds that they would ultimately benefit from having more knowledgeable and skilled employees. The mechanics' institutes often included
237:
wherever a hall, library or school was needed. Over 1200 mechanics' institutes were built in
Victoria and just over 500 remain today, and only six still operate their lending library services.
551:
Over time, as local and state governments started providing libraries, community centres and other types of educational facilities, mechanics' institutes became less important in communities.
248:
Brotherly
Society was founded in 1796 by local mechanics to fill this need, and was the forerunner of mechanics' institutes, which grew in England to over seven hundred in number by 1850.
1143:
1071:
754:
101:, has organised a series of conferences known as Mechanics' Institutes Worldwide Conferences, at which information and ideas for the future of mechanics' institutes are discussed.
2528:
255:
Some mechanics' libraries lasted only a decade or two, and many eventually became public libraries or (in the United States) were given to local public libraries after the
952:
2521:
719:
1096:
2327:
1600:
Self Help: Mechanics' Worldwide
Conference 2009 – Proceedings of the second International Conference convened by the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution
1580:
Buildings, Books and Beyond: Mechanics' Worldwide
Conference 2009 – Proceedings of the first International Conference convened by the Prahran Mechanics' Institute
870:
1113:, the Ohio Mechanics Institute (OMI) was founded on 20 November to "facilitate the diffusion of useful knowledge" to "ingenious artisans and mechanics".
2066:
764:
Port
Nicholson Mechanics' Institute, Public School and Library, founded in May 1842 and renamed Wellington Athenaeum and Mechanics' Institute in 1849.
2444:
1880:
678:
338:
1129:– 1885 mechanics' institute merged with the Rochester Athenium in 1891 to become the Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute. Renamed to
244:
created a new class of reader in
Britain by the end of the 18th century, "mechanics", who were civil and mechanical engineers in reality. The
1202:
1060:
2414:
1331:
160:
appointed director of the institute, which he had originally endowed with the sum of £3700, and held the office till his death in 1841.
1081:
was established in Boston, MA, as the first public high school, with leadership from the
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association.
913:
805:
17:
1819:
1814:
917:
368:
2627:
1607:
1452:
1159:
1148:
714:
425:
2642:
2577:
1053:
994:
742:
912:
Liverpool
Mechanics School of Arts, founded 1825, renamed Liverpool Mechanics Institution in 1832, which later became the
2331:
2040:
457:
218:
117:
in Glasgow. His fourth annual lecture attracted a crowd of 500, and became an annual occurrence after his departure for
2211:
1197:
559:
530:
1226:
2562:
1587:
1355:
1164:
1130:
1020:
956:
645:
640:
507:
175:
2597:
1120:
488:
2668:
2186:
1014:
902:
691:
468:, is the oldest school of arts still operating and the largest institute in Australia. Others in NSW include the
31:
514:
are well documented by the Mechanics' Institutes of Victoria, Inc., whose members range from the well-resourced
2507:
1251:
924:
827:
724:
616:
596:
563:
496:
469:
183:
1394:"Notes of Mr Hunt reporter August 15 1842, The Trial of George Jacob. Holyoake on an Indictment for blasphemy"
1067:, was "formed for the sole purposes of promoting the mechanic arts and extending the practice of benevolence."
484:
252:
these collections. The first known library of this type was the Birmingham Artisans' Library, formed in 1823.
2673:
2617:
1078:
888:
203:
44:
2500:
Living and Learning in Lindsey, Lincolnshire: 1830-1890 - AHistory of Adult Education in North Lincolnshire.
2073:
2637:
1999:
1680:
545:
2452:
310:
Across the world, there is a move to sustain and revive mechanics' institutes and related institutions as
1994:
1675:
683:
2072:. LIANZA – Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa. 8 September 2004. Archived from
1887:
569:
2587:
2572:
1809:
1784:
1192:
222:
1119:– Mechanics' institute was located at 9th and Bank Streets Marshall Street properties are now part of
2557:
2099:
1154:
978:
256:
151:
in November 1823, built on the foundations of a group started by Birkbeck. Under the auspices of the
2513:
2022:
1620:
2602:
960:
450:
126:
121:
in 1804, leading to the eventual formation on 16 October 1821 of the first mechanics' institute in
1841:
1307:
2632:
2582:
1180:
969:
541:
492:
420:
American and Australian soldiers in the reading room of the Ballarat Mechanics' Institute in 1942
1325:
1052:
was founded. It was chartered the following year and was eventually superseded in New Haven by
2166:
Ronalds, B. F. (2018). "The Montgomrey Family of Brentford: Timber Merchants and Benefactors".
