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episode, the infant and his or her caregiver enter into a pleasant laboratory setting, with many toys. After one minute, a person unknown to the infant enters the room and slowly tries to make acquaintance. The caregiver leaves the child with the stranger for three minutes; and then returns. The caregiver departs for a second time, leaving the child alone for three minutes; it is then the stranger who enters, and offers to comfort the infant. Finally, the caregiver returns, and is instructed to pick up the child. As the episodes increase the stress of the infant by increments, the observer can watch the infant's movement between behavioural systems: the interplay of exploration and attachment behaviour, in the presence and in the absence of the parent.
413:. In 1990, Ainsworth put in print her blessing for the new 'D' classification, though she urged that the addition be regarded as 'open-ended, in the sense that subcategories may be distinguished', as she worried that the D classification might be too encompassing and might subsume too many different forms of behaviour In contrast to infants in other categories classified by Mary Ainsworth, which possess a standard path of reaction while dealing with the stress of separation and reunion, type D infants appeared to possess no symptom of coping mechanism. In fact, these infants had mixed features such as "strong proximity seeking followed by strong avoidance or appeared dazed and disoriented upon reunion with their caretakers (or both)."
319:. Blatz focused on studying what he referred to as "security theory." This theory outlined Blatz's idea that different levels of dependence on parents meant different qualities of relationships with those parents, as well as the quality of relationships with future partners. His tiers of dependence were labeled secure dependence, independent security, immature dependent security, and mature secure dependence. Blatz theorized that the more secure and mature the interaction was between individuals, the more likely the relationship was to be healthy and without insecurities.
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is empty. Infants classified as anxious-avoidant (A) represented a puzzle in the early 1970s. They did not exhibit distress on separation, and either ignored the caregiver on their return (A1 subtype) or showed some tendency to approach together with some tendency to ignore or turn away from the caregiver (A2 subtype). Ainsworth and Bell (1970) theorised that the apparently unruffled behaviour of the avoidant infants is in fact as a mask for distress, a hypothesis later evidenced through studies of the heart-rate of avoidant infants.
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Hopkins, Ainsworth's professional relationship with John Bowlby grew. While he had previously been a mentor, they started working together as equal partners, exchanging paper drafts for comments and finding the time to meet on rare occasions, since he was still primarily in London. Bowlby gave
Ainsworth a copy of his new paper "The Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother" for her comments and Ainsworth was able to provide Bowlby information on her studies of infant-mother attachment in Uganda.
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Ainsworth conducted detailed interviews with families from 6 villages surrounding
Kampala, Uganda, but was originally met with a language barrier. She therefore made a great effort to learn the language to the extent that she could carry out simple conversation, thus developing an appreciation of the culture. She later said, "It is a pity that one cannot require field work in another society of every aspiring investigator of child development." Ainsworth's book from that field study,
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enthusiastic. The primary question that developmental psychologists brought up was her definition of "attachment." Ainsworth was motivated by this and other questions to create a catalogue of behaviors like "crying when the mother left the room, following her, greeting her on return with smiling, vocalization, excited bouncing, reaching or approaching behavior" that she could use to qualify attachment.
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she deserved considering her age, experience, and contribution to the job. She had to wait two years for an associate professor position even though her qualifications surpassed the job description. At the time, women had to eat in separate dining rooms than men, which ultimately meant women could not meet male head department members the "normal way".
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earned her master's degree in 1936 and her PhD was granted in 1939. Salter's dissertation was titled "An
Evaluation of Adjustment Based on the Concept of Security". Her dissertation stated that "where family security is lacking, the individual is handicapped by the lack of a secure base from which to work."
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In 1954, she left the
Tavistock Clinic to do research in Africa where she carried out her longitudinal field study of mother-infant interaction. She chose to examine a common weaning practice in the area, in which the child is sent away for several days to live with relatives and "forget the breast."
