Max Müller - Knowledge

3419: 911:, is full of episodes showing a profound regard for truth. (...) Were I to quote from all the law-books, and from still later works, everywhere you would hear the same key-note of truthfulness vibrating through them all. (...) I say once more that I do not wish to represent the people of India as two hundred and fifty-three millions of angels, but I do wish it to be understood and to be accepted as a fact, that the damaging charge of untruthfulness brought against that people is utterly unfounded with regard to ancient times. It is not only not true, but the very opposite of the truth. As to modern times, and I date them from about 1000 after Christ (AD), I can only say that, after reading the accounts of the terrors and horrors of Mohammedan rule, my wonder is that so much of native virtue and truthfulness should have survived. You might as well expect a mouse to speak the truth before a cat, as a Hindu before a Mohammedan judge. 878: 862:

literature, as part of their education, a national feeling of pride and self-respect will be reawakened among those who influence the large masses of the people. A new national literature may spring up, impregnated with Western ideas, yet retaining its native spirit and character (...) A new national literature will bring with it a new national life, and new moral vigour. As to religion, that will take care of itself. The missionaries have done far more than they themselves seem to be aware of, nay, much of the work which is theirs they would probably disclaim. The Christianity of our nineteenth century will hardly be the Christianity of India. But the ancient religion of India is doomed—and if Christianity does not step in, whose fault will it be?

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gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solutions of some of them which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant—I should point to India. And if I were to ask myself from what literature we, here in Europe, we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of one Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw that corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, more comprehensive, more universal, in fact more truly human, a life, not for this life only, but a transfigured and eternal life—again I should point to India.

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behind; that noble wife, the helpmate of his life through his long and arduous task of exciting interest, overriding opposition and contempt, and at last creating a respect for the thoughts of the sages of ancient India—the trees, the flowers, the calmness, and the clear sky—all these sent me back in imagination to the glorious days of ancient India, the days of our brahmarshis and rajarshis, the days of the great vanaprasthas, the days of Arundhatis and Vasishthas. It was neither the philologist nor the scholar that I saw, but a soul that is every day realizing its oneness with the universe.

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thing is done... I should like to lay down my life, or at least to lend my hand to bring about this struggle... I do not at all like to go to India as a missionary, that makes one dependent on the parsons... I should like to live for ten years quite quietly and learn the language, try to make friends, and see whether I was fit to take part in a work, by means of which the old mischief of Indian priestcraft could be overthrown and the way opened for the entrance of simple Christian teaching...

3783: 977:. Munro, an officer of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland (and Provost of the Catholic Cathedral of Glasgow from 1884 to 1892), declared that Müller's lectures "were nothing less than a crusade against Divine revelation, against Jesus Christ, and against Christianity". The blasphemous lectures were, he continued, "the proclamation of atheism under the guise of pantheism" and "uprooted our idea of God, for it repudiated the idea of a personal God". 3438: 727:. This second course of lectures was intended to show how different nations had arrived at a belief in something infinite behind the finite, in something invisible behind the visible, in many unseen agents or gods of nature, until they reached a belief in one god above all those gods. In short, a history of the discovery of the infinite in nature. 833:. Müller believed that the Brahmos would engender an Indian form of Christianity and that they were in practice "Christians, without being Roman Catholics, Anglicans or Lutherans". In the Lutheran tradition, he hoped that the "superstition" and idolatry, which he considered to be characteristic of modern popular Hinduism, would disappear. 973:, Mr. Thomson (Minister of Ladywell) moved a motion that Müller's teaching was "subversive of the Christian faith, and fitted to spread pantheistic and infidel views amongst the students and others" and questioned Müller's appointment as lecturer. An even stronger attack on Müller was made by Monsignor Alexander Munro in 1278:: "The first part depicts the heroine's toothache consequent to the loss of a valuable watermelon, her dentistry and transportation to heaven. Next follows an elaborate exposition of the heavenly land in terms of Israel, Montreal and the second part depicts the return to earth from being eaten by Max Müller on the day 743:. The fourth and last course of lectures was intended to examine the relation between God and the soul ("these two Infinites"), including the ideas that some of the principal nations of the world have formed concerning this relation. Real religion, Müller asserted, is founded on a true perception of the 844:

will hereafter tell to a great extent on the fate of India, and on the growth of millions of souls in that country. It is the root of their religion, and to show them what the root is, I feel sure, is the only way of uprooting all that has sprung from it during the last 3,000 years... one ought to be

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The visit was really a revelation to me. That little white house, its setting in a beautiful garden, the silver-haired sage, with a face calm and benign, and forehead smooth as a child's in spite of seventy winters, and every line in that face speaking of a deep-seated mine of spirituality somewhere

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If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power, and beauty that nature can bestow—in some parts a very paradise on earth—I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most full developed some of its choicest

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of the soul to God and of God to the soul; Müller wanted to prove that this was true, not only as a postulate, but as an historical fact. The original title of the lectures was 'Psychological Religion' but Müller felt compelled to add 'Theosophy' to it. Müller's final Gifford Lecture is significant

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persons. From this claim Müller derived his theory that mythology is "a disease of language". By this he meant that myth transforms concepts into beings and stories. In Müller's view, "gods" began as words constructed to express abstract ideas, but were transformed into imagined personalities. Thus

