McMillan Plan - Knowledge

337: 612:. The McMillan Plan envisioned extensive public bathing and swimming facilities along the Potomac River's edge here, as well as several athletic fields, several gymnasiums, and a stadium. Additionally, a significant new Neoclassical or Beaux-Arts memorial would be constructed along the White House-Washington Monument axis to serve as the southern anchor of the cruciform National Mall plan. The Washington Commons was to have been built after the Washington Monument terraces and arcades. After it was determined that the Washington Monument grounds project could not be built, attention turned to Washington Commons. However, by then, the Great Depression was underway, and funds to complete the Tidal Basin in the form envisioned by the McMillan Plan were no longer available. In 1938, President 391:. Cannon was angry that the Senate had bypassed the House in creating the commission. He was strongly opposed to spending the enormous sums that it would take to complete the plan. Although Moore had implemented a carefully planned public relations campaign to win congressional and public support for the McMillan Plan, it was clear that seeking formal approval of the plan from Congress was out of the question due to Cannon's opposition. Instead, members of the commission worked strenuously to ensure that the plan was not encroached upon while waiting for a more opportune time to seek its implementation. Backers of the plan in Congress regularly called upon commission members to testify before Congress and in public hearings to defend the plan. 348:(also designed by Olmsted). The commission proposed establishing large numbers of neighborhood parks throughout the city, especially in those areas outside the old "Federal City" boundaries. Public bathing and swimming facilities, gymnasiums, and playgrounds were an integral part of each proposed park, and the commission's report provided extensive drawings of "model parks". The commission's goal was to transform parks from places where the wealthy promenaded for purposes of social mobility into places where the average citizen could reap the advantages of physical exercise while enjoying the moral uplift provided by a natural setting within an urban area. Of critical importance to the commission was developing the Anacostia Flats along the 601: 477: 500:, and the government of the District of Columbia, CapitalSpace is designed to implement six of the major unfinished proposals of the McMillan Plan. These include linking the Fort Circle Parks with trails and parkways, improving recreational facilities, enhancing and maintaining neighborhood parks, establishing new and repairing existing playgrounds and school play yards, ensuring the protection and restoration of natural areas within and near the city, and transforming small and underutilized parks into vibrant new neighborhood centers. 399: 230: 420:

be permitted to construct a taller building to compensate for the loss of space. An extensive disagreement broke out between Agriculture officials, members of Congress intent on keeping costs low, McMillan Plan advocates, and others about where the building should be placed and how tall it should be. The new Agriculture Building was eventually built according to the McMillan Plan's 300-foot (91 m) setback line and slightly lowered into the ground to accommodate the building's taller height.

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lacked the extensive resources of the federal government to implement the McMillan Plan. Few areas beyond the old "Federal City" boundary were purchased for park or recreational land. As the city rapidly expanded, this land dramatically increased in price, and the city found itself unable to obtain as much land as it wished. The inability of the city government to implement the scope of the McMillan Plan's park proposals is considered the most significant failure the plan faced.

432:(CFA) in 1910. Several members of the McMillan Commission were appointed to the CFA, as were many McMillan Plan supporters. When the Lincoln Memorial Commission found itself riven by disagreement over the new memorial's site, it sought out the advice of the CFA. Together, the Lincoln Memorial Commission and CFA worked to approve West Potomac Park as the site for the new monument. The site for the Lincoln Memorial was approved in June 1911. 31: 656:(built in 1909) to create a symmetrical look to the Capitol environs; and to reduce the time and trouble it took for executive branch workers to serve the needs of Congress. No executive branch office buildings were ever constructed. Several buildings were constructed nearby, but they were not in the symmetrical siting or design advocated by the McMillan Plan. These structures included the 424:

McMillan Commission were tiring of the constant demands on their time and the unpaid nature of their role. President Roosevelt agreed that a permanent commission on the arts should be created to help guide decisions regarding art and architecture following the McMillan Plan. Roosevelt established a commission by executive order shortly before he left office, but President

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proposals for the city's parks, beaches, and recreational facilities (ostensibly the reason for its existence) were treated in more general ways. Scattered throughout the plan were references to streets, boulevards, parkways, and various other connections between District and regional parks and the District and the surrounding cities and undeveloped areas.

