History of Chicago

1869:. Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $ 1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy." The agreement quadrupled rates, in the first year alone, while the hours which people have to pay for parking were broadened from 9 a.m. – 6 p.m. to 8 a.m. – 9 p.m., and from Monday through Saturday to every day of the week. Additionally, the city agreed to compensate the new owners for loss of revenue any time any road with parking meters is closed by the city for anything from maintenance work to street festivals. In three years, the proceeds from the lease were all but spent. In his annual budget address on October 21, 2009, Daley projected a deficit for 2009 of more than $ 520 million. Daley proposed a 2010 budget totaling $ 6.14 billion, including spending $ 370 million from the $ 1.15 billion proceeds from the parking meter lease. In his annual budget address on October 13, 2010, Daley projected a deficit for 2010 of $ 655 million, the largest in city history. Daley proposed a 2011 budget totaling $ 6.15 billion, including spending all but $ 76 million of what remained of the parking meter lease proceeds, and received a standing ovation from aldermen. 1115: 1741: 5064: 2081: 1102:

discovered freedom and independence in gambling that were a world apart from their closely-supervised factory jobs and gambled to validate risk-taking aspect of masculinity, betting heavily on dice, card games, policy, and cock fights. By the 1850s, hundreds of saloons had offered gambling opportunities, including off-track betting on the horses. The historian Mark Holler argues that organized crime provided upward mobility to ambitious ethnics. The high-income, high-visibility vice lords, and racketeers built their careers and profits in ghetto neighborhoods and often branched into local politics to protect their domains. For example, in 1868 to 1888, Michael C. McDonald, "The Gambler King of Clark Street," kept numerous Democratic machine politicians in his city on expense account to protect his gambling empire and to keep the goo-goo reformers at bay.

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industries, led to massive job losses in the city for working-class people. The city population shrank by nearly 700,000. The City Council devised "Plan 21" to improve neighborhoods and focused on creating "Suburbs within the city" near downtown and the lakefront. It built public housing to try to improve housing standards in the city. As a result, many poor were uprooted from newly created enclaves of Black, Latino, and poor people in neighborhoods such as Near North, Wicker Park, Lakeview, Uptown, Cabrini–Green, West Town and Lincoln Park. The passage of civil rights laws in the 1960s also affected Chicago and other northern cities. In the 1960s and the 1970s, many middle- and upper-class Americans continued to move from the city for better housing and schools in the suburbs.

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than native-born people. After borrowing from friends and building associations, immigrants kept boarders, grew market gardens, and opened home-based commercial laundries, eroding home-work distinctions, while sending out women and children to work to repay loans. They sought not middle-class upward mobility but the security of home ownership. Many social workers wanted them to pursue upward job mobility (which required more education), but realtors asserted that houses were better than a bank for a poor man. With hindsight, and considering uninsured banks' precariousness, this appears to have been true. Chicago's workers made immense sacrifices for home ownership, contributing to Chicago's sprawling suburban geography and to modern myths about the

4823: 970: 5110: 2070: 1757: 981:. The damage from the fire was immense since 300 people died, 18,000 buildings were destroyed, and nearly 100,000 of the city's 300,000 residents were left homeless. Several key factors exacerbated the spread of the fire. Most of Chicago's buildings and sidewalks were then constructed of wood. Also, the lack of attention to proper waste disposal practices, which was sometimes deliberate to favor certain industries, left an abundance of flammable pollutants in the Chicago River along which the fire spread from the south to the north. The fire led to the incorporation of stringent fire-safety codes, which included a strong preference for masonry construction. 5018: 558: 4891: 1380:(CCC) in 1919 after an investigation into a robbery at a factory showed the city's criminal justice system was deficient. The CCC initially served as a watchdog of the justice system. After its suggestion that the city's justice system begin collecting criminal records was rejected, the CCC assumed a more active role in fighting crime. The commission's role expanded further after Frank J. Loesch became president in 1928. Loesch recognized the need to eliminate the glamor that Chicago's media typically attributed to criminals. Determined to expose the violence of the crime world, Loesch drafted a list of "public enemies"; among them was 792: 4317: 4225: 1123: 3995: 3857: 783: 4087: 3790: 3606: 2240: 3698: 1647:

neighborhood supporters often surrounded and attacked the wagons of nonunion teamsters who were strikebreaking. When the teamsters used their clout to engage in sympathy strikes, employers decided to coordinate their antiunion efforts, claiming that the teamsters held too much power over commerce in their control of the streets. The teamsters' strike in 1905 represented a clash both over labor issues and the public nature of the streets. To the employers, the streets were arteries for commerce, while to the teamsters, they remained public spaces integral to their neighborhoods.

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standardized. For example, in Chicago, they ranged from $ 20 a month for a cheap brothel to $ 1000 a month for luxurious operations in Chicago. Reform elements never accepted the segregated vice districts and wanted them all destroyed, but in large cities, the political machine was powerful enough to keep the reformers at bay. Finally, around 1900 to 1910, the reformers grew politically strong enough to shut down the system of vice segregation, and the survivors went underground.

1585: 510: 1074: 45: 8277: 1558: 526: 432: 8267: 3441: 1093:, Lasker devised a copywriting technique that appealed directly to the psychology of the consumer. Women, who seldom smoked cigarettes, were told that if they smoked Lucky Strikes, they could stay slender. Lasker's use of radio, particularly with his campaigns for Palmolive soap, Pepsodent toothpaste, Kotex products, and Lucky Strike cigarettes, not only revolutionized the advertising industry but also significantly changed popular culture. 827: 3390: 1147: 1139: 4754: 4480: 2608: 2516: 2048: 1176:. He envisioned a deep waterway that would dilute and divert the city's sewage by funneling water from Lake Michigan into a canal, which would drain into the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. Beyond presenting a solution for Chicago's sewage problem, Cooley's proposal appealed to the economic need to link the Midwest with America's central waterways to compete with East Coast shipping and railroad industries. 2025: 2014: 19: 2470: 2332: 2059: 1793:(which became the world's busiest airport, displacing Midway Airport's prior claims). Several neighborhoods near downtown and the lakefront were gentrified and transformed into "suburbs within the city". He held office during the unrest of the 1960s, some of which was provoked by the police department's discriminatory practices. In the Lincoln Park, Lakeview, Wicker Park and Humboldt Park communities, the 1131: 2838: 4537: 3509: 935:

new immigrants from Eastern and Central Europe, especially Jews, Poles, and Italians, along with many smaller groups. Many businesspeople and professionals arrived from the eastern states. Relatively few new arrivals came from Chicago's rural hinterland. The exponential growth put increasing pollution on the environment, as hazards to public health impacted everyone.

389:, which was finally ratified in 1726. This was largely a political maneuver of little practicality, as the English then had no presence in the region whatsoever, the French and their Algonquian allies being the dominant force in the area. A writer in 1718 noted at the Was had a village in Chicago, but had recently fled due to concerns about approaching 651:. The roads enabled hundreds of wagons per day of farm produce to arrive and so the entrepreneurs built grain elevators and docks to load ships bound for points east through the Great Lakes. Produce was shipped through the Erie Canal and down the Hudson River to New York City; the growth of the Midwest farms expanded New York City as a port. 2930: 2286: 3744: 3024: 3254: 2746: 2424: 3346: 3208: 2562: 2378: 3560: 2884: 2792: 2700: 828: 2654: 1718:

In the 1950s, the postwar desire for new and improved housing, aided by new highways and commuter train lines, caused many middle and higher income Americans to begin to move from the inner-city of Chicago to the suburbs. Changes in industry after 1950, with restructuring of the stockyards and steel

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Concentrating the family resources to achieve home ownership was a common strategy in the ethnic European neighborhoods. It meant sacrificing current consumption, and pulling children out of school as soon as they could earn a wage. By 1900, working-class ethnic immigrants owned homes at higher rates

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enclaves of the upper middle class. In the 1910s, high-rise luxury apartments were constructed along the lakefront north of the Loop, continuing into the 21st century. They attracted wealthy residents but few families with children, as wealthier families moved to suburbs for the schools. There were

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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, rates of domestic murder tripled in Chicago. According to historian Jeffrey S. Adler, domestic homicide was often a manifestation of strains in gender relations induced by urban and industrial change. At the core of such family murders were male attempts

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Strong regional support for the project led the Illinois legislature to circumvent the federal government and complete the canal with state funding. The opening in January 1900 met with controversy and a lawsuit against Chicago's appropriation of water from Lake Michigan. By the 1920s the lawsuit was

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By 1870, Chicago had grown to become the nation's second-largest city and one of the largest cities in the world. Between 1870 and 1900, Chicago grew from a city of 299,000 to nearly 1.7 million and was the fastest-growing city in world history. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of

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of April 1855, which erupted outside a courthouse in which eight Germans were being tried for liquor ordinance violations. After 1865, saloons became community centers only for local ethnic men, as reformers saw them as places that incited riotous behavior and moral decay. Salons were also sources of

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The city's diversified industrial base made it second only to Detroit in the value—$ 24 billion—of war goods produced. Over 1,400 companies produced everything from field rations to parachutes to torpedoes, while new aircraft plants employed 100,000 in the construction of engines, aluminum sheeting,

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probably drove out all Miami from the Chicago area by the end of the 1720s. The Pottawatomi assumed control of the area, but probably did not have any major settlements in Chicago. French and allied use of the Chicago portage was mostly abandoned during the 1720s because of continual Native American

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not two miles south of the fort. The modern city was incorporated in 1837 by Northern businessmen and grew rapidly from real estate speculation and the realization that it had a commanding position in the emerging inland transportation network, based on lake traffic and railroads, controlling access

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The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was changed to two years. In 1907, it was changed again, this time to four years. Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation moved them to April. In 1869, however, election day was changed to

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World's Fair of 1933–1934, which celebrated the city's centennial. The flag's two blue stripes symbolize the north and south branches of the Chicago River, which flows through the city's downtown. The three white stripes represent the North, West and South sides of the city, Lake Michigan being the

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arrived as well. The near South Side of the city became the first Black residential area, as it had the oldest, less expensive housing. Although restricted by segregation and competing ethnic groups such as the Irish, gradually continued black migration caused this community to expand, as well as

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The demographics of the city were changing in the early 20th century as black southern families migrated out of the south, but while cities like Chicago empathized with the condition of impoverished white children, black children were mostly excluded from the private and religious institutions that

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Developers and citizens began immediate reconstruction on the existing Jeffersonian grid. The building boom that followed saved the city's status as the transportation and trade hub of the Midwest. Massive reconstruction using the newest materials and methods catapulted Chicago into its status as a

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From 1890 to 1914, migrations swelled, attracting to the city of mostly unskilled Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Greeks, Czechs, Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Hungarians, and Slovaks. World War I cut off immigration from Europe, which brought

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In Chicago, like other rapidly growing industrial centers with large immigrant working-class neighborhoods, gambling was a major issue. The city's elite upper-class had private clubs and closely-supervised horse racing tracks. The middle-class reformers like Jane Addams focused on the workers, who

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arrived in 1886 and soon became a successful and celebrated landscape designer. Jensen's work was characterized by a democratic approach to landscaping, which was informed by his interest in social justice and conservation, and a rejection of antidemocratic formalism. Among Jensen's creations were