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In 1870 Müller gave a short course of three lectures for the British Institution on language as the barrier between man and beast, which he called "On Darwin's Philosophy of Language". Müller specifically disagreed with Darwin's theories on the origin of language and that the language of man could

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in a belief that Christianity possessed the fullest truth of all living religions. Twenty-first century scholars of religion, far from accusing Müller of being anti-Christian, have critically examined Müller's theological project as evidence for a bias towards Christian conceptions of God in early

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In his career, Müller several times expressed the view that a "reformation" within Hinduism needed to occur, comparable to the Christian Reformation. In his view, "if there is one thing which a comparative study of religions places in the clearest light, it is the inevitable decay to which every

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India is much riper for Christianity than Rome or Greece were at the time of St. Paul. The rotten tree has for some time had artificial supports, because its fall would have been inconvenient for the government. But if the Englishman comes to see that the tree must fall, sooner or later, then the

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languages. According to Müller, these five languages were those "spoken in Asia or Europe not included under the Arian and Semitic families, with the exception perhaps of the Chinese and its dialects". In addition, they were "nomadic languages," in contrast to the other two families (Aryan and

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The bridge of thoughts and sighs that spans the whole history of the Aryan world has its first arch in the Veda, its last in Kant's Critique. ... While in the Veda we may study the childhood, we may study in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason the perfect manhood of the Aryan mind. ... The

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For Müller, the study of the language had to relate to the study of the culture in which it had been used. He came to the view that the development of languages should be tied to that of belief-systems. At that time the Vedic scriptures were little-known in the West, though there was increasing

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In his sixties and seventies, Müller gave a series of lectures, which reflected a more nuanced view in favour of Hinduism and the ancient literature from India. In his "What can India teach us?" lecture at University of Cambridge, he championed ancient Sanskrit literature and India as follows:

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which he understood to imply "shining" or "radiance". This leads to the terms "deva", "deus", "theos" as generic terms for a god, and to the names "Zeus" and "Jupiter" (derived from deus-pater). In this way a metaphor becomes personified and ossified. This aspect of Müller's thinking was later

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India has been conquered once, but India must be conquered again, and that second conquest should be a conquest by education. Much has been done for education of late, but if the funds were tripled and quadrupled, that would hardly be enough (...) By encouraging a study of their own ancient

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faith in which he had been brought up. According to G. Beckerlegge, "Müller's background as a Lutheran German and his identification with the Broad Church party" led to "suspicion by those opposed to the political and religious positions that they felt Müller represented", particularly his

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terms", as this was far from his intention. For Müller, the discovery of common Indian and European ancestry was a powerful argument against racism, arguing that "an ethnologist who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is as great a sinner as a linguist who speaks of a

657:, which coloured his account of ancient religions, in particular his emphasis on the formative influence on early religion of emotional communion with natural forces. He saw the gods of the Rig-Veda as active forces of nature, only partly personified as imagined 573:

Müller's Sanskrit studies came at a time when scholars had started to see language development in relation to cultural development. The recent discovery of the Indo-European language group had started to lead to much speculation about the relationship between

476:, but Müller's theological views, Lutheranism, German birth, and lack of practical first-hand knowledge of India spoke against him. After the election he wrote to his mother, "all the best people voted for me, the Professors almost unanimously, but the 1121:

The idea of a Turanian family of languages was not accepted by everyone at the time. Although the term "Turanian" quickly became an archaism (unlike "Aryan"), it did not disappear completely. The idea was absorbed later into nationalist ideologies in

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At times Prof. Müller has succeeded in correcting an error and in coming closer to his original or has modified the harshness of Mr. Meiklejohn's style; but in other passages we prefer the latter, and of certain general changes made by Prof. Max

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After his death a memorial fund, the Max Müller Memorial Fund, was opened at Oxford for "the promotion of learning and research in all matters relating to the history and archaeology, the languages, literatures, and religions of ancient India".

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in a position founded for him, and which he held for the rest of his life. Early in his career he held strong views on India, believing that it needed to be transformed by Christianity. Later, his view became more nuanced, championing ancient

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culture of India was thought to have been the ancestor of European Classical cultures. Scholars sought to compare the genetically related European and Asian languages to reconstruct the earliest form of the root-language. The Vedic language,

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were the first in an annual series, given at several Scottish universities, that has continued to the present day. Over the next four years, Müller gave four series of lectures. The titles and order of the lectures were as follows:

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Müller became a naturalised British citizen in 1855, at the age of 32. He married Georgina Adelaide Grenfell on 3 August 1859 after overcoming the opposition from her family. The couple had four children – Ada, Mary, Beatrice and

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have developed from the language of animals. In 1873, he sent a copy of his lectures to Darwin reassuring him that, though he differed from some of Darwin's conclusions, he was one of his "diligent readers and sincere admirers".

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Müller devoted himself to the study of this language, becoming one of the major Sanskrit scholars of his day. He believed that the earliest documents of Vedic culture should be studied to provide the key to the development of

365:. Later in life, he adopted Max as a part of his surname, believing that the prevalence of Müller as a name made it too common. His name was recorded as "Maximilian" on some of his honours, and in some other publications. 785:

materials are now accessible, and the English-speaking race, the race of the future, will have in Kant's Critique another Aryan heirloom, as precious as the Veda—a work that may be criticised, but can never be ignored.

