20:
569:
priest and provost, who urged him to act and disperse the assembly. Heading out towards the meeting house he sent de la Brosse out ahead of him with two pages to announce his arrival. Inside the barn 500 worshippers sang psalms. Gaston attempted to gain entry to the barn but was resisted by those at the door; overpowering them he began to kill those nearest. The rest of Guise's company now rushed forward, trumpets blaring for the attack, with Guise himself either unwilling or unable to stop what had begun. Many worshippers fled through the hole in the roof, some others escaping were picked off by sharpshooters, those who fled down the streets were met by
514:, the Duke of Guise's brother, intervened, sending a delegation under his client the bishop JerĂ´me Bourgeois to bring the community back into the Catholic fold. His attempt to break up the Protestant service, however, ended in humiliation. He was chased out of the meeting house under insult, which only increased the size of the community by the time of their Christmas service.
493:
December. The
Christmas service was attended by 900, making the town a Huguenot stronghold, with a higher percentage of Huguenots there than in Troyes or any other town in the region. In January 1562, Gravelles departed the town to return to his home, with a dedicated preacher named LĂ©onard Morel being sent out for the town from Calvin's base of
472:, the Duke of Guise's niece. The Guise family also possessed part of the town in the form of the castle district overseen by the Captain Claude Tondeur, in which the Protestant meeting house where the massacre occurred was located. The region at large was the family's power base, with their princely title coming from the seat of
559:
a short distance away he heard the church bells of Wassy ringing, at a time in the day which precluded the possibility it was for Mass, enraging him. He summoned a council of his leading gentlemen to decide how to proceed, with the hardline faction of
Jacques de la Montaigne and Jacques de la Brosse
652:
seizing it on 2 April and several days later released a manifesto which in justifying his rebellion cited the "cruel and horrible carnage wrought at Vassy, in the presence of M. de Guise". Several days later at the
Calvinist Synod of Orleans he was proclaimed the protector of all Calvinist churches
492:
with whom the town had many economic links. In 1561, the community held their first officiated service inside the town in the house of a draper, with an attendance of around 120. As the community continued to grow beyond 500, the pastor of Troyes, Gravelles, performed the town's first baptism on 13
597:
it was presented as an act of pre-meditated violence on the part of the
Catholic men who cried upon entering the temple, "let us kill them all". In Guise's recollections to Duke Christophe of WĂĽrttemberg, which formed the basis for the Catholic account, he reported that upon trying to inspect the
568:
Heading towards the church, Guise was further incensed to find that the location of the
Protestant meeting house was both so close to the town church and in the castle district which constituted his property. He entered the church, convening with the town's leading opponents of Protestantism, the
505:
This growth was not, however, uncontested. News of public preaching reached Guise in
November, and he dispatched several gendarmes to the area to snuff out the heresy, with little success. The town Curé Claude le Sain voiced his concerns about the public preaching to Antoinette, however, she was
647:
Having committed the massacre, and despite resulting instructions from
Catherine to immediately come to court, Guise continued on to Paris, where the Catholic population, upon hearing the news of his actions, gave him a hero's welcome. Catherine, as regent, seeing the dangerous potential of the
550:
Stopping on the way at the family seat of
Joinville, his mother Antoinette complained to him about the spread of heresy among their estates and urged him to act against it. Setting out from Joinville with 200 gendarmes the next day, Guise intended to stop next at his estates at
590:. The exact nature of the events, in particular in relation to whether it had been a Huguenot or a member of Guise's party who had begun the violence at the door, immediately became a source of disagreement between Protestant and Catholic polemics and contemporary histories.
560:
leading the council towards intervening in the town. On the pretext of desiring to hear Mass in the town, Guise and his entire gendarme company entered Wassy by the south gate and headed for the church.
142:
648:
magnates in the city, ordered him and the leader of the
Huguenot party, the Prince of Condé, to vacate Paris, Guise however refused to do so. In response to this and the massacre, Condé marched on
573:
stationed at the cemetery. The pastor Morel was wounded and captured. After an hour the massacre ceased. Of the 500 parishioners, 50 lay dead, of whom five were women and one a child.