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erupted, in what became known as "Red Summer", when other major cities also suffered mass racial violence based in competition for jobs and housing as the country tried to absorb veterans in the postwar years. During the riot, thirty-eight people died (23 black and 15 white) and over five hundred

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During World War II, the steel mills in the city of Chicago alone accounted for 20% of all steel production in the United States and 10% of global production. The city produced more steel than the United Kingdom during the war, and surpassed Nazi Germany's output in 1943 (after barely missing in

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The unionized teamsters in Chicago enjoyed an unusually strong bargaining position when they contended with employers around the city, or supported another union in a specific strike. Their wagons could easily be positioned to disrupt streetcars and block traffic. In addition, their families and

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men killed family members to save a gender-based ideal of respectability that entailed patriarchal control over women and family reputation. African American men, like the Germans, often murdered in response to economic conditions but not over desperation about the future. Like the Italians, the

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International Exposition was the name of the World's Fair held on the Near South Side lakefront from 1933 to 1934 to celebrate the city's centennial. The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. More than 40 million people visited the fair, which

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Travelers reported Chicago was the filthiest city in America. The city created a massive sewer system. In the first phase, sewage pipes were laid across the city above ground and used gravity to move the waste. The city was built in a low-lying area subject to flooding. In 1856, the city council

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The northern and western suburbs developed some of the best public schools in the nation, which were strongly supported by their wealthier residents. The suburban trend accelerated after 1945, with the construction of highways and train lines that made commuting easier. Middle-class Chicagoans

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segregated areas (few blacks were tolerated in ethnic white neighborhoods); the Irish and ethnic groups who had been longer in the city began to move to outer areas and the suburbs. After World War II, the city built public housing for working-class families to upgrade residential quality. The

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The city became notorious worldwide for its rate of murders in the early 20th century, yet the courts failed to convict the killers. More than three-fourths of cases were not closed. Even when the police made arrests in cases where killers' identities were known, jurors typically exonerated or

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projects, which had deteriorated and were holding too many poor and dysfunctional families. Concepts for new affordable and public housing have changed to include many new features to make them more viable: smaller scale, environmental designs for public safety, mixed-rate housing, etc. New

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were injured. Much of the violence against blacks in Chicago was led by members of ethnic Irish athletic clubs, who had much political power in the city and defended their "territory" against African Americans. As was typical in these occurrences, more blacks than whites died in the violence.

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In large cities, illegal businesses like gambling and prostitution were typically contained in the geographically-segregated red light districts. The businessowners made regularly-scheduled payments to police and politicians, which they treated as licensing expenses. The informal rates became

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After 1965 and the change in US immigration laws, numerous Asian immigrants came; the largest proportion were well-educated Indians and Chinese, who generally settled directly in the suburbs. By the 1970s gentrification began in the city, in some cases with people renovating housing in old

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The prairie bog nature of the area provided a fertile ground for disease-carrying insects. In springtime, Chicago was so muddy from the high water that horses could scarcely move. Comical signs proclaiming "Fastest route to China" or "No Bottom Here" were placed to warn people of the mud.

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made Chicago a major hub and over 30 lines entered the city. The main lines from the East ended in Chicago, and those oriented to the West began in Chicago and so by 1860, the city had become the nation's trans-shipment and warehousing center. Factories were created, most famously the

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out of the rural South. With new populations competing for limited housing and jobs, especially on the South Side, social tensions rose in the city. Postwar years were more difficult. Black veterans looked for more respect for having served their nation, and some whites resented it.

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Since 1999, mayoral elections have officially been nonpartisan. A 1995 Illinois law stipulated that "candidates for mayor ... no longer would run under party labels in Chicago". However, Richard M. Daley, Rahm Emanuel, Lori Lightfoot, and Brandon Johnson are known to be Democrats.

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was a cruise ship based in Chicago and used for tours. On July 24, 1915—a calm, sunny day—the ship was taking on passengers when it rolled over while tied to a dock in the Chicago River. A total of 844 passengers and crew were killed. An investigation found that the

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reformers, created a class of dependants for orphans and other children lacking "proper parental care or guardianship" but the court's designations of "delinquency" and "dependency" were racialized so black children were far more likely to be labeled as delinquents.

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four to five feet by using a newly available jacking-up process. In one instance, the five-story Brigg's Hotel, weighing 22,000 tons, was lifted while it continued to operate. Observing that such a thing could never have happened in Europe, the British historian

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divided between the states of the Mississippi River Valley, who supported the development of deep waterways linking the Great Lakes with the Mississippi, and the Great Lakes states, which feared sinking water levels might harm shipping in the lakes. In 1929 the

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headed to the outlying areas of the city, and then into the Cook County and Dupage County suburbs. As ethnic Jews and Irish rose in economic class, they left the city and headed north. Well-educated migrants from around the country moved to the far suburbs.

895:. By 1857, Chicago was the largest city in what was then called the Northwest. In 20 years, Chicago grew from 4,000 people to over 90,000. Chicago surpassed St. Louis and Cincinnati as the major city in the West and gained political notice as the home of 1740: 155:. The city was a magnet for European immigrants—at first Germans, Irish and Scandinavians, then from the 1890s to 1914, Jews, Czechs, Poles and Italians. They were all absorbed in the city's powerful ward-based political machines. Many joined militant 1528:. Which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F (20 °C) during winter months by landlords. 719:, was completed the same year. Chicago would go on to become the transportation hub of the United States, with its road, rail, water, and later air connections. Chicago also became home to national retailers offering catalog shopping such as 1788:

by his control of the Cook County Democratic Central Committee, which selected party nominees, who were usually elected in the Democratic stronghold. Daley took credit for building four major expressways focused on the Loop, and city-owned

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high-rise design of such public housing proved a problem when industrial jobs left the city and poor families became concentrated in the facilities. After 1950, public housing high rises anchored poor black neighborhoods south and west of

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The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors; is considered among the most influential world's fairs in history; and affected art, architecture, and design throughout the nation. The classical architectural style contributed to a revival of

1297:- ushered in an era of news reporting that was, unlike earlier periods, in tune with the particulars of community life in specific cities. Vigorous competition between older and newer-style city papers soon broke out, centered on civic 1391:, the 1920s brought international notoriety to Chicago. Bootleggers and smugglers bringing in liquor from Canada formed powerful gangs. They competed with each other for lucrative profits, and to evade the police, to bring liquor to 1679:, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace as the 1910 - 1930 period, as hundreds of thousands of black Americans arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. 1638:

was founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of 200 socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States. The Railroad brotherhoods were strong, as were the crafts unions affiliated with the

1486:(Union Daily; 1921–1939). The decision to subscribe to a particular paper reaffirmed a particular ideology or institutional network based on ethnicity and class, which lent itself to different alliances and different strategies. 918:, which drew its strength from evangelical Protestants. The new party was anti-immigration and anti-liquor and called for the purification of politics by reducing the power of the saloonkeepers. In 1855, the Know-Nothings elected 1172:—the primary source of fresh water for the city—became polluted from the rapidly growing industries in and around Chicago; a new way of procuring clean water was needed. In 1885 the civil engineer Lyman Edgar Cooley proposed the 579:

entrepreneurs saw the potential of Chicago as a transportation hub in the 1830s and engaged in land speculation to obtain the choicest lots. On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was incorporated with a population of 350. The

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For many years, accounts... stated... that the "entire population" of Chicago evacuated... however, this was clearly not the case and reflects a long-standing tendency to ignore women and people of mixed race in the historical

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to preserve masculine authority. Yet, there were nuances in the motives for the murder of family members, and study of the patterns of domestic homicide among different ethnic groups reveals basic cultural differences.

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restricted populations from southern and eastern Europe, apart from refugees after World War II. The heavy annual turnover of ethnic populations ended, and the groups stabilized, each favoring specific neighborhoods.

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architecture that borrowed from historical styles, but Chicago was also developing the original skyscraper and organic forms based in new technologies. The fair featured the first and until recently the largest

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In 1840, Chicago was the 92nd city in the United States by population. Its population grew so rapidly that 20 years later, it was the ninth city. In the pivotal year of 1848, Chicago saw the completion of the

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and lumber business; the Illinois hinterland provided the wheat. Hundreds of thousands of hogs and cattle were shipped to Chicago for slaughter, preserved in salt, and transported to eastern markets. By 1870,

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The soft, swampy ground near the lake proved unstable ground for tall masonry buildings. That was an early constraint, but builders developed the innovative use of steel framing for support and invented the

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The Algonquian tribes began to retake the lost territory in the ensuing decades, and in 1701, the Iroquois formally abandoned their claim to their "hunting grounds" as far as the portage to England in the

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A major environmental disaster occurred in July 1995, when a week of record high heat and humidity caused 739 heat-related deaths, mostly among isolated elderly poor and others without air conditioning.

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when we arrived at the said place called Chicagou which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.

1337:. A peaceful demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket near the west side was interrupted by a bomb thrown at police; seven police officers were killed. Widespread violence broke out. A group of 830: 1284:. Chicago still operates under this act, in lieu of a charter. The Cities and Villages Act has been revised several times since, and may be found in Chapter 65 of the Illinois Compiled Statutes. 639:

After 1830, the rich farmlands of northern Illinois attracted Yankee settlers. Yankee real estate operators created a city overnight in the 1830s. To open the surrounding farmlands to trade, the

1703:) created a postwar economic boom and led to the development of huge housing tracts on Chicago's Northwest and Southwest sides. The city was extensively photographed during the postwar years by 573:

the town of Chicago, which at the time had a population of less than 100. Historians regard the August 4, 1830, filing of the plat as the official recognition of a location known as Chicago.

1572: 1114: 1836:, son of Richard J. Daley, became mayor in 1989, and was repeatedly reelected until he declined to seek re-election in 2011. He sparked debate by demolishing many of the city's vast 419: 1448:

problems in the public school system; mostly Catholic students attended schools in the large parochial system, which was of middling quality. There were a few private schools. The

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sustained diverse political cultures in the early twentieth century, each with its own newspaper. In 1920 the community had a choice of five daily papers – from the Socialist

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acquitted them. A blend of gender-, race-, and class-based notions of justice trumped the rule of law, producing low homicide conviction rates during a period of soaring violence.

1991:, which was still connected to the basements of numerous buildings in the Loop. It flooded the central business district with 250 million US gallons (950,000 m) of water from the 489:, and many of the inhabitants were killed or taken prisoner. The fort had been ordered to evacuate. During the evacuation soldiers and civilians were overtaken near what is today 1373:

killers tended to be young, but family honor was not usually at stake. Instead, black men murdered to regain control of wives and lovers who resisted their patriarchal "rights".