1717:
1528:
1445:
Mechanics' Institutes, Schools of Arts, Athenaeums, etc.: An Australian Checklist – 3rd Edition
1256:
1049:
1008:
837:
658:
591:
311:
130:
2607:
2422:
2378:
109:
The foundations of the movement which created mechanics' institutes were in lectures given by
90:, and were said to provide them with an alternative pastime to gambling and drinking in pubs.
2663:
2353:
1176:
1064:
864:
858:
650:
620:
608:
241:
152:
114:
1837:
Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under
1183:
to teach agriculture, military tactics, and the mechanic arts as well as classical studies.
1179:
that includes a college of agriculture and a college of engineering, as provided for by the
2612:
2545:
799:
790:
473:
323:
234:
8:
1971:
1126:
1003:
929:
906:
515:
511:
431:
230:
98:
67:
2288:
163:
2592:
2487:
2243:
1116:
1085:
987:
758:
526:
503:
156:
2567:
2503:
2150:
1603:
1583:
1448:
1429:
1351:
896:
892:
845:
817:
784:
635:
387:
327:
94:
2314:
A Course of Three Lectures on the Formation of a Spitalfields Mechanics' Institution
2044:
814:
Brentford Mechanics' Institution, Middlesex. Founded in 1835 and closed around 1890.
2479:
1632:
1553:
1375:
883:
187:
757:, founded 30 September 1842, closed 1880, with transfer of all library content to
2622:
1636:
1515:. Cambridge & London, Great Britain: James Clark & CO. LTD., 1969, p. 21.
480:
465:
416:
384:
Mechanics' Institutes: Past, Present and Future – Mechanics' Institutes Worldwide
353:
264:
207:
110:
71:
350:
Buildings, Books and Blackboards – Intersecting Narratives: Mechanics' Worldwide
1838:
1088:
of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts" opened in
705:
544:
was created in 1873, in a former servants' home. The building was added to the
408:
342:
79:
1700:
1372:
Politics in Mechanics' Institutes 1820–1850, Turner, C. M., Thesis (PhD), 1980
577:
2657:
1966:
1854:
1320:
939:
372:
289:
87:
75:
2215:
1731:
1234:
1089:
999:
276:
268:
1714:"Catalogue of the library of the Van Diemen's Land Mechanics' Institution"
1002:
Mechanics' Institution, founded in early 1825 by Thomas Gibson, father of
233:
in 1872). From the 1850s, mechanics' institutes quickly spread throughout
2124:
1940:
1912:
284:
280:
2491:
2396:
1699:
Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a
1650:
1324:
1110:
948:
537:
376:
245:
195:
2470:
Kelly, Thomas (November 1952). "The Origin of Mechanics' Institutes".
1379:
386:. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, and online (due to the
2543:
2445:"A01.0 History, Accreditation and Legacy – University Policies – RIT"
2270:
1713:
1100:
519:
357:
226:
141:
134:
122:
83:
2483:
39:
2229:
1975:. Perth: National Library of Australia. 13 January 1951. p. 22
1282:
993:
Royston, Hertfordshire, built 1855, later became the town hall and
975:
Neath Mechanics Institute, Neath, Neath Port Talbot Founded in 1842
882:
Mechanics' Institute, West Yorkshire, founded 1825, developed into
879:
780:
533:, established in 1851, later renamed the Perth Literary Institute.
438:
171:
1144:
General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York
1072:
General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York
1466:
1464:
1175:
In addition, each state and territory in the US has at least one
1074:
established. Renamed and became the Mechanics' Institute in 1858.