646:. While there he persuaded the company to allow him to undertake a critical edition of the Rig-Veda, a task he pursued over many years (1849–1874). He completed the critical edition for which he is most remembered. 779:

that this edition was the most direct and honest expression of Kant's thought. His translation corrected several errors that were committed by previous translators. In his Translator's Preface, Müller wrote:

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Müller attempted to formulate a philosophy of religion that addressed the crisis of faith engendered by the historical and critical study of religion by German scholars on the one hand, and by the

566:. At the time, Britain controlled this territory as part of its Empire. This led to complex exchanges between Indian and British intellectual culture, especially through Müller's links with the 901:

Müller conjectured that the introduction of Islam in India in the 11th century had a deep effect on the psyche and behaviour of Hindus in another lecture, "Truthful Character of the Hindus":

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on the other. He was wary of Darwin's work on human evolution, and attacked his view of the development of human faculties. His work was taken up by cultural commentators such as his friend

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dolichocephalic dictionary or a brachycephalic grammar" and that "the blackest Hindus represent an earlier stage of Aryan speech and thought than the fairest Scandinavians".

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and other non-Christian religions, and often compared Christianity to religions that many traditional Protestants would have regarded as primitive or false, he grounded his

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religion is exposed... Whenever we can trace back a religion to its first beginnings, we find it free from many blemishes that affected it in its later states".

2322:, Last Essays by the Right Hon. Professor F. Max Müller ... First Series: Essays on Language, Folklore and Other Subjects; pub. by Longmans, Green and Company, 1901. 522:(IE). Schelling led Müller to relate the history of language to the history of religion. At this time, Müller published his first book, a German translation of the 3312:

Leopold, Joan (1987) . "Ethnic Stereotypes in Linguistics: The Case of Friedrich Max Müller (1847–1851)". In Aarsleff, H.; Kelly, L. G.; Niederehe, H. J. (eds.).

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Müller hoped that increased funding for education in India would promote a new form of literature combining Western and Indian traditions. In 1868 he wrote to

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model of spirituality, and was opposed to Darwinian ideas of human development. He argued that "language forms an impassable barrier between man and beast."

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and India more generally. He became involved in several controversies during his career: he was accused of being anti-Christian; he disagreed with Darwinian

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In later years, especially before his death, he was deeply saddened by the fact that these classifications later came to be expressed in racist terms.

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Davis, John R.; Nicholls, Angus (2016). "Friedrich Max Müller: The Career and Intellectual Trajectory of a German Philologist in Victorian Britain".

2988: 1323: 3723: 2165: 3863: 3500: 2065: 721:. This first course of lectures was intended as purely introductory, and had for its object a definition of Natural Religion in its widest sense. 877: 2337:

according to Mr. Max Müller, Kant established against Darwin by proving that there is transcendentalist side to human knowledge which affords.

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The last results of the researches respecting the non-Iranian and non-Semitic languages of Asia or Europe, or the Turanian family of language

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European religions, and of religious belief in general. To this end, Müller sought to understand the most ancient of Vedic scriptures, the

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caricature of Müller confirming that, at the age of fifty-one, with numerous honours, he was one of the truly notable "Men of the Day".

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of early Vedic Brahmanism from which it evolved. He had to travel to London to look at documents held in the collection of the

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The Harmsworth Encyclopaedia: Everybody's Book of Reference : containing 50,000 articles, profusely illustrated, Volume 6

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The languages of the seat of war in the East. With a survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian, and Turanian

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Chajim H. Steinthal, Sprachwissenschaflter und Philosoph im 19. Jahrhundert. Linguist and Philosopher in the 19th Century

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Similar accusations had already led to Müller's exclusion from the Boden chair in Sanskrit in favour of the conservative

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Leopold, Joan (2002). "Steinthal and Max Müller: Comparative Lives". In Wiedebach, Hartwig; Winkelmann, Annette (eds.).

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The Prix Volney: Contributions to Comparative Indo-European, African and Chinese Linguistics: Max Müller and Steinthal

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Müller's health began deteriorating in 1898 and he died at his home in Oxford on 28 October 1900. He was interred at

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Müller was named after his mother's elder brother, Friedrich, and after the central character, Max, in Weber's opera

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The case of racism-Turanism: Turkism during single-party period, 1931–1944: a radical variant of Turkish nationalism

2393: 2043: 472:, which was a "keen disappointment" to him. Müller was far better qualified for the post than the other candidate, 3005: 380:, where he continued his studies of music and classics. It was during his time in Leipzig that he frequently met 942: 2975: 1198: 696: 245:. Müller wrote both scholarly and popular works on the subject of Indology. He directed the preparation of the 1246:– of whom two predeceased them. Georgina (died 1919) had his papers and correspondence bound; they are at the 31: 3848: 3843: 3693: 3833: 854: 2880:

The Invention of World Religions, Or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism

1004:(a collection of his essays) was her "Bible", which helped her to create a multi-cultural sacred imagery. 3464: 1243: 191: 2169: 1080:

religions. He was "deeply saddened by the fact that these classifications later came to be expressed in

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Beckerlegge, G. (1997) "Professor Friedrich Max Müller and the Missionary Cause". In, John Wolffe (Ed)

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Leopold, Joan (1984). "Friedrich Max Müller and the question of the early Indo Europeans (1847–1851".