6759:"FAIL: The Reader's Parking Meter Investigation; Ben Joravsky and Mick Dumke's report on the privatization of Chicago's parking meters, how the deal went down, and its fallout" 1643:. The AFL unions operated through the Chicago Federation of Labor to minimize jurisdictional conflicts, which caused many strikes as two unions battled to control a work site. 6553: 5840: 1166:. Commodity resources, such as lumber, iron and coal, were brought to Chicago and Ohio for processing, with products shipped both East and West to support new growth. 914:

Many of the newcomers were Irish Catholic and German immigrants. Their neighborhood saloons, a center of male social life, were attacked in the mid-1850s by the local

83:. The area's recorded history begins with the arrival of French explorers, missionaries and fur traders in the late 17th century and their interaction with the local 1231: 847:. Later in the century, the railroads, stockyards, and other heavy industry of the late 19th century attracted a variety of skilled workers from Europe, especially 1828:, the city's first woman mayor, was elected, winning the Democratic primary due to a citywide outrage about the ineffective snow removal across the city. In 1983, 1301:

and sensationalist reporting of urban political issues and the numerous problems associated with rapid urban growth. Competition was especially fierce between the

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Chicago's manufacturing and retail sectors, fostered by the expansion of railroads throughout the upper Midwest and East, grew rapidly and came to dominate the

6710: 1317:(independent), with the latter becoming the city's most popular paper by the 1880s. The city's boasting lobbyists and politicians earned Chicago the nickname " 2091:

Between 1833 and 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a town and headed by town presidents. Since 1837, it has been incorporated as a city and headed by mayors.

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Christopher R. Browning et al. "Neighborhood Social Processes, Physical Conditions, and Disaster-related Mortality: the Case of the 1995 Chicago Heat Wave",

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area. The fire killed 92 students and three nuns; in response, fire safety improvements were made to public and private schools across the United States.

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November, and terms expiring in April of that year were changed. In 1875, election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the

1596: 249:, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called "chicagoua", grew abundantly in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687: 1439:"Old stock" Americans who relocated to Chicago after 1900 preferred the outlying areas and suburbs, with their commutes eased by train lines, making 178:. Deindustrialization after 1970 closed the stockyards and most of the steel mills and factories, but the city retained its role as a financial and 1539:

Beginning in the 1940s, waves of Hispanic immigrants began to arrive. The largest numbers were from Mexico and Puerto Rico, as well as Cuba during

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cites the astounding feat as a dramatic example of American determination and ingenuity based on the conviction that anything material is possible.

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Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey English translations of 120,000 pages of news articles from the foreign language press from 1855 to 1938.

374: 6826: 6788: 5063: 2080: 6758: 8063: 132: 1020:. The temporary pavilions, which followed a classical theme, were designed by a committee of the city's architects under the direction of 131:, the city grew exponentially, becoming the nation's rail center and the dominant Midwestern center for manufacturing, commerce, finance, 8164: 565:

In 1829, the Illinois legislature appointed commissioners to locate a canal and lay out the surrounding town. The commissioners employed

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would write in 1721 that the Miami had a settlement in what is now Chicago around 1670. Chicago's location at a short canoe portage (the

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were tried for inciting the riot and convicted. Several were hanged and others were pardoned. The episode was a watershed moment in the

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was engulfed by fire. The fire lasted less than thirty minutes; 602 people died as a result of being burned, asphyxiated, or trampled.

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projects during Daley's administration have been designed to be environmentally sound, more accessible and better for their occupants.

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suburbs grew rapidly after 1945, but the Democratic party machine kept both the city and suburbs under control, especially under mayor

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ruled in support of Chicago's use of the canal to promote commerce, but ordered the city to discontinue its use for sewage disposal.

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political and legal reformers initiated far-ranging changes in the American criminal justice system, with Chicago taking the lead.

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dominated the packing trade. Chicago became the world's largest rail hub, and one of its busiest ports by shipping traffic on the

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Jeffrey S. Adler, "'It Is His First Offense. We Might as Well Let Him Go': Homicide and Criminal Justice in Chicago, 1875-1920."

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CBS, "1992 Loop Flood Brings Chaos, Billions In Losses Pilings Driven Into Chicago River Bored Into Antiquated Freight Tunnels"

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In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $ 1.16 billion deal to lease its

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While whites from rural areas arrived and generally settled in the suburban parts of the city, large numbers of blacks from the

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tribes of New York had driven the Algonquian tribes entirely out of Lower Michigan and as far as this portage, during the later

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Lorien Foote, "Bring the Sea to Us: the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Industrialization of the Midwest, 1885-1929",

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provided homes for such children. Those that did take in black dependent children were overcrowded and underfunded because of

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in Chicago, which became a leader in modern architecture and set the model nationwide for achieving vertical city densities.

7223: 1536:. The Jewish community, by contrast, rented apartments and maximized education and upward mobility for the next generation. 8232: 5774:

Kurt A. Carlson, "Backing the Boys in the Civil War: Chicago's Home Front Supports the Troops - and Grows in the Process,"

3171: 3079: 6773: 5603:, which included an area of about three-eighths of a square mile (1 km). See Frank Alfred Randall, John D. Randall, 5384: 1818: 1475: 900: 743:. It was a processing center for natural resource commodities extracted in the West. The Wisconsin forests supported the 370: 7458: 7448: 6009: 7103: 1973: 1501: 1453: 716: 163: 1813:

resulted in the burning down of sections of the black neighborhoods of the South and West sides. Protests against the

1634:

After 1900 Chicago was a heavily unionized city, apart from the factories (which were non-union until the 1930s). The

8028: 7333: 7156: 6197: 6048: 5823: 5672: 5558: 5396: 985: 413:

chief named Chicago who may have lived in the region. In the 1680s, the Illinois River was called the Chicago River.

373:

visited the settlement on behalf of the French government, seeking peace between the Miami and Iroquois. Miami chief

7219: 7215: 6714: 8181: 8107: 6554:"Progress by Degrees: A History of the Chicago Heat Ordinance - The RentConfident Blog - RentConfident, Chicago IL" 5137: 5092: 5046: 5000: 4943: 4873: 4805: 4736: 4690: 4623: 4565: 4519: 4462: 4402: 4345: 4299: 4253: 4207: 4161: 4115: 4069: 4023: 3977: 3907: 3839: 3772: 3726: 3680: 3634: 3588: 3537: 3491: 3418: 3328: 3282: 3236: 3190: 3144: 3098: 3052: 2958: 2912: 2866: 2820: 2728: 2636: 2544: 2452: 2406: 2268: 2040: 1388: 7230:

Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South

1584: 969: 91:, a black freeman, was the first permanent non-indigenous settler in the area, having a house at the mouth of the 7656: 7633: 7189:

For many topics the easiest way to start is with Janice L. Reiff, Ann Durkin Keating and James R. Grossman, eds.

7184: 6501: 6122: 5922: 5906:

Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman

5185: 5162: 2096: 1882:

for contributions in architecture and literature, its world of politics, and the downtown's starring role in the

1635: 1281: 1195: 1173: 997: 948: 6985: 5492: 8208: 7497: 6476:"Rent Hog Gets Wallop in Bills Passed in Senate: One Measure Gives Tenants 60 Days In Which to Vacate Property" 5617: 1854: 6880: 7645: 1731: 1414:

hundreds of thousands of southern blacks and whites into Northern cities to fill in the labor shortages. The

1230:. Between 1899 and 1945 many of the city's black children found themselves in the juvenile court system. The 654: 358: 342: 72: 1853:

to a group of private investors, but the deal fell through due to the collapse of credit markets during the

973:

A residential building in Chicago's Lincoln Park in 1885, when the city had dirt roads and wooden sidewalks.

8137: 6602:

David Witwer, "Unionized Teamsters and the Struggle over the Streets of the Early-Twentieth-century City",

6527: 6475: 6449: 5190: 1850: 1640: 1248: 744: 658: 459: 454:

depicted as in 1831, sketched 1850s although the accuracy of the sketch was debated soon after it appeared.

175: 88: 68: 64: 7943: 7935: 6190:

The Criminalization of Black Children: Race, Gender, and Delinquency in Chicago's Juventile Justice System

162:

Large numbers of African Americans migrated from the South starting in the World War I era as part of the

8301: 8198: 8142: 5332:

Swenson, John F. (Winter 1991). "Chicagoua/Chicago: The origin, meaning, and etymology of a place name".

5200: 2148: 1934: 1727: 888: 700: 224: 4822: 1368:

male immigrants tended to murder over declining status and the failure to achieve economic prosperity.

557: 8068: 8053: 7975: 2755: 2682: 2498: 2360: 2314: 2215: 2069: 1917: 1862: 1089:, known as the "father of modern advertising", made Chicago his base from 1898 to 1942. As head of the 876: 805: 724: 494: 7916: 6346: 1543:'s rise. During the 1980s, Hispanic immigrants were more likely to be from Central and South America. 8247: 8171: 8149: 7991: 7527: 1509: 1199: 872: 801: 678: 566: 179: 80: 7832:

The Multiracial Promise. Harold Washington's Chicago and the Democratic Struggle in Reagan's America

5109: 5596: 5172: 4096: 3263: 2433: 1377: 1329:

Polarized attitudes of labor and business in Chicago prompted a strike by workers' lobbying for an

617: 425:

Retrospective map showing how Chicago may have appeared in 1812 (right is north, published in 1884)

76: 6578:

Elaine Lewinnek, "Better than a Bank for a Poor Man? Home Financing Strategies in Early Chicago".

6040:

The Gambler King of Clark Street: Michael C. McDonald and the Rise of Chicago's Democratic Machine

5580: 477:, some Native Americans ceded the area of Chicago to the United States for a military post in the 8090: 8048: 3518: 2939: 2479: 2341: 1449: 1415: 1280:

During the election of April 23, 1875, the voters of Chicago chose to operate under the Illinois

1122: 1078: 1051:

city on par with New York and became the birthplace of modern architecture in the United States.

1030: 990: 978: 944: 486: 330: 108: 7086: 1722:

Office building resumed in the 1960s. When completed in 1974, the Sears Tower, now known as the

1557: 8252: 8220: 6995: 5600: 5157: 3707: 1988: 1977: 1563: 1423: 1005: 993:. His work also included garden design for some of the region's most influential millionaires. 892: 844: 643:

commissioners built roads south and west. The latter crossed the "dismal Nine-mile Swamp," the

605: 262: 211:

At its first appearance in records by explorers, the Chicago area was inhabited by a number of

27: 5867: 5813: 5548: 5281: 5017: 922:

mayor, who banned Sunday sales of liquor and beer. His aggressive law enforcement sparked the

485:

in 1803 on the Chicago River. It was destroyed by Indian forces during the War of 1812 in the

8191: 8122: 8021: 7125: 6619: 6123:"Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933-1934 (University of Illinois at Chicago) : Home" 5880: 5662: 4326: 4234: 2036: 1947: 1660: 1294: 1017: 907:. The city's government and voluntary societies gave generous support to soldiers during the 766: 640: 633: 7486: 7485:(Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. 7295:

Medicine in Chicago, 1850-1950: A Chapter in the Social and Scientific Development of a City

6078: 6038: 5989: 822:

of Chicago in 1898. It became the second American city to reach a population of 1.6 million.

241:. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by 8117: 6827:"Mayor Richard Daley: It's more responsible to tap parking meter reserves than raise taxes" 6688: 6588:

From Cottage to Bungalow: Houses and the Working Classes in Metropolitan Chicago, 1869-1929

6502:"Love Flees Cold Flats, Tenants' Leader Argues: Heated Charges Fly in Heat Ordinance Fight" 5450:

http://www.museum.state.il.us/publications/epub/indian_villages_il_country_wayne_temple.pdf

5167: 4280: 3934: 3217: 2893: 2774: 2590: 2295: 1965:

had become too heavy with rescue gear that had been ordered by Congress in the wake of the

1798: 1616: 1516: 1227: 880: 740: 648: 498: 493:. After the end of the war, the Potawatomi ceded the land to the United States in the 1816 478: 474: 299: 5639: 4890: 1876:

was elected mayor of Chicago. Chicago earned the title of "City of the Year" in 2008 from

1687: 1253: 431: 159:, and Chicago became notorious for its violent strikes, but respected for its high wages. 95:

by at least 1790, though possibly as early as 1784. The small settlement was defended by

8: 4650: 4489: 4188: 4050: 3799: 3753: 3615: 3125: 1921: 1214: 1013: 958: 860: 791: 136: 6166: 1626: 8242: 8213: 8154: 8095: 8085: 8058: 7883: 7745:

Women of Faith: The Chicago Sisters of Mercy and the Evolution of a Religious Community

7523: 7501: 7468: 7378: 7204: 6450:"U.S. Lists Rent War Flats; Tax Dodgers Hunted: Some Landlords Admit "Error" in Income" 6429: 6409: 5744: 5727:

Reed, Christopher R. (2001). "African American Life in Antebellum Chicago, 1833-1860".

4546: 4086: 2663: 1940: 1913: 1810: 1704: 1457: 1444: 1440: 1289: 1265: 1181: 1060: 962: 928: 915: 908: 819: 761: 212: 191: 187: 183: 152: 124: 7207:

Compares the three cities in terms of geography, economics and race from 1800 to 1990.

6903: 6280:

Bill Barnhart, "Public Enemies: Chicago Origins of Personalized Anticrime Campaigns",

5800: 3994: 3856: 3697: 1987:, when a hole was accidentally drilled into the long-abandoned (and mostly forgotten) 1134:

Merchants' Hotel on left, looking North from State and Washington Streets, before 1868

1016:

neighborhood. The land was reclaimed according to a design by the landscape architect

8266: 8237: 7951: 7811: 7329: 7317:

Clavel, Pierre, and Robert Giloth, "Planning for Manufacturing: Chicago After 1983,"

7082: 6952: 6399: 6370:

Jon Bekken, "Negotiating Class and Ethnicity: the Polish-language Press in Chicago",

6193: 6044: 6020:

Mark H. Haller, "Organized Crime in Urban Society: Chicago in the Twentieth Century"

5819: 5736: 5668: 5554: 5527: 5392: 5349: 5341: 5311: 4763: 4004: 3866: 3789: 3605: 2239: 2062: 1829: 1790: 1785: 1696: 1664: 1497: 1159: 856: 852: 736: 708: 644: 629: 609: 326: 294: 286: 258: 144: 117: 6413: 6269:"We've Got a Right to Fight; We're Married": Domestic Homicide in Chicago, 1875–1920 5761:

Goebel-Bain, Angela, 2009, "From Humble Beginnings: Lincoln's Illinois 1830-1861,"

5249: 4415: 4178: 4040: 1085:

Chicago became the center of the nation's advertising industry after New York City.

839:

Although originally settled by Yankees in the 1830s, the city in the 1840s had many

814: 691: 462:, a Frenchman of European and African descent, who built a farm at the mouth of the 447: 223:. The name "Chicago" is generally believed to derive from a French rendering of the 8280: 8203: 8186: 8159: 8078: 8073: 8014: 7999: 7538: 7505: 7195:(2004), with thorough coverage by scholars in 1120 pages of text, maps and photos. 6391: 5176: 4970: 4592: 3355: 2847: 2617: 2525: 2249: 2073: 2008: 1833: 1781: 1656: 1602: 1469: 1369: 1334: 1219: 1203: 1188: 868: 848: 666: 662: 233: 171: 140: 7518:

Keating, Ann Durkin. "In the Shadow of Chicago: Postwar Illinois Historiography."

7474:

Hogan, David. "Education and the making of the Chicago working class, 1880–1930."

7445:

Chicago's Greatest Year, 1893: The White City and the Birth of a Modern Metropolis

5933: 5586:, Chicago: 1929; Kessinger Publishing, LLC, reprint 2009, accessed August 24, 2010 4316: 4224: 2032: 1272: 466:

in 1788 to 1790. He left Chicago in 1800. In 1968, Point du Sable was honored at

182:. Increasingly it emphasized its service roles in medicine, higher education, and 8112: 7947: 7692: 6583: 6387:

Middle Class Union: Organizing the 'Consuming Public' in Post-World War I America

5500: 5119: 3309: 2837: 1901: 1888: 1763: 1365: 1353: 1309: 953: 923: 904: 896: 864: 840: 782: 720: 683: 278: 266: 38: 7326:

American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for Chicago and the Nation

628:

trade that would benefit both Chicago and New York state. Chicago was granted a

521:

Thompson's plat, the first official map of what would become the City of Chicago

517: 8270: 8127: 7610: 6908: 6808: 6793: 6778: 6763: 6144: 5073: 3541: 3450: 3422: 2387: 2194: 2084: 1866: 1849:

In September 2008, Chicago accepted a $ 2.52 billion bid on a 99-year lease of

1837: 1708: 1700: 1533: 1342: 1330: 1021: 712: 541: 533: 490: 322: 318: 270: 7856:

Polish Immigrants and Industrial Chicago: Workers on the South Side, 1880–1920

7190: 6345:

Hana Layson with Kenneth Warren, "Chicago and the Great Migration, 1915–1950"

4536: 1218:

symbolized for many hope for Chicago and the nation, then in the midst of the

8295: 7842: 7542: 6804:"FAIL, Part Three: The Insiders; Who benefited from the parking meter fiasco" 5740: 5345: 4900: 4421: 4142: 3661: 3508: 3399: 3161: 3069: 2801: 2709: 2571: 2017: 1992: 1984: 1909: 1905: 1878: 1858: 1772: 1303: 1261: 1235: 1169: 1086: 1065: 1009: 549: 482: 467: 463: 451: 386: 366: 290: 220: 96: 92: 49: 7671:

The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics

7549:

Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of Divided Metropolis

7420:

Urban Green: Nature, Recreation, and the Working Class in Industrial Chicago

7099: 6659:

Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention

5353: 4640: 4270: 34: 7264:

Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packinghouse Workers, 1894—1922

6845: 6607: 6256: 5315: 5027: 4582: 4372: 4362: 3569: 3004: 1873: 1723: 1712: 1540: 1433: 1207: 1036: 749: 246: 195: 166:. Mexicans started arriving after 1910, and Puerto Ricans after 1945. The 128: 84: 75:. Since the 1850s Chicago has been one of the dominant metropolises in the 53: 7801:

German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850-1910: A Comparative Perspective

7609:(2011), 472pp; detailed history by a scholar, based on secondary sources. 7413:

The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930

5465: 1695:

Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe (in particular

1257:

Nicely dressed Jewish men and boys standing on a sidewalk in Chicago, 1903

1073: 509: 7873:

Fire on the Prairie: Chicago's Harold Washington and the Politics of Race

6943: 6736: 6395: 3033: 2028:

John Patrick Hopkins (#35) was the youngest and the first Catholic mayor.

1954: 1920:

of 1893, by which Chicago celebrated its recovery from the fire; and the

1814: 1794: 1768: 1525: 1392: 1187:

New construction boomed in the 1920s, with notable landmarks such as the

1163: 808:

were among the most prominent early African-American citizens of Chicago.

704: 625: 394: 308: 282: 167: 156: 113: 100: 52:; a notable spike is visible in the Prohibition era, a sharp drop around 7930: 7859: 7703: 7674: 7580: 7556:

Chicago: An Intimate Portrait of People, Pleasures, and Power, 1860–1919

7437: 7367: 7346: 7336: 7312: 7267: 7243: 7233: 6591: 6384:

Robbins, Mark W. (2017). "5. Rent War! Middle-Class Tenant Organizing".

5748: 44: 7818:

The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America

7789:. (4th ed. 1995). 648 pp. essays by scholars on each major ethnic group 6025: 4717: 3924: 2985: 2184: 2051: 2024: 1825: 1747: 1548: 1338: 1044: 919: 589: 410: 338: 104: 7961: 7766:

Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago

5660: 3743: 3440: 1024:. It was called the "White City" for the appearance of its buildings. 525: 7274:

Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago

6740: 4960: 4832: 2929: 2285: 1396: 1381: 1242: 731: 632:

by the State of Illinois on March 4, 1837; it was part of the larger

597: 216: 7666:(2nd ed. Northwestern University Press, 2012), 250 short biographies 7533:

Keating, Ann Durkin. "Chicagoland: More than the Sum of its Parts."

5366: 4707: 2047: 1146: 7940: 7931:

History of Chicago from its founding to the World's Fair at PBS.org

7880:

The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965

7669:

Schneirov, Richard; Stromquist, Shelton; and Salvatore, Nick, eds.

7598:

American Apocalypse: The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Chicago

6964: 6359:

The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965

2607: 2515: 1321:" in the New York press. The city adopted the nickname as its own. 1298: 1192: 1138: 1090: 1001: 727:, which used the transportation lines to ship all over the nation. 621: 601: 593: 581: 403: 398: 378: 346: 304: 7688:

The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880-1955

7577:

City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America

7399:

Catalogues and Counters: A History of Sears, Roebuck & Company

7300:

Brosnan, Kathleen A., William C. Barnett, and Ann Durkin Keating.

7288:

The World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893

6192:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 8. 6006:

Chicago by Gaslight: A History of Chicago's Netherworld: 1880-1920

5919:

The World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893

3253: 3023: 2745: 2423: 1775:

refused the $ 100,000 fee and donated it to the people of Chicago.

1578:

International Ballooning Contest, Aero Park, Chicago, July 4, 1908

56:, another increase during the 1970s–90s, and a decline since then. 8037: 7780:

Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration

6825:

Mihalopoulos, Dan; Dardick, Hal; Byrne, John (October 21, 2009).

5618:"Potawatomi Treaties and Treaty Rights | Milwaukee Public Museum" 1900:

Four historical events are commemorated by the four red stars on

1802: 1496:

As the First World War cut off immigration, tens of thousands of

1346: 1155: 60: 7925: 7429:(1995); essays by scholars covering important mayors before 1980 7375:

A City and Its Universities: Public Policy in Chicago, 1892–1919

7212:

History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time

5267:

The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge ...

3389: 3345: 3207: 2561: 2377: 2013: 1983:

April 13, 1992, billions of dollars in damage was caused by the

1946:

On December 30, 1903, the "absolutely fireproof", five-week-old

1402: 1118:

All Star Tournament, 18 Inch Balke Line, Chicago, May 7–14, 1906

18: 7773:

Bitter Fruit: Black Politics and the Chicago Machine, 1931-1991

5433:

The Time of the French in the Heart of North America, 1673-1818

4753: 4479: 3559: 2883: 2791: 2699: 2058: 1883: 1524:

From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant

899:, the 1860 presidential nominee of the Northern Democrats. The 752:

cars allowed the shipping of fresh meat to cities in the East.

