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370:
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467:; he adds that she was considered the center of black society in Chicago until the 1890s. Junger has written that Jones was considered the most prominent of the "old guard" African-American community that had arrived in the city before the Great Fire of 1871. Historian Wanda A. Hendricks has described her as a wealthy "aristocratic matriarch, presiding over the black elite for two decades."
287:, taking his surname. He was a free black man originally from North Carolina. Jones had first met him in Tennessee and he moved to Alton to woo her. Their daughter Lavinia was born in 1843. The couple, ever mindful that their status as free could be called into question, secured fresh copies of freedmen's papers before an Alton court on November 28, 1844. The young family moved to
357:
Together with her husband, Jones assisted hundreds of enslaved people fleeing north to Canada at a time when such actions were illegal, standing guard at the door during meetings of abolitionists. Writing in 1905, their daughter
Lavinia Jones Lee recalled her mother personally loading fugitives onto
298:
The couple arrived in the city with only $ 3.50 (equivalent to $ 110 in 2023), pawning a watch to afford rent and the purchase of two stoves. A black grocer, O. G. Hanson, gave the
Joneses $ 2 in credit (equivalent to $ 70 in 2023). John Jones's tailoring business succeeded and by 1850,
505:. She provided Hale Williams with lodgings at her home and funded his medical education in exchange for help with household tasks. When he established his own medical practice, Jones was one of his earliest patients. Later, in 1891, when he founded
455:
on May 27, 1879, Jones became independently wealthy. Her husband's estate was valued at over $ 70,000 (equivalent to approximately $ 2.3 million in 2023); he had been one of the city's richest men. John's tailoring business was taken over by
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243:
family; her parents were Elijah and Diza
Richardson. Her father was a blacksmith, and her mother was a homemaker. Richardson was one of the middle children among nine born to the Richardsons between 1810 and 1845. In their 1945 book
299:
they were able to afford their own home. Although both were illiterate when they arrived in the city, they quickly taught themselves to read and write, viewing it as key to empowerment—John wrote that "reading makes a free man".
420:. Upset by this disclosure, Tilton successfully pressed the Opera House to integrate its seating for his talk and presented tickets to Jones, reading the letter she had written to him to the audience.
366:
watched, kept away by a restless anti-slavery crowd. Jones kept track of those she had assisted, writing letters to many former fugitives and forming a network of aid centered on her and John.
307:
The
Joneses became members of a small community of African Americans in Chicago, comprising 140 people at the time of their arrival. Along with three other women, Jones became a leader in the
490:
had not pushed for suffrage, and saying that "her idea of woman suffrage" was that "a woman should do all she could do". Once she decided to support the cause of women's voting, Jones hosted
384:, which contained the first library open to black Chicagoans. Jones, along with three other women, established an aid group called Workers for the King through the church in 1871. During the
562:
reported that, "loved and admired by everyone," Jones had "reached the ripe age of 89 years with the full possession of all her faculties." She is buried alongside her husband at
Chicago's
1230:
Alexander, William H.; Newby-Alexander, Cassandra; Ford, Charles Howard (2009). "Henry O. Wagoner, Civil Rights, and Black
Economic Opportunity in Frontier Chicago and Denver, 1846–1887".
431:
destroyed both the Jones family's home and John's four-story tailoring business, together valued at $ 85,000 (equivalent to $ 2.2 million in 2023). The family built a new house near
291:
in March 1845, eight years after the city's incorporation. Committed abolitionists, they were drawn by
Chicago's large anti-slavery movement. On the journey, they were suspected of being
1384:
1326:
906:
549:
Literary Club, a prominent forum for black activism and feminism in
Chicago. She mentored a new generation of leaders among black women, including Barrier Williams, Wells, and
396:, she led the founding of the Chicago Colored Ladies Freeman's Aid Society, which allocated direct aid to former slaves as well as providing a forum for political action.
512:
818:"'God and man helped those who helped themselves': John and Mary Jones and the Culture of African American Self-Sufficiency in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Chicago"
1647:
1539:
1135:
1490:
1171:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
483:
in
Chicago. Her financial support enabled the founding of the Wheatley Home for Girls, which supported newly arrived migrants from rural areas, in 1908.
1622:
354:
six months later. The Joneses were not militant, despite their anti-slavery views, and did not support Brown's plan for a violent slave uprising.
463:
Moving to 29th Street, Jones's stately new home reflected her "economic status and social prominence" in the city, according to the historian
267:, an anti-slavery newspaperman. Lovejoy's funeral passed by Richardson's father's house, an event which she "vividly" remembered years later.
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534:
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346:. Brown and his associates, described by Jones as "the roughest looking men I ever saw", stayed with the Joneses on their way east to their
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1322:
763:
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227:. Historian Wanda A. Hendricks has described her as a wealthy "aristocratic matriarch, presiding over the black elite for two decades."