1030:
821:
272:
191:
148:
213:
In Australia, the first mechanics' institute was established in
190:) was opened in December 1823, and the mechanics' institutes in
70:), were educational establishments originally formed to provide
1732:"Hobart Town Mechanics Institute (1827-1871) - Corporate entry"
972:, West Yorkshire, HD7 6BW, now a rental hall and public library
935:
461:
446:
365:
Reinvention: Thriving in the 21st Century Mechanics' Worldwide
214:
118:
2330:. Wolverhampton History & Heritage Website. Archived from
1582:. Prahran, Victoria, Australia: Prahran Mechanics' Institute.
1461:
1411:
613:
Brockville Mechanics' Institute, now Brockville Public Library
1833:
1757:
1695:
1447:. Donvale, Australia: Lowden Publishing Co. pp. 64–111.
199:
2152:
History and Antiquities of Brentford, Ealing, & Chiswick
1621:"Buildings, Books and Blackboards – Intersecting Narratives"
953:
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
796:
Alnwick Mechanics' Institute, Northumberland. Founded 1824.
1335:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
867:.Founded in 1835. new building in Victoria Street in 1856.
619:, later Mechanics' Institute and Athenaeum of Ottawa, now
210:
was arrested and then convicted on a charge of blasphemy.
1861:. South Australian Advertiser. 27 October 1863. p. 4
1474:. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 99.
1097:
Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts
965:
Market Rasen,Lincolnshire Founded in 1836 in Queen Street
1487:. 4th ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1995, p. 153.
140:
The first mechanics' institute in England was opened at
74:, particularly in technical subjects, to working men in
720:
Atwater Library of the Mechanics' Institute of Montreal
167:
Manchester Mechanics' Institute, Cooper Street, in 1825
2328:"Victorian Wolverhampton, a town though its buildings"
1602:. Donvale, Victoria, Australia: Lowden Publishing Co.
802:. Founded in 1849, became the Boston Atheneum in 1855.
709:
Atwater Library of the Mechanics Institute of Montreal
229:
Mechanics' Institute established in 1839 (renamed the
1393:
147:
The second institute in Scotland was incorporated in
1227:"George Birkbeck and the London Mechanics Institute"
923:
London Mechanics' Institute which eventually became
625:
Elmsley Library Association and Mechanics' Institute
2397:"Virginia Mechanics Institute Building – VCU Maps"
1170:The Working Men's Institute (New Harmony, Indiana)
445:, also known as Hobart Town Mechanics' Institute,
330:, and the Prahran Mechanics' Institute, Australia
320:Buildings, Books and Beyond: Mechanics' Worldwide
2655:
2230:"Ipswich Institute – Reading Room & Library"
1881:"A Brief History of the South Australian Museum"
830:, built in 1854, as of 2014 a nightclub and bar.
1886:. South Australian Museum. 2004. Archived from
1618:
1442:
1106:1827 Boston established a mechanics' institute.
573:Montreal Mechanics Institute (established 1828)
1374:(thesis). Leicester University. January 1980.
1310:Vol. II, 1841, Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia
779:Aberdeen Mechanics' Institute, Market Street,
634:Guelph Farmers' and Mechanics' Institute, now
518:to the tiny Moonambel Mechanics' Institute in
487:(1838, then 1847–), was the forerunner of the
339:Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution
2529:
2478:(1). Society for Educational Studies: 17–27.
1651:"Reinvention: Thriving in the 21st Century -"
1345:
1203:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
1061:Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association
843:Epworth Mechanics Institute, North Lincs, UK.
631:Farmers' Mechanics' Institute of Streetsville
437:The earliest and most prominent institute in
2289:"The Nottingham Mechanics Institute History"
1619:Reynolds, Sue; Carroll, Mary (1 July 2013).
1029:Wisbech Working Men's Club & Institute,
1782:
1716:. 1843 – via Open Access Repository,
981:, Newport – converted to private apartments
688:St. Catharines Mechanics' Institute Library
2628:San Francisco Mechanics' Institute Library
2536:
2522:
1802:
1701:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
1523:
1521:
1137:
932:Founded 1835. Moved to Mansion House 1853.