576: 390: 350: 99:

after its completion in 1804, but was abandoned as part of the

7922:, comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present 7849:

The Italians in Chicago: A Study in Ethnic Mobility, 1880–1930

7731:

A House For All Peoples: Ethnic Politics In Chicago, 1890-1936

7281:

Richard J. Daley: Politics, Race, and the Governing of Chicago

5605:

History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago

5595:

The first boundaries of the new town were Kinzie, Desplaines,

2653: 1460:, all centrally located served those who could afford to pay. 1130: 1126:

Detail of lobby columns at the Ford Center for Performing Arts

329:

as the western boundary of the Miami. In 1683, La Salle built

5975:

Arthur W. Schultz, "Albert Lasker's Advertising Revolution,"

5815:

Northeast and Midwest United States: An Environmental History

3651: 3115: 2975: 772: 585: 238: 7956: 7794:

Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism

7385:

The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920

6979:"Moody's: Chicago's Economy Most Balanced in US (1/23/2003)" 6065:

The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920

5789:

The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880-1920

5493:"Jean Baptiste Point de Sable—The Founder of Modern Chicago" 2469: 2331: 2087:(#56) was the first African American woman mayor of Chicago. 1734:, which designed many of the city's other famous buildings. 1630:

Chicago skyline from Northerly Island Taken sometime in 1941

1376:

Progressive reformers in the business community created the

333:

on the Illinois River. Almost two thousand Miami, including

273:

to the Miami villages near the site of present-day Chicago.

7936:

The Northwest Chicago Historical Society's official website

7866:

Polish Catholics in Chicago, 1850-1920: A Religious History

7587:

American Apocalypse: The Great Fire and the Myth of Chicago

7343:

Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939

1384:, whom he made a scapegoat for widespread social problems. 647:, and went southwest to Walker's Grove, now the Village of 570: 148: 8006: 7890:

Chicago's Catholics: The Evolution of an American Identity

7759:

Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City

7406:

The Grain Traders: The Story of the Chicago Board of Trade

7357:

Chicago, 1930-70: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology

7353:

Chicago, 1910-29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology

5553:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 153–155. 5327: 5325: 1520:

Chicago tenants picket against rent increases (March 1920)

1427:

the black neighborhoods on the near West Side. These were

501:.) Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1818 and used until 1837. 325:

south of Chicago in the winter of 1681–82, identified the

289:

attracted the attention of many French explorers, notably

269:. In 1671, Potawatomi guides first took the French trader 186:. The city formed the political base for leaders such as 7926:

In the Vicinity of Maxwell and Halsted Streets, 1890–1930

7653:

As Others See Chicago: Impressions of Visitors, 1673-1933

7563:

Insull: The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon

7392:

Challenging Chicago: Coping with Everyday Life, 1837–1920

7302:

City of Lake and Prairie: Chicago's Environmental History

7250:

The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow

4132: 3299: 2199: 2153: 362: 334: 79:, and has been the largest city in the Midwest since the 7681:

Chicago and the American Literary Imagination, 1880-1920

6824: 5446:

Indian Villages of the Illinois Country: Historic Tribes

5382: 1801:

marched and held sit ins to protest the displacement of

636:. By 1840 the boom town had a population of over 4,000. 7201:

New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities

5322: 5228:

The party sited as "Citizens" was created in the 1970s.

1493:, a major event for the Catholic community of Chicago. 7897:

Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920

7203:(U of Minnesota Press, 1999). ISBN 978-0-8166-3336-4. 5308:

Checagou: From Indian Wigwam to Modern City, 1673–1835

5270:

Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 1924. p. 498.

1551:

neighborhoods, and attracting singles and gay people.

7483:

Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980

7309:

Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image

1210:

led to the suspension for years of new construction.

537:

Chicago in 1831, as depicted in 1893 by Rudolf Cronau

5640:"Act of Incorporation for the City of Chicago, 1837" 672: 109:

caught up with the retreating soldiers and civilians

7465:

The Chicago schools: a social and political history

7455:

Chicago Transformed: World War I and the Windy City

6036: 1691:

PCC streetcar, Chicago, 1950 - the last ran in 1958

6083:The Economic Rivalry between St. Louis and Chicago 5460: 5458: 1655:On December 2, 1942, the world's first controlled 1287:Late-19th-century big city newspapers such as the 1243:Politics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 7257:"Eagle Forgotten": The Life of John Peter Altgeld 6713:. Huffington Post. April 20, 2009. Archived from 6528:"Fine Landlord $ 25 In Test Case on New Heat Law" 5776:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 1345:, and its history was commemorated in the annual 8293: 7520:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 7513:Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War 6434:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5729:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 5331: 4434: 1730:. It was designed by the famous Chicago firm of 1158:and greatly influence the nation's economy. The 1054: 470:as the city's founder and featured as a symbol. 7364:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West 6582:2006 32(2): 274-301. ISSN 0096-1442 Full text: 6229:(University of Chicago Press, 2009). pp 84-110. 6097:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West 5811: 5689:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West 5455: 4858: 4845: 4447: 2076:(#54) was the longest-serving mayor (22 years). 1916:of 1871, which destroyed much of the city; the 1150:Loop street scene in 1900; colorized photograph 961:, one of the few surviving buildings after the 871:community formed, led by activist leaders like 442: 7481:Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. 7100:"Chicago Mayors | Chicago Public Library" 6877:"Daley's Budget Guts Parking Meter Deal Funds" 6606:2000 24(1): 183-222. ISSN 0145-5532 Fulltext: 5484: 5247: 1746:House in Chicago's inner city, 1974. Photo by 903:in Chicago nominated the home-state candidate 8022: 7785:Holli, Melvin G. and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. 7036:To Sleep with the Angels: The Story of a Fire 7008:Anthony P. Hatch, "Inferno at the Iroquois." 6801: 6786: 6771: 6711:"Midway Airport Privatization Deal Collapses" 6416:. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024 5661:Melvin G. Holli; Peter d'Alroy Jones (1995). 5576: 5574: 5310:. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. 4911: 4776: 4661: 3430: 1939:The most famous and serious disaster was the 1403:Immigration and migration in the 20th century 7963:Digital Research Library of Illinois History 7904:Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 7808:Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor 7723: 7710:Illinois: A Descriptive and Historical Guide 6942: 6931:First son: the biography of Richard M. Daley 6874: 6802:Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (June 18, 2009). 6772:Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (April 9, 2009). 4924: 4790: 4675: 4605: 3958: 3892: 3879: 3811: 3463: 2174: 2141: 1395:and private clients. The most notorious was 7700:City of Big Shoulders: A History of Chicago 7427:The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition 6901: 6846:"Daley talks legacy in 2011 budget address" 6787:Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (May 21, 2009). 6482:. Belleville Daily Advocate. March 30, 1921 6332:Melvin G. Holli and Peter d'A. Jones, eds. 6255:2006 40(1): 5-24. ISSN 0022-4529 Fulltext: 5526:. University of Chicago Press. p. 12. 5175:; the larger groups have articles such as 5099: 5053: 5007: 4982: 4950: 4880: 4812: 4743: 4697: 4630: 4572: 4526: 4501: 4469: 4409: 4384: 4352: 4306: 4260: 4214: 4168: 4122: 4076: 4030: 3984: 3945: 3914: 3846: 3824: 3779: 3733: 3687: 3641: 3595: 3549: 3498: 3476: 3379: 3335: 3289: 3243: 3197: 3151: 3105: 3059: 3013: 2965: 2919: 2873: 2827: 2781: 2735: 2689: 2643: 2597: 2551: 2505: 2459: 2413: 2367: 2321: 2275: 2229: 2065:(#51) was the first African American mayor. 879:, who established Chicago as a stop on the 206: 8029: 8015: 7761:(4th ed. 1945), classic sociological study 7752:The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb 7425:Green, Paul M. and Holli, Melvin G., eds. 6879:. Chicago News Cooperative. Archived from 6687:. NY Times. April 20, 2009. Archived from 5571: 835:Chicago - State St at Madison Street, 1897 773:Immigration and population in 19th century 497:. (Today, this treaty is commemorated in 7489:; see index at pp. 406–411 for list. 6685:"Deal to Privatize Chicago Airport Fails" 6644:On the Daley years see Domnic A. Pacyga, 5713:Melvin Holli, and Peter d'A. Jones, eds. 5704:, Harper Perennial, U.S.A., 1999, p. 570. 5420:The Catholic Church in Chicago, 1673-1871 1832:became the first black mayor of Chicago. 1081:in Chicago, the world's first skyscraper. 341:, left the Chicago area to gather at the 7974:. Chicago Public Library. Archived from 7837:Melody, John. "Archdiocese of Chicago." 7799:Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds. 7787:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait 7757:Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. 7619:The Politics of School Reform, 1870–1940 7568:Mayer, Harold M., and Richard C. Wade. 6334:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait 6187: 5715:Ethnic Chicago: A multicultural portrait 5664:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait 5391:. Vol. 1. Nabu Press. p. 111. 5378: 5376: 5374: 2221: 2133: 2079: 2068: 2057: 2046: 2031: 2023: 2012: 1784:served 1955–1976, dominating the city's 1686: 1625: 1515: 1271: 1260: 1252: 1145: 1137: 1129: 1121: 1113: 1072: 1064: 968: 952: 825: 813: 690: 682: 556: 548: 540: 532: 524: 516: 508: 446: 43: 33: 17: 7717:Chicago Transit: An Illustrated History 7286:Bolotin, Norman and Laing, Christine. 7157:"Gov. Edgar To End City Partisan Votes" 6456:. Chicago Daily Tribune. March 24, 1921 6383: 5546: 5490: 5181:History of African Americans in Chicago 2020:(#26) was the first foreign-born mayor. 1807:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 1491:28th International Eucharistic Congress 989:four Chicago city parks, most famously 315:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 8294: 7492:Jentz, John B. and Richard Schneirov. 7401:(1965), the standard corporate history 6895: 6875:Mihalopoulos, Dan (October 13, 2010). 6843: 6212:David Paul Nord, "Read All about It"" 5962:Harold M. Mayer, and Richard C. Wade. 5583:Chicago: The History of Its Reputation 5521: 5305: 1675:bombsights, and other components. The 715:. The first rail line to Chicago, the 561:Extensions to city limits through 1884 63:has played a central role in American 8010: 7528:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.111.1-2.0120 7432:Green, Paul M., and Melvin G. Holli. 7154: 6856:from the original on October 20, 2010 5938:Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau 5371: 5196:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago 1409:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago 1324: 504: 345:, seeking French protection from the 7642:The Rise of a Modern City, 1871–1893 7496:(2012) covers politics 1860 to 1880 7163:from the original on October 7, 2012 6948:"Chicago is GQ's 'City of the Year'" 6933:(University of Chicago Press, 2013). 6868: 6844:Thomas, Charles (October 13, 2011). 6749: 6661:(University of Chicago Press, 2008). 6508:. Chicago Tribune. December 28, 1921 5917:Norman Bolotin and Christine Laing, 5726: 5581:Lloyd Lewis and Henry Justin Smith, 5499:. Early Chicago, Inc. Archived from 608:and were forced to move west of the 545:Chicago in 1832, as depicted in 1892 529:Chicago in 1830, as depicted in 1884 355:Jean-François Buisson de Saint-Cosme 275:Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix 7324:Cohen, Adam, and Elizabeth Taylor. 7130:www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org 7106:from the original on March 22, 2019 6534:. Chicago Tribune. December 7, 1922 5610: 1819:1968 Democratic National Convention 1479:(People's Daily; 1907–1925) to the 901:1860 Republican National Convention 739:factory that was opened in 1847 by 717:Galena & Chicago Union Railroad 624:to enter the harbor, a sign of the 371:Augustin le Gardeur de Courtemanche 103:in expectation of an attack by the 13: 7178: 6735: 6284:2001 4(4): 258-270. ISSN 1522-0532 6076: 5838: 1974:Our Lady of the Angels School Fire 1928: 1908:, established at the mouth of the 1590:Bird's eye view of Chicago in 1938 1000:of 1893 was constructed on former 730:By the 1850s, the construction of 14: 8313: 7950:and other overlooked elements at 7910: 7839:The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 7834:(U of North Carolina Press, 2023) 7655:. (1937, reprinted 2004). 548 pp 7630:The Beginning of a City 1673–1848 7397:Emmet, Boris, and John E. Jeuck. 7136:from the original on July 7, 2012 6374:2000 57(2): 5-29. ISSN 0032-2806. 6216:2002 31(1): 26-57. ISSN 0272-8540 6169:. Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org 5878: 5422:, p. 13. Loyola University Press. 5383:Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). 2054:(#50) was the first female mayor. 2002: 1142:Birds-eye view of Chicago in 1916 673:Emergence as a transportation hub 458:The first settler in Chicago was 8276: 8275: 8265: 7012:2003 32(2): 4–31. ISSN 0272-8540 6902:Dumke, Mick (October 30, 2010). 6670:for recent politics see Pacyga, 6556:. April 30, 2021. Archived from 6390:. University of Michigan Press. 6361:(Oxford University Press, 1977). 6347:online From the Newberry Library 6167:"Century of Progress Exposition" 6145:"Century of Progress Exposition" 6125:. Collections.carli.illinois.edu 6112:1999 2(1): 39-56. ISSN 1522-0532 5108: 5062: 5016: 4959: 4889: 4821: 4752: 4706: 4639: 4581: 4535: 4478: 4414: 4361: 4315: 4269: 4223: 4177: 4131: 4085: 4039: 3993: 3923: 3855: 3788: 3742: 3696: 3650: 3604: 3558: 3507: 3439: 3388: 3344: 3298: 3252: 3206: 3160: 3114: 3068: 3022: 2974: 2928: 2882: 2836: 2790: 2744: 2698: 2652: 2606: 2560: 2514: 2468: 2422: 2376: 2330: 2284: 2238: 2183: 1755: 1739: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1556: 1276:Map of downtown Chicago in 1917. 1206:and diversion of resources into 790: 781: 612:by 1838. On July 12, 1834, the 430: 418: 303:indicate that by this time, the 7823:McCaffrey, Lawrence J. et al. 7747:(Oxford University Press, 2014) 7690:. (1997). 597 pp. publisher of 7570:Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis 7440:; short and heavily illustrated 7370:, influential regional history. 7297:. (1957, 2nd ed. 1991). 335 pp. 7185:Bibliography of Chicago history 7148: 7118: 7092: 7071: 7056: 7044: 7034:David Cowan and John Kuenster, 7028: 7023:Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic 7015: 7002: 6971: 6936: 6923: 6837: 6818: 6729: 6703: 6677: 6664: 6651: 6638: 6612: 6596: 6572: 6546: 6520: 6494: 6468: 6442: 6377: 6364: 6351: 6339: 6326: 6313: 6300: 6287: 6274: 6261: 6245: 6232: 6219: 6206: 6181: 6159: 6137: 6115: 6102: 6089: 6070: 6057: 6030: 6014: 5998: 5990:Christopher Thale, "Gambling" 5982: 5969: 5964:Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis 5956: 5943: 5927: 5911: 5898: 5872: 5861: 5832: 5805: 5794: 5781: 5768: 5755: 5720: 5707: 5694: 5681: 5667:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 49. 5654: 5632: 5589: 5540: 5515: 5438: 5418:Garraghan, Gilbert J. (1921). 5222: 5213: 5186:History of education in Chicago 5163:Bibliography of Chicago history 2097:Cities and Villages Act of 1872 1844: 1650: 1636:Industrial Workers of the World 1621: 1282:Cities and Villages Act of 1872 1196:Chicago Board of Trade Building 1174:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 1109: 1069:1893 Bird's eye view of Chicago 977:Most of the city burned in the 949:Chicago railroad strike of 1877 695:1857 Bird's eye view of Chicago 687:1853 Bird's eye view of Chicago 377:accompanied de Courtemanche to 7648:); the major scholarly history 7476:History of Education Quarterly 7155:Hardy, Thomas (July 7, 1995). 6904:"Parking Matter Still Festers" 5702:History of the American People 5425: 5412: 5360: 5299: 5274: 5258: 5241: 1732:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 1: 7646:excerpt and text search vol 3 7634:excerpt and text search vol 1 7494:Chicago in the Age of Capital 7321:, 14#1 (Feb. 2015) pp: 19–37. 7304:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 2020) 6586:; see also Joseph C. Bigott, 5550:Rising Up from Indian Country 1489:In 1926, the city hosted the 1481:Polish Roman Catholic Union's 1055:Rise of industry and commerce 938: 359:Mission of the Guardian Angel 343:Grand Village of the Illinois 7743:Connolly, Mary Beth Fraser. 7651:Pierce, Bessie Louise, ed. 7471:the major scholarly history. 7079:American Sociological Review 6532:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org 6506:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org 6480:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org 6454:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org 6037:Richard C. Lindberg (2009). 5979:Nov 2002, Vol. 31#2 pp 36-53 5470:DuSable Heritage Association 5235: 5206: 5191:Political history of Chicago 5129: 5098: 5086: 5083: 5052: 5040: 5037: 5006: 4994: 4980: 4949: 4923: 4910: 4879: 4857: 4844: 4811: 4788: 4774: 4742: 4730: 4727: 4696: 4673: 4660: 4629: 4617: 4603: 4571: 4559: 4556: 4525: 4513: 4499: 4468: 4446: 4433: 4408: 4396: 4383: 4351: 4339: 4336: 4305: 4293: 4290: 4259: 4247: 4244: 4213: 4201: 4198: 4167: 4155: 4152: 4121: 4109: 4106: 4075: 4063: 4060: 4029: 4017: 4014: 3983: 3957: 3944: 3913: 3891: 3878: 3845: 3823: 3810: 3778: 3766: 3763: 3732: 3720: 3717: 3686: 3674: 3671: 3640: 3628: 3625: 3594: 3582: 3579: 3548: 3531: 3528: 3497: 3475: 3462: 3429: 3412: 3409: 3378: 3368: 3365: 3334: 3322: 3319: 3288: 3276: 3273: 3242: 3230: 3227: 3196: 3184: 3181: 3150: 3138: 3135: 3104: 3092: 3089: 3058: 3046: 3043: 3012: 2998: 2995: 2964: 2952: 2949: 2918: 2906: 2903: 2872: 2860: 2857: 2826: 2814: 2811: 2780: 2768: 2765: 2734: 2722: 2719: 2688: 2676: 2673: 2642: 2630: 2627: 2596: 2584: 2581: 2550: 2538: 2535: 2504: 2492: 2489: 2458: 2446: 2443: 2412: 2400: 2397: 2366: 2354: 2351: 2320: 2308: 2305: 2274: 2262: 2259: 2228: 2209: 2206: 2173: 2163: 2160: 2140: 1851:Midway International Airport 1641:American Federation of Labor 1249:Political history of Chicago 998:World's Columbian Exposition 699:In 1848, the opening of the 460:Jean Baptiste Point du Sable 443:First non-native settlements 369:people. Shortly thereafter, 176:Cook County Democratic Party 89:Jean Baptiste Point du Sable 7: 8036: 7638:From Town to City 1848–1871 7394:(U of Illinois Press, 1998) 7319:Journal of Planning History 7192:The Encyclopedia of Chicago 7126:"Chicago Mayors, 1837-2007" 6310:(Simon and Schuster, 1996). 