2560: 2073: 457:. On succeeding to the full professorship in 1854, he received the full degree of M.A. by a decree of 2547: 691: 621: 969:, Müller was severely criticised for being anti-Christian. In 1891, at a meeting of the Established 3670: 3562: 2032: 1563: 748:

in interpreting his work broadly, as he situates his philological and historical research within a

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led to a career in Britain, where he eventually became the leading intellectual commentator on the

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Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion: Aims, Methods, and Theories of Research, Volume 1

1138: 928:, met Müller over a lunch on 28 May 1896. Regarding Müller and his wife, the Swami later wrote: 344:. His mother, Adelheid Müller (née von Basedow), was the eldest daughter of a prime minister of 3908: 3601: 3457: 2486: 1964: 1841: 1339: 1274: 985: 981: 611: 473: 3048: 2832: 2780: 2317: 3918: 3518: 3494: 3215: 3075: 2250: 1318: 1057: 970: 706: 653:, an idea clearly influenced by Romanticism. Müller shared many of the ideas associated with 626: 462: 454: 134: 2935: 2478: 3813: 3808: 3699: 3277:

Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India 1850 70".

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Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia

1024: 543:, making use of the manuscripts available in England. He moved to England in 1846 to study 349: 99: 50: 3443: 1290: 737:, how they named its various faculties, and what they imagined about its fate after death. 8: 3557: 3513: 3345:. Studies in European Judaism. Vol. IV. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. pp. 31–49. 1269: 1102: 1077: 575: 505: 400: 264: 204: 3523: 3002:"No. 12: Heaven and Earth Magic | Film Studies Center | University of Chicago" 1986: 1567: 1527: 733:. This third course was intended to show how different nations arrived at a belief in a 3596: 3591: 3265: 3119: 3080: 3070: 2940: 2414: 2367: 1905: 1877: 1692: 1313: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1094: 1053: 997: 442: 388: 369: 284: 272: 2563:, A Course of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, Project Gutenberg 2550:, A Course of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, Project Gutenberg 1942:, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, 1467: 1448: 1411: 3732: 3626: 3414: 3388: 3374: 3355: 3326: 3269: 3234: 3180: 3154: 3135: 3103: 3084: 3056: 3018: 2883: 2852: 2799: 2757: 2666: 2578: 2515: 2490: 2479: 2461: 2437: 2223: 2196: 2145: 1822: 1786: 1769: 1751: 1734: 1728: 1715: 1698: 1679: 1648: 1625: 1608: 1590: 1573: 1550: 1533: 1514: 1490: 1473: 1454: 1434: 1417: 1398: 1381: 1364: 1259: 1029: 1013: 921: 559: 446: 381: 373: 255: 242: 69: 3290: 2402: 1222: 1189: 1164: 1052:" within a cultural evolution. Müller proposed an early, mystical interpretation of 536: 361: 321: 37:"Max Mueller" redirects here. For the mayor of Idyllwild–Pine Cove, California, see 3762: 3679: 3586: 3542: 3423: 3286: 3257: 3203: 2406: 2354:

Three Lectures on the Science of Language, etc., with a Supplement, My Predecessors

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The Life And Letters Of The Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol. I, Chapter X

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Outlines of the Philosophy of Universal History, Applied to Language and Religion.

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The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences

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Mapping channels between Ganges and Rhein: German-Indian cross-cultural relations

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The Origins of Himalayan Studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal and Darjeeling

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Müller's connections with the East India Company and with Sanskritists based at

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Scholar Extraordinary: The Life of Professor the Rt. Hon. Friedrich Max Müller

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In 1844, prior to commencing his academic career at Oxford, Müller studied in

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culture, which often set Indo-European ("Aryan") traditions in opposition to

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The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

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Müller distanced himself from these developments, and remained within the

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origin. He was one of the founders of the Western academic disciplines of

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The Life And Letters Of The Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol.i

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Müller's scholarly works, published separately as well as an 18-volume

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Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity

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Leopold, Joan (1970). "The Aryan Theory of Race in India 1870–1920".

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Accidental Gods: On Race, Empire, and Men Unwittingly Turned Divine

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Friedrich Max Müller and the Role of Philology in Victorian Thought

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For Müller, the culture of the Vedic peoples represented a form of

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Winner of Universities Essay Prize, Royal Asiatic Society, London.

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contains a chapter on Müller's rivalry with the American linguist

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Although Müller took a strong religious and academic interest in

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Max Müller was born into a cultured family on 6 December 1823 in

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The Essential Max Müller: On Language, Mythology, and Religion

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cultures and those of more ancient peoples. In particular the

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The German classics from the fourth to the nineteenth century

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1860 election for the position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit

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The Life and Letters of Right Honorable Friedrich Max Müller

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Esleben, Jörg; Christina Kraenzle; Sukanya Kulkarni (2008).

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In 1881, he published a translation of the first edition of

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In Two Volumes. Vol. 1. London: Brown, Green, and Longmans.

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to encourage such a reformation on the lines pioneered by

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the Indo-European father-god appears under various names:

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philosophy, and wrote several essays and books about him.

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from Sanskrit to English. Müller was greatly impressed by

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Semitic), which he called State or political languages.