488:, the Duke of Guise's mother who managed his estates, oversaw the burning of a man caught preaching in the town. Despite persecution, the community grew, aided by the sister church at
188:
695:. The popular unrest caused by the assassination, coupled with the resistance by the city of Orléans to the siege, led Catherine de' Medici to mediate a truce, resulting in the
527:
In the opening months of 1562, France slipped increasingly close to civil war. Conscious of this and anxious to avoid a coalition of German princes in favour of the
Huguenot
51:
322:
206:
539:
in France in return for the Duke of WĂĽrttemberg's neutrality. This achieved, Guise began the return to Paris to which he had been called on 28 February by the kingdom's
314:
326:
146:
460:
The town of Wassy at the time of the massacre was home to a population of roughly 3,000 and was a royal town. Despite being royal it possessed feudal ties to the
302:
586:
News of the massacre spread quickly both around France and internationally, with tracts printed and woodcuts made for the illiterate from England to the
227:
196:
192:
44:
476:
which was located only a few miles away from Wassy. These connections would play a role in Guise's justification for his actions after the fact.
81:
37:
662:
76:
691:. As he was killed outside of direct combat, the Guise family considered this an assassination on the orders of the Duke's enemy,
447:
of Paris resisted registration of the edict until 6 March 1562, it was not in force at the time of the Duke's entry into Wassy.
1678:
473:
1574:
1531:
1453:
1308:
1280:
1221:
1193:
1165:
1115:
1090:
1065:
1035:
1005:
975:
945:
885:
860:
552:
354:
168:
598:
temple he was resisted, and arquebuses were fired from the inside at his men, who had only swords to defend themselves.
1604:
1506:
1481:
1428:
1403:
1348:
1246:
1140:
915:
835:
718:
389:
1593:
605:, which had previously referred in French to the butcher's block and knife, entered the lexicon with a new meaning.
532:
1663:
687:, was captured by the rebels. In February 1563, at the Siege of Orléans, Guise was shot and killed by the Huguenot
238:
1668:
1658:
639:
asserted that their actions were necessary to prevent themselves being massacred like the parishioners of Wassy.
126:
298:
19:
767:
443:
would help France avoid further chaos of the kind that had engulfed the south-west of the country. Because the
260:
507:
511:
1653:
688:
108:
256:
708:
540:
555:, passing by Wassy to pick up several reinforcement gendarmes that were mustering in the town. Reaching
528:
1673:
1648:
620:
over 100 of the town's Huguenots, throwing their corpses into the Seine. Further massacres occurred in
306:
676:
97:
613:
The massacre inspired further religious violence in its immediate wake. On 12 April, the people of
130:
112:
1379:
Zemon Davis, Natalie (1973). "The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France".
420:
160:
1643:
424:
415:, faced state-backed persecution in France. This persecution continued under his two successors,
362:
280:
213:
134:
61:
683:
died of his wounds. In the Battle of Dreux (December 1562), Condé was captured by the crown and
400:
506:
unwilling to take action without the support of the Duke and the region's provincial governor,
436:
330:
318:
692:
668:
485:
252:
231:
85:
469:
428:
294:
284:
272:
156:
138:
8:
684:
536:
372:
The events surrounding the Massacre of Vassy were famously depicted in a series of forty
484:
Despite its small size, the town saw strong Huguenot activity beginning early. In 1533,
808:
800:
742:
680:
544:
416:
1570:
1527:
1502:
1477:
1449:
1424:
1399:
1344:
1304:
1276:
1242:
1217:
1189:
1161:
1136:
1111:
1086:
1061:
1031:
1001:
971:
941:
911:
881:
856:
831:
812:
763:
587:
361:, France on 1 March 1562. The massacre is identified as the first major event in the
310:
264:
219:
178:
164:
792:
713:
696:
617:
432:
366:
244:
223:
122:
737:
Jean Ehrmann, "Massacre and Persecution Pictures in Sixteenth Century France" in
672:
276:
268:
93:
89:
783:
Mentzer, Raymond (1973). "The Legal Response to Heresy in Languedoc 1500-1560".
461:
248:
1637:
1619:
1606:
679:. At the Siege of Rouen (May–October 1562), the crown regained the city, but
625:
621:
631:
Huguenots involved in the attempted or successful seizure of towns such as
29:
408:
404:
804:
556:
746:
649:
365:. The series of battles that followed concluded in the signing of the
444:
440:
412:
373:
796:
570:
350:
1301:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1273:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1214:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1186:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1158:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1083:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1058:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
1028:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
998:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
968:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
938:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
878:
Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
510:, who was a Protestant. In the wake of Gravelle's open baptism,
636:
494:
489:
377:
1421:
A City in Conflict: Troyes during the French Wars of Religion
1396:
A City in Conflict: Troyes during the French Wars of Religion
741:, vol. 8, (1945), London: The Warburg Institute, pp. 195–199
632:
465:
358:
614:
439:) with the hopes that providing a measure of toleration to
353:
worshippers and citizens in an armed action by troops of
547:, to aid him in opposing Catherine's Edict of January.
369:(or Pacification Treaty of Amboise) on 19 March 1563.
