532:
o'clock in the morning; the meal itself was a "noble service" of dishes "brought by revered people" and squires in livery, and could last up to two hours. While eating, the sisters were read instructive and noble stories; in addition, King Edward IV insisted that there should be no "brawlers, hooligans, dangerous people or adulterers" in the homes of his children, and all conversation in their presence should be "virtuous, honest ... and wise". After dinner, the princesses would take a bath and perhaps get an afternoon nap. Later, drinks and bread were brought to the girls, after which the bell called everyone to
Vespers. Dinner was served at four o'clock in the evening. The rest of the evening was spent by the princesses in entertainment such as games and music; the King's daughters went to bed at about eight o'clock in the evening, having previously received a snack in the form of bread, ale or wine and other products. It is noteworthy that in the accounts of the court of the princesses of this period, toys are hardly mentioned.
589:. It is not known how the grandfather's death affected the little princesses, but most likely the Queen hid what happened from the children. At the same time, Mary's maternal grandmother, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, was arrested after being accused of witchcraft and the use of love spells of the King. Although Jacquetta was acquitted, this unpleasant episode, as well as the unmotivated execution of Earl Rivers, showed how far the enemies of Edward IV were ready to go to destroy his wife and her family. Despite all this, the Queen herself and her daughters were not harmed during Warwick's brief rise, except that Mary's mother was assigned a reduced staff of servants.
153:
629:, where she was known as a very pious woman. When the royal family arrived at the hideout, the Abbey was nearly empty; the Abbot of Westminster Thomas Milling took them under his protection –a kind, hospitable man, he did not want to place the Queen and princesses with criminals and gave them his house at the western entrance to the Abbey, where there were three rooms and everything necessary for the convenience of the royal family. Also, they were assisted by ordinary Londoners: the butcher John Gould donated half a cow and two sheep a week to the family of King Edward IV, and the fishmonger provided them with provisions on Fridays and fasting days.
283:(later Queen consort of England), who was eighteen months older. The princesses were raised and religiously educated together and were accustomed from childhood to frequent moves between royal residences. From time to time, the girls were called to the court, where they were present at the festivities and during state visits. Also, a strict daily routine was provided for the princesses, and special attention was paid to their safety. It is noteworthy that in the accounts dating back to the childhood of the princesses, there are almost no expenses for toys.
347:
518:
was considered necessary to prepare them for the role of future wives of kings, mothers and "decorations of the court". The girls dressed in miniature versions of the lavish outfits worn by noble ladies, and also learned as they got older how to handle heavy fabrics, long trains, and elaborate headdresses. Princesses were taught good manners from an early age and were brought up in the deepest respect for their parents, whom they did not see often; every night they were together.
356:
554:, which caused serious concern to the King and made him think that his eldest daughter Elizabeth would rule the country after him. A year earlier, rumors had spread at court about an aggravation of enmity between the supporter of the King, the Earl of Warwick and the Queen, whose numerous relatives moved the Earl from court. In the same 1468, a final split occurred between Edward IV and Warwick due to the marriage of the King's sister
581:, where they were received with magnificent celebrations and theatrical performances; It is not known for certain which of the two younger princesses at that time accompanied her mother, however, it was probably Mary, since Cecily was too small. The Queen and princesses were settled in the house of the monk-preachers; here the royal family received news that Warwick had not only won the
663:
536:
outer gates were locked at nine o'clock in the evening in winter and at ten in summer. The guards went around the castle grounds three or four times a night, checking every room. Later, a special person was assigned to Prince Edward, who spent the night in his chambers and monitored the safety and health of the boy at night; probably the princesses also had such a person.
613:
safety. Anticipating a future crisis, the Queen ordered the Tower to be fortified and security increased. Elizabeth
Woodville was in her seventh month of pregnancy and a maternity ward was prepared for her, but she failed to use them: Warwick invaded England, and in early October news appeared in London that Mary's father, along with his younger brother
722:, their older sister Elizabeth had already been named Lady of the Garter in February of the same year. In addition, there is no information on how Mary lived in her later years; documents of this period contain only information about the political situation in the country and do not affect the private life of the younger members of the royal family.
562:, whom Warwick hated and despised. In 1469, a feud between Warwick and the royal couple led to an alliance between the Earl and the King's younger brother, George, Duke of Clarence, whose position as heir to the throne was threatened by the idea of Edward IV to appointed his eldest daughter as his successor.
