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1975:(the neutral mask). For Lecoq, masks became an important training tool, the neutral mask being designed to facilitate a state of openness in the student-performers, moving gradually on to character and expressive masks, and finally to "the smallest mask in the world" the clown's red-nose. One highly important feature of Lecoq's use of mask, wasn't so much its visual impact on stage, but how it changed the performers movement on stage. It was a body-based approach to mask work, rather than a visually led one. Lecoq's pedagogy has been hugely influential for theatre practitioners in Europe working with mask and has been exported widely across the world. This work with masks also relates to
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1461:– mime, mask, puppetry, farce, juggling – had a ritual context in that it was performed at religious or rites of passage such as days of naming, circumcisions, and marriages. Over time, some of these contextual ritual enactments became divorced from their religious meaning and they were performed throughout the year. Some 2500 years ago, kings and commoners alike were entertained by dance and mime accompanied by music where the dancers often wore masks, a vestige of an earlier era when such dances were enacted as religious rites. According to
2087:
3103:
816:. The masks are usually carved with an extraordinary skill and variety by artists who will usually have received their training as an apprentice to a master carver – frequently it is a tradition that has been passed down within a family through many generations. Such an artist holds a respected position in tribal society because of the work that he or she creates, embodying not only complex craft techniques but also spiritual/social and symbolic knowledge. African masks are also used in the Mas or Masquerade of the
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with elaborate masques and costumes, existed side by side with the ragged and essentially folkloric customs of the rural areas. Although these civic masquerades and their masks may have retained elements drawn from popular culture, the survival of carnival in the 19th century was often a consequence of a self-conscious 'folklore' movement that accompanied the rise of nationalism in many
European countries. Nowadays, during
38:
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1399:
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1018:. Their masks were often masterpieces of carving, sometimes with movable jaws, with the parts sometimes moved by pulling cords, or a mask within a mask to represent a magical transformation. The carving of masks was an important feature of woodcraft, along with many other features that often combined the utilitarian with the symbolic, such as
701:(the family shrine). Rites of passage, such as initiation of young members of the family or funerals, were carried out at the shrine under the watch of the ancestral masks. At funerals, professional actors would wear these masks to perform deeds of the lives of the ancestors, thus linking the role of mask as a ritual object and in theatre.
2721:(for example, a wrestler known as 'The Panda' might wear a mask with a panda's facial markings). Often, wrestlers will put their masks on the line against other wrestlers' masks, titles or an opponent's hair. While in Mexico and Japan, masks are a sign of tradition, they are looked down upon in the United States and Canada.
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3000:
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dance masks protected from bad spirits. Wedding masks were used to pray for good luck and a lasting marriage, and "Swallowing Animal" masks were associated with protecting the home and symbolised the "swallowing" of disaster. Opera masks were used in a basic "common" form of opera performed without a
891:
have highly arched eyebrows, almost almond-shaped eyes and a narrow chin. The raised strip running from both sides of the nose to the ears represent jewellery. Dark black hairstyle, tops the mask off. The whiteness of the face represents the whiteness and beauty of the spirit world. Only men wear the
514:
is a very ancient human practice across the world, although masks can also be worn for protection, in hunting, in sports, in feasts, or in wars – or simply used as ornamentation. Some ceremonial or decorative masks were not designed to be worn. Although the religious use of masks has waned, masks are
1460:
Theatre in the Middle East, as elsewhere, was initially of a ritual nature, dramatising human relationships with nature, the deities, and other human beings. It grew out of sacred rites of myths and legends performed by priests and lay actors at fixed times and often in fixed locations. Folk theatre
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have complex religions that also have animal masks. Their three main cults use seventy-eight different types of masks. Most of the ceremonies of the Dogon culture are secret, although the antelope dance is shown to non-Dogons. The antelope masks are rough rectangular boxes with several horns coming
1705:
During the
Reformation, many of these carnival customs began to die out in Protestant regions, although they seem to have survived in Catholic areas despite the opposition of the ecclesiastical authorities. So by the 19th century, the carnivals of the relatively wealthy bourgeois town communities,
522:
is finding the precise derivation of human culture and early activities, the invention and use of the mask is only one area of unsolved inquiry. The use of masks dates back several millennia. It is conjectured that the first masks may have been used by primitive people to associate the wearer with
960:
is dominant and religious ceremonies are devoted to ancestors. Inevitably, many of the mask types relate to use in these ceremonies and are linked with the activities of secret societies. The mask is regarded as an instrument of revelation, giving form to the sacred. This is often accomplished by
762:
has suggested that ritual masks, as representations of the human face, are extremely revealing of the two fundamental aspects of the human psychological condition: firstly, the repression of a cooperative, instinctive self or soul; and secondly, the extremely angry state of the unjustly condemned
3179:
cave (circa 15,000 years old). According to John W. Nunley, "The earliest evidence of masking comes from the
Mousterian site of Hortus in the south of France. There the archaeologist Henry de Lumley found remnants of a leopard skin that was probably worn as a costume more than 40,000 years ago"
589:
Masks in various forms – sacred, practical, or playful – have played a crucial historical role in the development of understandings about "what it means to be human", because they permit the imaginative experience of "what it is like" to be transformed into a different identity (or to affirm an
757:
Ritual masks occur throughout the world, and although they tend to share many characteristics, highly distinctive forms have developed. The function of the masks may be magical or religious; they may appear in rites of passage or as a make-up for a form of theatre. Equally masks may disguise a
1416:
Korean masks have a long tradition associated with shamanism and later in ritual dance. Korean masks were used in war, on both soldiers and their horses; ceremonially, for burial rites in jade and bronze and for shamanistic ceremonies to drive away evil spirits; to remember the faces of great
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As a culture of scattered islands and peninsulars, Melanesian mask forms have developed in a highly diversified fashion, with a great deal of variety in their construction and aesthetic. In Papua New Guinea, six-metre-high totem masks are placed to protect the living from spirits; whereas the
1566:
Many of the masks and characters used in
European festivals belong to the contrasting categories of the 'good', or 'idealised beauty', set against the 'ugly' or 'beastly' and grotesque. This is particularly true of the Germanic and Central European festivals. Another common type is the
1701:
saying that he was ugly enough not to need a mask. The carnival was repressed during the
Napoleonic Republic, although in the 1980s its costumes and the masks aping the 18th century heyday were revived. It appears other cities in central Europe were influenced by the Venetian model.
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use masks with small eyes and mouths to represent humility and humbleness. They represent wisdom by making bulging forehead. Other masks that have exaggerated long faces and broad foreheads symbolize the soberness of one's duty that comes with power. War masks are also popular. The
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1061:(gods and spirits) frequently take the form of highly distinctive and elaborate masks that are used in ritual dances. These are usually made of leather with appendages of fur, feathers, or leaves. Some cover the face, some the whole head, and are often highly abstracted forms.
1598:, and other fanciful characters appear in carnivals throughout the continent. It is generally accepted that the masks, noise, colour, and clamour are meant to drive away the forces of darkness and winter, and open the way for the spirits of light and the coming of spring. In
1790:
Masks play a key part within world theatre traditions. They continue to be a vital force within contemporary theatre, and their usage takes a variety of forms and has often developed from, or continues to be part of old, highly sophisticated, stylized theatrical traditions.
1773:
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artwork is circa 30,000–40,000 years old. The use of masks is demonstrated graphically at some of these sites. Insofar as masks involved the use of war-paint, leather, vegetative material, or wooden material, such masks failed to be preserved, however, they are visible in
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943:
are beginning to be more understood and appreciated. However, most
African masks are now being produced for the tourist trade. Although they often show skilled craftsmanship, they nearly always lack the spiritual character of the traditional tribal masks.
461:(literally, "more than the face" or "added face"), which evolved to "máscara", while the Arabic "maskharat" – referring to the buffoonery which is possible only by disguising the face – would be based on these Spanish roots. Other related forms are
1771:
1281:, 'Visages of Glory', are intended to ward off evil and are associated with the animal world as well as the divine. During ceremonies, these visages are given active form in the great mask dramas of the South and South-eastern Asian region.
2008:, the founder of Bread and Puppet theatre, made particular use of German Carnival masks. Bread and Puppet inspired other practitioners around the world, many of whom used masks in their work. In the US and Canada, these companies include
2028:, Ontario. These companies, and others, have a strong social agenda, and combine masks, music and puppetry to create a visual theatrical form. Another route masks took into American Theatre was via dancer/choreographers such as
1352:
Japanese masks are part of a very old and highly sophisticated and stylized theatrical tradition. Although the roots are in prehistoric myths and cults, they have developed into refined art forms. The oldest masks are the
795:
There are a wide variety of masks used in Africa. In West Africa, masks are used in masquerades that form part of religious ceremonies enacted to communicate with spirits and ancestors. Examples are the masquerades of the
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as whole or a particular group within the community. Masks are used almost universally and maintain their power and mystery both for their wearers and their audience. The continued popularity of wearing masks at
585:
could be small 3-inch (7.6 cm) finger masks, but also 10-kilogram (22 lb) masks hung from the ceiling or carried by several people. Masks have been created with plastic surgery for mutilated soldiers.
1854:
mask of a woman show how her expression appears to change with a tilting of the head of the performer - to demonstrate the effect, the mask was affixed to a wall with constant lighting and only the camera was
900:
in present-day Edo State of
Nigeria. It is believed to have been commissioned by a king of Benin in memory of his mother. To honor his dead mother, the king wore the mask on his hip during special ceremonies.
1465:, this practice evoked that of Roman funeral rites where masked actor-dancers represented the deceased with motions and gestures mimicking those of the deceased while singing the praise of their lives (see
1295:
In
Indonesia, the mask dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences. It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods.