1505:
1485:History of Libraries in the Western World
1412:"SMSA (Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts)"
905:. Founded 1833 in the undercroft of the
93:Many of the original institutes included
2148:
1995:"Brisbane School of Arts (entry 600072)"
1820:Department of Planning & Environment
1319:
914:Liverpool Institute High School for Boys
844:
836:School of Arts of Edinburgh, renamed to
704:
576:
568:
558:
443:Van Diemen's Land Mechanics' Institution
415:
407:
170:
162:
38:
30:For other uses of "school of arts", see
2165:
2117:
2043:. Guelph Public Library. Archived from
1935:
1933:
1873:
1815:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1762:Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts (SMSA)
1518:
1231:The encyclopaedia of informal education
1220:
1218:
918:Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
675:Newmarket Farmers' Mechanics' Institute
305:
14:
2656:
2472:British Journal of Educational Studies
2187:"HISTORY: School for rude mechanicals"
1808:
1477:
641:Hamilton and Gore Mechanics' Institute
412:Ballarat Mechanics' Institute building
104:
2578:Congregational Library & Archives
2517:
2469:
2268:
2184:
2097:
1917:Mechanics' Institutes of Victoria Inc
1558:Mechanics' Institutes of Victoria Inc
1546:
1533:Mechanics' Institutes of Victoria Inc
1350:. Manchester: Ryburn. pp. 57–8.
1246:
1244:
1224:
1160:Maine Charitable Mechanic Association
1048:1792 The Mechanic Library Society of
1026:Wolverhampton (Queen Street, c. 1835)
1011:, Stamford Institution. Founded 1842.
806:Bradford Mechanics' Institute Library
669:Midland Railroad Mechanics' Institute
585:
2178:
1993:
1930:
1674:
1348:Manchester (Town and city histories)
1277:
1275:
1252:"Mechanics Institute Worldwide 2021"
1215:
774:(alphabetical order by town or city)
666:Mechanics' Institute of Point Edward
2281:
811:Brechin Mechanics Institute, Angus.
293:to audiences of nearly a thousand.
155:, where Birkbeck had been chair of
24:
2563:Athenaeum Music & Arts Library
2463:
1785:"Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts"
1736:Encyclopedia of Australian Science
1598:Mechanics' Worldwide 2009 (2009).
1529:"History of Mechanics' Institutes"
1241:
1198:Cultural institutions in Australia
426:Mechanics' Institutes of Australia
25:
2685:
2643:The Young Men's Institute Library
1941:"What is a Mechanics' Institute?"
1272:
1131:Rochester Institute of Technology
1054:The Young Men's Institute Library
957:Victoria University of Manchester
768:
684:Peterborough Mechanics' Institute
225:School of Arts in 1835, then the
2598:Mercantile Library of Cincinnati
1832:
1694:
1308:Speeches of Henry, Lord Brougham
1121:Virginia Commonwealth University
1037:
663:Mechanics' Institute of Goderich
655:Mechanics' Institute, Coldstream
489:State Library of South Australia
458:Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts
219:Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts
2437:
2407:
2389:
2371:
2346:
2320:
2306:
2262:
2236:
2222:
2204:
2168:London's Industrial Archaeology
2159:
2142:
2091:
2059:
2033:
2015:
1987:
1959:
1905:
1847:
1776:
1750:
1724:
1706:
1668:
1643:
1612:
1592:
1572:
1490:
1436:
1422:
1398:British Library main catalogues
1165:New Haven Young Men's Institute
531:Swan River Mechanics' Institute
335:Self Help: Mechanics' Worldwide
45:Leeds City Mechanics' Institute
32:School of Arts (disambiguation)
2293:Nottingham Mechanics Institute
2185:Lloyd, Chris (10 March 2014).
1967:"The Perth Literary Institute"
1676:"Old Town Hall (entry 600566)"
1625:The Australian Library Journal
1501:. 16 December 1854. p. 8.
