422:
160:], near that Town, was about a Month past delivered by Mr John Howard, an Eminent Surgeon and Man-Midwife, of a creature resembling a Rabbit but whose Heart and Lungs grew without its Belly, about 14 Days since she was delivered by the same Person, of a perfect Rabbit: and in a few Days after of 4 more; and on Friday, Saturday, Sunday, the 4th, 5th, and 6th instant, of one in each day: in all nine, they died all in bringing into the World. The woman hath made Oath, that two Months ago, being working in a Field with other Women, they put up a Rabbit, who running from them, they pursued it, but to no Purpose: This created in her such a Longing to it, that she (being with Child) was taken ill and miscarried, and from that Time she hath not been able to avoid thinking of Rabbits. People after all, differ much in their Opinion about this Matter, some looking upon them as great Curiosities, fit to be presented to the Royal Society, etc. others are angry at the Account, and say, that if it be a Fact, a Veil should be drawn over it, as an Imperfection in human Nature.
840:(1727) is one of the more cutting satires on Toft. The document supposes to be the confession of 'Merry Tuft', "... in her own Stile and Spelling". Poking fun at her illiteracy, it makes a number of obscene suggestions hinting at her promiscuity—"I wos a Wuman as had grate nattural parts, and a large Capassiti, and kapible of being kunserned in depe Kuntrivansis." The document also ridicules several of the physicians involved in the affair, and reflects the general view portrayed by the satirists that Toft was a weak woman and the least complicit of "the offenders" (regardless of her guilt). The notion contrasts with that expressed of her before the hoax was revealed and may indicate an overall strategy to disempower Toft completely. This is reflected in one of the most notable satires of the affair,
33:
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would not let him help deliver the rabbits—although Ahlers was not a man-midwife and in an earlier attempt had apparently put Toft through considerable pain. Convinced the affair was a hoax, he lied, telling those involved that he believed Toft's story, before making his excuses and returning to London, taking specimens of the rabbits with him. Upon closer study, he reportedly found evidence of them having been cut with a man-made instrument, and noted pieces of straw and grain in their droppings.
307:
295:
679:), she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, noted in the Godalming parish register as her "first child after her pretended Rabett-breeding." Little is known of Toft's later life. She briefly reappeared in 1740 when she was imprisoned for receiving stolen goods. She died in 1763, and her obituary ran in London newspapers alongside those of aristocrats. She was buried in Godalming on 13
215:"three legs of a Cat of a Tabby Colour, and one leg of a Rabbet: the guts were as a Cat's and in them were three pieces of the Back-Bone of an Eel ... The cat's feet supposed were formed in her imagination from a cat she was fond of that slept on the bed at night." Toft seemingly became ill once more and over the next few days delivered more pieces of rabbit.
112:, but following her reported fascination with the sighting of a rabbit, she miscarried. Her claim to have given birth to various animal parts prompted the arrival of John Howard, a local surgeon, who investigated the matter. He delivered several pieces of animal flesh and duly notified other prominent physicians, which brought the case to the attention of
478:, a widely held belief that conception and pregnancy could be influenced by what the mother dreamt, or saw, and warned pregnant women that over-familiarity with household pets could cause their children to resemble those pets. He was reportedly happy to attend Toft, pleased that her case appeared to vindicate his theories, but man-midwife
431:(1726). St. André described Toft (F) as possessing a "healthy strong constitution, of a small size, and fair complexion; of a very stupid and sullen temper: she can neither write nor read", and her husband (E) as "a poor Journey-man Clothier at Godlyman, by whom she has had three children". Many baby rabbits can be seen on the floor.
367:
St. André and a colleague were ordered back to
Guildford. Upon their arrival they met Howard, who told St. André that Toft had given birth to two more rabbits. She delivered several portions of what was presumed to be a placenta but she was by then quite ill, and suffering from a constant pain in the right side of her abdomen.
758:, and St. André was publicly humiliated at court. Living on Elizabeth's considerable wealth, they retired to the country, where St. André died in 1776, aged 96. Manningham, desperate to exculpate himself, published a diary of his observations of Mary Toft, together with an account of her confession of the fraud, on 12
124:. St. André concluded that Toft's case was genuine but the king also sent surgeon Cyriacus Ahlers, who remained skeptical. By then quite famous, Toft was brought to London where she was studied in detail; under intense scrutiny and producing no more rabbits she confessed to the hoax, and was subsequently imprisoned as a fraud.
767:. A letter to Maubray, Douglas was scathingly critical of his sooterkin theory, calling it "a mere fiction of your brain". The damage done to the medical profession was such that several doctors not connected with the tale felt compelled to print statements that they had not believed Toft's story.