1976:
1955:
Copeau, in his attempts to "Naturalise" actors, decided to use masks to liberate them from their "excessive awkwardness". In turn, Copeau's work with masks was taken on by his students including
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are also often different, although their masks are often made out of driftwood, animal skins, bones, and feathers. In some areas Inuit women use finger masks during storytelling and dancing.
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festivals, the ordinary roles were often inverted. Sometimes a slave or a criminal was temporarily granted the insignia and status of royalty, only to be killed after the festival ended. The
1971:, a sculptor, and they collaborated on reviving the techniques of making traditional leather Commedia masks. Later, developing Copeau's "noble mask", Lecoq would ask Satori to make him
724:, and are often of an ancient origin. The mask is normally a part of a costume that adorns the whole body and embodies a tradition important to the religious and/or social life of the
1417:
historical figures in death masks; and in the arts, particularly in ritual dances, courtly, and theatrical plays. The present uses are as miniature masks for tourist souvenirs, or on
1984:
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Many
African masks represent animals. Some African tribes believe that the animal masks can help them communicate with the spirits who live in forests or open savannas. People of
550:
cult, which involved the use of masks, the ordinary controls on behaviour were temporarily suspended, and people cavorted in merry revelry outside their ordinary rank or status.
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tournaments masks were sometimes used. From archaeological evidence it is clear that these were not only protective but also helped make the wearer appear more intimidating. In
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4628:. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill.
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1539:. Masks are used throughout Europe in modern times, and are frequently integrated into regional folk celebrations and customs. Old masks are preserved and can be seen in
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penitent or preside over important ceremonies; they may help mediate with spirits, or offer a protective role to the members of a society who use their powers. Biologist
1150:
developed, despite efforts of the Church to stamp out the indigenous traditions. Masks remain an important feature of popular carnivals and religious dances, such as
539:
Roche-Cotard site in France, a flintstone likeness of a face was found that is approximately 35,000 years old, but it is not clear whether it was intended as a mask.
995:
and para-Arctic regions have tended towards simple religious practice but a highly evolved and rich mythology, especially concerning hunting. In some areas, annual
2004:
took advantage of it. Influenced by modern dance, modern mime, Commedia dell'arte and Brecht such groups took to the streets to perform highly political theatre.
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mask evolved from the gigaku and bugaku and are acted entirely by men. The masks are worn throughout very long performances and are consequently very light. The
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masks and perform the dances with high stilts despite the fact that the masks represent women. One of the most beautiful representations of female beauty is the
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also popular in topeng masked dance. Indonesian topeng dance styles are widely distributed, such as topeng Bali, Cirebon, Betawi, Malang, Yogyakarta, and Solo.
1846:
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In China, masks are thought to have originated in ancient religious ceremonies. Images of people wearing masks have been found in rock paintings along the
925:
of the Ivory Coast and
Liberia carve masks with round eyes to represent alertness and anger, with the straight nose to represent unwillingness to retreat.
2994:; These full-body masks are worn for the mourning, or ónyo ("weeping"), ceremony, a multi-day ritual held approximately a year after an individual's death
625:
Throughout the world, masks are used for their expressive power as a feature of masked performance – both ritually and in various theatre traditions. The
3329:
Dall, William Healey (2010) , "On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution",
1041:' masks, used in healing ceremonies and carved from living trees. These masks appear in a great variety of shapes, depending on their precise function.
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The masks are usually highly exaggerated and formalised, and share an aesthetic with the carved images of monstrous heads that dominate the facades of
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2194:
Protective masks are pieces of kit or equipment worn on the head and face to afford protection to the wearer, and today usually have these functions:
2009:
1135:, and skull masks were not uncommon. Masks were also used as part of court entertainments, possibly combining political with religious significance.
3189:
Pernet emphasizes that masks are not a wholly universal cultural phenomenon, raising the question why some cultures do not have a masking tradition.
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and other criminal perpetrators may wear masks as a means in concealing their faces and thus identities from their victims and from law enforcement.
1968:
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361:, "mask" is the term for a face without a body that is not modelled in the round (which would make it a "head"), but for example appears in low
1571:, sometimes considered to be the synthesis of the two contrasting types, Handsome and Ugly. Masks also tend to be associated with New Year and
1906:, and others in their lineage, attempted to move away from Naturalism. They turned to sources such as Oriental Theatre (particularly Japanese
1108:
Distinctive styles of masks began to emerge in pre-Hispanic America about 1200 BC, although there is evidence of far older mask forms. In the
2310:. As a disguise the mask acts as a form of protection for the wearer who wishes to assume a role or task without being identified by others.
2047:, who create a theatre in which masks are used along with puppets, film and other visual forms, with an emphasis on the narrative structure.
1112:, masks were used to dress the faces of the dead. These were originally made of fabric, but later burial masks were sometimes made of beaten
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1547:, and as a result many of the associated customs are seasonal. The original significance would have survived only until the introduction of
155:
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prisoners in Australian jails in the late 19th century. They were made of white cloth and covered the face, leaving only the eyes visible.
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Masks are also familiar as pieces of kit associated with practical functions, usually protective, including in sports and during plagues:
1924:(1910) proposed the virtues of using masks over the naturalism of the actor. Craig was highly influential, and his ideas were taken up by
566:
festivities probably originated in the late 15th century, although some Jewish authors claim it has always been part of Judaic tradition.
350:
and for entertainment. They are usually worn on the face, although they may also be positioned for effect elsewhere on the wearer's body.
1806:
megaphone enabling the voice of the wearer to be projected into the large auditoria. In medieval Europe, masks were used in mystery and
1551:, which incorporated many of the customs into its own traditions. In that process their meanings were changed also so, for example, old
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ceremonies involved masked dances and these strongly abstracted masks are arguably the most striking artifacts produced in this region.
826:(also known as Jolé or Yolé) is a mask-dance from Temine people in Sierra Leone. Males wear the mask, although it does depict a female.
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symbolises agriculture, they interpret elements the masks differently. To the Bamana people, swords represent the sprouting of grain.
672:, masks were or are typically worn by all the performers, with several different types of mask used for different types of character.
4724:
2039:
In Europe, Schumann's influence combined with the early avant-garde artists to encourage groups such as Moving Picture Mime Show and
1742:
1693:
and by the late 16th century the Venetian Carnival began to reach its peak and eventually lasted a whole 'season' from January until
4745:
2043:(both in the UK). These companies had a big influence on the next generation of groups working in visual theatre, including IOU and
4446:
3530:
2137:, a piece of medical equipment that protects the burn tissue from contact with other surfaces, and minimises the risk of infection.
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687:
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some kind of unimpeachable authority, such as a deity, or to otherwise lend credence to the person's claim on a given social role.
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In many cultural traditions, the masked performer is a central concept and is highly valued. In the western tradition, actors in
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and co-fraternities. These grew out of the earlier revels and had become evident by the 15th century in places such as Rome and
1669:
Another tradition of European masks developed, more self-consciously, from court and civic events, or entertainments managed by
1166:
continued wearing his mask after retirement, revealed his face briefly only in old age, and was buried wearing his silver mask.
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610:
390:
4669:. ISTOR Books 8. Budapest • Los Angeles: Akadémiai Kiadó • International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research. pp. 85–101.
4494:
2498:(gas or particulate mask), a mask worn on the face to protect the body from airborne pollutants and toxic materials, and fine
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in a self-conscious effort to combine the hiding of personal identity with the promotion of a powerful and intimidating image.
1535:
in southern France. Such masks survive in the alpine regions of Austria and Switzerland, and may be connected with hunting or
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3950:
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Masks are use by penitents in ceremonies to disguise their identity in order to make the act of penitence more selfless. The
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In sport the protective mask will often have a secondary function to make the wearer appear more impressive as a competitor.
1967:. Lecoq, having worked as movement director at Teatro Piccalo in Italy, was influenced by the Commedia tradition. Lecoq met
1838:
to create a theatre that is essentially visual, rather than verbal, and many of its practitioners have been visual artists.
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3734:
Masks of the World... The Universe of Masks in the Collections of the International Museum of Carnivals and the Binche Mask
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and other collections, and much research has been undertaken into the historical origins of masks. Most probably represent
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Decorative masks may be worn as part of a costume outside of ritual or ceremonial functions. This is often described as a
6809:
1242:
Masked characters, usually divinities, are a central feature of Indian dramatic forms, many based on depicting the epics
975:
masks of New Guinea are used to enforce social codes by intimidation. They are conical masks, made from cane and leaves.
488:
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749:
characters – they are, however, reminders of the enduring power of pretense and play and the power and appeal of masks.
4801:
4329:
3435:
Forbes, Jamie Ellin (Spring 2010). "The resurrection of the beauty of Spring: Jeanette Korab at Carnevale de Venezia".
3357:
3278:
3245:
2936:
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1266:, and Lao – have developed the Indian forms, combined with local myths, and developed their own characteristic styles.
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definitions of mask use frequently overlap and merge but still provide a useful basis for categorisation. The image of
143:
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Masques du Monde... L'univers du Masque Dans les Collections du Musée International du Carnaval et du Masque de Binche
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3687:
3635:
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282:
264:
114:
65:
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Kupferblum, Markus (2007). "Menschen, masken, Charaktere: the Arbeit mit Masken am Theater". In Kreissl, Eva (ed.).
876:) is believed to have taught man the secrets of agriculture. Although the Dogons and Bamana people both believe the
4822:
4650:. in collab. with Henri Beuchat; translated, with a foreword, by James J. Fox. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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Masks are sometimes used to punish the wearer either by signalling their humiliation or causing direct suffering:
2624:. The mask is considered "sacred" to some degree, placing its role closer to the ritual and performance function.