352:. The flats (like West and East Potomac Parks) had recently been reclaimed by dumping dredged material along the riverbank to eliminate marshes. The commission suggested building roads to provide access to the Anacostia River and constructing a large water park for boating, bathing, swimming, and other uses to draw development to the area. 668:(finished in 1939). The Longworth and Adams buildings were both on the House side. No attempt was made to purchase the land bounded by Maryland Avenue NE, 1st Street NE, and Constitution Avenue NE. This property was quickly developed with private office buildings without reference to the McMillan Plan. Yet another building, the 635:

began pushing Congress to build Fort Circle Drive. But civic leaders and the National Park Service openly questioned whether the plan had outgrown its usefulness. They argued that the city had grown past the ring of forts that protected it a century earlier, and city roads already connected the parks

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NW, would be torn down. A new, modern train station with a grand court and massive passenger waiting and service areas would be constructed north of the Capitol. Two new reflecting pools (or "canals") would be constructed on the National Mall. One (cruciform in shape) would extend from West Potomac

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One central element was the extensive system of granite and marble terraces, steps, and arcades ("Washington Monument Gardens") proposed for the grounds around the base of the Washington Monument. It was later determined that the construction of these features would require removing large quantities

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with a large field (to be used for public gatherings and suitable for several new memorials) will connect the north end of the bridge with Potomac Avenue SW. A second massive traffic oval on the south end of the bridge will help connect it to Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue and help expand the city's

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gave his approval for the construction of a new agriculture building in line with the Smithsonian headquarters, only to later learn that his decision violated the McMillan Plan (which he also supported). Agriculture officials then argued that if they had to accept a smaller plot of land, they should

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museums and cultural centers along the Mall's east–west axis. The plan proposed constructing significant memorials on the western and southern anchors of the Mall's two axes, reflecting pools on the southern and western ends, and massive granite and marble terraces and arcades around the base of the

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Although many neighborhood parks were created in the District of Columbia according to the McMillan Plan, the scope of expansion contemplated by the plan was not achieved. Implementation of the neighborhood park, playground, and recreational facilities program was left to the D.C. government, which

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building had long been proposed for the south side of the National Mall between 7th and 14th Streets SW. The Department of Agriculture wanted to use all the space allotted to it. However, McMillan Plan advocates argued that agriculture headquarters should be set back from the center of the National

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Another unbuilt central element was a collection of tall, Neoclassical office buildings around Lafayette Square. This proposal went unbuilt as the federal government struggled to complete the Federal Triangle complex. The cost of constructing the office complex during the mid to late 1930s and the

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in 1926 (which was formally charged with implementing the McMillan Plan), enactment of legislation authorizing the enlargement of the Capitol grounds in 1929 (following the McMillan Plan), and passage of the Capper-Cramton city park act (which sought to implement the McMillan Plan's park program).

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The next major test of the McMillan Plan came with the siting of the Lincoln Memorial. Congress authorized a Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1910, and the commission immediately began wrestling with the many competing proposals for the memorial's location. Concurrently, members of the disbanded

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Seventy-one of the report's pages discussed proposals for the National Mall, while the remaining 100 pages discussed improvements for the park system in and around the city. The proposals for the National Mall received the greatest attention from the commission and were the most detailed. The

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will be remodeled, Water Street SW will be decommissioned and demolished, a pedestrian promenade built where Water Street was, and two new piers (for both private and commercial use) will be constructed. The second project announced is a $ 906 million project to replace and realign the aging

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in France. The width of the Mall, determined after extensive on-site measurements, would be narrowed to 300 feet (91 m). The north and south sides of the National Mall were to be lined with low public office buildings, museums, and cultural attractions (such as theaters). The plan also

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One of the most important goals of the McMillan Plan was to demolish the B&P Railroad Passenger Terminal. This proposal had generated widespread support in Congress for years. On May 15, 1902, legislation was passed authorizing the construction of a new Union Station. Although extensive

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would be the anchor for the west end of the east–west axis. The commission suggested the recently authorized Lincoln Memorial be sited in the park while proposing that the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial be moved to a new plaza to be constructed directly west of the Capitol. The recently created