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as a "vile cheat and impostor". In her earlier, unpublished confessions, she blamed the entire affair on a range of other participants, from her mother-in-law to John Howard. She also claimed that a travelling woman told her how to insert the rabbits into her body, and how such a scheme would ensure
335:
November they were taken by Howard to see Toft, who within hours delivered a rabbit's torso. St. André's account details his examination of the rabbit. To check if it had breathed air, he placed a piece of its lung in water to see if it would float—which it did. St. André then performed a
494:
had become the dominant political faction, and
Manningham and Douglas's Whig affiliations and medical knowledge might have elevated his status as both doctor and philosopher. Douglas thought that a woman giving birth to rabbits was as likely as a rabbit giving birth to a human child, but despite his
358:
November and found Toft exhibiting no signs of pregnancy. He may have already suspected the affair was a hoax and observed that Toft seemed to press her knees and thighs together, as if to prevent something from "dropping down". He thought Howard's behaviour just as suspicious, as the man-midwife
206:
Initially, Howard dismissed the notion that Toft had given birth to animal parts, but the next day, despite his reservations, he went to see her. Ann Toft showed him more pieces of the previous night's exertions, but on examining Mary, he found nothing. When Mary again went into labour, appearing
181:
clothier and together the couple had three children, Mary, Anne and James. As an 18th-century
English peasant, circumstances dictated that when in 1726 Toft again became pregnant, she continued working in the fields. She complained of painful complications early in the pregnancy and in early August
553:
Manningham examined Toft and thought something remained in the cavity of her uterus, and so he successfully persuaded
Clarges to allow her to remain at the bagnio. Douglas, who had by then visited Toft, questioned her on three or four occasions, each time for several hours. After several days of
485:
Douglas was one of the country's most respected anatomists and a well-known man-midwife, whereas St. André was often considered to be a member of the court only because of his ability to speak the king's native German. St. André therefore desperately wanted the two to attend Toft; after
499:
To be able to determine, to the
Satisfaction and Conviction of all sorts of Persons, other Arguments were necessary, than Anatomy, or any other Branch of Physick , could furnish. Of these the greatest Number are not Judges. It was therefore undoubtedly very natural for me to desire that People
570:
permitted access, an accomplice had inserted into her womb the claws and body of a cat, and the head of a rabbit. They had also invented a story in which Toft claimed that during her pregnancy and while working in a field, she had been startled by a rabbit, and had since become obsessed with
366:
November Ahlers reported his findings to the king and later to "several
Persons of Note and Distinction". Howard wrote to Ahlers the next day, asking for the return of his specimens. Ahlers' suspicions began to worry both Howard and St. André, and apparently the king, as two days later
605:
of 24 December 1726 reported that "the nurse has been examined as to the person's concerned with her, but either was kept in the dark as to the imposition, or is not willing to disclose what she knows; for nothing can be got from her; so that her resolution shocks others."
738:. On this document the surgeon had staked his reputation, and although it offers a more empirical account of the Toft case than earlier more fanciful publications about reproduction in general, ultimately it was derided. Ahlers, his scepticism justified, published
451:
Every creature in town, both men and women, have been to see and feel her: the perpetual emotions, noises and rumblings in her Belly are something prodigious; all the eminent physicians, surgeons and man-midwives in London are there Day and Night to watch her next
538:
that he had been bribed by Toft's sister-in-law, Margaret, to sneak a rabbit into Toft's chamber. When arrested and questioned Mary denied the accusation, while
Margaret, under Douglas's interrogation, claimed that she had obtained the rabbit for eating only.
812:(1727) satirists scorned the objectivity of men-midwives, and critics of Toft's attendants questioned their integrity, undermining their profession with sexual puns and allusions. The case raised questions about England's status as an "enlightened" nation—
670:
Crowds reportedly mobbed
Tothill Fields Bridewell for months, hoping to catch a glimpse of the now infamous Toft. By this time she had become quite ill, and while incarcerated had her portrait drawn by John Laguerre. She was ultimately discharged on
401:. He examined Toft and found the right side of her abdomen slightly enlarged. Manningham also delivered what he thought was a hog's bladder—although St. André and Howard disagreed with his identification—but became suspicious as it smelled of
782:'s opponents as symbolising the age, which they perceived as greedy, corrupt and deceitful. One author, writing to the Prince of Wales's mistress, suggested the story was a political portent of the approaching death of the prince's father. On 7
749:
December 1726. In 1729, following the death of Samuel
Molyneux, he married Molyneux's widow, Elizabeth. This did little to impress his peers. Molyneux's cousin accused him of the poisoning, a charge that St. André defended by suing for
347:. A further medical examination followed, and St. André delivered some rabbit skin, followed a few minutes later by a rabbit's head. Both men inspected the egested pieces of flesh, noting that some resembled the body parts of a cat.