533:
reporter writing an 1888 story on "Cultured Negro Ladies" that "we want more justice to women and more virtue among men". Active in the
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331:
212:
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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1597:
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While John's tailoring business prospered, Jones managed their home as a center of black activism, organizing resistance to the
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350:. Jones provided new clothes for the radicals, including, as she recalled in an account given years later, the garb Brown
1652:
754:"John Jones: Social Honors to Chicago's Favorite Colored Citizen: the Thirtieth Anniversary of His Residence in the City"
404:
Jones, described by historian Richard Junger as a woman of strong "convictions and abilities", continued to advocate for
320:
1607:
424:
308:
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435:, while John's tailoring business was also restarted at a new location; he continued to work until retiring in 1873.
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1127:
1048:
Politics and Politicians of Illinois: Anecdotes and Incidents, a Succinct History of the State, 1809–1887
1480:
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389:
1323:"The "Right Man in the Right Place": John Jones and the Early African American Struggle for Civil Rights"
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described Richardson as a light-skinned woman "whose queenly beauty became a legend in later years."
177:
121:
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106:
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Jones was not quick to become a suffragist, arguing that prominent African-American women such as
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220:
753:
1189:
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457:
438:
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1348:
Reed, Christopher R. (2001). "African American Life in Antebellum Chicago, 1833–1860".
1016:
583:
541:'s new club in 1894, recruiting for the organization and lending it her prestige. Along with
480:
381:
264:
427:, the first African American to be elected to public office in Illinois. The same year, the
1627:
1385:"The man who ended Illinois' 'black laws': It's past due for the state to honor John Jones"
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Jones dedicated her fortune to philanthropy and activism. She contributed significantly to
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Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelps, Shirelle, eds. (2003). "Jones, Mary Jane Richardson".
509:
as a non-segregated institution, she made a substantial philanthropic contribution.
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833:
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in Chicago to give a lecture. Jones wrote to warn him that the audience was to be
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817:
529:
409:
393:
260:
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In the 1830s, Richardson moved with her family to the Mississippi River port of
432:
1521:
1282:
1232:
Voices from within the veil: African Americans and the experience of democracy
668:
323:
and made their family home Chicago's second stop on the Underground Railroad.
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363:
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Mary Jane Richardson Jones with her husband John shortly after their marriage
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263:. As a teenager, she witnessed the riots in Alton surrounding the murder of
990:
538:
335:
224:
101:
1418:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 105.
878:
714:
253:
1369:
1265:
Organizing freedom: Black emancipation activism in the Civil War midwest
1234:. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publication. p. 148.
1013:"Mary Jane Richardson Jones, Emancipation and Women's Suffrage Activist"
945:
Smith, Jessie Carney; Jackson, Millicent Lownes; Winn, Lynda T. (2006).
1451:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 3.
1416:
Knock at the Door of Opportunity: Black Migration to Chicago, 1900–1919
883:. Rima Lunin Schultz, Adele Hast, Paul Avrich Collection. Bloomington:
476:
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and detained, but were freed on the appeal of their stagecoach driver.
240:
169:
556:
Jones died on December 26, 1909, according to Junger. At her death,
173:
880:
Women building Chicago, 1790–1990 : a biographical dictionary
288:
651:
Fannie Barrier Williams: Crossing the Borders of Region and Race
219:
and mentored a new generation of younger black leaders, such as
172:
to free African-American parents, Jones and her family moved to
1204:
1134:. DuSable to Obama – Chicago's Black Metropolis. July 5, 2018.
1481:"A Genial Gathering: Meeting of Ladies Who Would Like To Vote"
1300:. Shrewsbury, Massachusetts: Garland Publishing. p. 197.
1267:. Champaign: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 117.
203:
After her husband's death in 1879, Jones continued to support
1229:
981:
Bontemps, Arna; Conroy, Jack (1945). "John Brown's Friend".
949:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 424–426.
442:
Jones with her granddaughter, Theodora Lee Purnell, in 1883
16:
American abolitionist, suffragist, and activist (1819–1909)
1449:
Black writing from Chicago : in the world, not of it?
1093:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 65–69.
611:
Another source gives her date of death as January 2, 1910.
1051:. Springfield, Illinois: H.W. Rokker. pp. 341–342.
602:
One source alternately gives her mother's name as Diaz.
200:
era, helping hundreds of fugitive slaves flee slavery.
985:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Doran. p. 30.
315:, and developed it into a well-trafficked stop on the
399:
566:, under a tombstone which reads "Grandma Jonesie".
501:Jones also supported younger black Chicagoans like
1516:. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. p. 13.
516:Jones and her husband are buried side by side in
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1350:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
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1447:Guzman, Richard (2006). Guzman, Richard (ed.).
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196:and a center of abolitionist activity in the
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574:In 2004, the City of Chicago designated the
412:, a New York journalist, planned a visit to
1648:Activists for African-American civil rights
1298:African American Women During the Civil War
712:
653:. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
31:
1512:Kaba, Mariame; McDowell, Essence (2018).
947:Encyclopedia of African American business
648:
235:Mary Jane Richardson was born in 1819 in
1184:
1164:
1091:Black Chicago's first century. 1833–1900
1011:Harbour, Jennifer (September 14, 2020).