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would be extended in a southwesterly direction past the White House to link with the new memorial in West Potomac Park. Maryland Avenue SW, extending from the Capitol to East Potomac Park, would form the southeastern boundary of this new monumental core, while the Potomac River formed the

492:, was issued in April 2009. Written jointly by the NCPC and CFA, the planning document extends the McMillan Plan's values and planning concepts through the city. It proposed the creation of new "federal centers" through the city (away from the monumental core) and redevelopment of the 195:

The commission members (excluding Saint-Gaudens, who was ill with cancer) and Moore departed for Europe on June 13, 1901, to tour the continent's great manor homes, gardens, and urban landscapes. By the time the commission returned to the United States on August 1, Moore had become a

542:"monumental core" into Anacostia. Reconstruction of the two interchanges is estimated to cost $ 209.2 million. The remainder of the budgeted funds will help remodel South Capitol Street into an urban boulevard from an industrial corridor, and renovate New Jersey Avenue SE. 140:

Beginning around 1880, a series of articles appeared in local D.C. and national press, which were highly critical of the mediocre architecture and poor-quality public spaces and accommodations in the District of Columbia. In addition, a highly influential meeting of the

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received a significant boost from the plan as well. The McMillan Plan continues to guide urban planning in and around Washington, D.C., into the 21st century and has become a part of the federal government's official planning policy for the national capital.

359:, designed to allow citizens in carriages (the automobile not having come into widespread use) to become emotionally refreshed by viewing nature. Parkways were envisioned along the south side of the Potomac River from Arlington National Cemetery down to 488:. The planning document was an attempt to update the McMillan Plan for the 21st century. It redefined the monumental core and established new guidelines for locating museums, memorials, and federal buildings throughout the city. A second major report, 515:

buildings each 130 feet (40 m) high. A privately owned cultural center and a new public park will be included in The Wharf. A total of 3,200,000 square feet (300,000 m) will be built, with about two-thirds of that built in the first phase.

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Originally, government officials did not foresee that the city of Washington would expand to fill the boundaries of the entire District of Columbia. The "Federal City", or the City of Washington, originally lay within an area bounded by

537:. The current four-lane bridge will be replaced with a six-lane bridge and brought into a more north–south alignment from its current northwest–southeast alignment. The cost of the bridge replacement is estimated at $ 573.8 million. A 639:

A final unbuilt recommendation of the McMillan Plan was the concept of grouping a large number of executive branch office buildings around the United States Congress. The concept was two-fold: To complement the existing

452:. A lengthy fight over the bridge's location occurred. However, the CFA won the battle. Congress authorized the bridge's construction (in the low, classical style advocated by the McMillan Plan) on February 24, 1925. The 216:

attended the exhibit's opening. The exhibit was dominated by two vast models of the District of Columbia, one showing it as it existed in 1901 and the other showing the changes proposed by the Senate Park Commission.

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lack of materials and workforce during World War II and the Korean War kept the complex from being built. Although a significant effort was made in 1960 to begin razing the historic homes around Lafayette Square,

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Mall by 300 feet (91 m). Department of Agriculture officials, however, pointed out that the 300-foot (91 m) setback from the mall's center-line was already violated on the south side of the mall by the

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was held in Washington in December 1900. Not only were the city's shortcomings extensively discussed, but plans were proposed for rectifying them. The plan presented at that meeting by Washington-based architect

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disagreement broke out in the House over reimbursing the Pennsylvania Railroad for the cost of moving its tracks, legislation providing this reimbursement passed in 1903. The terminal was demolished in 1908.

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The McMillan Plan continues to provide the underpinning for planning in the national capital in the 21st century. In 1997, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) issued a report entitled

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Over the years, other decisions were made which helped reinforce the status of the McMillan plan as the "official" development plan for the District of Columbia. These included the siting of the

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was authorized in 1928. Although construction of a massive terrace around the base of the Washington Monument was proven unfeasible (it would have destabilized the monument's foundations), the

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and the National Park Service sponsored a design competition in 2011 to revitalize the Mall as part of a $ 700 million plan to transform it into a world-class park. The design partnership of

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on March 8, 1901, to reconcile competing visions for the development of Washington, D.C., and especially the National Mall and nearby areas. McMillan Commission members included architect