262:, and shall take it from her if he pleases; which will be a great Satisfaction to the Curious: If she had been with Child, she has but ten Days more to go, so I do not know how many Rabbets may be behind; I have brought the Woman to
762:
December. In it he suggested that
Douglas had been fooled by Toft, and concerned with his image Douglas replied by publishing his own account. Using the pseudonym 'Lover of Truth and Learning', in 1727 Douglas also published
127:
The resultant public mockery created panic within the medical profession and ruined the careers of several prominent surgeons. The affair was satirised on many occasions, not least by the pictorial satirist and social critic
522:, had begun an investigation of his own and discovered that for the past month Toft's husband, Joshua, had been buying young rabbits. Convinced he had enough evidence to proceed, in a letter to physician Sir
257:
before it dy'd. As soon as the eleventh Rabbet was taken away, up leap'd the twelfth Rabbet, which is now leaping. If you have any curious Person that is pleased to come Post, may see another leap in her
194:
on 27 September. Her neighbour was called and watched as she produced several animal parts. This neighbour then showed the pieces to her mother and to her mother-in-law, Ann Toft, who by chance was a
675:
April 1727, as it was unclear as to what charge should have been made against her. The Toft family made no profit from the affair, and Mary Toft returned to Surrey. In February 1728 (recorded as 1727
882:
by Noémi Kiss-Deáki, was published in 2024. This book also features a fictionalized account of Toft's life. Toft is portrayed sympathetically as a desperate woman dealing with hardship. A writer for
177:
The 'poor Woman', Mary Toft, was twenty-four or twenty-five years old. She was baptised Mary Denyer on 21 February 1703, the daughter of John and Jane Denyer. In 1720 she married Joshua Toft, a
343:
In the doctors' absence, Toft later that day reportedly delivered the torso of another rabbit, which the two also examined. They again returned that evening to find Toft again displaying violent
230:, where he offered to deliver rabbits in the presence of anyone who doubted her story. Some of the letters he wrote to Davenant to notify him of any progress in the case came to the attention of
601:, charged "for being an abominable cheat and imposter in pretending to be delivered of several monstrous births". Margaret Toft had remained staunch, and refused to comment further.
378:
November gave an anatomical demonstration before the king to support Toft's story. According to his pamphlet, neither St. André nor Molyneux suspected any fraudulent activity.
578:
Pressured again by Manningham and Douglas (it was the latter who took her confession), she made a further admission on 8 December and another on 9 December, before being sent to
253:
Since I wrote to you, I have taken or deliver'd the poor Woman of three more Rabbets, all three half grown, one of them a dunn Rabbet; the last leap'd twenty three Hours in the
543:
I told my sister of my having sent for a rabbit and I desire her to give it to the porter to be carryed away which my sister did saying she would not have it known for 1000 pd.
495:
scepticism he went to see her. When Manningham informed him of the suspected hog's bladder, and after he examined Toft, he refused to engage St. André on the matter:
381:
St. André was ordered by the king to travel back to Guildford and to bring Toft to London, so that further investigations could be carried out. He was accompanied by
878:
226:, went to see for himself what was happening. He examined the samples Howard had collected and returned to London, ostensibly a believer. Howard had Toft moved to
2001:
443:
hare disappeared from the dinner table, while as unlikely as the story sounded, many physicians felt compelled to see Toft for themselves. The political writer
792:
satirised the matter, making several allusions to political change, and comparing the affair to the events of 1641 when Parliament began its revolution against
1804:
965:
852:. Published in 1726 and aimed at Samuel Molyneux, it rhymes "hare" with "hair", and "money" with "conney". The ballad opens with the following verse:
351:
703:, surrounded by the tale's chief participants. Figure "F" is Toft, "E" is her husband. "A" is St. André, and "D" is Howard. In Dennis Todd's
2675:
2685:
774:
A satirical drawing of St. André receiving a French visitor. Following the scandal, St. André apparently never ate rabbit again.
2700:
101:, Surrey, who in 1726 became the subject of considerable controversy when she tricked doctors into believing that she had given birth to
2027:
1040:, Hunterian Collection of the Library of the University of Glasgow, Bundle 20, Blackburn Cabinet, shelf listings R.1.d., R.1.f., R.1.g.
207:
to give birth to several more animal parts, Howard returned to continue his investigations. According to a contemporary account of 9
140:
The story first came to the public's attention in late October 1726, when reports began to reach London. An account appeared in the
132:, who was notably critical of the medical profession's gullibility. Toft was eventually released without charge and returned home.
526:
he wrote that the affair had "almost alarmed England" and that he would soon publish his findings. The same day, Thomas Howard, a
2548:
An exact diary of what was observ'd during a close attendance upon Mary Toft, the pretended rabbet-breeder of Godalming in Surrey
713:
An Exact Diary of what was observ'd during a Close Attendance upon Mary Toft, the pretended Rabbet-Breeder of Godalming in Surrey
627:
1975:
1349:
563:
435:
Printed in the early days of newspapers, the story became a national sensation, although some publications were sceptical, the
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2404:
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482:, like Manningham, presumed that the affair was a hoax and despite St. André's repeated invitations, kept his distance.
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Much ado about nothing: or, a plain refutation of all that has been written or said concerning the rabbit-woman of Godalming
838:
Much Ado about Nothing; or, A Plain Refutation of All that Has Been Written or Said Concerning the Rabbit-Woman of Godalming
2650:
2128:
Portraits, memoirs, and characters, of remarkable persons, from the revolution in 1688 to the end of the reign of George II
500:
would suspend any farther Judgement for a little Time, till such Proofs could be brought of the Imposture as they requir'd.