6308:Capone: The man and the era 6282:Journal of Illinois History 6188:Agyepong, Tera Eva (2018). 6110:Journal of Illinois History 6043:. SIU Press. pp. 2–7. 5522:Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009). 5385:"Chicago From 1816 To 1830" 5334:Illinois Historical Journal 5201:Timeline of Chicago history 5151: 2149:Thomas Jefferson Vance Owen 1935:Timeline of Chicago history 1096: 1004:at the present location of 889:Illinois and Michigan Canal 701:Illinois and Michigan Canal 620:, was the first commercial 201: 10: 8318: 7558:. (1973). 547 pp. popular 7182: 6085:. Encyclopedia of Chicago. 5778:(2011) 104#1/2, pp 140-165 5765:, 71(1&2): 5-25; p. 21 5251:John Askin Papers Volume 1 2006: 1932: 1918:World Columbian Exposition 1855:2008–2012 global recession 1682: 1663:as part of the top secret 1614: 1406: 1246: 1058: 963:Great Chicago Fire of 1871 942: 725:Sears, Roebuck and Company 703:allowed shipping from the 676: 361:to Christianize the local 257:The tribe was part of the 174:, who was chairman of the 8261: 8064:Colleges and universities 8044: 7946:January 11, 2012, at the 7902:Tuttle, William M., Jr. 7724:Race, religion, ethnicity 7522:111.1-2 (2018): 120-136. 7511:Karamanski, Theodore J. 7293:Bonner, Thomas Neville. 6253:Journal of Social History 6022:Journal of Social History 5818:. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. 5620:. Milwaukee Public Museum 1972:On December 1, 1958, the 1200:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1160:Chicago Union Stock Yards 679:Transportation in Chicago 657:, Chicago held its first 245:around 1679 in a memoir. 231:, referring to the plant 129:Central Business District 7686:Smith, Richard Norton. 7543:10.1177/0096144203258353 7535:Journal of Urban History 6626:. Chicago History Museum 6580:Journal of Urban History 5841:"The Great Chicago Fire" 5812:John T. Cumbler (2005). 5491:Swenson, John F (1999). 5306:Quaife, Milo M. (1933). 5173:Ethnic groups in Chicago 5145:Died/murdered in office. 2166: 1805:and the poor. After the 1797:under the leadership of 1728:world's tallest building 1610: 1378:Chicago Crime Commission 1198:completed in 1930. The 843:come as a result of the 760:decided that the entire 618:Sackets Harbor, New York 287:Mississippi River system 237:, as well as the animal 207:Early native settlements 77:Midwestern United States 7918:Encyclopedia of Chicago 7860:excerpt and text search 7704:excerpt and text search 7675:excerpt and text search 7662:Sawyers, June Skinner. 7657:excerpt and text search 7624:Pierce, Bessie Louise. 7611:excerpt and text search 7581:excerpt and text search 7498:excerpt and text search 7438:excerpt and text search 7368:excerpt and text search 7347:excerpt and text search 7337:excerpt and text search 7313:excerpt and text search 7268:excerpt and text search 7244:excerpt and text search 7234:excerpt and text search 6624:Encyclopedia of Chicago 6592:excerpt and text search 6372:Polish American Studies 6024:(1971) 5#2 pp. 210-234 5992:Encyclopedia of Chicago 5923:excerpt and text search 5885:Encyclopedia of Chicago 5848:www.sandiegounified.org 5248:MILO M. QUAIFE (1928). 3519:Harvey Doolittle Colvin 1895: 1726:, was at 1451 feet the 1416:Immigration Act of 1924 1232:1899 Juvenile Court Act 1079:Home Insurance Building 979:1871 Great Chicago Fire 945:Architecture of Chicago 927:musical entertainment. 762:city should be elevated 707:through Chicago to the 487:Battle of Fort Dearborn 473:In 1795, following the 225:Miami–Illinois language 7888:Shanabruch, Charles. 7871:Rivlin, Gary (1992). 7792:Kantowicz, Edward R. 7771:Grimshaw, William J. 7702:(2000), popular epic; 7594:The Great Chicago Fire 7579:(1997), popular epic; 7554:Longstreet, Stephen. 6996:World Business Chicago 6604:Social Science History 5158:American urban history 2775:Independent Democratic 2591:Independent Democratic 2088: 2077: 2066: 2055: 2044: 2029: 2021: 1811:major riots of despair 1767:, a 1967 sculpture in 1692: 1631: 1521: 1313:(Republican), and the 1277: 1269: 1258: 1151: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1091:Lord and Thomas agency 1082: 1070: 974: 966: 893:Chicago Board of Trade 836: 823: 696: 688: 606:1833 Treaty of Chicago 562: 554: 546: 538: 530: 522: 514: 513:1821 Survey of Chicago 455: 255: 57: 41: 31: 7864:Parot, Joseph John. 7736:Candeloro, Dominic. 7547:Keating, Ann Durkin. 7537:2004 30(2): 213-230. 7478:18.3 (1978): 227–270. 7434:Chicago, World War II 7240:The Haymarket Tragedy 7199:Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 7183:Further information: 7081:2006 71(4): 661–678. 6991:on November 23, 2006. 6004:Richard C. Lindberg, 5547:Keating, Ann (2012). 5503:on September 24, 2022 2083: 2072: 2061: 2050: 2037:William Hale Thompson 2035: 2027: 2016: 1989:Chicago Tunnel system 1904:: The United States' 1690: 1661:University of Chicago 1659:was conducted at the 1629: 1519: 1484:Dziennik Zjednoczenia 1407:Further information: 1387:After the passage of 1293:- founded in 1875 by 1275: 1264: 1256: 1247:Further information: 1149: 1141: 1133: 1125: 1117: 1076: 1068: 1059:Further information: 1018:Frederick Law Olmsted 984:The Danish immigrant 972: 956: 943:Further information: 877:Mary Richardson Jones 834: 817: 694: 686: 677:Further information: 560: 552: 544: 536: 528: 520: 512: 450: 261:, which included the 251: 47: 37: 21: 7978:on February 20, 2014 7854:Pacyga, Dominic A. 7825:The Irish in Chicago 7778:Grossman, James R. 7640:(1940); Volume III: 7626:A History of Chicago 7607:Chicago: A Biography 7404:Ferris, William G. 7307:Bukowski, Douglas. 6946:(December 7, 2008). 6883:on December 19, 2017 6767:. December 10, 2009. 6414:10.3998/mpub.9343785 6396:10.3998/mpub.9343785 6227:Chicago: A biography 5951:Constructing Chicago 5879:Thale, Christopher. 5524:Chicago: A Biography 5466:"History of DuSable" 5168:Chicago in the 1930s 2894:Charles McNeill Gray 1863:an operating company 1799:Jose Cha Cha Jimenez 1705:street photographers 1617:Chicago in the 1930s 1228:institutional racism 881:Underground Railroad 741:Cyrus Hall McCormick 499:Indian Boundary Park 479:Treaty of Greenville 475:Northwest Indian War 317:, who traversed the 300:The Jesuit Relations 30:'s map (Paris, 1718) 7847:Nelli, Humbert S. 7830:Mantler, Gordon K. 7816:Lemann, Nicholas. 7810:. (1985). Electing 7738:Italians in Chicago 7698:Spinney, Robert G. 7628:(3 vol., Volume I: 7605:Pacyga, Dominic A. 7596:(2000); 1st ed was 7561:McDonald, Forrest. 7506:10.5406/j.ctt2ttbkb 7453:Gustaitis, Joseph. 7443:Gustaitis, Joseph. 7366:. (1991). 530 pp. 7355:. (1973). 354 pp.; 7345:. (1990). 526 pp. 7248:Bales, Richard F. 7228:Ascoli, Peter Max. 7159:. Chicago Tribune. 6648:(2009) pp. 323-358. 6323:(2009). pp 183-213. 6306:Laurence Bergreen, 6297:(2009). pp 240-248. 6225:Dominic A. Pacyga, 5839:Signal, Michael A. 5642:. State of Illinois 5431:Charles J. Balesi, 4651:Michael A. Bilandic 4327:William H. Thompson 4235:William H. Thompson 4189:Carter Harrison Jr. 4051:Carter Harrison Jr. 3800:Carter Harrison Sr. 3754:Hempstead Washburne 3616:Carter Harrison Sr. 2480:Benjamin W. Raymond 2342:Benjamin W. Raymond 2039:(#41) was the last 1922:Century of Progress 1331:eight-hour work day 1215:Century of Progress 959:Chicago Water Tower 495:Treaty of St. Louis 397:. The Iroquois and 127:that destroyed the 48:Historical Chicago 28:Guillaume de L'Isle 8302:History of Chicago 7882:(Oxford UP, 1977) 7878:Sanders, James W. 7858:. (1991). 322 pp. 7764:Fernandez, Lilia. 7673:. (1999). 258 pp. 7617:Peterson, Paul E. 7575:Miller, Donald L. 7362:Cronon, William. 7341:Cohen, Lizabeth. 7311:. (1998). 273 pp. 6674:(2009) pp 359-401. 6357:James W. Sanders, 6242:(2009). pp 84-110. 5949:Daniel Bluestone, 5868:Great Chicago Fire 5801:Chief O'Neill Blog 5389:History of Chicago 5367:Potawatomi history 5219:exact date unknown 4547:Martin H. Kennelly 3264:Francis C. Sherman 2756:James H. Woodworth 2434:Francis C. Sherman 2089: 2078: 2067: 2056: 2045: 2030: 2022: 1941:Great Chicago Fire 1914:Great Chicago Fire 1693: 1632: 1522: 1500:came north in the 1458:The Bateman School 1333:, later named the 1325:Violence and crime 1307:(Democratic), the 1290:Chicago Daily News 1278: 1270: 1266:Theodore Roosevelt 1259: 1182:U.S. Supreme Court 1152: 1144: 1136: 1128: 1120: 1083: 1071: 1061:Economy of Chicago 975: 967: 916:Know-Nothing Party 909:American Civil War 837: 824: 697: 689: 563: 555: 547: 539: 531: 523: 515: 505:Growth of the city 456: 349:. In 1696, French 213:Algonquian peoples 194:in the 1950s, and 188:Stephen A. Douglas 180:transportation hub 87:Native Americans. 58: 42: 32: 8289: 8288: 8172:Metropolitan area 7992:"Chicago History" 7972:"Chicago History" 7952:Forgotten Chicago 7906:. (1970). 305 pp. 7892:. (1981). 296 pp. 7851:. (1970). 300 pp. 7827:. (1987). 171 pp. 7820:. (1991). 401 pp. 7812:Harold Washington 7806:Kleppner, Paul. 7803:. (1983). 252 pp. 7796:. (1983). 295 pp. 7782:. (1989). 384 pp. 7775:. (1992). 248 pp. 7754:. (1996). 316 pp. 7750:Cutler, Irving. 7740:. (1999). 128 pp. 7733:. (1973). 213 pp. 7729:Allswang, John. 7683:. (1984). 232 pp. 7664:Chicago Portraits 7659:, primary sources 7621:. (1985). 241 pp. 7515:. (1993). 292 pp. 7463:Herrick, Mary J. 7415:. (1990). 249 pp. 7408:. (1988). 221 pp. 7359:. (1974). 351 pp. 7351:Condit, Carl W. 7290:. (1992). 166 pp. 7283:. (1995). 292 pp. 7276:. (1984). 219 pp. 7252:. (2002). 338 pp. 6953:Chicago Sun-Times 6717:on April 23, 2009 6691:on April 29, 2018 6560:on April 30, 2021 6405:978-0-472-13033-7 6147:. Cityclicker.net 6077:Conzen, Michael. 6067:(1983) pp 230-73. 5763:The Living Museum 5607:1999, pp. 57, 88. 5533:978-0-226-64431-8 5444:Wayne C. Temple, 5282:"ILDA Dictionary" 5143: 5142: 4764:Harold Washington 4005:George Bell Swift 3867:George Bell Swift 3708:DeWitt C. Cregier 2940:Isaac L. Milliken 2296:Buckner S. Morris 2063:Harold Washington 2043:mayor of Chicago. 1830:Harold Washington 1697:displaced persons 1665:Manhattan Project 1510:Chicago race riot 1498:African Americans 832: 800:Husband and wife 709:Mississippi River 665:as its inaugural 645:Des Plaines River 610:Mississippi River 409:There was also a 402:raids during the 327:Des Plaines River 295:Jacques Marquette 281:) connecting the 259:Miami Confederacy 243:Robert de LaSalle 198:in recent years. 118:Mississippi River 73:political history 8309: 8279: 8278: 8269: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8000:Newberry Library 7987: 7985: 7983: 7868:. (1982) 298 pp. 7715:Young, David M. 7679:Smith, Carl S. 7390:Duis, Perry R. 7383:Duis, Perry R. 7328:. (2001). 614pp 7262:Barrett, James. 7255:Barnard, Harry. 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7090: 7075: 7069: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7032: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6992: 6990: 6984:. Archived from 6983: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6962: 6960: 6940: 6934: 6929:Keith Koeneman, 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6798: 6783: 6768: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6649: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6616: 6610: 6600: 6594: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6381: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6259: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6095:William Cronon, 6093: 6087: 6086: 6079:"Global Chicago" 6074: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6034: 6028: 6018: 6012: 6002: 5996: 5986: 5980: 5977:Chicago History, 5973: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5931: 5925: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5881:"Waste Disposal" 5876: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5809: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5785: 5779: 5772: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5724: 5718: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5687:William Cronin, 5685: 5679: 5678: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5614: 5608: 5593: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5453: 5442: 5436: 5435:. 3rd ed. (2000) 5429: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5380: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5177:Poles in Chicago 5112: 5101: 5066: 5055: 5020: 5009: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4971:Richard M. Daley 4963: 4952: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4893: 4882: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4825: 4814: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4756: 4745: 4710: 4699: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4643: 4632: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4593:Richard J. Daley 4585: 4574: 4539: 4528: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4482: 4471: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4418: 4411: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4365: 4354: 4319: 4308: 4281:William E. Dever 4273: 4262: 4227: 4216: 4181: 4170: 4135: 4124: 4089: 4078: 4043: 4032: 3997: 3986: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3927: 3916: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3870:(interim mayor) 3859: 3848: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3792: 3781: 3746: 3735: 3700: 3689: 3654: 3643: 3608: 3597: 3562: 3551: 3511: 3500: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3443: 3432: 3392: 3381: 3356:Roswell B. Mason 3348: 3337: 3302: 3291: 3256: 3245: 3218:Julian S. Rumsey 3210: 3199: 3164: 3153: 3118: 3107: 3072: 3061: 3026: 3015: 2978: 2967: 2932: 2921: 2886: 2875: 2848:Walter S. Gurnee 2840: 2829: 2794: 2783: 2748: 2737: 2702: 2691: 2656: 2645: 2618:Augustus Garrett 2610: 2599: 2564: 2553: 2526:Augustus Garrett 2518: 2507: 2472: 2461: 2426: 2415: 2380: 2369: 2334: 2323: 2288: 2277: 2250:William B. Ogden 2242: 2231: 2201: 2187: 2176: 2155: 2143: 2102: 2101: 2074:Richard M. Daley 2009:Mayor of Chicago 1976:occurred in the 1948:Iroquois Theater 1834:Richard M. Daley 1786:machine politics 1782:Richard J. Daley 1759: 1743: 1657:nuclear reaction 1603:Oak Street Beach 1599: 1587: 1575: 1560: 1335:Haymarket affair 1268:in Chicago, 1915 1220:Great Depression 1204:Great Depression 1189:Merchandise Mart 869:African-American 833: 794: 785: 663:William B. Ogden 659:mayoral election 481:. The US built 434: 422: 234:Allium tricoccum 215:, including the 172:Richard J. Daley 133:higher education 26:on the lake, in 8317: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8257: 8069:Community areas 8040: 8035: 7996:Research Guides 7990: 7981: 7979: 7970: 7948:Wayback Machine 7941:Chicago History 7913: 7726: 7719:(1998). 