70:
Farmers assumed prices would remain high. In 1919 after the war ended, the supply in Europe increased rapidly as many ex-soldiers returned to their farms. Overproduction led to plummeting prices which led to stagnant market conditions and living standards for farmers in the 1920s. Worse, hundreds of thousands of farmers had taken out mortgages and loans to buy new equipment and land to expand and were now unable to meet the financial burden. The cause was the collapse of land prices after the wartime bubble when farmers used high prices to buy up neighboring farms at high prices, saddling them with heavy debts. Farmers, however, blamed the decline of foreign markets and the effects of the protective tariff. They demanded relief as the agricultural depression grew steadily worse in the middle 1920s while the rest of the economy flourished. Instability in the agricultural marketplace in the mid-1920s kept the bill afloat, along with other plans for government-implemented price and wage controls in various industries.
106:
94:, rallied behind the plan, which formed the basis for the bill introduced by McNary of Oregon and Representative Haugen of Iowa, both Republicans. The basic idea of the bill was an equalization fee. The government was to segregate the amounts required for domestic consumption from the exportable surplus. The former were to be sold at the higher domestic price (the world price plus the tariff), using the full advantage of the tariff rates on exportable farm products, and the latter at the world price. The difference between the higher domestic price and the world price received for the surplus was to be met by the farmers of each commodity in the form of a tax or equalization fee, which would be paid by American consumers in the form of higher
153:
of sending its president, Charles E. Hearst, to
Washington on extended lobbying trips. Though the legislation ultimately failed, twice in Congress and twice by presidential veto, the adoption of the idea by mainstream farm organizations laid the groundwork for farmer support of New Deal farm policy, where they applauded Roosevelt's appointment of Peek and Johnson, authors of the McNary–Haugen plan, as well as advocate Wallace Jr. to powerful positions, where they began large-scale subsidy programs.
996:
20:
130:
farm cooperatives. As
Secretary of Agriculture after 1925, after the death of Wallace, Jardine made proposals that offered relief for farmers but preserved a free market, which led to Hoover's Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, too far into the worsening farm crisis to succeed after the onset of the Great Depression.
101:
The legislation was before
Congress from 1924 to 1928. It received powerful and united support from agricultural interests in 1927 and in 1928, respectively, when it passed both houses. Gleason (1958) shows that most leading businessmen opposed the bill on the grounds that it was contrary to economic
152:
Porter (2000) follows the growth of activity among the Iowa Farm Bureau
Federation (IFBF) membership and leadership on behalf of the legislation. It was the first farm organization to endorse the McNary–Haugen plan and also supported other groups working toward the plan's passage and paid the costs
129:
As president of Kansas State
Agricultural College from 1918, Jardine developed a free-market program of education and co-operative marketing for Kansas farmers. His advice was increasingly sought in Washington and led in 1922 to the formation of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, meant to assist
69:
The war had created an atmosphere of high prices for agricultural products as
European nations demand for exports surged. Farmers had enjoyed a period of prosperity as U.S. farm production expanded rapidly to fill the gap left as European belligerents found themselves unable to produce enough food.
125:
to modernize farming, by bringing in more electricity, more efficient equipment, better seeds and breeds, more rural education, and better business practices. Hoover advocated the creation of a
Federal Farm Board, which was dedicated to restriction of crop production to domestic demand, behind a
54:
According to the bill, a federal agency would be created to support and protect domestic farm prices by attempting to maintain price levels that existed in 1910-1914. By purchasing surpluses and selling them overseas, the federal government would take losses that would be paid for through fees
126:
tariff wall, and he maintained that the farmer's ailments were because of defective distribution. Coolidge finally committed himself to a farm board plan for price stabilization by co-operatives. Rejecting the McNary–Haugen plan, so popular in
Congress, the Hoover plan was adopted in 1929.
102:
law and would cost money and involve the government in business. Farmers were urged to reduce production, practice crop diversification, and support the cooperative movement. The plan was opposed also on the moral ground that it would destroy the farmer's self-reliance.
31:, which never became law, was a controversial plan in the 1920s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of five crops. The plan was for the government to buy each crop and then store it or export it at a loss. It was co-authored by
140:
against Hoover for the presidency in 1928. He was pleased by enactment of the
Agricultural Marketing Act in the Hoover administration but cited its lack of provisions for checking overproduction, and he wrote hard-hitting editorials against the
729:
846:
1021:
358:
1026:
753:
90:, called for new tariffs to protect farmers from foreign producers and a federal program for price supports. Wallace and Henry C. Taylor, head of the
515:
446:
494:
64:
117:
listened to business and killed the bill twice with vigorous vetoes. Coolidge instead supported the alternative program of
Commerce Secretary
435:
836:
530:
145:, which passed in 1930. The younger Wallace established himself as the preeminent Farm Belt leader, wrote the major farm speech of the
781:
776:
758:
743:
403:
364:
Wijkman, Per Magnus. "Henry C. Wallace and Henry A. Wallace as Secretaries of Agriculture: The Importance of Presidential Support."