1404:
1386:
1364:
1339:
1313:
1301:
1021:Wakefield Mechanics' Institute
984:Nottingham Mechanics Institute
925:Birkbeck, University of London
828:Darlington Mechanics Institute
748:
696:Woodstock Mechanics' Institute
679:Owen Sound Mechanics Institute
659:Mechanics' Institute (Orillia)
508:Melbourne Mechanics' Institute
497:Art Gallery of South Australia
176:Wakefield Mechanics' Institute
13:
1:
2618:Redwood Library and Athenaeum
2502:The University of Hull 1994.
2212:"Epworth Mechanics Institute"
2125:"Brechin Mechanics Institute"
2003:. Queensland Heritage Council
1684:. Queensland Heritage Council
1578:Mechanics' Worldwide (2004).
1208:
968:Marsden Mechanics Institute,
891:(West Yorkshire) designed by
833:Dysart - Mechanics Institute.
759:Auckland City Council library
755:Auckland Mechanics' Institute
646:Kingston Mechanics' Institute
597:St. John Mechanics' Institute
394:
204:University of Gloucestershire
2638:St. Louis Mercantile Library
2354:"Miscellaneous institutions"
2000:Queensland Heritage Register
1855:"South Australian Institute"
1681:Queensland Heritage Register
1637:10.1080/00049670.2013.809648
1015:Swindon Mechanics' Institute
945:Lutterworth, Leicestershire.
903:Lincoln Mechanics' Institute
736:
715:Montreal Mechanics Institute
692:Toronto Mechanics' Institute
672:Napanee Mechanics' Institute
546:Queensland Heritage Register
449:(1827–1871), co-founded by
403:
275:Mechanics' institute booked
133:). Its first lecture was on
58:, sometimes simply known as
7:
2415:"Richmond Technical Center"
2129:Brechin Mechanics Institute
2023:"Brockville Public Library"
1945:Prahran Mechanics Institute
1783:Wotherspoon, Garry (2008).
1499:Cambridge Independent Press
1186:
1151:, San Francisco, California
1123:and Richmond Public Schools
1042:
849:Mechanics' Institutes, Eyam
732:Quebec Mechanics' Institute
725:Montreal Children's Library
651:London Mechanics' Institute
617:Bytown Mechanics' Institute
609:Barrie Mechanics' Institute
592:Halifax Mechanics Institute
581:Mechanics Institute Toronto
564:Bytown Mechanics' Institute
502:The first institute in the
470:Moruya Mechanics' Institute
184:London Mechanics' Institute
10:
2690:
2588:Lanier Library Association
2573:Charleston Library Society
2244:"Keighley College is Back"
889:Leeds Mechanics' Institute
628:Elora Mechanics' Institute
602:
485:South Australian Institute
423:
29:
2558:Athenaeum of Philadelphia
2553:
1472:The Evolution of the Book
1155:Mechanics Hall, Worcester
988:Otley Mechanics Institute
979:University of South Wales
876:Horncastle, Lincolnshire.
700:
554:
257:Public Libraries Act 1850
217:in 1827, followed by the
27:Educational establishment
18:Mechanics' Institute
2603:New York Society Library
2498:Russell, Rex C. (1994).
2098:Peter (27 August 2020).
1789:The Dictionary of Sydney
1443:Lowden, Bronwyn (2010).
1326:"Birkbeck, George"
961:University of Manchester
451:George Augustus Robinson
127:Edinburgh School of Arts
2633:St. Johnsbury Athenaeum
2583:General Society Library
1332:Encyclopædia Britannica
1225:Smith, Mark K. (1997).
1181:Morrill Land-Grant Acts
1138:Existing names and uses
743:Government trade school
542:Brisbane School of Arts
493:South Australian Museum
296:G. Jefferson explains:
56:mechanics' institutions
2669:Libraries in Australia
2379:"Mechanics' Institute"
2358:British History Online
2100:"Mechanics' Institute"
1718:University of Tasmania
1554:"Mechanics' Worldwide"
1430:"1872 - Name Changed)"
1346:Kidd, Alan J. (1993).