2254:
to protect the face had to be opaque with small eyeslits, and were a sort of mask, as often in mediaeval suits of
1154:. Mexico, in particular, retains a great deal of creativity in the production of masks, encouraged by collectors.
1084:"-members on Mardi Gras Day; local laws against using a mask to conceal one's identity are suspended for the day.
449:). This in turn is of uncertain origin – perhaps from a Germanic source akin to English "mesh", but perhaps from
6765:
1390:
is the theatre of modern Japan, rooted in the older forms, but in this form masks are replaced by painted faces.
562:, in which all are equal behind their masks, dates back to 1268 AD. The use of carnivalesque masks in the Jewish
217:
1162:, are very popular, and many of the wrestlers can be considered folk heroes. For instance, the popular wrestler
4665:
Oosten, Jarich G. (1997). "Cosmological Cycles and the Constituents of the Person". In S. A. Mousalimas (ed.).
4278:
3563:
3472:...in many parts of the world and throughout Jewish history it was the time for adults to engage in masquerade.
1996:
In America, mask-work was slower to arrive, but the Guerrilla Theatre movement, typified by groups such as the
202:
3758:
2552:, an item of diving equipment that allows scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly underwater.
1834:
included the ancestors of the modern clown. In contemporary western theatre, the mask is often used alongside
2885:" (short for facial mask) is a temporary mask, not solid, used in cosmetics or as therapy for skin treatment.
2075:
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existing social or spiritual identity). Not all cultures have known the use of masks, but most of them have.
3587:
Lubin, David M. (Fall 2008). "Masks, Mutilation, and Modernity: Anna Coleman Ladd and the First World War".
224:
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2903:
2508:
worn by high-altitude pilots, or used in medicine to deliver oxygen, anesthetic, or other gases to patients
1663:
3273:. Weitra, Austria: Bibliothek der Provinz Verlag für Literatur, Kunst und Musikalien. pp. 165, 193n.
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style of wrestling. In modern lucha libre, masks are colourfully designed to evoke the images of animals,
1515:
1206:
4684:
2813:
2454:
2442:
2040:
1952:, and others who "attempted to restore a ritualistic if not actually religious significance to theatre".
1707:
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are good examples. Nowadays these are usually mass-produced plastic masks, often associated with popular
496:
454:
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styles. For example, attendants of a costume party will sometimes wear masks as part of their costumes.
865:
out of the top. The Dogons are expert agriculturists and the antelope symbolizes a hard-working farmer.
6819:
4753:
1004:
784:
598:
231:
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Masken. Gesichter hinter dem Gesicht: Persönlichkeitsentfaltung und Therapie in der Arbeit mit Masken
2836:
1997:
645:
4521:"Evaluating Anti-Facial Recognition Tools News Physical Sciences Division The University of Chicago"
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helmets were made mandatory in 2010, and have a wire mask on the front to protect the player's face.
6814:
4377:
2044:
2001:
813:
634:
87:
1983:. Students of Lecoq have continued using masks in their work after leaving the school, such as in
1685:
and aristocracy, also involved the guilds, including a guild of maskmakers. There is evidence of '
16:
Any full or partial face covering, whether ceremonial, protective, decorative, or used as disguise
3596:
2492:
for divers and others; some let the wearer talk to others through a built-in communication device
1454:
213:
191:
4154:
Poppi, Cesayo (1994). "The other within: masks and masquerades in Europe". In Mack, John (ed.).
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Blanc, Dominique; d'Hauterives, Arnaud; Geoffroy-Schneiter, Bérénice; Pannier, François (2009).
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masks represent gods, men, women, madmen and devils, and each category has many sub-divisions.
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represent tranquility by making masks with eyes half-shut and lines drawn near the mouth. The
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1911:
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groups vary widely and share neither a common mythology nor language. Not surprisingly their
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24:
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An American football player wearing a mask that protects his face from another player's hand
2523:
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Protecting the face against flying objects or dangerous environments, while allowing vision.
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and goddesses originally associated with the celebrations were demonised and viewed as mere
1142:
traditions merged with Christian rituals, and syncretic masquerades and ceremonies, such as
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5857:
4837:
4705:
Sivin, Carole (1986). "Maskmaking". Worcester, Massachusetts, USA: Davis Publications, Inc.
4576:. foreword by George Swinton. 46 Bloomsbury Street, London WCIB 3QQ: British Museum Press.
4302:
Rudlin, John (1999). "3: Jacques Copeau: the quest for sincerity". In Hodge, Alison (ed.).
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to protect the welder's face and eyes from the brightness and sparks created during welding
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countries throughout the world are examples of this, with their cone-shaped masks known as
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language. One German author claims the word "mask" is originally derived from the Spanish
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8:
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Wilsher, Toby, "The Mask Handbook – A Practical Guide", Routledge 2007, www.routledge.com
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Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch: Eine Darstellung galloromanischen sprachschatzes
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linking the mask to an ancestral presence, and thus bringing the past into the present.
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Masks. Faces Behind the Face: Personality Development and Therapy in Working with Masks
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to portray allegorical creatures, and the performer representing God frequently wore a
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An interesting example of a sports mask that confounds the protective function is the
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three-hole balaclava allows the wearer to protect the face against cold air or hinder
2163:, used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest.
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The debate about the meaning of these and other mask forms continues in Europe, where
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A variety of technologies attempt to fool facial recognition software by the use of
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4495:"Kanye West perfected the art of the face mask as a fashion accessory. Here's how"
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community, its purpose is not to hinder recognition, although it falls under some
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stage or backdrops. These led to colourful facial patterns that we see in today's
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2871:" is a mask that covers only the cheeks (hence the adjective "buccal") and mouth.
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The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer)
3374:
3333:, vol. 3, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 73–151
3176:
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is a mask either cast from or applied to the face of a recently deceased person.
2374:
Masks are also used to prevent recognition while showing membership of a group:
1424:
1361:
developed from this – a complex dance-drama that used masks with moveable jaws.
1357:. The form no longer exists, and was probably a type of dance presentation. The
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mask is used for people to create a more animal-like image in fetish role play.
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2017:
2005:
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craftsmen produced impressive work for masked religious ritual, especially the
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4700:. Világjárók (in Hungarian). translated by Detre, Zsuzsa. Budapest: Gondolat.
4317:
3119:
3011:
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and Japanese wrestling. A wrestler's mask is usually related to a wrestler's
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2140:
2032:, who had been using masks in dance and had emigrated to America to flee the
1964:
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conventions until the late eighteenth century. The masked characters of the
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drama. In some Greek masks, the wide and open mouth of the mask contained a
1523:
The oldest representations of masks in Europe are animal masks, such as the
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Masks may also indicate a culture's ideal of feminine beauty. The masks of
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417:"mask, specter, nightmare". This word is of uncertain origin, perhaps from
20:
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are short farces with their own masks, and accompany the tragic nō plays.
1068:
In modern immigrant Euro-American culture, masking is a common feature of
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3134:
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2736:, wear masks when they perform on stage. Several other groups, including
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COUNTRY TRAVEL – Practical seminar: "MASK TRADITIONS IN LATVIAN CULTURE"
4122:
LAUKU CEĻOTĀ – Praktiskais seminārs: "Masku tradīcijas latviešu kultūrā"
2975:
2648:
Particularly uncomfortable types, such as an iron mask, for example the
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4021:. Professional Wrestling Online Museum. 5 February 1984. Archived from
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4470:"damselfrau: a peek behind the many masks of the london-based artist"
3788:. London: Ferndale Editions. p. Introduction, after Himmelheber
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833:
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721:
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132:
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2363:
2169:, an alternative to respirators and surgical masks during shortages.
1826:
developed – courtly masked entertainments that continued as part of
1489:
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and demonstrated Hindu influences as it often feature epics such as
180:
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5080:
5070:
5010:
4955:
4930:
4881:
4876:
4853:
4810:
3897:
Lommel (1970), chapter: "Oceania: Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia".
3398:
2943:
2892:
cast of a face, used as a model for making a painting or sculpture.
2807:
to conceal the identities of the killer. Notable examples include
2688:
2543:
2540:, also known as a "ski mask", to protect the face against cold air.
2391:
2383:
2344:
2218:
1980:
1888:
1835:
1726:
1721:
discovered a 673 g gold mask in the burial mound "Svetitsata" near
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dance masks were used in shamanic rituals to thank the gods, while
1200:
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are almost as highly developed as in Africa. It is a culture where
877:
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Another culture that has a very rich agricultural tradition is the
789:
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are widely used to represent the performing arts, and specifically
570:
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339:
323:
4210:
2430:
823:
581:, masks functioned above all as mediators of supernatural forces.
373:
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in a mask to avoid being recognized by associates of the accused.
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3994:"Masks from North America, from the Edward S. Curtis Collection"
3662:
3573:
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Performers with masks. Mosaic. House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii
2632:
1729:. It is a very fine piece of workmanship made out of massive 23
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6519:
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6251:
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5774:
5703:
5279:
5149:
5060:
5042:
4968:
4940:
4920:
4903:
4893:
4750:
4648:
Seasonal variations of the Eskimo: a study in social morphology
3979:
2882:
2762:, and other methods and themes are occasionally used to create
2684:
2314:
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Woodland tribes, especially in the northeastern and around the
1023:
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992:
681:
meant 'a mask'; it also referred to an individual who had full
652:
drama of Japan (14th century to present), the traditional
626:
507:
362:
335:
3736:] (in French). Tournai, Belgium: La Renaissance du Livre.