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Müller's work contributed to the developing interest in

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for Schelling, and continued to research Sanskrit under

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In 1845, Müller moved to Paris to study Sanskrit under

413:. He had an aptitude for classical languages, learning 1842:"Duden | Max | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition" 1733:. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1697:. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1678:. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 705:

In 1888, Müller was appointed Gifford Lecturer at the

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Friedrich Max Müller and the Sacred Books of the East

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religious traditions over Christianity. The designer

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On 25 August 1866, Müller wrote to Chevalier Bunsen:

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INDIA – LECTURE II. Truthful Character of the Hindus

2365: 1330:, India's National Academy of Letters. In addition, 1293:

in his honour, as is a street (Max Mueller Marg) in

587:, was thought to be the oldest of the IE languages. 2431: 2216:Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene (10 September 2007). 290:Among his honours and distinctions, he was made an 3879:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 3151:Friedrich Max Müller: A Life Devoted to Humanities 3118: 3053:William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language 2623:Religion in Victorian Britain V Culture and Empire 2007:Müller, F. Max (Friedrich Max) (16 October 2009). 1663:Rig-Veda-Samhita: The Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans 1336:William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language 606:book written by the 14th century Sanskrit scholar 3024: 2989:Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford 2863:In 1910, a full decade after Müller's death, the 2700:"Lectures on Mr. Darwin's Philosophy of Language" 2087:Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement 1093:Müller put forward and promoted the theory of a " 789:Müller continued to be influenced by the Kantian 539:. Burnouf encouraged him to publish the complete 461:. In 1858 he was elected to a life fellowship at 3800: 2846: 2509: 1960: 1958: 1097:" family of languages or speech, comprising the 3501:Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience 3177:Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science 3097: 2685: 2646: 2634: 2283: 2139: 2122: 1785:. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co. 490: 3894:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 3229:Davis, John R.; Nicholls, Angus, eds. (2017). 2782:Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas 2739:More Letters of Charles Darwin – Volume 2 2458:Imagining hinduism: a postcolonial perspective 2142:Fifty Key Thinkers on Language and Linguistics 2059: 2057: 2055: 1976:. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 1622:Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas 1359:Nārāyana; Müller, Max (ed. & tr.) (1844). 1229:In 1896, Müller was appointed a member of the 449:. In the following year, at the suggestion of 3465: 3250:The Indian Economic and Social History Review 3148: 2386: 2215: 1955: 1900: 1898: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1816: 1469:Lectures on the origin and growth of religion 1301: 1218:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art 1205:wear his Order, and the wire came back, "Not 1169:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art 302:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art 169:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art 27:British philologist, Orientalist (1823–1900) 2572: 2476: 1361:Hitopadesa: eine alte indische Fabelsammlung 483:Later in 1868, Müller became Oxford's first 251:, a 50-volume set of English translations. 3854:Diebold Professors of Comparative Philology 2882:. The University of Chicago Press, p. 229. 2785:. Kessinger Publishing reprint, 2004, p.120 2615: 2548:INDIA – LECTURE I. WHAT CAN INDIA TEACH US? 2219:Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods 2190: 2052: 1979: 1429:Müller, Max; Bunsen, C. K. J. (1868–1875). 1177:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1133: 984:. By the 1880s Müller was being courted by 403:in Sep 1843. His final dissertation was on 311: 297:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 164:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 3472: 3458: 3196:Publications of the English Goethe Society 2514:. New Directions Publishing. p. 174. 2274:London: Longmans, Green and Co., pp.89–90. 2166:"Vedanta Society of New York: Ramakrishna" 2063: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1895: 1865: 1174:In 1869, Müller was elected to the French 445:professor of modern European languages at 62: 3069: 2031: 1309: 3102:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2934: 2851:. Taylor & Francis. p. 20/232. 2264: 1906:"1851 English Census - FamilySearch.org" 1878:"1871 English Census - FamilySearch.org" 1395:A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature 1145: 1137: 941: 876: 690: 620: 279:culture, deeply disliking the resulting 3021:. Goethe-Institut / Max Mueller Bhavan. 