213 pp. 7693:Chicago Tribune 7592:Miller, Ross. 7589:. 1990. 287 pp. 7585:Miller, Ross. 7418:Fisher, Colin. 7411:Fine, Lisa M. 7373:Diner, Steven. 7279:Biles, Roger. 7272:Biles, Roger. 7210:Andreas, A. T. 7187: 7181: 7179:Further reading 7176: 7166: 7164: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7076: 7072: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7033: 7029: 7021:George Hilton, 7020: 7016: 7010:Chicago History 7007: 7003: 6988: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6958: 6956: 6941: 6937: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6842: 6838: 6831:Chicago Tribune 6823: 6819: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6601: 6597: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6427: 6426: 6419: 6417: 6406: 6382: 6378: 6369: 6365: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336:(4th ed. 1995). 6331: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6288: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6262: 6250: 6246: 6237: 6233: 6224: 6220: 6214:Chicago History 6211: 6207: 6200: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6090: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6019: 6015: 6003: 5999: 5987: 5983: 5974: 5970: 5961: 5957: 5948: 5944: 5934:Chicago History 5932: 5928: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5787:Perry R. Duis, 5786: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5756: 5725: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5623: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5594: 5590: 5579: 5572: 5561: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5381: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5330: 5323: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5154: 5146: 5120:Brandon Johnson 5116: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4836:(acting mayor) 4835: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4490:Edward J. Kelly 4486: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4425:(acting mayor) 4424: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4097:Edward F. Dunne 4093: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3935:John P. Hopkins 3931: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3006: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2154:August 12, 1833 2135:Town presidents 2011: 2005: 1937: 1931: 1929:Major disasters 1898: 1889:The Dark Knight 1847: 1776: 1764:Chicago Picasso 1760: 1751: 1744: 1685: 1677:Great Migration 1653: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1567: 1561: 1502:Great Migration 1476:Dziennik Ludowy 1411: 1405: 1354:Progressive Era 1327: 1310:Chicago Tribune 1251: 1245: 1234:, supported by 1112: 1099: 1063: 1057: 951: 941: 929:Francis O'Neill 924:Lager Beer Riot 905:Abraham Lincoln 897:Stephen Douglas 841:Irish Catholics 826: 820:bird's-eye view 812: 811: 810: 809: 797: 796: 795: 787: 786: 775: 721:Montgomery Ward 681: 675: 553:Chicago in 1836 507: 445: 438: 437:Chicago in 1820 435: 426: 423: 323:Illinois Rivers 279:Chicago Portage 209: 204: 192:Adlai Stevenson 164:Great Migration 39:Flag of Chicago 12: 11: 5: 8315: 8305: 8304: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8273: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8248:Transportation 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8221:Public schools 8218: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7988: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7912: 7911:External links 7909: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7895:Spear, Allan. 7893: 7886: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7852: 7845: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7696: 7684: 7677: 7667: 7660: 7649: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7602: 7601: 7590: 7583: 7573: 7572:(1969) 510pp 7566: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7531: 7516: 7509: 7500:; 330pp; also 7490: 7479: 7472: 7461: 7451: 7441: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7371: 7360: 7349: 7339: 7322: 7315: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7238:Avrich, Paul. 7236: 7226: 7208: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7147: 7117: 7091: 7070: 7055: 7043: 7027: 7014: 7001: 6993:Accessed from 6970: 6935: 6922: 6909:New York Times 6894: 6867: 6836: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809:Chicago Reader 6799: 6794:Chicago Reader 6784: 6779:Chicago Reader 6769: 6764:Chicago Reader 6748: 6728: 6702: 6676: 6663: 6650: 6637: 6620:"World War II" 6611: 6595: 6571: 6545: 6519: 6493: 6467: 6441: 6404: 6376: 6363: 6350: 6338: 6325: 6312: 6299: 6286: 6273: 6260: 6244: 6231: 6218: 6205: 6198: 6180: 6158: 6136: 6114: 6101: 6088: 6069: 6056: 6049: 6029: 6013: 5997: 5981: 5968: 5955: 5942: 5926: 5910: 5897: 5871: 5860: 5831: 5824: 5804: 5793: 5780: 5767: 5754: 5735:(4): 356–382. 5719: 5706: 5700:Paul Johnson, 5693: 5680: 5673: 5653: 5631: 5609: 5588: 5570: 5559: 5539: 5532: 5514: 5483: 5454: 5437: 5424: 5411: 5397: 5370: 5359: 5340:(4): 235–248. 5321: 5298: 5286:mc.miamioh.edu 5273: 5257: 5254:. p. 356. 5239: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5221: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5117: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5074:Lori Lightfoot 5071: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4922: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4856: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4830: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4787: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4672: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4445: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4186: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3956: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3890: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3864: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3822: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3451:Lester L. Bond 3448: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3172:John Wentworth 3169: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126:John C. Haines 3123: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3080:John Wentworth 3077: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007:(Know Nothing) 3002: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2664:John P. Chapin 2661: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2388:Alexander Loyd 2385: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2204:March 4, 1837 2202: 2197: 2195:John H. Kinzie 2192: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2085:Lori Lightfoot 2007:Main article: 2004: 2003:List of mayors 2001: 1933:Main article: 1930: 1927: 1902:Chicago's flag 1897: 1894: 1867:Morgan Stanley 1846: 1843: 1838:public housing 1791:O'Hare Airport 1778: 1777: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1709:Richard Nickel 1701:Eastern Europe 1684: 1681: 1652: 1649: 1623: 1620: 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1555: 1534:American dream 1454:Francis Parker 1404: 1401: 1349:celebrations. 1343:labor movement 1326: 1323: 1295:Melville Stone 1244: 1241: 1111: 1108: 1098: 1095: 1056: 1053: 1022:Daniel Burnham 940: 937: 799: 798: 789: 788: 780: 779: 778: 777: 776: 774: 771: 713:Gulf of Mexico 674: 671: 592:ceded land in 569:to survey and 567:James Thompson 506: 503: 491:Prairie Avenue 444: 441: 440: 439: 436: 429: 427: 424: 417: 331:Fort St. Louis 271:Nicolas Perrot 208: 205: 203: 200: 190:in the 1850s, 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8314: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8282: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182:Neighborhoods 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7636:; Volume II: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334:0-316-83489-0 7331: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7167:September 25, 7162: 7158: 7151: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7059: 7053: 7052:"About Kenny" 7047: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7018: 7011: 7005: 6998: 6997: 6987: 6980: 6974: 6966: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6932: 6926: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6660: 6657:Frank Kusch, 6654: 6647: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6437: 6431: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6241: 6235: 6228: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6201: 6199:9781469636443 6195: 6191: 6184: 6168: 6162: 6146: 6140: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6060: 6052: 6050:9780809386543 6046: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5978: 5972: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5864: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5825:9781576079096 5821: 5817: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5674:9780802870537 5670: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5641: 5635: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5602: 5601:State Streets 5598: 5592: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5562: 5560:9780226428987 5556: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5497:Early Chicago 5494: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5400: 5398:1-143-91396-5 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5225: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:Eugene Sawyer 4899: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422:Frank J. Corr 4420: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4143:Fred A. Busse 4141: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3662:John A. Roche 3660: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3400:Joseph Medill 3398: 3391: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802:James Curtiss 2800: 2793: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2710:James Curtiss 2708: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2572:Alson Sherman 2570: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2019: 2018:Joseph Medill 2015: 2010: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1993:Chicago River 1990: 1986: 1985:Chicago Flood 1981: 1979: 1978:Humboldt Park 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912:in 1803; the 1911: 1910:Chicago River 1907: 1906:Fort Dearborn 1903: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:parking meter 1856: 1852: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1773:Pablo Picasso 1770: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1628: 1618: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508:In 1919, the 1506: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1304:Chicago Times 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1274: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170:Lake Michigan 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1140: 1132: 1124: 1116: 1107: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1087:Albert Lasker 1080: 1075: 1067: 1062: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012:in Chicago's 1011: 1010:Lake Michigan 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 991:Columbus Park 987: 982: 980: 971: 964: 960: 955: 950: 946: 936: 932: 930: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 821: 816: 807: 803: 793: 784: 770: 768: 763: 757: 753: 751: 746: 742: 738: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 693: 685: 680: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 574: 572: 568: 559: 551: 543: 535: 527: 519: 511: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:Fort Dearborn 480: 476: 471: 469: 468:Pioneer Court 465: 464:Chicago River 461: 453: 452:Fort Dearborn 449: 433: 428: 421: 416: 415: 414: 412: 407: 405: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:Nanfan Treaty 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 301: 296: 292: 291:Louis Jolliet 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 254: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 119: 115: 110: 106: 102: 98: 97:Fort Dearborn 94: 93:Chicago River 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 55: 51: 50:homicide rate 46: 40: 36: 29: 25: 20: 16: 8132: 8091:Demographics 8049:Architecture 7995: 7980:. Retrieved 7976:the original 7962: 7917: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7855: 7848: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7716: 7709: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7670: 7663: 7652: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7606: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7534: 7519: 7512: 7493: 7482: 7475: 7464: 7454: 7444: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7374: 7363: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7325: 7318: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7239: 7229: 7211: 7200: 7191: 7188: 7165:. Retrieved 7150: 7138:. Retrieved 7129: 7120: 7108:. Retrieved 7094: 7078: 7073: 7067:Apr 14, 2007 7064: 7058: 7046: 7035: 7030: 7022: 7017: 7009: 7004: 6994: 6986:the original 6973: 6963:– via 6959:February 22, 6957:. Retrieved 6951: 6944:Konkol, Mark 6938: 6930: 6925: 6913:. Retrieved 6907: 6897: 6887:November 27, 6885:. Retrieved 6881:the original 6870: 6858:. 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