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A third central unbuilt recommendation of the McMillan Plan involved the extensive "Washington Commons" recreational area on East and West Potomac Parks along the southern side of the

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would anchor the southern end of the north–south axis, and be occupied by a vast complex of recreational facilities ("Washington Commons") as well as a possible new memorial (to the

636:(albeit not in the linear route envisioned by the McMillan Plan). The plan to link the city's Civil War fort-parks via a grand drive was quietly dropped in the years that followed. 133: 1138: 311:

NW, already an important thoroughfare, formed the northeast boundary linking the Capitol with the White House. The report asked the federal government to tear down the vast slum

555: 262:'s winding Victorian landscape design on the National Mall would be replaced with an open vista of grass flanked by formal rows of trees similar to the landscape design at 680:

completed on the Senate side. Thus far, all the buildings constructed were within the Beaux-Arts or "stripped Neoclassical" style. However, in 1976, construction on the

58:, the capital of the United States. It was written in 1902 by the Senate Park Commission. The commission is popularly known as the McMillan Commission after its chairman, 1507:

Wrenn, Tony P. (2006). "The American Institute of Architects Convention of 1900: Its Influence on the Senate Park Commission Plan". In Kohler, Sue; Scott, Pamela (eds.).

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Peterson, Jon A. (2006). "The Senate Park Commission Plan for Washington, D.C.: A New Vision for the Capital and the Nation". In Kohler, Sue; Scott, Pamela (eds.).

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Construction of the two wings of the Department of Agriculture building (shown nearing completion in 1908, lower right) was a significant test of the McMillan Plan.

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southwestern boundary. The commission suggested that taller federal buildings and museums be constructed in areas not immediately adjacent to the National Mall.

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were announced. The first project, named "The Wharf", is a $ 1.45 billion redevelopment of the waterfront roughly between 9th and 7th Streets SW along the

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Never formally adopted by the United States government, the McMillan Plan was implemented piecemeal in the decades after its release. The location of the

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Davis, Timothy (2008). "Beyond the Mall: The Senate Park Commission's Plans for Washington's Park System". In Glazer, Nathan; Fields, Cynthia R. (eds.).

530: 1164: 85:. The plan also proposed tearing down the existing railroad passenger station on the National Mall and constructing a large new station north of the 1440:

Rybczynski, Witold (2008). "'A Simple Space of Turf': Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.'s Idea for the Mall". In Glazer, Nathan; Fields, Cynthia R. (eds.).

371:. Another parkway (known as "Fort Drive"), nearly circumferential around the city, would link newly created parks designed to preserve the historic 323:

in Paris. Lafayette Square north of the White House would also be razed, and new federal office buildings in the Neoclassical style built there.

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to design a plan to allow two federal office buildings behind the smaller, historic structures. Warnecke's plan led to the construction of the

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United States Senate. Committee on the District of Columbia. 57th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902.

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and the Capitol building, as well as an extensive system of neighborhood parks and recreational facilities throughout the city. Major new

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and Anacostia River waterfronts. A second planning effort, CapitalSpace, was also launched in 2009. A joint initiative of the NCPC, the

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on the south side of the Tidal Basin. Although the CFA opposed the memorial, President Roosevelt ordered its construction, and the

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The report proposed turning the National Mall into the core of the growing city. A cruciform design for the Mall was proposed. The

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in 1967. They were the only two large office buildings constructed near Lafayette Square, and neither was Neoclassical in design.

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of earth. However, this would have destabilized the monument's foundations, and none of the proposed elements were built. The

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was completed in the southeast corner of the Capitol Complex. Not only was this building on the House side (again), but it was

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The McMillan Plan successfully proposed eliminating National Mall's Victorian-era landscape design (shown here circa 1900).

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in style and did not fit well architecturally with the other structures. This was followed in 1982 with the Modernist

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would remain open space in order to preserve the vista from the White House south to the Washington Monument and the

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and replacing it with an uncomplicated expanse of grass, narrowing the Mall, and permitting the construction of low,

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Park to the Washington Monument. The other would extend from East Potomac Park north to the Washington Monument.

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Additionally, the McMillan Plan contemplated constructing clusters of tall, Neoclassical office buildings around

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National Capitol Planning Commission; National Park Service; Government of the District of Columbia (2009).