1923: 1450:Introduction to the Science of Religion 1363:(in German). Liepzig: F. A. Brockhaus. 1163:costume with the insignia of the order 30:For other people named Max Müller, see 14: 3864:German emigrants to the United Kingdom 3801: 3116: 2922: 2910: 2837:. London: Williams and Norgate, p. 86. 2697: 2609: 2597: 2534: 2380: 2129:. The Amalgamated Press. p. 4042. 2110: 2098: 2006: 1994:The American Monthly Review of Reviews 1768:. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. 1282:dedicated the Great Sewer of London." 1035: 625:Portrait of the elderly Max Muller by 518:, the first systematic scholar of the 3453: 3129: 3046: 3030: 2625:. Manchester University Press, p.189. 1988:An Estimate of Max Müller (1823–1900) 1666:(2nd ed.). London: Henry Frowde. 1305: 1187:In June 1874, Müller was awarded the 220: 3874:Linguists of Indo-European languages 3859:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford 3314:Papers in the History of Linguistics 2272:Theosophy or Psychological Religion. 1766:The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy 1750:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1647:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1624:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1572:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1549:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1532:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1472:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1433:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1416:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 845:up and doing what may be God's work. 614:, his contemporary and proponent of 441:In 1850 Müller was appointed deputy 332:had set to music in his song-cycles 3717:Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace 2485:. Oxford University Press. p. 2450: 1413:Lectures on the Science of Language 1253: 1056:, using Darwinism as a critique of 924:, who was the foremost disciple of 741:Theosophy or Psychological Religion 686: 495: 387:In need of a scholarship to attend 306:Privy Council of the United Kingdom 24: 3168: 2756:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 62. 634:interest in the philosophy of the 485:professor of comparative philology 436: 304:; and he was made a member of the 258:, first of modern languages, then 25: 3935: 3824:19th-century British male writers 3479: 3404: 2436:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 87. 2299:. J. Lection. 1882. p. 629. 2064:Abraham, Sara; Hancock, Brannon. 1940:Müller, Friedrich Max (1823–1900) 1714:. London: A.C. McClurg & Co. 1324:Sahitya Akademi Award for English 956: 796: 376:and attend the Nicolai School at 3829:19th-century British translators 3782: 3781: 3625: 3436: 3337:With full bibliography of works. 3040: 2794:Dorothy Matilda Figueira (2002) 2394:The American Journal of Theology 2333:The Twentieth Century, Volume 23 2048:. Vol. 3. pp. 151–157. 2044:Dictionary of National Biography 1819:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 1569:A Sanskrit grammar for beginners 1397:. London: Williams and Norgate. 1236: 1216:In 1875, Müller was awarded the 937: 760: 283:; and he promoted the idea of a 203: 3819:19th-century British historians 3179:. University of Chicago Press. 3149:Van den Bosch, Lourens (2002). 3125:. Vol. 1. London: Longman. 3098:Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). 3012: 2994: 2969: 2948: 2928: 2892: 2872: 2840: 2825: 2808: 2788: 2773: 2745: 2730: 2691: 2652: 2566: 2553: 2540: 2503: 2470: 2425: 2359: 2346: 2325: 2311: 2289: 2243: 2209: 2195:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 33. 2184: 2158: 2133: 2116: 2080: 1485:Müller, Max (tr.) (1879–1884). 1345: 1142:Müller on a 1974 stamp of India 946:Studio Portrait of Max Müller, 801: 547:texts in the collection of the 126:Writer, Comparative Philologist 2659:Russell T. McCutcheon (1997). 2319:Kant's Critique of Pure Reason 2025: 2021:– via Project Gutenberg. 2000: 1834: 1810: 872: 391:, Müller successfully sat his 285:"Turanian" family of languages 13: 1: 3291:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578 3279:The English Historical Review 3220:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 3208:10.1080/09593683.2016.1224493 2944:. 30 June 1896. p. 3767. 2698:Müller, Max (May–July 1873). 2456:Sharada Sugirtharajah (2003) 2366:Friedrich Max Müller (1902). 2038:"Max Müller, Friedrich" 1798: 1300:Müller's biographies include 1151: 947: 905:The other epic poem too, the 254:Müller became a professor at 222:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈmaksˈmʏlɐ] 3924:Sanskrit–English translators 3914:Burials at Holywell Cemetery 3904:Translators of Immanuel Kant 3446:at Online Library of Liberty 3420:Works by or about Max Müller 3049:"The Battle with Max Müller" 2573:Nikhilananda, Swami (1953). 2432:Jacques Waardenburg (1999). 2010:My Autobiography: A Fragment 1949:UK public library membership 1803: 1783:My Autobiography: A Fragment 1660:Müller, F. Max (1890–1892). 1529:India: what Can it Teach Us? 1505:; Müller, Max (tr.) (1881). 1431:Chips from a German Workshop 1180:as a foreign correspondent ( 1002:Chips from a German Workshop 855:Secretary of State for India 508:. He began to translate the 491:Scholarly and literary works 149:Chips from a German Workshop 145:The Sacred Books of the East 7: 3435:(public domain audiobooks) 3354:. Oxford University Press. 