2773:
One user of masks in fashion is musician and fashion designer
1250:. Countries that have had strong Indian cultural influences –
99:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
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From the picture album "Shunyū bijo no yukaeri" 19th Century
2724:
Several bands and performers, notably members of the groups
1713:
In the beginning of the new century, on 19 August 2004, the
1697:. By the 18th century, it was already a tourist attraction,
6617:
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6466:
6436:
6256:
6130:
5876:
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4779:
4349:. Macmillan Modern Dramatists. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2729:
2671:
2617:
2187:
2114:
1891:, experimented with theatre forms and masks in their work.
1811:
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masks are often replaced with face paint for more comfort.
1694:
1308:
1304:
1303:
have masked Hudoq dance that represents nature spirits. In
1121:
1117:
1048:
893:
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535:
cave drawings, of which dozens have been preserved. At the
403:"covering to hide or guard the face", derived in turn from
315:
3628:
Masks and Masking: Faces of Tradition and Belief Worldwide
2404:
The cone-shaped mask in particular is identified with the
2347:, to avoid recognition, and to try to protect against any
1863:
were often incorporated into the theatre work of European
1195:. Later mask forms brings together myths and symbols from
1014:
coastal cultural groups generally included highly skilled
5748:
4888:
4866:
3535:
Phillip Charette, Contemporary Art in the Yupik Tradition
1907:
1894:
In the 20th century, many theatre practitioners, such as
1851:
1799:
1552:
1376:
mask is the supreme achievement of Japanese mask-making.
1369:
987:
Kwakwaka'wakw ritual mask (painted wood, fiber, and cord)
685:. A citizen could demonstrate his or her lineage through
649:
338:
and rites. Masks have been used since antiquity for both
4043:
Lommel (1970), chapter: "South America/Central America".
3760:
Freedom Expanded: Book 1 – The Human Condition Explained
2240:. Today this function is attributed to thin balaclavas.
2198:
Providing a supply of air or filtering the outside air (
1681:
carnival in St. Marks Square in Venice, attended by the
733:, and for children at parties and for festivals such as
4725:
The Mythic Mask: mask history and contemporary mask art
4235:
Through the Body: A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre
2752:
also wears masks but often remove them mid-performance.
2468:
Beaked masks containing herbs in the beak were worn in
2153:, to protect a medical professional from bodily fluids.
840:
ceremony, an inquisitorial search for sorcerers. Wood,
742:
396:
The word "mask" appeared in English in the 1530s, from
2694:
Several artists in the 20th and 21st century, such as
2125:, a piece of medical equipment that assists breathing.
1065:
masks appear to be inspired by the Pueblo prototypes.
3938:
The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks: Agayuliyararput
4691:. Frankfurt am Main: Frankurter Societăts-Druckerei.
4571:
3763:. WTM Publishing & Communications. p. 145.
3714:. Shimla, India: Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
3424:. Hillsdale, New York: Sophia Perennis. p. 141.
2588:
is used in this Japanese sword-fighting martial art.
2572:
goaltender to protect the head and face from injury.
1666:
and its hunter, and Giubiana herself, among others.
1158:
matches, where it is common for the participants to
1033:, cross-fertilized culturally with one another. The
4548:
3727:
3108:
Mask of Silen. Bronze. First half of 1st century BC
2298:wear Guy Fawkes masks while protesting against the
205:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4550:
4549:Burch, Ernest S. (junior); Forman, Werner (1988).
515:used sometimes in drama therapy or psychotherapy.
4731:The Noh Mask Effect: A Facial Expression Illusion
4133:(in Latvian), Latvian Country Tourism Association
3723:
3721:
3630:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.
2010:In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theater
1914:, both of which forms feature masks prominently.
1867:artists from the turn of the nineteenth century.
6863:
4211:"Cornell University Library Digital Collections"
3728:Revelard, Michel; Kostadonova, Guergana (2000).
3352:] (in German). Oberhofen: Zytglogge-Verlag.
3300:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
2090:Vietnamese youth wear surgical masks during the
602:Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic,
302:masks at the Narrensprung 2005 Carnival parade,
4623:
3486:Masques de l'Himalaya, du primitif au classique
2608:, a mask most widely used in the Mexican/Latin
1798:wore masks, as they do in traditional Japanese
704:Masks are a familiar and vivid element in many
428:"to ridicule". However, it may also come from
3998:American Ethnography (americanethnography.com)
3931:
3718:
3551:
3488:. Paris: Editions Raymond Chabaud. p. 44.
4795:
4051:
4049:
3906:
3498:
3483:
3166:, carbon-dated as 35,000 to 40,000 years old.
1237:
1076:. Costumes and masks (originally inspired by
695:of ancestors. These were wax casts kept in a
4557:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
4468:Solbakken, Per Kristian (10 February 2019).
4453:. San Diego State University. Archived from
4178:Lommel (1970), chapter: "Europe/Conclusion".
4149:
4147:
3484:Pannier, François; Mangin, Stéphane (1989).
3343:
3235:
3072:Mask wearing customers in downtown Budapest.
2246:Before strong transparent materials such as
2225:wore similarly ferocious-looking protective
856:call to the spirit to stop destruction. The
573:tribes used masks for healing purposes (see
3458:. Vol. 49, no. 27. Archived from
3331:Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report
1733:gold. Unlike other masks discovered in the
1453:, Iran, first half of first Millennium BC,
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4802:
4788:
4746:Smithsonian Institution African Mask Links
4461:
4430:. Discovery Channel Canada. Archived from
4322:The Moving Body: Teaching Creative Theatre
4228:
4226:
4224:
4046:
3852:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3268:
2097:Some masks are used for medical purposes:
1741:and two in Greece), it is now kept in the
1421:, where they hang as good-luck talismans.
991:North American indigenous cultures in the
644:In many dramatic traditions including the
4695:
4683:
4467:
4400:
4144:
3911:. Bulfinch Press/Little, Brown & Co.
3844:Bortolot, Alexander Ives (October 2003).
3708:Studies in Humanities and Social Services
3372:
3344:Klemm, Harald; Winkler, Reinhard (1996).
2472:by plague doctors to try to ward off the
763:conscious thinking egocentric intellect.
283:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:Learn how and when to remove this message
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
5894:
4702:Hungarian translation of Rasmussen 1926.
4295:
3843:
3756:
3706:(2004). "Ritual, masks, and sacrifice".
3528:
3297:Ritual Masks: Deceptions and Revelations
2631:
2522:
2287:
2272:
2177:
2085:
2069:
1845:
1764:
1514:
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1423:
1397:
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1205:
1178:
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982:
927:
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783:
609:
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501:National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)
487:
381:', a 16th-century BC mask discovered by
372:
294:
19:For other uses, like protection against
4604:
4232:
4221:
3909:Where the Masks Still Dance: New Guinea
3846:"Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin"
3140:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic
1841:
1749:. It is considered to be the mask of a
952:The variety and beauty of the masks of
593:
6864:
6665:
4763:Gallery of Masks from Around the World
4664:
4518:
4512:
4444:
4301:
4247:
4187:
3870:
3783:
3675:
3650:
3434:
3416:
3375:"Other Mousterian (Neanderthal) Sites"
3293:
3175:A famous example is the images of the
2792:
2652:, are fit as devices for humiliation,
472:مَسْخَرَ = "he ridiculed, he mocked",
435:"to black (the face)" (or the related
391:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
4783:
4642:
4572:Hessel, Ingo; Hessel, Dieter (1998).
4369:
4344:
4316:
4310:
4272:
4153:
4093:
4055:
3965:
3625:
3586:
3450:Danan, Julie Hilton (21 March 1997).
3449:
2857:- 2012 South Korean television series
1152:The Dance of the Moors and Christians
872:people of Mali. The antelope (called
617:mask dance at a funeral feast in the
4118:
3907:Rainier, Chris; Taylor, Meg (1996).
3499:Bradley, Lisa; Chazot, Eric (1990).
3391:
3328:
2748:simulate the effect with facepaint.
1654:) preserves a tradition of masks of
424:مَسْخَرَۃٌ "buffoon", from the verb
203:adding citations to reliable sources
174:
126:
72:
31:
6810:Global trade of secondhand clothing
3817:. Department of Religious Studies,
3702:
3503:. New York: Pace Primitive Gallery.
3394:"Neanderthal 'face' found in Loire"
3240:. Basel: Zbinden Druck und Verlag.
2927:, Baleen Whale Mask, 19th century,
2050:
1977:performing with portable structures
1760:
635:juxtaposed comedy and tragedy masks
13:
4542:
4250:The Theatre of Edward Gordon Craig
3945:. University of Washington Press.
3558:. University of Washington Press.
3392:Amos, Jonathan (2 December 2003).
2533:American football helmet face mask
2490:self-contained breathing apparatus
2306:Masks are sometimes used to avoid
2236:was worn by women to protect from
1311:, masked dance is commonly called
1213:Bronze Mask with Protruding Eyes,
1131:, human skulls were prized as war
314:is an object normally worn on the
14:
6883:
4712:
4445:Brandt, Stacy (12 October 2008).
3850:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
3786:Masks: Their Meaning and Function
3595:(3/4). Archives of American Art,
3373:Hitchcock, Don (6 October 2019).
3040:. The Wellcome Collection, London
2990:Dance Mask (Takü), 20th century,
2433:usually shows membership of some
2221:Europe and in Japan soldiers and
47:This article has multiple issues.
6846:
4775:Costa Rica Traditional Face Mask
4624:Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985).
4403:"The 15 COOLEST Masks In Comics"
4084:Lommel (1970), chapter: "Japan".