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the north end of the north–south axis. In the center was the Washington Monument. The recently completed

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The Report of the Senate Park Commission. The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia

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Hawkins, Don Alexander (Spring–Summer 1991). "The Landscape of the Federal City: A 1792 Walking Tour".

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Report of the Senate Park Commission. The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia.

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Worthy of the Nation: Washington, D.C., from L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission

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Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C.

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to retain the structures. Mrs. Kennedy persuaded President John F. Kennedy to allow architect

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The proposed "Washington Monument Gardens", a part of the McMillan Plan that was never built.

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Siting the Lincoln Memorial in West Potomac Park was a significant goal of the McMillan Plan.

280: 238: 188:. Charles Moore, Senator McMillan's chief aide, became secretary of the commission. Sculptor 155: 86: 566:

won a portion of the competition to redesign the Washington Monument grounds and the nearby

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anticipates several decisions in the eventual McMillan Plan, including the grouping of

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Senator James McMillan, sponsor of legislation that created the Senate Park Commission.

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National Capital Planning Commission; United States Commission of Fine Arts (2009).

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was constructed at the eastern end of the Lincoln Memorial reflecting pool in 2004.

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The first significant threat to implementing the McMillan Plan came in 1904. A new

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joined the commission as its last member in August 1901 at the suggestion of McKim.

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diagonal streets formed the great boundaries of the city's new "monumental core".

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on January 15, 1902, the same day the report was released to the public. President

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Monumental Core Framework Plan: Connecting New Destinations with the National Mall

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and replace it with a group of monumental federal office buildings similar to

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of 1926 authorized the razing of the Murder Bay slum and the construction of

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Additions to the D.C. park system (dark green) proposed by the McMillan Plan.

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document for the development of the monumental core and the park system of

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Kohler, Sue (2006). "Introduction". In Kohler, Sue; Scott, Pamela (eds.).

692:, whose primary concession to the Beaux-Arts style was a marble exterior. 609: 563: 316: 293: 287:, located on the National Mall at what is today New Jersey Avenue NW and 242: 224: 72:

The McMillan Plan proposed eliminating the Victorian landscaping of the

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The commission sponsored a major exhibit about their proposals at the

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Strayer, Martha (May 28, 1963). "JFK Settles Battle Over Ft. Drive".

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In late 2012, work began on two billion-dollar projects to implement

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Hagner, Alexander (1904). "Street Nomenclature of Washington City".

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opposed their destruction and successfully lobbied Congress and the

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got caught in a three-hour traffic jam during the dedication of the

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would connect these parks and link the city to nearby attractions.

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Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.

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Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.

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Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.

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The park system proposed by the McMillan Plan drew heavily on the

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Arlington Memorial Bridge was authorized in 1925 after President

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Implementation of the McMillan Plan was opposed by the powerful

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Drive" is another unbuilt part of the plan. In 1963, President

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Baltimore & Potomac (B&P) Railroad Passenger Terminal

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building anchored the east end of the east–west axis and the

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A Quest for Grandeur: Charles Moore and the Federal Triangle

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dissolved it and won congressional approval for a statutory

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The National Mall: Rethinking Washington's Monumental Core

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The Birth of City Planning in the United States: 1840–1917

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The National Mall: Rethinking Washington's Monumental Core

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L'Enfant's Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington, D.C

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Several elements of the McMillan Plan remained unbuilt.

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Linking the more important parks would be a series of

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Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive

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are due to the McMillan Plan. Proposals to construct