577:; then both of them landed with troops in England and announced George's claim to the English throne, declaring Edward IV was illegitimate, born of Cecily Neville's affair with the English archer Blaybourne. At this time, Mary's mother, along with at least two daughters, one of whom was Elizabeth, visited
535:
The safety of the princesses was given special attention. After the doors of the chambers of Mary and
Elizabeth were locked at eight o'clock in the evening, no one except the personal servants of the princesses could enter them. At night, a burning candle or torch was left in the girls' bedroom; the
531:
at the local chapel. Regular observance of liturgical services was seen as a necessity for the royal children. Immediately after mass, the princesses ate breakfast; the likely ingredients for breakfast were bread, butter, ale, fish, meat, or eggs. Dinner was served to the princesses at ten or eleven
653:
organized an attack on the Tower, intending to restore Henry VI to the throne; two towers were fired from the river, in one of which was Mary and her family. The attack was repulsed, but this forced Edward IV to put his predecessor to death, and on 21 May 1471 Henry VI was strangled in his dungeon.
632:
While in hiding, the princesses spent most of their time with nannies, as Queen
Elizabeth was busy with the birth and subsequent care of Prince Edward, who was born in early November 1470. Mary and her family spent another five months in the shelter. In April 1471, the princess's father, spurred on
526:
The daily routine followed by Mary and
Elizabeth was probably similar to that which was later set by the King for their brother Edward when he was three years old; it may also have been based on customs described in the household books of their paternal uncle George, Duke of Clarence. The children
517:
From time to time, little princesses were called to the court, where they were present at festivals and during state visits. At court, Elizabeth and Mary joined their mother's retinue, learning from her example and that of her ladies manners, music, singing, dancing, embroidery and everything that
786:
In 1789, a worker carrying out repairs to the chapel accidentally discovered and opened the tomb of King Edward IV and his wife
Elizabeth Woodville. In a room adjacent to the crypt, the coffins of two children were found – presumed at the time to be George and Mary. However, in 1810, places were
612:
on the throne; as a part of the alliance, the former Prince of Wales married
Warwick's second daughter. In September 1470, as Edward IV prepared for an invasion by the combined forces of Warwick and Margaret of Anjou, Mary, her sisters, and her mother were moved to the Tower of London for their
678:
At the end of 1474, Edward IV, who was preparing to invade France, signed a will, according to which Mary and her older sister
Elizabeth were to receive a dowry of 10,000 marks, on the condition that the princesses in the matter of marriage would be submissive to their mother and brother-King.
466:
extensive staff of servants and 400£ a year for their needs (as of 2013 – about 200,000£). The princesses also used to travel a lot from childhood, as the royal couple, along with their children and a vast court, traveled between a hundred royal residences, located mostly in the Thames valley.
465:
and a close friend of the Queen
Elizabeth's family); Lady Margaret received a salary of 100£ for her services (as of 2013 – 50,000£) per year. In Sheen Palace, Mary, together with Elizabeth, spent her infancy and part of her childhood; in addition to the governess, the princesses were given an
456:
in Surrey, where the royal nursery was organized: according to tradition, royal offspring were brought up away from London and the court for their safety and health. Here, Mary, along with her older sister
Elizabeth (born 11 February 1466), was brought up under the guidance of a governess Lady
1314:. More recent research has determined the order of the sisters in the stained glass window as Elizabeth, Cecily, Anne, Catherine and Mary, however it is more likely that the York princesses are arranged in seniority on the stained glass window and Mary is depicted second from left.
600:, where he began to lure the nobles back to his side. In the winter of 1470, the King regained full control of the government and declared Warwick and Clarence traitors; both of them fled to France, where by July 1470 Warwick managed to conclude an alliance with the former Queen
699:), which meant that France's spare bride was no longer needed. According to other sources, the betrothal never took place: marriage negotiations, shortly after they began, were stopped due to the deteriorating health of the princess. Previously, the elder brother of Frederick,
558:: Warwick, who had once failed to marry the King to a French princess, wanted to conclude an alliance with France through the marriage of Margaret and a French prince, but Edward IV, following to advice of the Woodvilles, married off his sister to an enemy of France –
527:
were awakened at approximately six o'clock in the morning so that they could "get up at a convenient hour according to age" to attend morning prayer in their bedroom. Then the bell informed them that it was time to go to Mass, which was celebrated by the house
633:
by the news of the birth of his son, returned to England and, first of all, after attending a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey, took his family out of hiding. On the same night, Mary, along with other family members, was transported to
683:, heir of the French throne, when she reached the age of marriageable consent; in the event of the premature death of Elizabeth, Mary herself became the substitute bride of the Dauphin; however, in 1481, she, apparently, was betrothed to
791:, and the remains of two more children were found in another room; some remains, well preserved, fell under the parameters of Mary. Thus, it is not known whose remains were buried next to the grave of Edward IV and his wife.