3321:Leopold, Joan, ed. (1999). 1938:R. C. C. Fynes (May 2007), 1489:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1088: 1067: 825:He used his links with the 192:Wilhelm Grenfell Max Müller 32:Max Müller (disambiguation) 10: 3940: 3899:Religious studies scholars 3526:Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga 3373:. Henry Holt and Company. 3369:Subin, Anna Della (2022). 3262:10.1177/001946467000700204 3175:Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). 3047:Alter, Stephen G. (2005). 2144:. Routledge. p. 109. 1945:, accessed 17 March 2013] 1513:]. London: Macmillan. 1511:Kritik der reinen Vernunft 1226:, "but that is the best". 1000:stated that Müller's book 644:British East India Company 555:being popular in its day. 182:Georgina Adelaide Grenfell 36: 29: 3889:People from Dessau-Roßlau 3884:People from Anhalt-Dessau 3839:British Sanskrit scholars 3776: 3745: 3634: 3623: 3485: 3393:"On Professor Max Müller" 3117:Müller, Georgina (1902). 2847:David Waterhouse (2002). 2510:Eliot Weinberger (2000). 2251:"The Science of Language" 2239:– via Google Books. 2033:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony 1821:(3rd ed.), Longman, 1564:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony 1376:Müller, Max, ed. (1858). 961:During the course of his 528:, a collection of Indian 202: 197: 186: 178: 154: 140: 130: 122: 105: 76: 61: 48: 3673:A History of Modern Yoga 3350:Molendijk, Arie (2016). 2977:Max Müller Memorial Fund 2575:Vivekananda: A Biography 2512:Karmic Traces, 1993–1999 2460:. Routledge. pp. 60–61. 2356:. 3rd ed. Chicago. p. 9. 2222:. Taylor & Francis. 2140:Margaret Thomas (2011). 2123:George Sandeman (1907). 1985:Charles Johnston (1900) 1966:Académiciens depuis 1663 1694:Anthropological Religion 1453:. London: Spottiswoode. 1134:Honours and distinctions 731:Anthropological Religion 312:Early life and education 275:; he raised interest in 260:of comparative philology 248:Sacred Books of the East 3671:Elizabeth De Michelis ( 3655:The Path of Modern Yoga 3538:Christopher Key Chapple 2352:Müller, F. Max. (1899) 2270:Müller, F. Max (1895), 1507:Critique of Pure Reason 926:Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 840:The translation of the 772:Critique of Pure Reason 520:Indo-European languages 468:He was defeated in the 3602:Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen 3134:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3130:Stone, Jon R. (2002). 2983:3 January 2011 at the 2686:Josephson-Storm (2017) 2647:Josephson-Storm (2017) 2635:Josephson-Storm (2017) 2387:Menant, M. D. (1907). 2284:Josephson-Storm (2017) 2066:"Friedrich Max Müller" 1817:John C. Wells (2008), 1587:The Science of Thought 1340:William Dwight Whitney 1275:Heaven and Earth Magic 1171: 1143: 986:Charles Godfrey Leland 982:Monier Monier-Williams 953: 935: 919: 899: 882: 870: 853:, the newly appointed 847: 819: 787: 702: 679:explored similarly by 630: 612:Ramakrishna Paramhansa 602:Müller translated the 474:Monier Monier-Williams 2898:Günay Göksu Özdoğan: 2798:, SUNY Press. p. 45. 2779:F. Max Müller (1888) 2477:Edwin Bryant (2001). 1319:Scholar Extraordinary 1149: 1141: 1058:mechanical philosophy 975:St Andrew's Cathedral 971:Presbytery of Glasgow 945: 930: 903: 888: 880: 859: 838: 808: 782: 707:University of Glasgow 694: 627:George Frederic Watts 624: 455:Christ Church, Oxford 300:; he was awarded the 135:University of Leipzig 3849:British philologists 3844:British orientalists 3700:Gurus of Modern Yoga 3646:Yoga in Modern India 3444:Friedrich Max Müller 2307:Princeton University 2191:B. R. Modak (1995). 2172:on 16 September 2016 1972:10 June 2015 at the 1910:www.familysearch.org 1882:www.familysearch.org 1781:Müller, Max (1901). 1764:Müller, Max (1899). 1746:Müller, Max (1898). 1727:Müller, Max (1893). 1710:Müller, Max (1893). 1691:Müller, Max (1892). 1672:Müller, Max (1891). 1637:Müller, Max (1888). 1620:Müller, Max (1888). 1603:Müller, Max (1888). 1585:Müller, Max (1887). 1545:Müller, Max (1884). 1526:Müller, Max (1883). 1466:Müller, Max (1878). 1447:Müller, Max (1870). 1410:Müller, Max (1866). 1393:Müller, Max (1859). 1380:. London: Longmans. 1302:Van den Bosch (2002) 1262:on 1 November 1900. 1042:Darwinian revolution 756:theological project. 480:made the majority". 350:Carl Maria von Weber 214:Friedrich Max Müller 100:German Confederation 80:Friedrich Max Müller 51:The Right Honourable 3834:British Indologists 3558:Gerald James Larson 3514:Johannes Bronkhorst 3429:Works by Max Müller 3411:Works by Max Müller 3081:Chatto & Windus 3071:Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 2956:"Max Muller Papers" 2537:, pp. 357–358. 2286:, pp. 108–110. 2101:, pp. 241–242. 1605:Studies in Buddhism 1547:Biographical Essays 1289:in India are named 1272:stated of his film 1036:Darwin disagreement 506:Friedrich Schelling 368:Müller entered the 335:Die schöne Müllerin 265:Sanskrit literature 68:Müller in 1883, by 3653:Elliott Goldberg ( 3612:Sir John Woodroffe 3597:David Gordon White 3592:Srisa Chandra Vasu 3524:Gudrun Bühnemann ( 3389:Vivekananda, Swami 2941:The London Gazette 2814:Müller, M. (1854) 2637:, pp. 109–10. 2342:Cornell University 2193:Sayana, Volume 203 2076:on 5 January 2016. 