2660:
2482:
The several depositions of Edward Costen, Richard Stedman, John Sweetapple, Mary Peytoe, Elizabeth Mason, and Mary Costen
2462:
Portraits, Memoirs, and Characters of Remarkable Persons from the Revolution in 1688 to the end of the Reign of George II
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2251:
2189:
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2147:
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667:, where Howard was fined ÂŁ800 (ÂŁ150,302 today). He returned to Surrey and continued his practice, and died in 1755.
559:
186:
several pieces of flesh, one "as big as my arm". This may have been the result of an abnormality of the developing
491:
154:
From Guildford comes a strange but well-attested Piece of News. That a poor Woman who lives at Godalmin [
2319:
A short narrative of an extraordinary delivery of rabbets, : perform'd by Mr John Howard, Surgeon at Guilford
462:
Under St. André's strict control, Toft was studied by a number of eminent physicians and surgeons, including
519:
715:
offers eyewitness testimony of her complicity. Hogarth's print was not the only image that ridiculed the affair—
190:, which would have caused the embryo to stop developing and blood clots and flesh to be ejected. Toft went into
2680:
691:
Following the hoax, the medical profession's gullibility became the target of a great deal of public mockery.
711:
December demonstrates her insistence that her sister-in-law played no part in the hoax, but Manningham's 1726
754:, but the careers of St. André and his wife were permanently damaged. Elizabeth lost her attendance on
742:, which details his account of events and his suspicion of the complicity of both St. André and Howard.
444:
619:
2655:
1051:
421:
707:
the author concludes that figure "G" is Mary Toft's sister-in-law, Margaret Toft. Toft's confession of 7
2670:
1350:"'Offspring of his Genius': Coleridge's Pregnant Metaphors and Metamorphic Pregnancies, published in
487:
479:
223:
121:
2690:
579:
405:. Nevertheless, those involved agreed to say nothing in public and on their return to London on 29
344:
142:
2456:
727:, a broadsheet published in 1727 which satirises St. André, was also popular at the time.
242:. St. André would ultimately detail the contents of one of these letters in his pamphlet,
2068:
231:
113:
2640:
832:. Some took advantage of a common 18th-century word for a rabbit track—prick—and others were
730:
The timing of Toft's confession proved awkward (and unfortunate) for St. André, who on 3
583:
2645:
793:
531:
398:
320:
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described these books as demonstrating that "Toft's grotesque story still captivates us".
876:
was written by Dexter Palmer. In the novel, Toft is abused by her husband. Another novel,
8:
801:
755:
475:
2327:
Todd, Dennis (1982), "Three Characters in Hogarth's Cunicularii and Some Implications",
2344:
2300:
2109:
1563:
382:
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2317:
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2227:
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2114:
2074:
1045:
643:
A contemporary popular broadsheet satirised St. André, showing him dressed as a
394:
820:
to describe how the Protestant English were still influenced by an ignorant Church.
2665:
2336:
2295:
2287:
2139:
Birthing the nation: sex, science, and the conception of eighteenth-century Britons
2104:
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1809:
1365:
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594:
527:
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2546:
2530:
2508:
2486:
2440:
2376:
2205:
2057:
1828:
989:
637:
2460:
2423:
2356:
2241:
2221:
2179:
2137:
2126:
1569:
1531:
829:
692:
589:
425:
328:
324:
239:
129:
117:
833:
374:
from several witnesses, which in effect cast doubt on Ahlers' honesty, and on 26
1813:
1574:
1570:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
1548:
974:
841:
788:
779:
535:
337:
2291:
2100:
1798:
1369:
959:
770:
510:
Under constant supervision, Toft went into labour several times, to no avail.
2634:
2002:"Mary and the Rabbit Dream by Noémi Kiss-Deáki review – an 18th-century hoax"
884:
716:
336:
medical examination on Toft, and concluded that the rabbits were bred in her
2131:, vol. 2 (Illustrated ed.), New York Public Library: T. H. Whitely
2309:
1057:
644:
463:
386:
235:
32:
2358:
Imagining monsters: miscreations of the self in eighteenth-century England
2118:
554:
this Manningham threatened to perform a painful operation on her, and on 7
2504:
An advertisement occasioned by some Passages in Sir R. Manningham's Diary
2181:
From Hogarth to Rowlandson: medicine in art in eighteenth-century Britain
828:
Toft did not escape the ire of the satirists, who concentrated mainly on
797:
664:
598:
572:
523:
331:, to investigate. Apparently, they were not disappointed; arriving on 15
2465:, vol. 2, London: H.R. Young & T. H. Whiteley, pp. 196–203
2348:
804:, broadsides and ballads for several months. With publications such as
751:
700:
212:
191:
178:
183:
676:
471:
470:
Maubray had proposed women could give birth to a creature he named a
371:
306:
294:
227:
200:
196:
98:
2436:
Remarks on A Short Narrative of an Extraordinary Delivery of Rabbets
2340:
2028:"Making the fur fly: Mary and the Rabbit Dream, by Noémi Kiss-Deáki"
813:
187:
109:
566:, Toft finally confessed. Following her miscarriage and while her
323:
were so interested in the story that they sent St. André and
2526:
The anatomist dissected: or the man-midwife finely brought to bed
810:
The anatomist dissected: or the man-midwife finely brought to bed
440:
1976:"Birthing Bunnies: An 18th-Century Woman's Bizarre Medical Hoax"
725:
The Doctors in Labour, or a New Wim-Wam in Guildford (12 plates)
705:
Three Characters in Hogarth's Cunicularii and Some Implications
631:, published in 1762, ridiculed secular and religious credulity.