990: 331: 1492:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 817: 781: 1485: 1462: 1446:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1335:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1329:Gutheim, Frederick A.; Lee, Antoinette J. (2006). 1293:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1272:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 525:and build new interchanges between the bridge and 1529: 1513:Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. 1425:Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. 1374:Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. 1314:Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 505:Extending the Legacy: Planning America's Capital 486:Extending the Legacy: Planning America's Capital 471: 1469:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 739:(northwest and northeast), 15th Street (east), 1553:United States congressional committee projects 1389:National Capital Planning Commission (1965). 441:National Capital Park and Planning Commission 378: 169:The Senate Park Commission was formed by the 1113:"D.C. Plans Transformation of Franklin Park" 676:unbalanced. In 1972, the relatively small 616:proposed the construction of a memorial to 258:or great inventors, the report suggested). 225:The National Mall and the "monumental core" 1439: 1352:Records of the Columbia Historical Society 1328: 1011: 960: 943: 931: 883: 847: 682:James Madison Library of Congress Building 346:Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston 203: 1222:National Capital Planning Commission 1965 595:Howard T. Markey National Courts Building 127: 38:was the centerpiece of the McMillan Plan. 27:1902 planning report for Washington, D.C. 1483: 1418: 1397: 1307: 1163:Halsey, Ashley III (December 31, 2012). 1110: 907: 871: 859: 835: 811: 775: 599: 475: 397: 375:which circled the District of Columbia. 335: 228: 131: 29: 1358: 1206: 984: 666:John Adams Library of Congress Building 408:United States Department of Agriculture 117:U.S. Department of Agriculture Building 14: 1530: 1465:The Lincoln Memorial and American Life 1460: 1367: 1349: 1267: 1162: 1023: 996: 972: 895: 823: 787: 275:bridge linking West Potomac Park with 1506: 1286: 1137:Lewis, Roger K. (December 21, 2012). 1136: 919: 799: 546:Unbuilt portions of the McMillan Plan 430:United States Commission of Fine Arts 363:, and from West Potomac Park through 1182:"Rebuilding Bridges in the District" 1111:Neibauer, Michael (March 14, 2013). 1099:National Capital Planning Commission 1068:National Capital Planning Commission 1041:National Capital Planning Commission 662:United States Supreme Court Building 1538:Urban planning in the United States 24: 1246: 1234:"Fort Sites Eyed for Future Use". 523:Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge 25: 1564: 332:The city park system and parkways 1064:"Monumental Core Framework Plan" 706:Architecture of Washington, D.C. 413:Smithsonian Institution Building 143:American Institute of Architects 1461:Thomas, Christopher A. (2002). 1261: 1238:. October 2, 1964. p. A10. 1227: 1200: 1156: 1130: 1086: 1055: 1029: 728: 658:Longworth House Office Building 583:General Services Administration 1484:Tompkins, Sally Kress (1993). 678:Dirksen Senate Office Building 654:Russell Senate Office Building 466:National World War II Memorial 271:suggested constructing a low, 152:Congressional office buildings 13: 1: 716: 674:United States Capitol Complex 670:Rayburn House Office Building 591:New Executive Office Building 535:Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue 511:. The project will build 10 472:Recent implementation efforts 462:Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway 439:in 1923, the creation of the 664:(finished in 1935), and the 650:Cannon House Office Building 646:Library of Congress Building 642:United States Botanic Garden 7: 1543:History of Washington, D.C. 1268:Bednar, Michael J. (2006). 1117:Washington Business Journal 699: 690:Hart Senate Office Building 556:Trust for the National Mall 533:, and Suitland Parkway and 450:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 277:Arlington National Cemetery 10: 1569: 379:Implementation of the plan 200:member of the commission. 164:National Archives Building 162:, and the location of the 1398:Peterson, Jon A. (2003). 1308:Gillette, Howard (1995). 182:Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. 