801:
791:
424:
841:
544:
721:
539:
105:
818:
692:
329:
Porter, Kimberly K. "Embracing the Pluralist Perspective: the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation and the McNary–Haugen Movement."
257:
Kimberly K. Porter, "Embracing the Pluralist Perspective: the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation and the McNary–Haugen Movement."
796:
786:
602:
438:
725:
295:
Gleason, John Philip. "The Attitude of the Business Community Toward Agriculture During the McNary–Haugen Period."
91:
554:
703:
657:
652:
642:
467:
427:
608:
865:
623:
525:
510:
505:
396:
698:
489:
136:, the son of the elder Wallace, was furious over Coolidge's vetoes of the McNary–Haugen Bill and supported
907:
39:(R-Iowa). Despite attempts in 1924, 1926, 1927, and 1931 to pass the bill, it was vetoed by President
646:
597:
572:
449:
549:
999:
895:
674:
389:
371:
Williams, C. Fred. "William M. Jardine and the Foundations for Republican Farm Policy, 1925-1929."
214:
C. Fred Williams, "William M. Jardine and the Foundations for Republican Farm Policy, 1925-1929."
149:
presidential campaign, and in 1933, he became Secretary of Agriculture in his father's footsteps.
901:
737:
733:
587:
477:
142:
713:
939:
663:
638:
581:
44:
577:
856:
618:
592:
484:
146:
240:
Malcolm O. Sillars, "Henry A. Wallace's Editorials on Agricultural Discontent, 1921-1928."
708:
633:
499:
8:
915:
748:
566:
562:
558:
319:
Koerselman, Gary H. "Secretary Hoover and National Farm Policy: Problems of Leadership."
133:
87:
981:
925:
921:
472:
186:
122:
966:
951:
669:
628:
36:
32:
986:
307:
From New Day to New Deal: American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928-1933.
933:
929:
851:
679:
412:
137:
114:
83:
40:
341:
Twentieth Century Populism: Agricultural Discontent in the Middle West 1900-1939
973:
883:
118:
1015:
945:
911:
889:
48:
686:
286:
353:
Soth, Lauren. "Henry Wallace and the farm crisis of the 1920s and 1930s."
717:
95:
79:
376:
334:
324:
300:
281:
262:
245:
219:
203:
19:
381:
43:, and not approved. It was supported by Secretary of Agriculture
109:
Political cartoon depicting President Coolidge vetoing the bill
170:
The development of American agriculture: A historical analysis
65:
History of agriculture in the United States § 1920s
348:
Henry A. Wallace of Iowa: The Agrarian years 1910-1940
314:
Gilbert N. Haugen: Norwegian-American Farm Politician.
183:
Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression, 1917–1929
730:United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
495:Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts
1013:
624:Federal Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1925
316:State Historical Society of Iowa, 1992. 232 pp.
1022:United States federal agriculture legislation
397:
276:Black, John D. "The McNary-Haugen Movement."
198:John D. Black, "The McNary-Haugen Movement."
290:George N. Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity
292:University of Oklahoma Press, 1990, 314 pp.
1027:United States proposed federal legislation
404:
390:
346:Schapsmeier, E. L., and F.H. Schapsmeier.
312:Harstad, Peter T. and Lindemann, Bonnie.
782:1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
777:1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
744:Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover
172:(U of Minnesota Press, 1979). pp 100-121.
802:1924 United States presidential election
792:1920 United States presidential election
759:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
473:Boyhood home and first inauguration site
104:
18:
23:Bill sponsors McNary and Haugen in 1929
1014:
722:United States occupation of Nicaragua
385:
819:The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge
693:Brave Little State of Vermont speech
797:1924 Republican National Convention
787:1920 Republican National Convention
603:World War Adjusted Compensation Act
439:Vice President of the United States
411:
339:Saloutos, Theodore and John Hicks.
13:
653:State of the Union Addresses (1926
14:
1038:
726:United States occupation of Haiti
995:
994:
92:Bureau of Agricultural Economics
704:Migratory Bird Conservation Act
643:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
516:Presidential Library and Museum
270:
613:McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill
582:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
428:President of the United States
251:
234:
225:
208:
192:
175:
162:
1:
866:Backstairs at the White House
468:Early life and family history
156:
58:
29:McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Act
842:Sesquicentennial half dollar
699:McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928
609:Opposition to farm subsidies
7:
837:Things named after Coolidge
10:
1043:
121:and Agriculture Secretary
62:
16:Unsuccessful American bill
961:
876:
829:
810:
769:
647:Flood Control Act of 1928
598:Oil Pollution Act of 1924
573:Allegheny National Forest
524:
490:Early career and marriage
460:
450:Governor of Massachusetts
419:
185:(1947) pp 77–78, 229–251
896:John Calvin Coolidge Sr.
675:Federal Radio Commission
278:American Economic Review
200:American Economic Review
55:against farm producers.
902:Calvin Galusha Coolidge
734:Washington Naval Treaty
588:Immigration Act of 1924
73:
664:I do not choose to run
366:The American Economist
350:(Iowa State UP, 1968).
280:18.3 (1928): 406-427.