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After leaving the
Canadian Women's corps she returned to Toronto to continue teaching personality psychology and conducting research. She married Leonard Ainsworth in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his graduate degree at University College. While in England, Ainsworth joined
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Salter was a precocious child who thirsted for knowledge. She began reading by the age of three, and the family would once a week visit the local library where her mother would select appropriate books for her level. She was close with her father, who assumed the duties of tucking her in at night and
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in 1975, where she remained for the rest of her academic career until 1984. From then she became a professor emeritus and stayed active until the year of 1992. While working at Johns
Hopkins, Ainsworth did not receive the proper treatment considering her skills and expertise, such as a proper salary
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at the age of 16, where she was one of only five students to be admitted into the honors course in psychology. She completed coursework for her bachelor's degree in 1935, and decided to continue her education at the
University of Toronto with the intention of earning her doctorate in psychology. She
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A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style will avoid or ignore the caregiver – showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. There is not much emotional range regardless of who is in the room or if it
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On the basis of their behaviors, the 26 children in
Ainsworth's original Baltimore study were placed into one of three classifications. Each of these groups reflects a different kind of attachment relationship with the caregiver, and implies different forms of communication, emotion regulation, and
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Ainsworth's original sample, all six C infants showed so much distress in the course of the episodes of the
Strange Situation Procedure 'that observations had to be discontinued.' One percent of infants had responded with high degree of passivity and inactivity in a situation of helpless settings.
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In 1965, Ainsworth designed the
Strange Situation Procedure as a way of assessing individual differences in attachment behaviour by evoking individual's reaction when encountering stress. The Strange Situation Procedure is divided into eight episodes, lasting for three minutes each. In the first
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Mary Ainsworth followed her husband when a position as a forensic psychologist brought him to Baltimore. She spoke on clinical psychology at The Johns Hopkins University. In 1958, she was given a permanent position as an associate professor of developmental psychology. During this time at Johns
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A child who's securely attached to its mother will explore freely while the caregiver is present, using her as a 'safe base' from which to explore. The child will engage with the stranger when the caregiver is present, and will be visibly upset when the caregiver departs but happy to see the
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Ainsworth underwent a difficult divorce in 1960, but continued with her research. She had an opportunity to present the findings from her Uganda study at a Tavistock Mother-Infant Interaction Study Group in London. It was her first time publicly presenting results, and the reactions were not
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Children classified as Anxious-Ambivalent/Resistant (C) showed distress even before separation, and were clingy and difficult to comfort on the caregiver's return. They either showed signs of resentment in response to the absence (C1 subtype), or signs of helpless passivity (C2 subtype). In
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From Project STEEP, infants that were having Disorganized/Disoriented (Type D) tested of secreting higher cortisol concentrations in saliva than infants in the traditional (ABC) classifications. Results of this study demonstrate a model of stress reactivity that reflects how the various
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singing to her, but did not have a warm relationship with her mother; Salter later stated that their relationship was marked by her mother's jealousy and interference with the bond she had with her father. Salter excelled in school, and decided to become a psychologist after reading
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Despite the many findings from her Strange Situation experiment, there was also criticism. It was said to have too much emphasis on the mother and did not measure a general attachment style. It was said that Ainsworth's work was biased because the study was conducted with only
271:, conducted research, and worked with Klopfer on a revision of the Rorschach. She married Leonard Ainsworth, a graduate student in the Psychology department of University of Toronto, in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his PhD at
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Ainsworth received many honors, including the G. Stanley Hall Award from APA for developmental psychology in 1984., the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development in 1985 and the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the
331:, investigating the effects of maternal separation on child development. Comparison of disrupted mother-child bonds to normal mother-child relationships showed that a child's lack of a mother figure led to "adverse development effects."