567:
410:
390:
370:
In a pre-emptive move against Ahlers, St. André collected
102:
518:
The hoax was uncovered less than a week later on 4 December.
402:
2059:
Some observations concerning the woman of Godlyman in Surrey
740:
Some observations concerning the woman of Godlyman in Surrey
439:
viewing the affair simply as female gossip. Rabbit stew and
2197:
1841:
1664:
663:
January 1727 John Howard and Mary Toft appeared before the
78:
2142:(Illustrated, reprint ed.), Oxford University Press,
93:; baptised 21 February 1703 – January 1763), also spelled
2198:
Lover of Truth and Learning (1726), James Douglas (ed.),
736:
A Short Narrative of an Extraordinary Delivery of Rabbets
244:
A short narrative of an extraordinary delivery of rabbets
156:
2278:
Seligman, S. A. (1961), "Mary Toft—The Rabbit Breeder",
697:
Cunicularii, or The Wise Men of Godliman in Consultation
429:
Cunicularii, or The Wise Men of Godliman in Consultation
222:
November Henry Davenant, a member of the court of King
2558:
The Famous Imposition of the Rabbet-woman of Godalmin
2361:(Illustrated ed.), University of Chicago Press,
2223:
Deception and detection in eighteenth-century Britain
1188:
1186:
1636:
1634:
593:
reported that on 7 January 1727 she appeared at the
587:
that she would "never want as long as I liv'd". The
2160:
The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature
2124:
1444:
686:
2157:
1797:
1524:
1522:
1183:
958:
575:, animal parts had been inserted into her vagina.
558:December, in the presence of Manningham, Douglas,
2125:Caulfield, James; Collection, Thordarson (1819),
1631:
1032:
1030:
1028:
2632:
2335:(1), The Johns Hopkins University Press: 26–46,
2246:(Illustrated ed.), James Clarke & Co.,
2087:Brock, H. (1974), "James Douglas of the Pouch",
1015:
1013:
1011:
300:A coloured engraving of Nathaniel St. André
203:-based man-midwife of thirty years' experience.
2315:
1796:Rhodes, Philip; Harrison, B. (September 2004).
1519:
1470:
1468:
1455:
1453:
1311:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1146:
1134:
734:December had published his forty-page pamphlet
1799:"Manningham, Sir Richard (bap. 1685, d. 1759)"
1795:
1295:
1293:
1116:
1025:
956:
1008:
699:(1726), which portrays Toft in the throes of
199:. Ann Toft sent the flesh to John Howard, a
1808:(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1609:
1607:
1556:
1509:
1507:
1465:
1450:
1164:
1106:
1104:
969:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2567:The discovery: or, The Squire turn'd Ferret
2432:
2316:St. André, Nathaniel; Howard, John (1727),
1594:
1592:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1067:
1065:
850:The Discovery; or, The Squire Turn'd Ferret
800:with enough material to produce pamphlets,
218:As the story became more widely known, on 4
2544:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1428:
1426:
1217:
1215:
1213:
31:
2457:"Mary Toft, the pretended rabbit-breeder"
2454:
2299:
2108:
1604:
1566:inflation figures are based on data from
1504:
1101:
909:
907:
905:
654:
312:King George I was fascinated by the case.
2522:
2469:
2385:
2277:
2259:
2156:Cox, Michael (2004), Michael Cox (ed.),
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1961:
1901:
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1058:https://tofts3confessions.wordpress.com/
957:Wilson, Philip K.; Harrison, B. (2004).