1364:Carroll, Stuart (2012). "The Rights of Violence".
1324:Carroll, Stuart (2012). "The Rights of Violence".
667:The major engagements of the war occurred at the
531:should war break out, the Duke of Guise met with
1635:
762:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 405–406.
26:in 1562, print by Hogenberg end of 16th century.
1499:The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents
1423:. Manchester University Press. pp. 103–4.
1341:The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents
908:The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents
828:The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents
739:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
656:
608:
479:
1549:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography
45:
1398:. Manchester University Press. p. 84.
1378:
59:
1569:. Cambridge University Press. p. 55.
1526:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
1448:. Cambridge University Press. p. 96.
1130:
855:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
52:
38:
16:1562 killing of Huguenots in Wassy, France
880:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–7.
535:, promising to promote the confession of
500:
423:, the latter of whom died young in 1560.
1443:
663:First French War of Religion (1562-1563)
18:
1596:The protestant Museum in the Wassy barn
1418:
1393:
1363:
1323:
1303:. Oxford University Press. p. 20.
1298:
1275:. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
1270:
1216:. Oxford University Press. p. 16.
1211:
1188:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
1183:
1155:
1080:
1060:. Oxford University Press. p. 12.
1055:
1025:
995:
965:
940:. Oxford University Press. p. 17.
935:
875:
782:
1636:
1496:
1471:
1338:
1294:
1292:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1236:
1105:
1085:. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
1030:. Oxford University Press. p. 9.
1000:. Oxford University Press. p. 7.
970:. Oxford University Press. p. 5.
905:
853:The French wars of religion, 1562-1629
825:
757:
450:
1560:
1558:
1546:
1467:
1465:
1207:
1205:
1179:
1177:
1133:Princes Politics and Religion 1547-98
1108:The French Wars of Religion 1559-1598
1051:
1049:
1047:
1021:
1019:
1017:
991:
989:
987:
931:
929:
927:
394:
33:
1564:
1521:
961:
959:
957:
901:
899:
897:
850:
1567:The French Wars of Religion 1562-98
1524:The French Wars of Religion 1562-98
1474:The French Religious Wars 1562-1598
1289:
1255:
685:the Constable of France Montmorency
455:
13:
1555:
1462:
1387:
1343:. Macmillan Press. pp. 47–8.
1202:
1174:
1044:
1014:
984:
924:
14:
1690:
1594:Virtual Museum of Protestantism:
1587:
1476:. Osprey Publishing. p. 12.
1446:Rouen during the Wars of Religion
1241:. Osprey Publishing. p. 20.
1239:The French Religious Wars 1562-98
954:
894:
390:1559-1562 French political crisis
642:
239:Succession of Henry IV of France
1540:
1515:
1490:
1437:
1412:
1372:
1357:
1332:
1317:
1230:
1149:
1135:. Hambledon Press. p. 71.
1124:
1099:
1074:
581:
869:
844:
819:
776:
751:
731:
719:St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
407:who followed the teachings of
291:Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598)
1:
1679:Massacres committed by France
724:
563:
383:
1501:. Macmillan. pp. 73–5.
910:. Macmillan. pp. 48–9.
830:. Macmillan. pp. 45–6.
657:First French war of religion
576:
7:
1551:. Castle Books. p. 98.
1131:Sutherland, Nicola (1984).
709:List of massacres in France
702:
609:Further massacre and revolt
517:
480:The growth of Protestantism
10:
1695:
1160:. OUP Oxford. p. 13.
660:
522:
399:Beginning in the reign of
387:
1444:Benedict, Philip (2008).
1110:. Routledge. p. 34.
785:Sixteenth Century Journal
82:Conflict in the provinces
71:
1299:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1271:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1212:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1184:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1156:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1081:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1056:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
1026:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
996:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
966:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
936:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
876:Carroll, Stuart (2009).
512:the Cardinal of Lorraine
1664:French Wars of Religion
1472:Knecht, Robert (2002).
1419:Roberts, Penny (1996).
1394:Roberts, Penny (1996).
1237:Knecht, Robert (2002).
1106:Knecht, Robert (2010).
758:Knecht, Robert (1984).
689:Jean de Poltrot de Méré
533:the Duke of WĂĽrttemberg
363:French Wars of Religion
214:War of the Three Henrys
63:French Wars of Religion
1669:Massacres of Huguenots
1659:History of Haute-Marne
1547:Dupuy, Trevor (1992).
1497:Potter, David (1997).
1339:Potter, David (1997).
906:Potter, David (1997).
826:Potter, David (1997).