573:, who were the richest heiresses in England, with the King's brothers, but Edward IV refused him, fearing the rise of the Nevilles. In July 1469 Clarence openly disobeyed his brother by marrying Warwick's eldest daughter at
624:
Having received news of her husband's fall, Queen Elizabeth, along with her mother and three daughters, including Mary, hurriedly left the Tower in the middle of the night on a barge and arrived in search of refuge at
782:
and other ladies. Baroness Dacre, after the death of Mary's younger brother George, served as maid of honor and governess to the princess. The third and last mass was celebrated after the funeral for commoners.
641:, and the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Bourchier, set out for the Royal Apartments in the Tower of London, while Mary's father went north to reclaim the crown. On 13 April, Warwick was killed at the
649:, in which the Lancastrian heir Edward of Westminster was killed and Margaret of Anjou was captured. However, on 12 May, while Edward IV was still on his way to London, the last supporters of the
317:
After the final defeat of the Warwick party and the restoration of peace in the country, Mary and her older sister began to look for suitors. Elizabeth was supposed to be the wife of the
729:. The body of the princess was not embalmed, but was dressed in rich clothes and put up for farewell in a church in Greenwich. On the same day a memorial mass was celebrated by the
38:
637:, which served as the residence of her paternal grandmother, Cecily Neville. On 11 April, the Queen and her children, accompanied by the King's mother, the Queen's brother
474:
The religious education of the royal offspring began at a very early age, and by the age of four, the children should have known the psalter. Feast days, in particular the
2228:
321:, heir of the French throne, with Mary as a replacement for her older sister in case of her premature death or other obstacle to marriage. In 1481, the Danish prince
498:, as well as saints' days, were marked with special services in the chapel, sermons and entertainment; Elizabeth and Mary these days made offerings during Mass. On
679:
However, only two months later, Edward IV concluded a peace treaty with France, one of the conditions of which was the marriage of Mary's elder sister to the
1842:
1306:
The stained glass window was made by order of Edward IV by the royal master William Neuve after the birth of his sixth (but fifth surviving) daughter
306:
was also born in the asylum, whose birth spurred the princess's father to accelerate the reconquest of his kingdom. In April 1471, Edward IV returned
2007:
Windsor Castle: An Architectural History, Collected and Written by Command of Their Majesties Queen Victoria, King Edward VII & King George V.
249:
333:(later King Frederick I) was supposed to be Mary's fiancé, but when negotiations were underway for marriage, she fell seriously ill and died.
22:
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In 1476 Mary, among others, attended the reburial ceremony for the remains of her paternal grandfather the Duke of York and his second son
510:
and the Advent fasts, girls were required to fast or abstain from meat. On New Year's Eve, the princesses received gifts, and on the
409:; being the second child from her parents' ten children, the princess also had two half-brothers from her mother's first marriage to
1836:
715:
774:, the third son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, who died in infancy. The mourners at Mary's funeral were the Queen's sister
298:, had mutinied against the King. Soon Edward IV was removed from the throne, and Mary with her mother and sisters found refuge in
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617:, had fled the country, having only an illusory hope for a return. On 6 October Warwick and Clarence entered the
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703:, was called a possible suitor of Mary, but it is not known whether marriage negotiations were ever started.
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to his rule and immediately moved the family from the refuge to the residence of his mother, and then to the
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441:, Dowager Duchess of Bedford. The girl was baptized shortly after birth; among her sponsors was the
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Earlier, even at a time when the King was close to Warwick, the Earl wanted to marry his daughters
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By the autumn of 1469, Edward IV managed to gain freedom and already in September he entered
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The first years of Mary's life were spent in close connection with her older sister
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in August 1479, but before November 1480 – when was born his youngest daughter
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being prepared in the chapel for the burial of members of the family of King
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at Fotheringay. In 1478 Mary attended the wedding of her younger brother
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645:, and on 4 May Edward IV finally defeated the Lancastrian troops at the
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2063:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longman and Robers. pp. 395–403.