4062:University of Pennsylvania Press
3589:Archives of American Art Journal
3404:British Broadcasting Corporation
3158:The oldest known example of the
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3045:
3022:
2999:
2983:
2967:
2951:
2935:
2917:
2663:Masks were used to alienate and
2382:parades throughout Spain and in
2055:For other functional masks, see
1445:Golden masks excavated from the
1138:In post-colonial Latin America,
1087:
978:
179:
131:
77:
36:
4487:
4438:
4420:
4401:Aitchison, Sean (12 May 2017).
4394:
4363:
4338:
4266:
4241:
4203:
4181:
4172:
4112:
4087:
4078:
4037:
4011:
3986:
3959:
3925:
3900:
3891:
3875:. Pagewise, Inc. Archived from
3864:
3837:
3812:
3806:
3777:
3750:
3696:
3669:
3644:
3619:
3580:
3545:
3529:Charette, Phillip John (n.d.).
3522:
3518:. Milan: 5 Continents Editions.
3507:
3492:
3477:
3443:
3428:
3410:
3385:
3183:
2670:Use of masks is also common in
2448:
2415:frequently wear masks (usually
752:
190:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
4279:University of California Press
4096:The History of Theater in Iran
3456:Jewish News of Greater Phoenix
3366:
3337:
3322:
3287:
3262:
3236:von Wartburg, Walther (1992).
3229:
3203:
3169:
3152:
2861:
2482:, a piece of safety equipment.
2016:; Arm-of-the Sea Theatre from
1850:Three photographs of the same
1743:National Archaeological Museum
1436:
935:holding mask, Papua New Guinea
1:
4626:Eskimos: Greenland and Canada
4525:physicalsciences.uchicago.edu
4519:Bryson, Kevin (20 May 2023).
4217:. Cornell University Library.
3871:Kahler, Wendy (16 May 1986).
3196:
3034:
2904:anti-facial recognition masks
2803:Masks have been used in many
2777:. West has donned masks from
2173:
2104:, used for the prevention of
766:In parts of Australia, giant
4809:
4751:Virtual Museum of Death Mask
4719:Ritual, Masks, and Sacrifice
4609:. Hancock House Publishers.
4605:Huteson, Pamela Rae (2007).
4347:American Alternative Theatre
4273:Smith, Susan Harris (1984).
4156:Masks: the Art of Expression
4119:Roze, Inese (4 April 2013),
3552:Fienup-Riordan, Ann (1996).
2946:ceremonial mask made of wood
2425:) when they attend protests.
2024:; and Shadowland Theatre of
1559:, or were subjugated to the
1284:
453:"black", a borrowing from a
368:
346:purposes, as well as in the
7:
4727:(archived 11 November 2006)
4667:Arctic Ecology and Identity
4304:20th Century Actor Training
3605:10.1086/aaa.47.3_4.25435155
3215:Online Etymology Dictionary
3113:
2627:
2455:NIOSH air filtration rating
2443:French ban on face covering
2268:
2229:, extending to face-masks.
1708:carnival in the Netherlands
10:
6888:
6820:List of individual dresses
4574:Inuit Art. An introduction
4447:"Who Was That Masked Man?"
4237:. London: Nick Hern Books.
4190:Festivals and Celebrations
2910:
2796:
2678:
2452:
2343:usually wear masks, often
2145:respiratory source control
2065:
2054:
1432:(Kaksi, Yangban and Sonpi)
1428:traditional Korean masks,
1409:
1288:
1238:India/Sri Lanka/Indo-China
1080:) are frequently worn by "
947:
777:
675:In Ancient Rome, the word
483:
476:مَسَخَ = "he transfomed" (
18:
6843:
6726:
6656:
6528:
6485:
6427:
6349:
6301:
6101:
6020:
5890:
5875:
5835:
5767:
5741:
5727:
5654:
5604:
5517:
5503:
5340:
5190:
5051:
4954:
4852:
4817:
3955:– via Google books.
3784:Lommel, Andreas (1981) .
3757:Griffith, Jeremy (2013).
3422:Symbols of Sacred Science
2974:Fools Meeting or Parade,
2687:, and relates closely to
2518:
2232:In the 16th century, the
1998:San Francisco Mime Troupe
1814:or gilt mask. During the
1602:existed the tradition of
1472:
1072:traditions, most notably
1037:made spectacular wooden '
773:
646:theatre of ancient Greece
554:claims that in the Roman
518:One of the challenges in
334:, and often employed for
4736:Mask Makers of Mas, Bali
4696:Rasmussen, Knud (1965).
4596:: CS1 maint: location (
4345:Shank, Theodore (1982).
4252:. London: Eyre Methuen.
4233:Callery, Dympha (2001).
3873:"African mask symbolism"
3452:"Purim wears many masks"
3145:
2848:
2713:are used most widely in
2502:or infectious particles.
2045:Horse and Bamboo Theatre
2002:Bread and Puppet Theatre
1604:Mamuthones e Issohadores
1519:A Venetian carnival mask
1402:A Korean mask worn by a
1393:
1336:
1277:temples. These faces or
1174:
939:Today, the qualities of
814:Northern Edo Masquerades
4721:(archived 26 July 2014)
4188:Auguet, Roland (1975),
4019:"Spotlight on El Santo"
3651:Gregor, Joseph (2002).
3597:Smithsonian Institution
2265:meant "mask or visor".
1879:, other artists of the
1737:(of which three are in
1499:, Buduļi or Būduļi) of
1455:National Museum of Iran
1169:
86:This article cites its
6825:Reconstructed clothing
4378:Horse + Bamboo Theatre
4248:Bablet, Denis (1981).
4094:Floor, Willem (2005).
3966:Feder, Norman (1973).
3819:University of Virginia
3815:"Faces of the Spirits"
3676:Herold, Erich (1992).
3657:. Dover Publications.
3516:Masks of the Himalayas
3501:Masks of the Himalayas
3294:Pernet, Henry (1992).
3180:(Nunley, 1999, p. 22).
2785:, most notably on his
2728:, Mental Creepers and
2641:
2528:
2366:for protection and to
2303:
2285:
2191:
2094:
2083:
1856:
1787:
1520:
1512:
1482:
1457:
1433:
1407:
1349:
1329:. The native story of
1217:
1188:
1120:, and occasionally of
1105:
988:
936:
845:
792:
770:masks cover the body.
622:
607:
503:
393:
307:
4768:18 April 2014 at the
4275:Masks in Modern Drama
3217:. Douglas Harper. n.d
2635:
2526:
2486:Full-face diving mask
2411:Members of the group
2300:Church of Scientology
2291:
2276:
2181:
2117:, European equivalent
2089:
2073:
2057:Mask (disambiguation)
2020:; Snake Theater from
1849:
1796:Ancient Greek theatre
1777:
1739:Republic of Macedonia
1642:. The celebration of
1518:
1488:
1480:
1444:
1427:
1401:
1344:
1209:
1182:
1095:
1026:, poles, and houses.
986:
931:
852:known as the Bwa and
832:
787:
613:
601:
497:K'inich Janaab' Pakal
491:
376:
298:
25:Mask (disambiguation)
6766:Environmental impact
4756:8 March 2018 at the
4607:Transformation Masks
4457:on 12 February 2009.
4056:Emigh, John (1996).
3626:Edson, Gary (2005).
3541:on 26 December 2010.
3531:"About Yup'ik Masks"
3031:Ludwig van Beethoven
3006:Taiwanese President
2732:, and the guitarist
2564:, a mask worn by an
2362:often wear masks or
2258:, and (for example)
2184:reusable filter mask
1842:Contemporary theatre
1778:Masked dancers at a
1467:Masks in Performance
808:cultures, including
780:African tribal masks
594:Masks in performance
506:The use of masks in
199:improve this article
146:for the books listed
6853:Clothing portal
4434:on 16 October 2006.
4370:Frith, Bob (2008).
4215:Digital Collections
3968:American Indian Art
3933:Fienup-Riordan, Ann
3790:Afrikanische Masken
3271:Die Macht der Maske
3164:Venus of Hohle Fels
2888:A "life mask" is a
2793:In works of fiction
2654:corporal punishment
2470:early modern Europe
2463:breathing apparatus
2349:riot control agents
1918:Edward Gordon Craig
1900:Edward Gordon Craig
1883:School, as well as
810:Egungun Masquerades
606:, second century AD
569:The North American
526:The earliest known
383:Heinrich Schliemann
4158:. British Museum.
4058:Masked Performance
3879:on 5 February 2004
3679:The World of Masks
3654:Masks of the World
2702:, create masks as
2642:
2598:Visor (ice hockey)
2529:
2500:particulate matter
2419:, best known from
2397:Masks are used by
2335:Participants in a
2304:
2286:
2192:
2095:
2084:
1912:commedia dell'arte
1857:
1832:Commedia dell'arte
1788:
1687:commedia dell'arte
1521:
1513:
1483:
1458:
1434:
1408:
1350:
1218:
1189:
1106:
989:
937:
846:
818:Caribbean Carnival
793:
664:in Korea, and the
623:
608:
575:False Face Society
560:Carnival of Venice
504:
394:
308:
6859:
6858:
6830:Right to clothing
6754:Halloween costume
6722:
6721:
6697:black lounge suit
6297:
6296:
6097:
6096:
5871:
5870:
5650:
5649:
4616:978-0-88839-635-8
4387:978-0-9558841-0-8
3952:978-0-295-97501-6
3825:on 29 August 2012
3813:Ray, Benjamin C.