769:
420:
2500:
2381:, Printed for A. Moore, near St. Paul's
2239:
1805:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1698:
1681:
1423:
1299:
1210:
966:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
940:
938:
936:
934:
628:Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism
350:Fascinated, the king then sent surgeon
2676:Medical scandals in the United Kingdom
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2177:
2055:
1955:
1740:
1716:
1675:
1613:
1498:
1110:
1071:
925:
902:
796:. The scandal provided the writers of
745:St. André recanted his views on 9
447:later told his friend Henry Fox that:
2523:Gulliver, Lemuel (pseudonym) (1727),
2421:
2394:
2219:
2086:
2056:Ahlers, Cyriacus (20 November 1726),
1913:
1567:
1513:
1364:(3), eupjournals.com: 257–270,
944:
2686:Rabbits and hares in popular culture
2563:
2425:The Political state of Great Britain
2374:
2354:
2326:
2260:Pope, Alexander; Butt, John (1966),
2135:
1999:
1937:
1925:
1889:
1865:
1783:
1728:
1704:
1692:
1652:
1625:
1598:
1486:
1432:
1417:
1393:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1284:
1221:
1204:
1192:
1122:
1083:
1019:
1002:
931:
913:
211:November, over the next few days he
2243:Hogarth: Art and Politics 1750–1764
2155:
2025:
1949:
354:to Guildford. Ahlers arrived on 20
13:
2701:18th-century British women farmers
2472:The Girl Who Gave Birth to Rabbits
2414:
2073:, I. B. Tauris, pp. 122–143,
960:"Toft , Mary (bap. 1703, d. 1763)"
14:
2712:
2624:
2322:, London, Printed for John Clarke
1973:
1056:"Mary Toft's Three Confessions,"
816:used the case in his brief essay
2545:Manningham, Sir Richard (1726),
2070:A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities
1842:Lover of Truth and Learning 1726
687:Impact on the medical profession
636:
618:
409:November lodged Toft in Lacey's
305:
293:
284:
2264:(Reprint ed.), Routledge,
2019:
1993:
1967:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1847:
1835:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1669:
1658:
1646:
1619:
1539:
1492:
1480:
1445:Caulfield & Collection 1819
1438:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1198:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1089:
865:The weakest Woman sometimes may
857:Most true it is, I dare to say,
520:Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow
490:'s accession to the throne the
457:John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey,
393:in 1721, and the second son of
2616:The Wonder of Wonders, Ipswich
2588:A Letter from a Male Physician
2184:, Liverpool University Press,
1077:
1038:Three confessions of Mary Toft
996:
950:
919:
874:Mary Toft; or the Rabbit Queen
848:'s anonymous satirical ballad
416:
319:By the middle of November the
1:
2570:, A. Campbell, archived from
891:
513:
2696:18th-century English farmers
2608:St. André's Miscarriage
2433:Braithwaite, Thomas (1726),
1829:UK public library membership
990:UK public library membership
806:St. André's Miscarriage
609:
530:at the bagnio, confessed to
97:, was an English woman from
7:
2651:18th-century English people
2470:Pickover, Clifford (2000),
2397:Hogarth: A Life and a World
2395:Uglow, Jennifer S. (1997),
2262:The Poems of Alexander Pope
2226:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd,
2164:, Oxford University Press,
2062:, J. Jackson and J. Roberts
1546:"Report on Margaret Toft",
1529:"Report on Margaret Toft",
1312:St. André & Howard 1727
1258:St. André & Howard 1727
1246:St. André & Howard 1727
1234:St. André & Howard 1727
1159:St. André & Howard 1727
1147:St. André & Howard 1727
1135:St. André & Howard 1727
10:
2717:
2661:18th-century English women
2556:Nihell, Elizabeth (1760),
2329:Eighteenth-Century Studies
2136:Cody, Lisa Forman (2005),
595:Courts of Quarter Sessions
582:, charged on a statute of
135:
2455:Caulfield, James (1819),
2388:Singularités de la nature
2292:10.1017/s0025727300026648
2101:10.1017/s0025727300019402
1370:10.3366/rom.2007.13.3.257
879:Mary and the Rabbit Dream
823:
818:Singularités de la nature
474:. He was a proponent of
73:
65:
57:
49:
39:
30:
23:
2564:Pope, Alexander (1727),
2240:Paulson, Ronald (1993),
1050:: CS1 maint: location (
867:The wisest Man deceive.
580:Tothill Fields Bridewell
266:for better Convenience.
232:Nathaniel St. André
2501:Douglas, James (1727),
2479:Costen, Edward (1727),
2201:The Sooterkin Dissected
1568:Clark, Gregory (2017).
947:, pp. 118–119, 121
859:E'er since the Days of
765:The Sooterkin Dissected
413:, in Leicester Fields.
2591:, 1726, archived from
2178:Haslam, Fiona (1996),
2067:Bondeson, Jan (1997),
1814:10.1093/ref:odnb/17982
975:10.1093/ref:odnb/27494
870:
778:The case was cited by
775:
655:Mary Toft's later life
551:
508:
460:
432:
282:
175:
16:English medical hoaxer
2681:People from Godalming
2399:, Faber & Faber,
2355:Todd, Dennis (1995),
1549:Mist's Weekly Journal
854:
836:in nature. However,
789:Mist's Weekly Journal
773:
603:Mist's Weekly Journal
541:
497:
449:
424:
248:
152:
143:Mist's Weekly Journal
108:In 1726, Toft became
2375:Tuft, Merry (1727),
2220:Lynch, Jack (2008),
2026:Peacock, Francesca.
1962:Pope & Butt 1966
1348:Toor, Kiran (2007),
571:rabbits. For later
532:Justice of the Peace
468:The Female Physician
399:Bishop of Chichester
321:British Royal Family
2656:18th-century hoaxes
2574:on 19 February 2012
2511:on 19 February 2012
2443:on 19 February 2012
2208:on 19 February 2012
2000:Harrison, Melissa.
476:maternal impression
327:, secretary to the
275:Your humble Servant
114:Nathaniel St. André
2474:, Prometheus Books
1980:The New York Times
1974:Grant, Katherine.