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and was buried in the southeastern part of the chapel, next to Prince
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In 1469, Mary's father had a conflict with his longtime supporter the
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718:; in May 1480 she, along with her younger sister Cecily, were made
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Daughters of King Edward IV. Stained glass window of the northwest
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they were taught to crawl to the cross on their knees. During the
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At the end of 1481, Mary fell ill and died on 23 May 1482 in the
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265:(11 August 1467 – 23 May 1482) was the second daughter of King
79:
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2004:
St. John Hope, William (1913). Offices of Country Life (ed.).
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On 20 March 1469 the Queen gave birth to another daughter,
762:. Mary's coffin was taken in a magnificent procession to
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they were allowed to join in the celebrations and feast.
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Portrait of Elizabeth Woodville from the collection of
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1941:Tighe, Robert Richard; Davis, James Edward (1858).
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1837:"Elizabeth [Elizabeth of York] (1466–1503)"
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452:In 1467, the King granted his wife lifelong use of
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674:, 16th century. Mary is depicted in the far right.
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1343:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
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23:Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
2019:
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828:Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
401:as the second daughter of children of King
1940:
250:
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36:
2024:Society of Antiquaries of London (1789).
2014:
290:, who, in alliance with Mary's uncle the
2134:Elizabeth of York: The First Tudor Queen
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502:, girls gave gifts to the poor; on
470:Religious upbringing and court life
397:Mary was born on 11 August 1467 at
214:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford
13:
2060:Lives of the Princesses of England
1096:Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers
701:John, Hereditary Prince of Denmark
435:Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers
367:Portrait of Edward IV, now at the
94:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
14:
2250:
2152:
2137:. Random House Publishing Group.
2116:. Random House Publishing Group.
2074:. A&C Black. pp. 71–86.
2057:Everett Green, Mary Anne (1851).
1796:. Vol. 17. pp. 200–203.
854:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
459:John Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners
423:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
421:. Her paternal grandparents were
369:National Portrait Gallery, London
1793:Dictionary of National Biography
1346:. Scarecrow Press. p. 336.
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354:
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1934:
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425:(who claimed the rights of the
2189:People from Windsor, Berkshire
21:For daughter of George V, see
1:
2089:Okerlund, Garland A. (2009).
2050:
1787:"Elizabeth (1465-1503)"
386:
372:
2234:Royalty who died as children
1860:UK public library membership
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615:Richard, Duke of Gloucester
219:Catherine, Countess of Devon
7:
2214:15th-century English people
2095:. Springer. pp. 6–14.
1187:Peter I, Count of Saint-Pol
794:
429:to the English throne) and
175:Elizabeth, Queen of England
10:
2255:
2219:15th-century English women
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1047:
921:
815:
543:
457:Margaret Berners (wife of
383:Queens' College, Cambridge
185:Cecily, Viscountess Welles
20:
2209:Women of the Tudor period
2030:. Vol. 2. p. 4.
1834:Horrox, Rosemary (2004).
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560:Charles, Duke of Burgundy
461:, great-grandson of King
447:Cardinal Thomas Bourchier
190:Edward V, King of England
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604:, who wanted to put her
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443:Archbishop of Canterbury
2071:Tudor Queens of England
1213:Jacquetta of Luxembourg
708:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
439:Jacquetta of Luxembourg
2068:Loades, David (2009).
1340:Panton, James (2011).
697:Christian I of Denmark
695:(youngest son of King
675:
2224:Children of Edward IV
2131:Weir, Alison (2013).
2110:Weir, Alison (2011).
1852:10.1093/ref:odnb/8635
1070:Sir Richard Wydeville
712:Richard, Duke of York
665:
337:Birth and early years
294:and the former Queen
2199:Ladies of the Garter
1126:13. Joan Bittlesgate
912:Edward IV of England
738:Bishop of Chichester
720:Ladies of the Garter
672:Canterbury Cathedral
647:Battle of Tewkesbury
403:Edward IV of England
267:Edward IV of England
1979:, pp. 401–402.
1964:, pp. 401–403.
1914:, pp. 399–400.
1875:, pp. 400–401.