586:was named in Mary Jones' honor in 2005.
511:
437:
368:
274:
1623:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
1262:
1207:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1010:
719:. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research.
545:, Jones ran the women's section of the
498:, and others at her home for meetings.
1585:
1536:"Chicago Landmarks - Landmark Details"
1446:
1383:Hyman, Michael B. (February 1, 2015).
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576:site of the John and Mary Jones House
160:(c. 1819 – December 26, 1909) was an
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1138:from the original on January 1, 2021
1128:"Early Chicago: Slavery in Illinois"
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330:and other restrictive laws like the
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1643:African-American history in Chicago
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392:. Along with fellow activists like
334:. Their friends included prominent
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1115:
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380:In 1861, the Joneses helped found
14:
1664:
1414:Reed, Christopher Robert (2014).
1089:Reed, Christopher Robert (2005).
997:
935:
864:
848:from the original on May 12, 2021
778:
766:from the original on May 14, 2021
625:
400:Later life and continued activism
388:in 1861, Jones recruited for the
360:Galena and Chicago Union Railroad
1638:Underground Railroad in Illinois
909:from the original on May 8, 2021
362:station on Sherman Street while
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537:, Jones was the first chair of
423:In 1871, John was elected as a
133:
1618:People from Memphis, Tennessee
1598:African-American abolitionists
1562:"Jones (Mary Richardson) Park"
1489:. August 20, 1873. p. 3.
1325:. U.S. National Park Service.
596:
569:
408:after the war ended. In 1867,
136: 1841; died
1:
1263:Harbour, Jennifer R. (2020).
762:. March 12, 1875. p. 3.
618:
230:
205:African-American civil rights
38:
1603:African-American suffragists
1199:American Antiquarian Society
1179:American Antiquarian Society
716:Notable Black American Women
649:Hendricks, Wanda A. (2013).
525:moral and social improvement
471:Supporting younger activists
451:Following John's death from
446:
406:integration and civil rights
390:United States Colored Troops
283:In 1841, Richardson married
271:Marriage and move to Chicago
7:
1633:Underground Railroad people
822:Journal of Illinois History
309:African Methodist Episcopal
10:
1669:
1653:Suffragists from Tennessee
858:HathiTrust Digital Library
303:Antebellum life in Chicago
215:. Jones was active in the
158:Mary Jane Richardson Jones
25:Mary Jane Richardson Jones
1608:Suffragists from Illinois
342:, who introduced them to
319:. The Joneses joined the
211:in Chicago, and became a
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30:
23:
885:Indiana University Press
816:Junger, Richard (2008).
589:
425:Cook County Commissioner
1514:Lifting As They Climbed
1389:Chicago Lawyer Magazine
1045:Lusk, David W. (1887).
834:2027/inu.30000125384218
551:Elizabeth Lindsay Davis
543:Fannie Barrier Williams
465:Christopher Robert Reed
221:Fannie Barrier Williams
1613:Activists from Chicago
927:: CS1 maint: others (
520:
458:Lloyd Garrison Wheeler
443:
377:
376:of Jones taken in 1883
280:
164:, philanthropist, and
1566:Chicago Park District
1296:Forbes, Ella (1998).
1017:National Park Service
535:women's club movement
515:
481:Phillis Wheatley Club
441:
382:Olivet Baptist Church
372:
348:raid on Harpers Ferry
278:
265:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
217:women's club movement
162:American abolitionist
107:woman's club movement
559:The Chicago Defender
503:Daniel Hale Williams
414:Crosby's Opera House
358:trains north at the
317:Underground Railroad
194:Underground Railroad
184:figure in the early
180:, she was a leading
176:. With her husband,
53:Mary Jane Richardson
1486:The Chicago Tribune
759:The Chicago Tribune
496:Carrie Chapman Catt
460:, a family friend.
564:Graceland Cemetery
521:
518:Graceland Cemetery
507:Provident Hospital
444:
429:Great Chicago Fire
378:
374:Cabinet photograph
340:Frederick Douglass
332:Fugitive Slave Act
281:
237:Memphis, Tennessee
192:was a stop on the
186:history of Chicago
60:Memphis, Tennessee
1458:978-0-809-32703-4
1425:978-0-809-33334-9
1321:Naglich, Dennis.
1307:978-0-815-33115-5
1274:978-0-809-33770-5
1241:978-1-443-81176-7
1100:978-0-826-22128-5
1058:978-0-530-24204-0
956:978-0-313-33109-1
894:978-0-253-33852-5
660:978-0-252-09587-0
582:. In addition, a
547:Prudence Crandall
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79:Chicago, Illinois
75:(aged 89–90)
71:December 26, 1909
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570:Recognition
328:Black Codes
254:Jack Conroy
209:advancement
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1522:1143390958
1283:1112128335
1142:January 1,
1027:January 1,
669:1067196558
619:References
477:Hull House
418:segregated
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285:John Jones
241:free black
231:Early life
213:suffragist
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166:suffragist
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