1892:, pp. 132–134
1774:, pp. 142–143
1731:, pp. 126–127
1655:, pp. 131–132
1564:Retail Price Index
1552:, 24 December 1726
1447:, pp. 199–200
1384:, pp. 129–131
1338:, pp. 127–128
776:
433:
383:Richard Manningham
2671:Hoaxes in England
2406:978-0-571-19376-9
2386:Voltaire (1785),
2233:978-0-7546-6528-1
1827:(Subscription or
1761:, 9 December 1726
1535:, 14 January 1727
988:(Subscription or
721:The Surrey-Wonder
564:Frederick Calvert
395:Thomas Manningham
116:, surgeon to the
84:
83:
2708:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2560:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2529:, archived from
2519:
2518:
2516:
2507:, archived from
2497:
2496:
2494:
2485:, archived from
2475:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2439:, archived from
2429:
2409:
2391:
2382:
2371:
2351:
2323:
2312:
2303:
2274:
2256:
2236:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2204:, archived from
2194:
2174:
2163:
2152:
2132:
2121:
2112:
2083:
2063:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
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2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:, pp. 69–72
1935:
1929:
1928:, pp. 12–17
1923:
1917:
1916:, pp. 33–34
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
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1696:
1690:
1679:
1678:, pp. 28–29
1673:
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1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
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1457:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1420:, pp. 27–28
1415:
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1397:
1391:
1385:
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1273:
1267:
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1255:
1249:
1248:, pp. 20–21
1243:
1237:
1236:, pp. 28–30
1231:
1225:
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1196:
1195:, pp. 18–19
1190:
1181:
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1161:, pp. 12–14
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948:
942:
929:
928:, pp. 30–31
923:
917:
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846:William Pulteney
785:
761:
748:
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149:
53:21 February 1703
35:
21:
20:
2716:
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2711:
2710:
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2707:
2706:
2705:
2691:Surrey folklore
2631:
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2614:
2606:
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2446:
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2417:
2415:Further reading
2412:
2407:
2369:
2341:10.2307/2737999
2280:Medical History
2272:
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2192:
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2089:Medical History
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903:
894:
869:
866:
864:
858:
830:sexual innuendo
826:
783:
759:
746:
731:
708:
693:William Hogarth
689:
680:
672:
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652:
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623:
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590:British Journal
555:
550:
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516:
507:
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459:
456:
437:Norwich Gazette
419:
406:
385:, a well-known
375:
363:
355:
352:Cyriacus Ahlers
338:fallopian tubes
332:
329:Prince of Wales
325:Samuel Molyneux
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
310:
302:
301:
298:
287:
240:Royal Household
238:surgeon to the
234:, since 1723 a
219:
208:
174:
169:
164:
150:November 1726:
147:
138:
130:William Hogarth
118:Royal Household
69:English/British
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17:
12:
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2626:
2625:External links
2623:
2621:
2620:
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2604:
2595:on 29 May 2013
2583:
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2542:
2533:on 27 May 2013
2520:
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2489:on 29 May 2013
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683:January 1763.
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61:1763 (aged 62)
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2032:The Spectator
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1996:
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1964:, p. 478
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1879:
1878:Bondeson 1997
1874:
1868:, p. 131
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1855:
1854:Bondeson 1997
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1460:Seligman 1961
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1407:
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1180:, p. 352
1179:
1178:Seligman 1961
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1098:, p. 350
1097:
1096:Seligman 1961
1092:
1086:, p. 125
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1005:, p. 124
1004:
999:
991:
976:
972:
968:
967:
961:
953:
946:
941:
939:
937:
935:
927:
922:
915:
910:
908:
906:
901:
899:
898:
889:
887:
886:
885:The Spectator
881:
880:
875:
868:
862:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
786:January 1727
781:
772:
768:
766:
757:
753:
743:
741:
737:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:George Vertue
714:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
678:
668:
666:
646:
639:
630:
629:
621:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
585:
581:
576:
574:
569:
565:
561:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
505:James Douglas
501:
496:
493:
489:
483:
481:
480:James Douglas
477:
473:
469:
465:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
430:
427:
423:
414:
412:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
373:
368:
360:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
330:
326:
322:
308:
296:
285:Investigation
281:
278:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
216:
214:
204:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
180:
172:November 1726
167:
161:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
133:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2641:1700s births
2628:
2615:
2607:
2597:, retrieved
2593:the original
2587:
2576:, retrieved
2572:the original
2566:
2557:
2551:, J. Roberts
2547:
2535:, retrieved
2531:the original
2525:
2513:, retrieved
2509:the original
2503:
2491:, retrieved
2487:the original
2481:
2471:
2461:
2445:, retrieved
2441:the original
2435:
2424:
2396:
2387:
2377:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2283:
2279:
2261:
2242:
2222:
2210:, retrieved
2206:the original
2200:
2180:
2159:
2138:
2127:
2092:
2088:
2069:
2058:
2049:Bibliography
2048:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2006:The Guardian
2005:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1844:, p. 13
1837:
1817:. Retrieved
1803:
1791:
1786:, p. 11
1779:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1719:, p. 45
1712:
1707:, p. 32
1700:
1695:, p. 30
1671:
1660:
1648:
1621:
1616:, p. 43
1579:. Retrieved
1573:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1530:
1501:, p. 34
1494:
1482:
1440:
1435:, p. 29
1413:
1401:
1396:, p. 26
1389:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1314:, p. 23
1307:
1300:Paulson 1993
1265:
1260:, p. 32
1253:
1241:
1229:
1224:, p. 28
1207:, p. 19
1200:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1113:, p. 31
1091:
1079:
1074:, p. 30
1037:
998:
978:. Retrieved
964:
952:
921:
916:, p. 27
896:
895:
883:
877:
873:
871:
860:
856:
849:
837:
834:scatological
827:
817:
809:
805:
787:
777:
764:
744:
739:
735:
729:
724:
720:
712:
704:
696:
690:
669:
658:
645:court jester
626:
602:
588:
577:
573:parturitions
560:John Montagu
552:
542:
517:
509:
498:
484:
467:
464:John Maubray
461:
450:
436:
434:
428:
387:obstetrician
380:
369:
361:
349:
345:contractions
342:
318:
280:JOHN HOWARD.