260:. Her duties included administering clinical evaluations and personnel assessment tests. Soon she was promoted as an Advisor to the Director of Personnel Selection of the Canadian Women's Army Corps, and reached the rank of
339:, remains an exceptional and classic ethological study in the development of attachment and demonstrates that the process reflects specific universal characteristics that cross linguistic, cultural and geographic lines.
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who placed "high value on a good liberal arts education" and expected their children to have excellent academic achievements. In 1918, her father's manufacturing firm transferred him and the family moved to
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Davidson, J. (Director), & Davidson, F. (Producer). (2005). Mary Ainsworth: Attachment and the Growth of Love . Davidson Films, Inc. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from Education in Video: Volume I.
275:. Although they divorced in 1960, the 10 years of accompanying Leonard to different places for his career gave Mary the opportunity to meet and work with many influential psychologists including
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Ainsworth, M. (1990). 'Epilogue' in Attachment in the Preschool Years, ed. M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccheti & E.M. Cummings. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, pp.463-488.
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on December 1, 1913, the eldest of three daughters born to Mary and Charles Salter. Her father, who possessed a master's degree in history, worked at a manufacturing firm in
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Ainsworth, M.D., Blehar, M, Waters, E, & Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, p. 167
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survey ranked Ainsworth as the 97th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Many of Ainsworth's studies are "cornerstones" of modern-day attachment theory.
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Klopfer, B., Ainsworth, M. D., Klopfer, W. E., & Holt, R. R. (1954), Developments in the Rorschach technique (Vol. 1). Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY: World Book.
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BRETHERTON, I. (2004). AINSWORTH, Mary Dinsmore Salter, December 1, 1913-March 21, 1999. In Notable American women: Completing the twentieth century.
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A sensitive mother creates a secure attachment : Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999). (2012). In Big ideas simply explained: The psychology book.
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caregiver on his or her return. In the United States, about seventy percent of middle-class babies present secure attachment in this study.
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Bretherton, I. (2003). Mary Ainsworth: Insightful observer and courageous theoretician. Portraits of pioneers in psychology, 5, 317-331.
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Bretherton, I., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1974). "One-year-olds in the Strange Situation." In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.),
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Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development Research, Society for Research in Child Development (1985)
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Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48, 1184-1199.
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Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology, American Psychological Foundation (APF, 1998)
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classification of traditional (ABC) behaviors become a factor that is affecting physiological stress responses.
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Gold medal award for life achievement in the science of psychology, (1998). American Psychologist. 53, 869-871.
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Sroufe, A. & Waters, E. (1977) Attachment as an Organizational Construct. Child Development, 48: 1184-1199
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Hertsgaard, L., Gunnar, M., Erickson, Martha, F.; Nachmias, Melissa.(1995). Child Development,(4), p.1100(7)
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in 1942. While with the army, Salter began as an Army Examiner who interviewed and selected personnel in
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Distinguished Professional Contribution Award, Division 12 (Division of Clinical Psychology), APA (1994)
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975:"Procedures for Identifying Infants as Disorganized/Disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation"
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Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., Braunwald, K. (1989) Developmental Psychology, 25, p. 525-531
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After graduation, Salter stayed on at the University of Toronto as a teacher before joining the
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International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships Distinguished Career Award (1996)
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families. Critics also believed the experiment was artificial and lacked ecological validity.
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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William T. Grant Lecturer in Behavioral Pediatrics, Society for Behavioral Pediatrics (1985)
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Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Division 12 (Division of Clinical Psychology),
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Finding Aid for The Mary Ainsworth Papers at The Cummings Center for History of Psychology
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A Study Guide for Psychologists and Their Theories for Students: MARY SALTER AINSWORTH
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Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Virginia Psychological Association (1983)
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Distinctive Achievement Award, Virginia Association for Infant Mental Health (1989)
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procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and their primary
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in 1992. She died on March 21, 1999, at the age of eighty-five due to a stroke.