595:Histoire des Martyres,
501:Attempts at repression
437:Edict of Saint-Germain
346:
27:
486:Antoinette of Bourbon
232:Day of the Barricades
22:
1368:(Supplement 7): 148.
1328:(Supplement 7): 134.
470:Mary, Queen of Scots
425:Catherine de' Medici
349:) was the murder of
189:La Charité-sur-Loire
1654:Massacres in France
1616: /
1565:Holt, Mack (1995).
1522:Holt, Mack (1995).
851:Holt, Mack (1995).
681:the King of Navarre
545:the King of Navarre
451:Wassy and the Guise
380:seven years later.
143:Saint-Jean d'Angély
1620:48.4990°N 4.9494°E
1381:Past & Present
1366:Past & Present
1326:Past & Present
699:on 19 March 1563.
593:In the Protestant
541:lieutenant-general
508:the Duke of Nevers
464:, having been the
395:Religious politics
299:Fontaine-Française
127:La Roche-l'Abeille
28:
1674:Massacres in 1562
1649:Conflicts in 1562
1576:978-0-521-35873-6
1533:978-0-521-35873-6
1455:978-0-521-54797-0
1310:978-0-19-922907-9
1282:978-0-19-922907-9
1223:978-0-19-922907-9
1195:978-0-19-922907-9
1167:978-0-19-922907-9
1117:978-1-4082-2819-7
1092:978-0-19-922907-9
1067:978-0-19-922907-9
1037:978-0-19-922907-9
1007:978-0-19-922907-9
977:978-0-19-922907-9
947:978-0-19-922907-9
887:978-0-19-922907-9
862:978-0-521-35873-6
588:Holy Roman Empire
355:the Duke of Guise
347:massacre de Wassy
343:Massacre of Vassy
338:
337:
153:Fourth; 1572–1573
105:Second; 1567–1568
24:Massacre de Vassy
1686:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1012:
1011:
993:
982:
981:
963:
952:
951:
933:
922:
921:
903:
892:
891:
873:
867:
866:
848:
842:
841:
823:
817:
816:
780:
774:
773:
755:
749:
735:
714:Massacre of Sens
697:Edict of Amboise
677:Siege of Orléans
653:in the kingdom.
456:Feudal overlords
433:Edict of January
367:Peace of Amboise
175:Fifth; 1574–1576
119:Third; 1568–1570
77:First; 1562–1563
66:
64:
54:
47:
40:
31:
30:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1634:
1633:
1625:48.4990; 4.9494
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1563:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1269:
1256:
1249:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1024:
1015:
1008:
994:
985:
978:
964:
955:
948:
934:
925:
918:
904:
895:
888:
874:
870:
863:
849:
845:
838:
824:
820:
797:10.2307/2539765
781:
777:
770:
756:
752:
736:
732:
727:
705:
693:Admiral Coligny
673:Battle of Dreux
665:
659:
645:
628:in early 1562.
611:
584:
579:
566:
529:prince of Condé
525:
520:
503:
482:
458:
453:
431:, proposed the
397:
392:
386:
339:
334:
293:
288:
257:Château-Laudran
243:
235:
218:
210:
205:
200:
187:
182:
177:
172:
155:
150:
121:
116:
107:
102:
80:
67:
62:
60:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:1562 in France
1600:
1599:
1589:
1588:External links
1586:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1554:
1539:
1532:
1514:
1507:
1489:
1482:
1461:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1411:
1404:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1349:
1331:
1316:
1309:
1288:
1281:
1254:
1247:
1229:
1222:
1201:
1194:
1173:
1166:
1148:
1141:
1123:
1116:
1098:
1091:
1073:
1066:
1043:
1036:
1013:
1006:
983:
976:
953:
946:
923:
916:
893:
886:
868:
861:
843:
836:
818:
775:
768:
750:
729:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
704:
701:
669:Siege of Rouen
661:Main article:
658:
655:
644:
641:
610:
607:
583:
580:
578:
575:
565:
562:
524:
521:
519:
516:
502:
499:
481:
478:
462:House of Guise
457:
454:
452:
449:
396:
393:
388:Main article:
385:
382:
336:
335:
295:2nd Luxembourg
273:1st Luxembourg
101:
100:
72:
69:
68:
57:
56:
49:
42:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1508:0-312-17545-0
1504:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1483:1-84176-395-0
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1430:0-7190-4694-7
1426:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1405:0-7190-4694-7
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1350:0-312-17545-0
1346:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1248:1-84176-395-0
1244:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1142:0-907628-44-3