1257:Heriot-Watt University
1050:New Haven, Connecticut
1009:Stamford, Lincolnshire
857:Gainsborough. Room in
850:
838:Heriot-Watt University
710:
582:
574:
566:
421:
413:
312:subscription libraries
303:
279:to give readings from
179:
178:(1825), later a museum
168:
131:Heriot-Watt University
48:
2149:Faulkner, T. (1845).
2104:Alnwick Civic Society
1810:"Mechanics Institute"
1513:Libraries and Society
1283:"[Home page]"
1177:land grant university
1065:Boston, Massachusetts
865:Grimsby, Lincolnshire
859:Gainsborough Old Hall
848:
708:
636:Guelph Public Library
621:Ottawa Public Library
580:
572:
562:
419:
411:
298:
242:Industrial Revolution
174:
166:
153:Andersonian Institute
115:Andersonian Institute
52:Mechanics' institutes
42:
2674:History of education
2613:Providence Athenaeum
2548:in the United States
2546:membership libraries
2269:Mechanics, Marsden.
1470:Kilgour, Frederick.
1287:Mechanics Institutes
1149:Mechanics' Institute
955:, which merged with
474:Scone School of Arts
369:Mechanics' Institute
324:Swinburne University
306:21st century revival
2608:Portsmouth Athenæum
2425:on 17 December 2014
2067:"LIANZA Conference"
2047:on 16 December 2012
1972:The West Australian
1913:"Victorian Members"
1127:Rochester, New York
1079:English High School
1004:Thomas Field Gibson
942:. 69 Market Street.
516:Melbourne Athenaeum
432:Australian colonies
231:Melbourne Athenaeum
105:Origins and history
99:Victoria, Australia
68:Australian colonies
66:(especially in the
2593:Center for Fiction
2419:richmond.k12.va.us
2250:. 7 September 2017
2079:on 4 February 2018
1764:. 25 November 2020
1738:. 12 December 2017
1400:. British Library.
1237:on 17 August 2010.
1117:Richmond, Virginia
1086:Franklin Institute
916:and from 1996 the
851:
711:
586:Atlantic provinces
583:
575:
567:
529:institute was the
527:Western Australian
504:colony of Victoria
422:
414:
180:
169:
157:natural philosophy
62:, and also called
49:
2651:
2650:
2275:Marsden Mechanics
2218:on 25 April 2013.
2191:The Northern Echo
1947:. 8 November 2012
1655:www.milibrary.org
1608:978-1-920753-18-4
1560:. 15 October 2021
1483:Harris, Michael.
1454:978-1-920753-16-0
1260:. 5 November 2021
897:Leeds City Museum
893:Cuthbert Brodrick
871:Ipswich Institute
854:Eyam, Derbyshire.
818:Burnley Mechanics
785:Archibald Simpson
388:COVID-19 pandemic
328:Prahran, Victoria
269:gas light company
198:(later to become
95:lending libraries
16:(Redirected from
2681:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2495:
2457:
2456:
2455:on 22 June 2013.
2451:. Archived from
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2421:. Archived from
2411:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2248:Keighley College
2240:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2214:. Archived from
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1616:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1233:. Archived from
1222:
1023:, West Yorkshire
990:, West Yorkshire
951:, forerunner of
884:Keighley College
791:Alford Institute
727:– Atwater Branch
188:Birkbeck College
54:, also known as
21:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2623:Salem Athenaeum
2568:Boston Athenæum
2549:
2542:
2484:10.2307/3119430
2466:
2464:Further reading
2461:
2460:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2183:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1893:on 1 April 2019
1890:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1825:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1687:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1617:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1344:
1340:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1189:
1140:
1045:
1040:
793:. Founded 1854.
787:), now a hotel.
771:
751:
739:
703:
605:
588:
557:
481:South Australia
466:New South Wales
428:
406:
397:
354:RMIT University
308:
265:lending library
208:George Holyoake
111:George Birkbeck
107:
72:adult education
64:schools of arts
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2496:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2436:
2406:
2388:
2370:
2345:
2334:on 1 June 2013
2319:
2305:
2280:
2261:
2235:
2221:
2203:
2177:
2158:
2141:
2116:
2090:
2058:
2032:
2014:
1986:
1958:
1929:
1904:
1872:
1846:
1801:
1775:
1749:
1723:
1705:
1667:
1642:
1611:
1591:
1571:
1545:
1517:
1511:Jefferson, G.