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Mentor Award, Division 7 (Division of Developmental Psychology), APA (1998)
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Distinguished Contribution Award, Maryland Psychological Association (1973)
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After victory in the war, Salter returned to Toronto to continue teaching
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Articles by Mary Ainsworth including summaries and links to full-text
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Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention
977:. In Greenberg, Mark T.; Cicchetti, Dante; Cummings, E. Mark (eds.).
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Salmon Lecturer, Salmon Committee on Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene,
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Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society
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Letters from Ainsworth: Contesting the 'Organization'of Attachment.
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Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society
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Models of achievement: Reflections of eminent women in psychology
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Models Of Achievement: Reflections Of Eminent Women In Psychology
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After many other academic positions, including a long tenure at
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1118:"Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Clinical Psychology"
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and her mother was a nurse. Both her parents were graduates of
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Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978).
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During graduate school, Mary studied under the mentorship of
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
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727:"Mary Ainsworth, 85, Theorist On Mother-Infant Attachment"
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981:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 121–60.
762:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 200–219.
634:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
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Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
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Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, APA (1989)
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Mary Ainsworth profile on Psychology's Feminist Voices
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where her first "mother-infant" observation was done.
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A fourth category was added by Ainsworth's colleague
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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2373:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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1164:(2). Taylor & Francis Online: 217–228. 1999.
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524:C. Anderson Aldrich Award in Child Development,
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615:Psychologists and Their Theories for Students
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179:known for her work in the development of the
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172:; December 1, 1913 – March 21, 1999) was an
16:American-Canadian psychologist & scholar
4372:Academic staff of the University of Toronto
1334:O'Connell, A.N., & Rusoo, N.F. (1983).
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751:O'Connell, A.N.; Russo, N.F., eds. (1983).
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632:Haggbloom, Steven J.; et al. (2002).
1378:Society for Research in Child Development
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366:ways of responding to perceived threats.
303:in 1989. She was elected a Fellow of the
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1327:Landa, S. & Duschinsky, R. (2013) "
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860:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
855:"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A"
4337:20th-century American women scientists
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1338:. New York: Columbia University Press.
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452:Ainsworth, M. and Bowlby, J. (1965).
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545:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
396:Anxious-Resistant Insecure Attachment
305:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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4352:American developmental psychologists
2368:Human Behavior and Evolution Society
1383:Transcript of oral history interview
1370:Transcript of oral history interview
973:Main, Mary; Solomon, Judith (1990).
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378:Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment
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4427:20th-century Canadian psychologists
4412:20th-century American psychologists
1633:Attachment-based therapy (children)
405:Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
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4362:Canadian female military personnel
3316:Parents Against Child Exploitation
2363:Center for Evolutionary Psychology
1643:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
1387:Canadian Psychological Association
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1158:Attachment & Human Development
1034:Attachment & Human Development
703:
500:American Psychological Association
480:
301:American Psychological Association
14:
4443:
3286:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1343:
1194:"Mary Ainsworth Curriculum Vitae"
1073:"Mary Ainsworth Curriculum Vitae"
455:Child Care and the Growth of Love
239:Character and the Conduct of Life
208:Mary Dinsmore Salter was born in
3558:
2474:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2428:Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences
2414:The Evolution of Human Sexuality
918:(pp. 134- 164), New York: Wiley.
427:
290:, she eventually settled at the
114:
4422:20th-century American academics
3144:Management of domestic violence
2990:Corporal punishment in the home
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4402:Naturalized citizens of Canada
4377:University of Virginia faculty
3356:
3301:National Fatherhood Initiative
1638:Attachment-based psychotherapy
1376:(both in PDF format) from the
1350:Mary Ainsworth on The Psi Cafe
1040:(2): 217–228. September 1999.