121:Arlington Memorial Bridge 109:Ulysses S. Grant Memorial 660:(finished in 1933), the 369:National Zoological Park 711:City Beautiful movement 624:was completed in 1943. 210:Corcoran Gallery of Art 204:Description of the plan 1037:"Extending the Legacy" 1012:Gutheim & Lee 2006 961:Gutheim & Lee 2006 944:Gutheim & Lee 2006 932:Gutheim & Lee 2006 884:Gutheim & Lee 2006 605: 481: 403: 341: 260:Andrew Jackson Downing 234: 190:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 137: 128:Senate Park Commission 52:comprehensive planning 39: 1209:Washington Daily News 922:, p. 176, fn. 2. 652:(built in 1908), and 614:Franklin D. Roosevelt 603: 498:National Park Service 479: 401: 339: 281:Pennsylvania Railroad 239:United States Capitol 232: 158:, the development of 135: 87:United States Capitol 33: 454:Public Buildings Act 437:Freer Gallery of Art 389:Joseph Gurney Cannon 385:Speaker of the House 268:Palace of Versailles 171:United States Senate 1236:The Washington Post 1188:. December 31, 2012 1186:The Washington Post 1169:The Washington Post 1143:The Washington Post 1074:on October 15, 2011 1014:, pp. 138–139. 946:, pp. 129–138. 741:East Capitol Street 426:William Howard Taft 309:Pennsylvania Avenue 289:Constitution Avenue 179:landscape architect 83:Washington Monument 18:McMillan Commission 1361:Washington History 622:Jefferson Memorial 606: 587:John Carl Warnecke 579:Jacqueline Kennedy 509:Washington Channel 494:Washington Channel 482: 417:Theodore Roosevelt 404: 342: 325:New York Avenue NW 235: 214:Theodore Roosevelt 138: 40: 1026:, pp. 37–43. 862:, pp. 20–21. 838:, pp. 15–16. 814:, pp. 78–91. 802:, pp. 60–65. 648:(built in 1897), 644:(built in 1867), 460:in 1926, and the 446:Warren G. Harding 319:in London or the 252:East Potomac Park 247:West Potomac Park 46:(formally titled 16:(Redirected from 1560: 1524: 1503: 1491: 1480: 1468: 1457: 1436: 1415: 1394: 1385: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1325: 1304: 1283: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1070:. Archived from 1059: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1033: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 947: 941: 935: 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 899: 893: 887: 881: 875: 869: 863: 857: 851: 845: 839: 833: 827: 821: 815: 809: 803: 797: 791: 785: 779: 773: 756: 732: 618:Thomas Jefferson 593:in 1965 and the 527:Suitland Parkway 458:Federal Triangle 256:Founding Fathers 186:Charles F. McKim 184:, and architect 160:Federal Triangle 105:Lincoln Memorial 94:Lafayette Square 56:Washington, D.C. 21: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1500: 1477: 1454: 1433: 1412: 1382: 1343: 1322: 1301: 1280: 1264: 1249: 1247:Further reading 1244: 1243: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1224:, pp. 3–9. 1220: 1216: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1161: 1157: 1147: 1145: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1103: 1101: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1003: 995: 991: 983: 979: 971: 967: 959: 950: 942: 938: 930: 926: 918: 914: 906: 902: 894: 890: 882: 878: 870: 866: 858: 854: 848:Rybczynski 2008 846: 842: 834: 830: 822: 818: 810: 806: 798: 794: 786: 782: 778:, p. xvii. 774: 770: 760: 759: 745:Anacostia River 737:Boundary Street 733: 729: 719: 702: 633:John F. Kennedy 548: 518:Maine Avenue SW 474: 381: 373:Civil War forts 365:Rock Creek Park 350:Anacostia River 334: 305:L'Enfant Plan's 264:Vaux-le-Vicomte 227: 206: 130: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1566: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1504: 1498: 1481: 1475: 1458: 1452: 1437: 1431: 1416: 1410: 1395: 1386: 1380: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1341: 1326: 1320: 1305: 1299: 1284: 1278: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1226: 1214: 1199: 1155: 1129: 1085: 1054: 1028: 1016: 1001: 989: 977: 975:, p. 257. 965: 963:, p. 138. 948: 936: 934:, p. 133. 924: 912: 910:, p. 100. 900: 898:, p. xii. 888: 886:, p. 132. 