279:
274:
270:
268:
263:
259:
254:
252:
249:
243:
217:
205:
176:
165:
155:
153:
141:
139:
126:
107:
94:
90:
86:
85:
18:
2646:1763 deaths
1741:Ahlers 1726
1717:Haslam 1996
1676:Haslam 1996
1614:Haslam 1996
1499:Haslam 1996
1489:, p. 7
1358:Romanticism
1352:Romanticism
1125:, p. 9
1111:Haslam 1996
1072:Haslam 1996
1022:, p. 6
926:Haslam 1996
808:(1727) and
798:Grub Street
599:Westminster
524:Hans Sloane
452:production.
445:John Hervey
417:Examination
66:Nationality
44:Mary Denyer
2635:Categories
1914:Lynch 2008
1831:required.)
1514:Brock 1974
992:required.)
945:Uglow 1997
892:References
752:defamation
719:published
695:published
625:Hogarth's
584:Edward III
514:Confession
372:affidavits
179:journeyman
2599:24 August
2578:24 August
2537:24 August
2515:24 August
2493:24 August
2447:24 August
2212:24 August
2037:21 August
2011:21 August
1985:21 August
1938:Todd 1995
1926:Tuft 1727
1890:Cody 2005
1866:Cody 2005
1784:Todd 1995
1729:Cody 2005
1705:Todd 1982
1693:Todd 1982
1653:Cody 2005
1626:Cody 2005
1599:Cody 2005
1487:Todd 1995
1433:Todd 1982
1418:Todd 1995
1394:Todd 1995
1336:Cody 2005
1324:Cody 2005
1285:Cody 2005
1222:Todd 1982
1205:Todd 1995
1193:Todd 1995
1123:Todd 1995
1084:Cody 2005
1020:Todd 1995
1003:Cody 2005
914:Todd 1982
872:In 2019,
677:Old Style
610:Aftermath
548:Mary Toft
472:sooterkin
426:Hogarth's
264:Guildford
228:Guildford
213:delivered
201:Guildford
99:Godalming
87:Mary Toft
25:Mary Toft
2310:13910428
1950:Cox 2004
1046:citation
814:Voltaire
546:—
503:—
488:George I
455:—
391:knighted
389:who was
246:(1727):
224:George I
188:placenta
163:—
122:George I
120:of King
110:pregnant
77:Medical
50:Baptised
2666:Hoaxers
2390:, Paris
2349:2737999
2301:1034653
2119:4606702
2110:1081542
1819:28 June
980:27 July
273:, SIR,
197:midwife
184:egested
146:, on 19
136:Account
103:rabbits
2618:, 1726
2610:, 1727
2403:
2365:
2347:
2308:
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2268:
2250:
2230:
2188:
2168:
2146:
2117:
2107:
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824:Legacy
802:squibs
784:
760:
747:
732:
723:, and
709:
701:labour
681:
673:
661:
568:cervix
556:
528:porter
466:. In
441:jugged
411:Bagnio
407:
376:
364:
356:
333:
260:Uterus
255:Uterus
220:
209:
192:labour
170:
148:
91:Denyer
2428:, N/A
2345:JSTOR
1581:7 May
897:Notes
665:bench
492:Whigs
403:urine
362:On 21
250:SIR,
236:Swiss
95:Tofts
89:(née
2601:2009
2580:2009
2539:2009
2517:2009
2495:2009
2449:2009
2401:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2306:PMID
2266:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2214:2009
2186:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2115:PMID
2075:ISBN
2039:2024
2013:2024
1987:2024
1821:2009
1665:ODNB
1583:2024
1052:link
982:2009
844:and
659:On 7
562:and
534:Sir
168:, 19
79:hoax
58:Died
40:Born
2337:doi
2296:PMC
2288:doi
2105:PMC
2097:doi
1810:doi
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1562:UK
1366:doi
971:doi
861:Eve
597:at
157:sic
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