3770:978-1-74129-011-0
3437:Fine Art Magazine
3016:COVID-19 pandemic
2092:COVID-19 pandemic
1775:
1753:king, presumably
1297:Native Indonesian
1104:-Aztec provenance
1012:Pacific Northwest
683:Roman citizenship
619:Dutch East Indies
468:= "mask"; Arabic
455:pre-Indo-European
379:Mask of Agamemnon
293:
292:
285:
275:
274:
267:
249:
173:
172:
125:
124:
117:
92:does not provide
70:
23:and viruses, see
6879:
6851:
6850:
6835:Vintage clothing
6663:
6662:
6608:Pocket protector
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5848:Bodysuit, infant
5739:
5738:
5520:formal, informal
5515:
5514:
5355:Ceremonial dress
4804:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4701:
4692:
4680:
4661:
4639:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4587:
4568:
4556:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4230:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4053:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4025:on 21 April 2014
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3970:. New York, NY:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3943:Anchorage Museum
3929:
3923:
3922:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3821:. Archived from
3810:
3804:
3803:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3537:. Archived from
3526:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3156:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3049:
3039:
3036:
3026:
3003:
2987:
2971:
2955:
2939:
2921:
2750:Hollywood Undead
2584:, a mask called
2417:Guy Fawkes masks
2051:Functional masks
1776:
1761:Masks in theatre
1078:masquerade balls
958:ancestor worship
708:and traditional
648:, the classical
318:, typically for
288:
281:
270:
263:
259:
256:
250:
248:
207:
183:
175:
168:
165:
159:
135:
127:
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
81:
80:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6845:
6839:
6781:made-to-measure
6734:Clothing fetish
6718:
6652:
6524:
6481:
6423:
6399:Square leg suit
6345:
6321:Blanket sleeper
6293:
6284:Sleeved blanket
6093:
6016:
5881:
5879:
5867:
5843:Bodysuit, adult
5831:
5763:
5731:
5723:
5646:
5600:
5519:
5507:
5499:
5345:
5336:
5186:
5047:
4950:
4848:
4847:
4813:
4808:
4770:Wayback Machine
4758:Wayback Machine
4715:
4685:Rasmussen, Knud
4677:
4658:
4636:
4617:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4565:
4545:
4543:Further reading
4540:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4466:
4462:
4451:The Daily Aztec
4443:
4439:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4315:
4311:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4246:
4242:
4231:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4152:
4145:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3972:Harry N. Abrams
3964:
3960:
3953:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3726:
3719:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3624:
3620:
3585:
3581:
3566:
3550:
3546:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3508:
3497:
3493:
3482:
3478:
3465:
3463:
3462:on 10 June 2012
3448:
3444:
3433:
3429:
3415:
3411:
3390:
3386:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3342:
3338:
3327:
3323:
3308:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3267:
3263:
3248:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3170:
3160:Venus figurines
3157:
3153:
3148:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3097:
3094:
3085:
3082:
3073:
3070:
3061:
3054:Abraham Lincoln
3050:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3018:
3004:
2995:
2992:Brooklyn Museum
2988:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2960:Balinese topeng
2956:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2929:Brooklyn Museum
2922:
2913:
2897:animal roleplay
2864:
2851:
2814:Friday the 13th
2801:
2795:
2783:Maison Margiela
2756:Leather-working
2711:Wrestling masks
2696:Isamaya Ffrench
2681:
2630:
2562:Goaltender mask
2546:catcher's mask.
2521:
2465:
2451:
2320:Occasionally a
2271:
2250:were invented,
2176:
2167:Cloth face mask
2129:Anesthetic mask
2068:
2060:
2053:
1990:Trestle Theatre
1959:and later, via
1957:Etienne Decroux
1940:– and later by
1922:A Note on Masks
1920:(1872–1966) in
1877:Oskar Schlemmer
1844:
1765:
1763:
1679:Maundy Thursday
1612:Boes e Merdules
1475:
1447:Kalmakareh Cave
1439:
1414:
1396:
1339:
1299:tribes such as
1293:
1287:
1240:
1177:
1172:
1148:Day of the Dead
1090:
1005:mask traditions
981:
950:
782:
776:
760:Jeremy Griffith
755:
745:programmes, or
596:
528:anthropomorphic
486:
459:más que la cara
377:The so-called '
371:
348:performing arts
289:
278:
277:
276:
271:
260:
254:
251:
208:
206:
196:
184:
169:
163:
160:
149:
136:
121:
110:
104:
101:
98:
94:page references
82:
78:
41:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6885:
6875:
6874:
6857:
6856:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6761:Cross-dressing
6758:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6671:
6669:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6534:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
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5869:
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5855:
5853:Long underwear
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5780:Training pants
5777:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5745:
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4772:
4760:
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4714:
4713:External links
4711:
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4709:
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4703:
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4511:
4486:
4460:
4437:
4428:"plaguedoctor"
4419:
4393:
4386:
4362:
4355:
4337:
4331:978-1408111468
4330:
4324:. Routeledge.
4318:Lecoq, Jacques
4309:
4294:
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4265:
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4240:
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3491:
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3442:
3427:
3409:
3384:
3365:
3359:978-3729605121
3358:
3336:
3321:
3306:
3286:
3280:978-3852528205
3279:
3261:
3247:978-2745309372
3246:
3228:
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3200:
3198:
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3182:
3168:
3150:
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3144:
3143:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Character mask
3122:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3088:
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3076:
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2850:
2847:
2809:Jason Voorhees
2799:Masked villain
2797:Main article:
2794:
2791:
2771:
2770:
2753:
2722:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2650:Scold's bridle
2629:
2626:
2606:wrestling mask
2602:
2601:
2595:
2592:Paintball mask
2589:
2579:
2573:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2477:
2450:
2447:
2439:anti-mask laws
2427:
2426:
2422:V for Vendetta
2409:
2402:
2395:
2372:
2371:
2352:
2333:
2318:
2302:, 2008, London
2270:
2267:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2102:N95 respirator
2074:A person dons
2067:
2064:
2052:
2049:
2018:New York State
2006:Peter Schumann
1973:masques neutre
1938:Eugene O'Neill
1904:Jacques Copeau
1843:
1840:
1824:ballet de cour
1762:
1759:
1717:archaeologist
1691:Venetian masks
1636:Sos Mamutzones
1545:nature spirits
1525:cave paintings
1474:
1471:
1438:
1435:
1395:
1392:
1338:
1335:
1289:Main article:
1286:
1283:
1239:
1236:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1100:, c. 1500, of
1096:Aztec mask of
1089:
1086:
1074:in New Orleans
980:
977:
949:
946:
908:people of the
844:, 19th century
775:
772:
754:
751:
595:
592:
485:
482:
412:Medieval Latin
370:
367:
300:Papierkrattler
291:
290:
273:
272:
187:
185:
178:
171:
170:
139:
137:
130:
123:
122:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6884:
6873:
6870:
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6854:
6849:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
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6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6786:ready-to-wear
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6776:haute couture
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:creature suit
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6739:Clothing swap
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6680:morning dress
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6646:
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6508:
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6407:
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6360:
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6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6267:dressing gown
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
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6231:
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6226:
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6139:
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6129:
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6119:
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5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5795:Plastic pants
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
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5766:
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5628:
5625:
5623:
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5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Princess line
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:Bouffant gown
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:Formal, semi-
5516:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:Pedal pushers
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
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5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
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5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
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4937:
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4929:
4927:
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4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
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4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
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4870:
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4865:
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4860:
4859:
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4855:
4851:
4844:
4841:
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4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4698:Thulei utazás
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4676:963-05-6629-X
4672:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4657:0-415-33035-1
4653:
4649:
4645:
4644:Mauss, Marcel
4641:
4637:
4635:90-04-07160-1
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4585:
4583:0-7141-2545-8
4579:
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4564:0-8061-2126-2
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4356:0-333-28883-1
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4319:
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4306:. Routeledge.
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4105:0-934211-29-9
4101:
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4073:
4071:0-8122-1336-X
4067:
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3918:0-8212-2261-9
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3689:9780600574422
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3439:. p. 21.