876: 864: 852: 840: 828: 816: 804: 792: 780: 767: 766: 765: 764: 758: 757: 726: 725: 724: 723: 718: 715: 714: 713: 708: 701: 698: 627:The proposed " 568:Sylvan Theater 560:Weiss/Manfredi 547: 544: 539:traffic circle 531:Interstate 295 473: 470: 380: 377: 333: 330: 226: 223: 205: 202: 175:Daniel Burnham 129: 126: 63:James McMillan 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1565: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1522: 1520:9780160752230 1516: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1499:9781560981619 1495: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1476:9780691011943 1472: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1455: 1453:9780801888052 1449: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1432:9780160752230 1428: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1411:9780801872105 1407: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1381:9780160752230 1377: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1342:9780801883286 1338: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1321:9780812205299 1317: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1300:9780801888052 1296: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1187: 1183: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1118: 1114: 1100: 1096: 1089: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1013: 1008: 1006: 999:, p. 15. 998: 993: 987:, p. 16. 986: 981: 974: 969: 962: 957: 955: 953: 945: 940: 933: 928: 921: 916: 909: 908:Gillette 1995 904: 897: 892: 885: 880: 874:, p. 27. 873: 872:Peterson 2006 868: 861: 860:Peterson 2006 856: 850:, p. 61. 849: 844: 837: 836:Peterson 2006 832: 826:, p. 16. 825: 820: 813: 812:Peterson 2003 808: 801: 796: 790:, p. xi. 789: 784: 777: 776:Tompkins 1993 772: 768: 762: 761: 754: 750: 749:Potomac River 746: 742: 738: 731: 727: 721: 720: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 697: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 637: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 602: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 551: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 478: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 421: 418: 414: 409: 400: 396: 392: 390: 386: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 338: 329: 326: 322: 321:Louvre Palace 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 298:Potomac River 295: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 244: 240: 231: 222: 218: 215: 211: 201: 199: 193: 191: 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 134: 125: 122: 118: 114: 113:Union Station 110: 106: 101: 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 79: 75: 74:National Mall 70: 68: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:McMillan Plan 37: 36:National Mall 32: 19: 1509: 1487: 1464: 1442: 1421: 1400: 1390: 1370: 1360: 1351: 1331: 1310: 1289: 1269: 1262:Bibliography 1253: 1235: 1229: 1217: 1208: 1202: 1190:. Retrieved 1185: 1172:. Retrieved 1168: 1158: 1146:. Retrieved 1142: 1132: 1120:. Retrieved 1116: 1102:. Retrieved 1098: 1088: 1076:. Retrieved 1072:the original 1067: 1057: 1045:. Retrieved 1040: 1031: 1019: 992: 985:Hawkins 1991 980: 968: 939: 927: 915: 903: 891: 879: 867: 855: 843: 831: 819: 807: 795: 783: 771: 730: 694: 638: 626: 607: 572: 552: 549: 504: 502: 489: 485: 483: 434: 422: 415:. President 405: 393: 382: 361:Mount Vernon 354: 343: 302: 236: 219: 207: 197: 194: 168: 148:Paul J. Pelz 139: 102: 91: 78:Neoclassical 71: 47: 43: 41: 1192:January 27, 1174:January 27, 1148:January 27, 1104:January 27, 1078:January 27, 1047:January 27, 1024:Thomas 2002 997:Bednar 2006 973:Hagner 1904 896:Kohler 2006 824:Thomas 2002 788:Kohler 2006 629:Fort Circle 610:Tidal Basin 317:Westminster 294:The Ellipse 243:White House 154:around the 1548:City plans 1532:Categories 1354:: 237–261. 1279:0801883180 920:Davis 2008 800:Wrenn 2006 753:Rock Creek 717:References 576:First Lady 313:Murder Bay 273:Beaux-Arts 89:building. 1122:March 13, 763:Citations 686:Modernist 513:mixed-use 1363:: 10–33. 700:See also 357:parkways 266:and the 198:de facto 98:parkways 67:Michigan 367:to the 156:Capitol 60:Senator 50:) is a 1517: 1496: 1473: 1450: 1429: 1408: 1378: 1339: 1318: 1297: 1276: 1043:. 1997 751:, and 747:, the 743:, the 115:, and 722:Notes 1515:ISBN 1494:ISBN 1471:ISBN 1448:ISBN 1427:ISBN 1406:ISBN 1376:ISBN 1337:ISBN 1316:ISBN 1295:ISBN 1274:ISBN 1194:2013 1176:2013 1150:2013 1124:2013 1106:2013 1080:2013 1049:2013 564:OLIN 303:The 42:The 34:The 283:'s 65:of 1534:: 1184:. 1179:; 1167:. 1141:. 1115:. 1109:; 1097:. 1066:. 1039:. 1004:^ 951:^ 562:+ 387:, 300:. 177:, 166:. 111:, 107:, 69:. 1523:. 1502:. 1479:. 1456:. 1435:. 1414:. 1384:. 1345:. 1324:. 1303:. 1282:. 1211:. 1196:. 1152:. 1126:. 1082:. 1051:. 755:. 20:)

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