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
979:
973:
969:
962:
960:
958:
949:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
919:
917:0-312-17545-0
913:
909:
902:
900:
898:
889:
883:
879:
872:
864:
858:
854:
847:
839:
837:0-312-17545-0
833:
829:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
771:
765:
761:
754:
748:
744:
740:
734:
730:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
654:
651:
643:Spiral to war
640:
638:
634:
629:
627:
626:Bar-sur-Seine
623:
622:Castelnaudary
619:
616:
606:
604:
599:
596:
591:
589:
574:
572:
561:
558:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
515:
513:
509:
498:
496:
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
391:
381:
379:
376:published in
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
333:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
240:
234:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
209:
208:
204:
203:Seventh; 1580
199:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
180:
176:
171:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
114:
110:
106:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
65:
55:
50:
48:
43:
41:
36:
35:
32:
25:
21:
1601:
1595:
1566:
1548:
1542:
1523:
1517:
1498:
1492:
1473:
1445:
1439:
1420:
1414:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1300:
1272:
1238:
1232:
1213:
1185:
1157:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1107:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1057:
1027:
997:
967:
937:
907:
877:
871:
852:
846:
827:
821:
788:
784:
778:
759:
753:
738:
733:
666:
646:
630:
612:
602:
600:
594:
592:
585:
582:Word spreads
571:arquebusiers
567:
549:
526:
504:
483:
459:
427:, regent of
398:
371:
342:
340:
290:
289:
237:
236:
212:
211:
202:
201:
184:
183:
174:
173:
152:
151:
147:Arney-le-Duc
118:
117:
104:
103:
75:
23:
1623: /
421:François II
411:, known as
409:John Calvin
405:Protestants
285:Fort Crozon
241:(1589–1594)
216:(1585–1589)
185:Sixth; 1577
169:La Rochelle
109:Saint-Denis
1638:Categories
1608:48°29′56″N
769:0521278872
725:References
557:Brousseval
429:Charles IX
401:François I
384:Background
374:engravings
307:Le Catelet
139:Moncontour
1611:4°56′58″E
1383:(59): 78.
813:165906640
791:(1): 22.
760:Francis I
618:massacred
601:The word
577:Aftermath
474:Joinville
445:Parlement
441:Calvinism
413:Huguenots
345:(French:
161:Sommières
703:See also
675:and the
603:massacre
564:Massacre
537:Augsburg
518:Massacre
417:Henri II
351:Huguenot
311:Doullens
265:Caudebec
165:Sancerre
131:Poitiers
113:Chartres
805:2539765
650:Orléans
553:Éclaron
523:Prelude
323:La Fère
315:Cambrai
281:Morlaix
220:Coutras
207:La Fère
197:Brouage
193:Issoire
179:Dormans
98:Orléans
1573:
1530:
1505:
1480:
1452:
1427:
1402:
1347:
1307:
1279:
1245:
1220:
1192:
1164:
1139:
1114:
1089:
1064:
1034:
1004:
974:
944:
914:
884:
859:
834:
811:
803:
766:
747:750174
745:
671:, the
637:Troyes
495:Geneva
490:Troyes
378:Geneva
331:Amiens
327:Ardres
319:Calais
245:Arques
228:Auneau
224:Vimory
135:Orthez
123:Jarnac
809:S2CID
801:JSTOR
743:JSTOR
633:Rouen
466:Dower
359:Wassy
357:, in
277:Blaye
269:Craon
261:Rouen
253:Paris
94:Dreux
90:Vergt
86:Rouen
1571:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1002:ISBN
972:ISBN
942:ISBN
912:ISBN
882:ISBN
857:ISBN
832:ISBN
764:ISBN
635:and
624:and
615:Sens
435:(or
419:and
341:The
249:Ivry
157:Mons
793:doi
468:of
303:Ham
255:;
1640::
1557:^
1464:^
1291:^
1257:^
1204:^
1176:^
1046:^
1016:^
986:^
956:^
926:^
896:^
807:.
799:.
787:.
543:,
497:.
403:,
329:;
325:;
321:;
317:;
313:;
309:;
305:;
301:;
297:;
283:;
279:;
275:;
271:;
267:;
263:;
259:;
251:;
247:;
230:;
226:;
222:;
195:;
191:;
167:;
163:;
159:;
145:;
141:;
137:;
133:;
129:;
125:;
111:;
96:;
92:;
88:;
84:;
1579:.
1536:.
1511:.
1486:.
1458:.
1433:.
1408:.
1353:.
1313:.
1285:.
1251:.
1226:.
1198:.
1170:.
1145:.
1120:.
1095:.
1070:.
1040:.
1010:.
980:.
950:.
920:.
890:.
865:.
840:.
815:.
795::
789:4
772:.
53:e
46:t
39:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