1504:
1489:
1476:
1460:
1453:
1435:
1421:
1403:
1385:
1363:
1356:
1338:
1323:, ed. (1911).
1321:Chisholm, Hugh
1312:
1300:
1271:
1240:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:(RIT) in 1944.
1124:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:, Isle of Ely.
1027:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
997:
995:picture palace
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
966:
963:
946:
943:
933:
927:
921:
910:
900:
886:
877:
874:
868:
862:
855:
852:
841:
834:
831:
825:
815:
812:
809:
803:
797:
794:
788:
770:
769:United Kingdom
767:
766:
765:
762:
750:
747:
746:
745:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
728:
722:
702:
699:
698:
697:
694:
689:
686:
681:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
656:
653:
648:
643:
638:
632:
629:
626:
623:
614:
611:
604:
601:
600:
599:
594:
587:
584:
556:
553:
424:Main article:
405:
402:
396:
393:
392:
391:
380:
361:
346:
343:Bath, Somerset
331:
307:
304:
144:in July 1823.
106:
103:
86:for the adult
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2686:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
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2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
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2604:
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2547:
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2534:
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2527:
2525:
2520:
2519:
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2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2424:
2420:
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2392:
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2329:
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2225:
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2213:
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2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2162:
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2153:
2145:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2041:"Our History"
2036:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1683:
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1677:
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1656:
1652:
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1638:
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1630:
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1588:0-9756000-1-X
1585:
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1514:
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1500:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1473:
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1425:
1417:
1413:
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1395:
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1377:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1357:1-85331-016-6
1353:
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1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1289:. 25 May 2021
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
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1258:
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1125:
1122:
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1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:United States
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
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964:
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940:County Armagh
937:
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931:
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915:
911:
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904:
901:
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869:
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863:
860:
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853:
847:
842:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:, Lancashire.
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
782:
778:
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775:
763:
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756:
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752:
744:
741:
740:
731:
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723:
721:
718:
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716:
713:
712:
707:
695:
693:
690:
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685:
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677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
660:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
633:
630:
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624:
622:
618:
615:
612:
610:
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606:
598:
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593:
590:
589:
579:
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565:
561:
552:
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547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
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452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
427:
418:
410:
401:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
373:San Francisco
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:
315:
313:
302:
297:
294:
292:
291:
290:Paradise Lost
286:
283:'s plays and
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
258:
253:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
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177:
173:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
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89:
88:working class
85:
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77:
76:Victorian-era
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
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41:
37:
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2664:School types
2499:
2475:
2471:
2453:the original
2448:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:the original
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2383:mdgorman.com
2382:
2373:
2363:24 September
2361:. Retrieved
2357:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2322:
2313:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2274:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2224:
2216:the original
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2035:
2027:ancestry.com
2026:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1944:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1824:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1708:
1686:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1631:(2): 88–89.
1628:
1624:
1614:
1599:
1594:
1579:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:
1512:
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1498:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1444:
1438:
1424:
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1371:
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1315:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1262:. Retrieved
1255:
1235:the original
1230:
1174:
1090:Philadelphia
1000:Spitalfields
959:to form the
808:, Yorkshire.
773:
772:
550:
535:
524:
501:
478:
455:
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429:
398:
383:
364:
360:, Australia.
349:
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288:
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250:
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80:its colonies
78:Britain and
63:
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51:
50:
36:
2109:21 February
1794:31 December
1688:31 December
1497:"Wisbech".
1293:31 December
1264:31 December
1084:1824 "The
1017:, Wiltshire
783:(architect
749:New Zealand
460:(1833), in
281:Shakespeare
47:'s building
2658:Categories
2508:0859580245
2338:15 October
2298:1 November
2254:26 October
2051:15 October
1979:28 October
1380:2381/35680
1209:References
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