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3120:Anti-mask law
3118:
3117:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:Life mask of
3048:
3043:
3032:
3029:Life mask of
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:surgical mask
3009:
3002:
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2981:
2977:
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2926:
2925:Kwakwaka'wakw
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2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:Michael Myers
2834:
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2819:Jigsaw Killer
2816:
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2639:
2638:Mask of Shame
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2459:FFP standards
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2360:supervillains
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2248:polycarbonate
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2158:
2155:
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2149:
2146:
2143:, a tool for
2142:
2141:Surgical mask
2139:
2136:
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2124:
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2107:
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2100:
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2082:in a hospital
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2042:
2041:Welfare State
2037:
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2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:Amleto Satori
1966:
1965:Jacques Lecoq
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
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1910:theatre) and
1909:
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1873:Pablo Picasso
1870:
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1813:
1809:
1808:miracle plays
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1561:Abrahamic God
1558:
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1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:mobile phones
1413:
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1140:pre-Columbian
1136:
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1088:Latin America
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979:North America
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839:
836:used for the
835:
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584:
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542:In the Greek
540:
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398:Middle French
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357:, especially
356:
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332:entertainment
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219:
216: –
215:
211:
210:Find sources:
204:
200:
194:
193:
188:This article
186:
182:
177:
176:
167:
157:
153:
152:add the ISBNs
147:
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140:This article
138:
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108:
96:
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89:
84:
75:
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67:
60:
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54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
6793:Fur clothing
6613:Pocket watch
5934:British Warm
5909:Chesterfield
5820:boxer shorts
5815:boxer briefs
5547:little black
5200:Bell-bottoms
5170:sweater vest
4935:
4697:
4688:
4666:
4647:
4625:
4606:
4573:
4552:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4498:
4489:
4479:12 September
4477:. Retrieved
4473:
4463:
4455:the original
4450:
4440:
4432:the original
4422:
4410:. Retrieved
4406:
4396:
4372:
4365:
4346:
4340:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4297:
4274:
4268:
4259:0413-4788-07
4249:
4243:
4234:
4214:
4205:
4189:
4183:
4174:
4155:
4135:, retrieved
4126:
4121:
4114:
4095:
4089:
4080:
4057:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:the original
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3997:
3988:
3967:
3961:
3937:
3927:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3877:the original
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3849:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3823:the original
3808:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3759:
3752:
3733:
3729:
3711:
3707:
3704:Kak, Subhash
3698:
3678:
3671:
3653:
3646:
3627:
3621:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3554:
3547:
3539:the original
3534:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:the original
3455:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3421:
3418:Guénon, René
3412:
3397:
3387:
3378:
3368:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3296:
3289:
3270:
3264:
3237:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3185:
3177:Trois-Frères
3171:
3154:
3058:Leonard Volk
3008:Tsai Ing-wen
2840:
2835:series, and
2830:
2812:
2805:horror films
2802:
2772:
2746:Dimmu Borgir
2742:Alice Cooper
2704:wearable art
2693:
2682:
2664:
2643:
2636:A medieval "
2620:, and other
2603:
2585:
2570:field hockey
2512:Welding mask
2449:Occupational
2441:such as the
2428:
2420:
2406:Ku Klux Klan
2380:Semana Santa
2373:
2354:In fiction,
2305:
2293:
2262:
2245:
2242:
2231:
2215:gladiatorial
2212:
2193:
2160:
2106:tuberculosis
2096:
2080:surgical N95
2061:
2038:
1995:
1988:
1972:
1954:
1921:
1916:
1893:
1869:Alfred Jarry
1858:
1793:
1789:
1719:Georgi Kitov
1712:
1704:
1668:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1596:hobby horses
1577:
1565:
1549:Christianity
1522:
1466:
1463:George Goyan
1459:
1415:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1294:
1278:
1268:
1241:
1232:Peking opera
1225:
1220:
1219:
1190:
1185:Peking opera
1137:
1126:
1107:
1098:Xiuhtecuhtli
1067:
1056:
1043:
1028:
1009:
990:
972:
966:
963:
951:
938:
933:Asaro mudman
918:Sierra Leone
903:
882:
867:
850:Burkina Faso
847:
837:
822:
794:
765:
756:
753:Ritual masks
703:
696:
686:
676:
674:
666:topeng dance
643:
624:
604:Roman mosaic
588:
583:Yup'ik masks
568:
541:
525:
520:anthropology
517:
505:
493:Funeral mask
473:
469:
465:
458:
450:
446:
439:
432:
425:
421:
414:
407:
400:
395:
352:
311:
309:
299:
279:
261:
255:January 2021
252:
242:
235:
228:
221:
209:
197:Please help
192:verification
189:
164:January 2021
161:
156:citation bot
150:Please help
141:
111:
105:January 2021
102:
91:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
21:tuberculosis
6692:Semi-formal
6658:Dress codes
6548:Boutonnière
6530:Accessories
6409:Swim diaper
6404:Swim briefs
6369:Boardshorts
6289:Windbreaker
6050:Suit jacket
6045:Mess jacket
5939:Guards Coat
5858:See-through
5622:Romper suit
4996:Neck gaiter
4991:Neckerchief
4838:Terminology
4553:The Eskimos
4504:1 September
4192:, Collins,
4137:26 February
3996:. Gallery.
3211:"mask (n.)"
3135:Domino mask
3038: 1812
3014:during the
2962:dance masks
2869:buccal mask
2862:Other types
2855:Bridal Mask
2787:Yeezus Tour
2610:lucha libre
2550:Diving mask
2506:Oxygen mask
2488:as part of
2480:Filter mask
2474:Black Death
2370:themselves.
2356:superheroes
2328:appears in
2326:prosecution
2308:recognition
2292:Members of
2283:recognition
2200:respirators
2182:Protective
2157:Pocket mask
2151:Face shield
2123:Oxygen mask
2034:Nazi regime
2030:Mary Wigman
2014:Minneapolis
1985:John Wright
1885:surrealists
1865:avant-garde
1816:Renaissance
1689:'-inspired
1632:Su 'Omadore
1575:festivals.
1507:regions in
1437:Middle East
1412:Korean mask
1326:Mahabharata
1279:Kirtimukhas
1244:Mahabharata
1031:Great Lakes
1016:woodworkers
1010:Indigenous
941:African art
910:Ivory Coast
896:'s Mask of
693:death masks
552:René Guénon
544:bacchanalia
537:neanderthal
533:paleolithic
385:in 1876 at
355:art history
328:performance
154:or run the
6633:Suspenders
6628:Sunglasses
6563:Cummerbund
6553:Coin purse
6457:Flip-flops
6452:Dress shoe
6447:Dress boot
6442:Court shoe
6389:Rash guard
6336:Nightshirt
6210:Harrington
6168:pellegrina
6028:Frock coat
6021:Suit coats
6010:Mackintosh
5951:Over-frock
5810:Underpants
5759:Undershirt
5632:Shirtdress
5473:boilersuit
5370:diplomatic
5332:Yoga pants
5322:Sweatpants
5235:High water
5230:Go-to-hell
5123:sleeveless
5076:halterneck
5066:cache-cœur
4986:Lavallière
4833:Technology
4738:(video on
4689:Thulefahrt
4530:27 January
4474:designboom
3682:. Hamlyn.
3565:0295975237
3466:26 October
3379:Don's Maps
3221:16 January
3197:References
3130:Pareidolia
3010:wearing a
2876:death mask
2779:Balenciaga
2775:Kanye West
2734:Buckethead
2700:Damselfrau
2674:practices.
2622:archetypes
2616:, ancient
2496:Respirator
2453:See also:
2429:While the
2337:black bloc
2204:dust masks
2174:Protective
2108:and other
2022:California
1961:Jean Daste
1859:Masks and
1782:festival,
1725:, Central
1592:harlequins
1481:Greek mask
1410:See also:
1211:Sanxingdui
1160:wear masks
1070:Mardi Gras
1039:false face
778:See also:
743:television
714:ceremonies
631:theatrical
577:). In the
556:saturnalia
512:ceremonies
478:transitive
444:Old French
389:, Greece,
340:ceremonial
320:protection
304:Ravensburg
225:newspapers
52:improve it
6702:black tie
6685:white tie
6593:Jewellery
6510:Pantyhose
6384:One-piece
6331:Nightgown
6303:Nightwear
6141:Inverness
6136:ferraiolo
5961:shadbelly
5929:Greatcoat
5896:Overcoats
5883:outerwear
5729:Underwear
5684:Miniskirt
5669:Ballerina
5586:Strapless
5564:debutante
5559:ball gown
5537:Coatdress
5478:cleanroom
5436:Religious
5431:Political
5327:Windpants
5265:Parachute
5182:Waistcoat
5160:polo neck
4646:(1979) .
4592:cite book
3613:192771456
2978:, Germany
2842:Halloween
2827:Ghostface
2767:gas masks
2764:artisanal
2760:steampunk
2538:Balaclava
2413:Anonymous
2399:vigilante
2345:bandannas
2295:Anonymous
2260:Old Norse
2213:In Roman
2135:Burn mask
2110:pathogens
1946:Grotowski
1896:Meyerhold
1715:Bulgarian
1537:shamanism
1406:performer
1285:Indonesia
1260:Indonesia
1197:shamanism
1156:Wrestling
1144:All Souls
954:Melanesia
834:Fang mask
788:Masks of
735:Halloween
726:community
722:festivals
670:Indonesia
656:drama of
579:Himalayas
430:Provençal
422:maskharah
369:Etymology
359:sculpture
344:practical
306:, Germany
58:talk page
6866:Category
6709:Informal
6638:Umbrella
6583:Headband
6558:Cufflink
6515:Stocking
6500:Hold-ups
6429:Footwear
6379:Monokini
6374:Dry suit
6351:Swimwear
6326:Negligee
6316:Babygrow
6311:Babydoll
6279:Ski suit
6262:bathrobe
6242:Lab coat
6220:mackinaw
6163:mozzetta
6153:monastic
6114:pinafore
6077:Tailcoat
6005:Raincoat
5785:Leggings
5754:Camisole
5734:lingerie
5642:Sundress
5542:Cocktail
5527:Backless
5468:Workwear
5451:vestment
5446:clerical
5426:Pantsuit
5392:Military
5387:Jumpsuit
5382:Jodhpuri
5360:academic
5347:uniforms
5317:Slim-fit
5305:hotpants
5255:Overalls
5250:Jodhpurs
5192:Trousers
5145:guernsey
5140:cardigan
5081:tube top
5071:crop top
4979:Clerical
4956:Neckwear
4931:Kerchief
4872:baseball
4854:Headwear
4843:Timeline
4828:Industry
4811:Clothing
4766:Archived
4754:Archived
4687:(1926).
4412:18 April
4320:(2002).
4198:73-15299
4098:. MAGE.
3935:(1996).
3856:25 March
3663:68-18150
3599:: 4–15.
3574:95023296
3420:(2004).
3399:BBC News
3316:91045396
3114:See also
3060:in 1860.
2976:Meßkirch
2958:Various
2944:Cherokee
2845:series.
2817:series,
2726:Slipknot
2689:carnival
2628:Punitive
2544:Baseball
2392:capirote
2388:Catholic
2384:Hispanic
2341:protests
2324:for the
2279:rib knit
2269:Disguise
2219:medieval
2186:worn by
2161:CPR mask
1981:puppetry
1889:Dadaists
1836:puppetry
1751:Thracian
1727:Bulgaria
1660:wild man
1652:Lombardy
1644:Giubiana
1640:Samugheo
1624:Orotelli
1608:Mamoiada
1600:Sardinia
1588:wild men
1580:monsters
1573:Carnival
1533:Dordogne
1505:Courland
1469:above).