1314:Nirad C. Chaudhuri 1280:Edward the Seventh 1172: 1144: 1054:theistic evolution 998:Mary Fraser Tytler 965:on the subject of 954: 883: 703: 631: 549:East India Company 463:All Souls' College 389:Leipzig University 273:theistic evolution 3869:Indo-Europeanists 3796: 3795: 3735:Post-lineage Yoga 3415:Project Gutenberg 3186:978-0-226-02860-6 3160:978-90-04-12505-6 3141:978-0-312-29309-3 3109:978-0-226-40336-6 3090:978-0-7011-1944-7 3062:978-0-8018-8020-9 3019:About Max Mueller 2878:T. Masuza (2005) 2858:978-0-203-48035-9 2831:M. Müller (1855) 2763:978-1-84718-587-7 2704:Frazer's Magazine 2672:978-0-19-535568-0 2649:, pp. 120–2. 2584:978-0-911206-25-8 2521:978-0-8112-1456-8 2496:978-0-19-513777-4 2443:978-3-11-016328-5 2229:978-0-203-93973-4 2202:978-81-7201-940-2 2151:978-0-415-37302-9 1947:(subscription or 1828:978-1-4058-8118-0 1675:Physical Religion 1291:Max Müller Bhavan 1287:Goethe Institutes 1260:Holywell Cemetery 1030:religious studies 1014:latitudinarianism 922:Swami Vivekananda 916:Max Müller (1884) 896:Max Müller (1883) 881:In uniform, 1890s 867:Max Müller (1868) 791:Transcendentalist 775:. He agreed with 725:Physical Religion 560:Oxford University 447:Oxford University 382:Felix Mendelssohn 374:Carl Gustav Carus 256:Oxford University 243:religious studies 211: 210: 70:Alexander Bassano 16:(Redirected from 3931: 3785: 3784: 3763:Yoga as exercise 3733:Theo Wildcroft ( 3726:Positioning Yoga 3680:Suzanne Newcombe 3629: 3587:Alexis Sanderson 3543:Georg Feuerstein 3474: 3467: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3439: 3424:Internet Archive 3400: 3384: 3365: 3346: 3336: 3317: 3308: 3294: 3273: 3244: 3225: 3219: 3211: 3190: 3164: 3145: 3126: 3124: 3113: 3094: 3066: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3008:on 12 June 2010. 3004:. 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Alter 1322:was awarded the 1310:Chaudhuri (1974) 1254:Death and legacy 1248:Bodleian Library 1244:William Grenfell 1182:associé étranger 1156: 1153: 990:Helena Blavatsky 967:natural religion 963:Gifford Lectures 952: 949: 917: 897: 868: 817: 719:Natural Religion 711:Gifford Lectures 687:Gifford Lectures 564:culture of India 496:Sanskrit studies 292:associé étranger 224: 219: 207: 171:; member of the 159:Associé étranger 112: 88: 86: 66: 46: 45: 21: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3772: 3741: 3724:Sarah Strauss ( 3715:Norman Sjoman ( 3686:Yoga in Britain 3630: 3621: 3617:Heinrich Zimmer 3582:Geoffrey Samuel 3563:James Mallinson 3481: 3478: 3437: 3407: 3391:(6 June 1896). 3387: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3349: 3340: 3333: 3320: 3311: 3307:. Paris: 21–32. 3298: 3276: 3247: 3241: 3228: 3213: 3212: 3193: 3187: 3174: 3171: 3169:Further reading 3161: 3153:. E. J. Brill. 3142: 3110: 3091: 3063: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985:Wayback Machine 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2859: 2845: 2841: 2830: 2826: 2813: 2809: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2750: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2475: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2430: 2426: 2385: 2381: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2347: 2335:. p. 745. 2331: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2312: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2138: 2134: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2062: 2053: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2005: 2001: 1984: 1980: 1974:Wayback Machine 1963: 1956: 1946: 1937: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1866: 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Singleton 3691: 3690: 3689: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3644:Joseph Alter ( 3640: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3491: 3489: 3487:Classical yoga 3483: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3426: 3417: 3406: 3405:External links 3403: 3402: 3401: 3385: 3380:978-1250848994 3379: 3366: 3361:978-0198784234 3360: 3347: 3338: 3332:978-0792325079 3331: 3318: 3309: 3296: 3274: 3245: 3240:978-1138633841 3239: 3226: 3202:(2–3): 67–97. 3191: 3185: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3146: 3140: 3127: 3114: 3108: 3095: 3089: 3067: 3061: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2993: 2968: 2947: 2927: 2925:, p. 503. 2915: 2913:, p. 462. 2903: 2891: 2871: 2865:Turan Tarsasag 2857: 2839: 2824: 2807: 2787: 2772: 2762: 2744: 2729: 2690: 2688:, p. 113. 2678: 2671: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2614: 2612:, p. 263. 2602: 2600:, p. 262. 2590: 2583: 2565: 2552: 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London. 3270:144438773 2961:25 August 2235:25 August 2176:25 August 1951:required) 1804:Citations 1791:606296937 1774:458768755 1756:934825847 1739:427662759 1730:Theosophy 1720:679733299 1703:470344671 1630:876089311 1613:844556126 1578:156080873 1555:251576949 1538:458768544 1478:221232055 1439:700979941 1386:793718181 1295:New Delhi 1103:Samoyedic 1028:academic 681:Nietzsche 443:Taylorian 370:gymnasium 354:godfather 269:evolution 198:Signature 118:, England 3787:Category 3433:LibriVox 3073:(1974). 2981:Archived 2742:. p. 397 2035:(1901). 1970:Archived 1712:Memories 1653:21342863 1566:(1886). 1459:58972203 1167:and the 1115:Tungusic 1111:Mongolic 1095:Turanian 1089:Turanian 1068:Aryanism 1021:Hinduism 1009:Lutheran 914:— 894:— 865:— 814:— 754:mystical 750:Hermetic 745:relation 709:. 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