202:18.3 (1928): 406-427.
110:
45:Henry Cantwell Wallace
24:
754:Judicial appointments
619:Judiciary Act of 1925
485:Calvin Coolidge House
375:1996 70(2): 216-232.
368:64.2 (2019): 306-324.
357:47.2 (1983): 195-214
333:2000 74(2): 381-392.
323:1977 51(2): 378-395.
299:1958 32(2): 127-138.
261:(2000) 74#2: 381-392
244:26.4 (1952): 132-140
218:70.2 (1996): 216-232
168:Willard W. Cochrane,
147:Franklin D. Roosevelt
108:
63:Further information:
22:
982:← Thomas R. Marshall
634:Passport Act of 1926
511:Retirement and death
500:Boston police strike
373:Agricultural History
331:Agricultural History
321:Agricultural History
305:Hamilton, David E.
297:Agricultural History
259:Agricultural History
242:Agricultural History
216:Agricultural History
78:A plan suggested by
967:← Warren G. Harding
936:(distant relations)
916:Charles A. Coolidge
847:U.S. postage stamps
738:Kellogg–Briand Pact
567:Revenue Act of 1928
563:Revenue Act of 1926
559:Revenue Act of 1924
545:Second inauguration
143:Hawley–Smoot Tariff
134:Henry Agard Wallace
88:Moline Plow Company
47:and Vice President
987:Charles G. Dawes →
926:Arthur W. Coolidge
922:Marcus A. Coolidge
859:President Coolidge
550:Industry and trade
540:First inauguration
123:William M. Jardine
111:
25:
1009:
1008:
869:(1979 miniseries)
670:Radio Act of 1927
629:Railway Labor Act
593:Clarke–McNary Act
343:(1951) pp 321–41.
37:Gilbert N. Haugen
33:Charles L. McNary
1034:
998:
997:
974:Herbert Hoover →
709:Reed–Jenkins Act
453:
442:
431:
406:
399:
392:
383:
382:
287:Fite, Gilbert C.
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1037:
1036:
1035:
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1032:
1031:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
957:
934:Carlos Coolidge
930:Martha Coolidge
872:
852:Coolidge effect
825:
806:
765:
680:Equal-time rule
528:
520:
506:Vice Presidency
456:
445:
434:
423:
415:
413:Calvin Coolidge
410:
273:
268:
256:
252:
239:
235:
230:
226:
213:
209:
197:
193:
180:
176:
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163:
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138:Alfred E. Smith
115:Calvin Coolidge
84:Hugh S. Johnson
76:
67:
61:
41:Calvin Coolidge
35:(R-Oregon) and
17:
12:
11:
5:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
990:
989:
984:
978:
977:
970:
962:
959:
958:
956:
955:
949:
943:
937:
919:
905:
899:
893:
887:
884:Grace Coolidge
880:
878:
874:
873:
871:
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862:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
827:
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784:
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714:Foreign policy
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355:Annals of Iowa
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181:George Soule,
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119:Herbert Hoover
75:
72:
60:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1039:
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985:
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954:(pet raccoon)
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
917:
913:
912:Olympia Brown
909:
906:
904:(grandfather)
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:John Coolidge
888:
885:
882:
881:
879:
875:
868:
867:
863:
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750:
747:
745:
742:
739:
735:
732:(1916–1924),
731:
728:(1915–1934),
727:
724:(1912–1933),
723:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
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639:Flood control
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309:1991. 333 pp.
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231:Williams 1996
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89:
85:
81:
71:
66:
56:
52:
50:
49:Charles Dawes
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
993:
972:
965:
948:(family dog)
908:Arthur Brown
864:
858:
830:Public image
817:
687:McFadden Act
612:
578:Civil rights
372:
365:
354:
347:
340:
330:
320:
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306:
296:
289:
277:
271:Bibliography
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177:
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132:
128:
112:
100:
77:
68:
53:
28:
26:
940:Edmund Rice
718:Banana Wars
452:(1919–1921)
441:(1921–1923)
430:(1923–1929)
96:food prices
80:George Peek
1016:Categories
942:(ancestor)
526:Presidency
157:References
113:President
59:Background
918:(cousins)
770:Elections
478:gravesite
86:, of the
1000:Category
898:(father)
736:(1922),
666:" (1927)
555:Taxation
531:timeline
952:Rebecca
946:Rob Roy
749:Cabinet
886:(wife)
877:Family
822:(1929)
740:(1928)
695:(1928)
689:(1927)
605:(1924)
502:(1919)
377:online
359:online
335:online
325:online
301:online
282:online
263:online
246:online
220:online
204:online
187:online
892:(son)
811:Books
658:1927)
461:Life
447:48th
436:29th
425:30th
82:and
74:Bill
27:The
857:SS
1018::
932:,
928:,
924:,
914:,
910:,
720:,
645:,
565:,
561:,
98:.
51:.
716:(
662:"
649:)
641:(
615:)
611:(
584:)
580:(
569:)
557:(
533:)
529:(
405:e
398:t
391:v
361:.
248:.
222:.
189:.
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