1451:Lorestan
1430:Hahoetal
1345:Mask of
1320:Ramayana
1275:Buddhist
1264:Thailand
1252:Cambodia
1248:Ramayana
1201:Buddhism
1164:El Santo
1133:trophies
1127:For the
1058:kachinas
1035:Iroquois
997:shamanic
878:antelope
790:Cameroon
731:carnival
710:pageants
698:lararium
688:imagines
571:Iroquois
548:Dionysus
546:and the
470:maskhara
447:mascurer
440:mascarar
433:mascarar
408:maschera
324:disguise
6805:Fursuit
6771:Fashion
6744:Costume
6727:Related
6667:Western
6588:Handbag
6573:Glasses
6568:Gaiters
6538:Armband
6487:Legwear
6477:Sneaker
6472:Slipper
6419:Wetsuit
6364:Burkini
6341:Pajamas
6225:Norfolk
6215:leather
6180:Cut-off
6126:Cagoule
6121:Blouson
6087:morning
6060:smoking
6033:bekishe
5990:Paletot
5790:Panties
5699:Rah-rah
5694:Prairie
5591:Wedding
5576:Prairie
5554:Evening
5505:Dresses
5441:cassock
5407:service
5310:running
5295:dolphin
5290:dycling
5285:Bermuda
5260:Palazzo
5240:Lowrise
5205:Bondage
5175:twinset
5135:Sweater
5088:Cycling
5001:Necktie
4909:homburg
4823:History
4740:YouTube
4499:GQIndia
3980:73-4857
3256:3488833
3162:is the
2911:Gallery
2890:plaster
2839:of the
2829:of the
2811:of the
2719:persona
2715:Mexican
2679:Fashion
2665:silence
2658:torture
2576:Hurling
2556:Fencing
2435:Islamic
2401:groups.
2322:witness
2315:Robbers
2238:sunburn
2223:samurai
2190:officer
2066:Medical
2026:Toronto
1930:Cocteau
1881:Bauhaus
1861:puppets
1820:masques
1780:tshechu
1735:Balkans
1656:anguane
1628:S'Urtzu
1620:Thurpos
1541:museums
1531:in the
1529:Lascaux
1501:Zemgale
1495:group (
1493:mumming
1404:Talchum
1221:Shigong
1193:Yangtze
1020:shields
968:duk-duk
948:Oceania
906:Senoufo
874:Chiwara
747:cartoon
718:rituals
678:persona
662:talchum
621:, 1930s
508:rituals
499:at the
484:History
474:masakha
466:masecha
437:Catalan
426:sakhira
410:, from
405:Italian
387:Mycenae
336:rituals
239:scholar
88:sources
6714:Casual
6675:Formal
6643:Wallet
6598:Livery
6578:Gloves
6520:Tights
6505:Garter
6462:Sandal
6414:Trunks
6359:Bikini
6252:Poncho
6237:Jerkin
6230:safari
6205:goggle
6200:flight
6190:Jacket
6175:Coatee
6148:Mantle
6065:sports
6055:Blazer
5973:Ulster
5968:Trench
5956:Riding
5924:Duster
5919:Duffel
5914:Covert
5825:briefs
5775:Diaper
5768:Bottom
5704:Sarong
5689:Pencil
5664:A-line
5656:Skirts
5627:Sheath
5617:Jumper
5605:Casual
5493:scrubs
5483:hazmat
5463:Prison
5458:School
5419:combat
5412:sailor
5280:Shorts
5225:Formal
5155:jersey
5150:hoodie
5113:Henley
5098:Mantle
5061:Blouse
5043:Tippet
5026:school
5021:kipper
4974:Collar
4969:Choker
4941:Turban
4921:Helmet
4904:fedora
4899:bowler
4894:boater
4673:
4654:
4632:
4613:
4580:
4561:
4384:
4353:
4328:
4285:
4256:
4196:
4162:
4129:]
4102:
4068:
4029:30 May
4003:6 July
3978:
3949:
3941:. The
3915:
3883:30 May
3829:30 May
3796:
3767:
3740:
3686:
3661:
3634:
3611:
3572:
3562:
3356:
3314:
3304:
3277:
3254:
3244:
2883:facial
2832:Scream
2744:, and
2685:masque
2618:heroes
2519:Sports
2461:, and
2256:armour
2252:visors
2234:Visard
2227:armour
2078:and a
1926:Brecht
1828:ballet
1786:, 2013
1784:Bhutan
1723:Shipka
1699:Goethe
1675:Venice
1671:guilds
1616:Ottana
1557:devils
1511:, 2016
1509:Latvia
1497:Budēļi
1490:Meteņi
1473:Europe
1388:Kabuki
1383:Kyōgen
1359:bugaku
1355:gigaku
1314:topeng
1291:Topeng
1129:Aztecs
1114:copper
1102:Mixtec
1063:Navajo
1055:. The
1045:Pueblo
1024:canoes
993:Arctic
973:tubuan
870:Bamana
804:, and
798:Yoruba
774:Africa
720:, and
627:ritual
463:Hebrew
419:Arabic
401:masque
363:relief
241:
234:
227:
220:
214:"Mask"
212:
142:lacks
6872:Masks
6798:types
6648:Watch
6623:Spats
6394:Sling
6274:Shawl
6247:Parka
6185:Gilet
6158:royal
6109:Apron
6102:Other
6082:dress
6038:rekel
5983:opera
5978:Cloak
5946:Greca
5877:Coats
5863:Teddy
5805:Thong
5709:Skort
5679:Men's
5674:Denim
5612:House
5571:Plain
5510:gowns
5488:space
5365:court
5342:Suits
5245:Jeans
5220:Chaps
5215:Cargo
5210:Capri
5165:shrug
5108:dress
5103:Shirt
5093:Kurta
5038:Scarf
5031:stock
5006:ascot
4964:Bands
4862:Beret
4131:(PDF)
4125:[
3732:[
3609:S2CID
3348:[
3146:Notes
2849:Drama
2821:from
2582:Kendo
2558:mask.
2431:niqāb
2368:brand
2364:cowls
2351:used.
2330:court
2263:grímr
1950:Brook
1942:Arden
1934:Genet
1855:moved
1804:brass
1755:Teres
1747:Sofia
1731:karat
1648:Canzo
1584:bears
1394:Korea
1347:Tengu
1337:Japan
1331:Panji
1301:Dayak
1271:Hindu
1256:Burma
1175:China
1110:Andes
1082:krewe
1001:Inuit
923:Grebo
914:Temne
898:Benin
889:Gabon
858:Dogon
842:Gabon
824:Djolé
768:totem
739:films
658:Tibet
654:lhamo
639:drama
615:Batak
564:Purim
451:mask-
415:masca
330:, or
246:JSTOR
232:books
144:ISBNs
6815:Laws
6618:Sash
6603:Muff
6543:Belt
6495:Sock
6467:Shoe
6437:Boot
6257:Robe
6195:down
6131:Cape
6070:Teba
6000:Polo
5836:Full
5800:Slip
5732:and
5719:Wrap
5714:Tutu
5637:Slip
5596:Wrap
5508:and
5402:mess
5397:full
5377:Folk
5275:Phat
5118:polo
5053:Tops
5011:bolo
4946:Veil
4936:Mask
4926:Hood
4882:knit
4877:flat
4671:ISBN
4652:ISBN
4630:ISBN
4611:ISBN
4598:link
4578:ISBN
4559:ISBN
4532:2024
4506:2023
4481:2019
4414:2024
4382:ISBN
4373:Veil
4351:ISBN
4326:ISBN
4283:ISBN
4254:ISBN
4194:LCCN
4160:ISBN
4139:2016
4100:ISBN
4066:ISBN
4031:2014
4005:2010
3976:LCCN
3947:ISBN
3913:ISBN
3885:2014
3858:2007
3831:2014
3794:ISBN
3765:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3684:ISBN
3659:LCCN
3632:ISBN
3570:LCCN
3560:ISBN
3468:2012
3354:ISBN
3312:LCCN
3302:ISBN
3275:ISBN
3252:OCLC
3242:ISBN
3223:2021
2781:and
2738:Kiss
2730:Gwar
2698:and
2672:BDSM
2614:gods
2358:and
2202:and
2188:NYPD
2115:FFP2
2000:and
1979:and
1963:and
1887:and
1822:and
1812:gold
1695:Lent
1683:Doge
1664:bear
1634:and
1569:Fool
1553:gods
1503:and
1364:The
1323:and
1309:Bali
1307:and
1305:Java
1273:and
1246:and
1199:and
1187:mask
1170:Asia
1122:clay
1118:gold
1053:Zuni
1051:and
1049:Hopi
971:and
904:The
894:Idia
885:Punu
862:Mali
854:Nuna
838:ngil
812:and
802:Igbo
706:folk
629:and
342:and
316:face
312:mask
218:news
90:but
5995:Pea
5904:Car
5880:and
5749:Bra
5742:Top
5344:and
5300:gym
5016:bow
4914:top
4889:Hat
4867:Cap
4407:CBR
3601:doi
3056:by
2895:An
2881:A "
2867:A "
2823:Saw
2656:or
2586:Men
2568:or
2566:ice
2386:or
2339:at
2159:or
2076:PPE
2012:of
1987:'s
1908:Noh
1852:noh
1800:Noh
1745:in
1646:in
1638:of
1622:of
1614:of
1606:of
1527:of
1449:in
1370:noh
1368:or
1226:nuo
1215:Shu
1116:or
916:of
887:of
860:of
806:Edo
668:of
650:noh
510:or
495:of
480:).
353:In
201:by
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4590:{{
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