1151:Elizabeth Woodville
757:Bishop of Salisbury
727:Palace of Placentia
540:Crisis of 1469–1471
407:Elizabeth Woodville
274:Elizabeth Woodville
158:Arms of Plantagenet
127:Elizabeth Woodville
72:Palace of Placentia
2239:Daughters of kings
2204:English princesses
2041:Everett Green 1851
1977:Everett Green 1851
1962:Everett Green 1851
1929:Everett Green 1851
1912:Everett Green 1851
1873:Everett Green 1851
1822:Everett Green 1851
1810:Everett Green 1851
1706:Everett Green 1851
1517:Everett Green 1851
1370:Everett Green 1851
764:St George's Chapel
676:
651:House of Lancaster
496:Nativity of Christ
484:Saint George's Day
411:John Grey of Groby
2144:978-1-448-19138-3
2123:978-1-446-44911-0
2102:978-0-230-10065-7
2092:Elizabeth of York
2081:978-1-847-25019-3
2027:Vetusta Monumenta
2010:pp. 418–419.
1944:Annals of Windsor
1858:(Subscription or
1747:, pp. 48–49.
1567:, pp. 36–37.
1543:, pp. 31–32.
1492:, pp. 23–24.
1456:, pp. 25–26.
1444:, pp. 24–25.
1384:, pp. 21–22.
1353:978-0-810-87497-8
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1289:
1286:
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760:Richard Beauchamp
731:Bishop of Norwich
639:Anthony Woodville
627:Westminster Abbey
602:Margaret of Anjou
583:Battle of Edgcote
546:Wars of the Roses
300:Westminster Abbey
296:Margaret of Anjou
281:Elizabeth of York
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1031:
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745:Barons Dacre
741:Edward Story
724:
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419:Richard Grey
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263:Mary of York
262:
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67:(1482-05-23)
31:Mary of York
18:
2184:1482 deaths
2179:1467 births
1658:Loades 2009
1577:Loades 2009
504:Good Friday
390: 1471
90:28 May 1482
65:23 May 1482
2173:Categories
2051:References
1947:. p.
1862:required.)
789:George III
508:Great Lent
463:Edward III
204:, 1st Duke
1989:Weir 2013
1900:Weir 2013
1888:Weir 2011
1757:Weir 2013
1745:Weir 2013
1721:Weir 2013
1694:Weir 2013
1682:Weir 2013
1670:Weir 2011
1643:Weir 2013
1619:Weir 2013
1604:Weir 2013
1589:Weir 2013
1565:Weir 2013
1553:Weir 2013
1541:Weir 2013
1529:Weir 2013
1505:Weir 2013
1490:Weir 2013
1478:Weir 2013
1466:Weir 2013
1454:Weir 2013
1442:Weir 2013
1430:Weir 2013
1418:Weir 2013
1406:Weir 2013
1382:Weir 2013
1322:Citations
1308:Catherine
776:Lady Grey
753:Beauchamp
693:Schleswig
685:Frederick
331:Schleswig
323:Frederick
166:Edward IV
117:Edward IV
82:, England
76:Greenwich
57:, England
55:Berkshire
1784:(1889).
795:Ancestry
755:and the
668:transept
567:Isabella
556:Margaret
529:chaplain
494:and the
269:and his
200:Richard
195:Margaret
1312:Bridget
606:husband
598:triumph
579:Norwich
488:Trinity
379:(right)
224:Bridget
2141:
2120:
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2078:
1856:
1350:
772:George
749:Dudley
743:, the
594:London
575:Calais
552:Cecily
480:Easter
437:, and
415:Thomas
365:(left)
308:London
304:Edward
123:Mother
113:Father
87:Burial
80:London
1294:Notes
102:House
2139:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2076:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1243:15.
1185:14.
1068:12.
1004:11.
946:10.
751:and
714:and
691:and
571:Anne
569:and
445:and
417:and
405:and
329:and
180:Mary
107:York
62:Died
45:Born
1949:385
1848:doi
1211:7.
1149:3.
1094:6.
1030:1.
972:5.
910:2.
884:9.
852:4.
826:8.
766:at
670:of
610:son
608:or
596:in
2175::
2016:^
1996:^
1969:^
1919:^
1880:^
1840:.
1802:^
1790:.
1713:^
1650:^
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1596:^
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1330:^
747:,
687:,
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413::
387:c.
385:,
373:c.
371:,
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53:,
2147:.
2126:.
2105:.
2084:.
1951:.
1854:.
1850::
1356:.
251:e
244:t
237:v
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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