807:
798:
789:
766:
625:
536:Royal College of Psychiatrists
526:American Academy of Pediatrics
420:
1:
3654:Industrial and organizational
3306:National Parents Organization
3031:Adverse childhood experiences
2523:
2421:Evolution, Mind and Behaviour
1495:Fathers as attachment figures
590:
310:
4407:American emigrants to Canada
4367:University of Toronto alumni
4347:American women psychologists
4342:Canadian women psychologists
3895:Human factors and ergonomics
3071:Effects of domestic violence
2713:Social emotional development
2407:Evolution and Human Behavior
1659:History of attachment theory
1546:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
1515:Reactive attachment disorder
1397:Episode about Mary Ainsworth
1246:Marvin, Bob (January 2000).
1229:"Mary Ainsworth (Biography)"
725:Ravo, Nick (April 7, 1999).
638:Review of General Psychology
580:Reactive attachment disorder
510:New York Academy of Medicine
197:Review of General Psychology
7:
2887:Identification (psychology)
2482:Evolutionary biology portal
1154:"Mary Ainsworth, 1913–1999"
1097:"Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter"
1030:"Mary Ainsworth, 1913–1999"
611:"Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter"
563:
467:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
254:Canadian Women's Army Corps
10:
4448:
4382:People from Glendale, Ohio
3311:Parent–teacher association
3086:Parental abuse by children
2967:Positive Parenting Program
2917:Parent management training
2912:Normative social influence
1701:Evolutionary psychologists
1298:"Div. 7 awards and grants"
1136:"Developmental Psychology"
837:"Mary Ainsworth Biography"
753:"Mary D. Salter Ainsworth"
693:"Mary D. Salter Ainsworth"
354:
177:developmental psychologist
4281:
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3584:Applied behavior analysis
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3296:National Childbirth Trust
3273:
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3091:Stress in early childhood
3023:
2975:
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2811:Taking children seriously
2731:
2643:Applied behavior analysis
2626:
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2309:Literary theorists /
2308:
2265:
1937:
1846:
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1447:
1171:10.1080/14616739900134241
1047:10.1080/14616739900134241
660:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
476:. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
273:University College London
244:She began classes at the
241:(1926) at the age of 15.
153:
141:
131:
124:
93:
83:
73:
66:Charlottesville, Virginia
54:
28:
21:
4357:Attachment psychologists
2952:The talk (sex education)
2663:Developmental psychology
458:. London: Penguin Books.
288:Johns Hopkins University
3860:Behavioral neuroscience
3424:Behavioral neuroscience
3159:Parental responsibility
3119:Cost of raising a child
2456:Evolutionary psychology
2435:Evolutionary Psychology
1813:Mary Jane West-Eberhard
1711:Evolutionary psychology
1510:Object relations theory
585:Princess Olufemi-Kayode
203:
160:Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth
3910:Psychology of religion
3850:Behavioral engineering
3787:Human subject research
3443:Cognitive neuroscience
3409:Affective neuroscience
2052:Aurelio José Figueredo
1465:Attachment in children
1248:"Mary D. S. Ainsworth"
617:. 2005. Archived from
570:Attachment in children
473:Patterns of Attachment
461:Ainsworth, M. (1967).
292:University of Virginia
269:personality psychology
4286:Wiktionary definition
3822:Self-report inventory
3817:Quantitative research
3281:Families Need Fathers
2842:After-school activity
2766:Concerted cultivation
2761:Buddha-like parenting
2693:Nature versus nurture
2658:Cognitive development
2295:Dominic D. P. Johnson
1929:Pierre van den Berghe
1626:Clinical applications
1475:Attachment and health
534:Honorary Fellowship,
488:University of Toronto
372:middle class American
355:Further information:
323:the research team of
246:University of Toronto
78:University of Toronto
3812:Qualitative research
3767:Behavior epigenetics
3139:Right to family life
3066:Dysfunctional family
2776:Free-range parenting
2751:Attachment parenting
2741:Achievement ideology
1940:cognitive scientists
1938:Psychologists /
1607:Attachment parenting
1505:Maternal deprivation
1460:Attachment in adults
1252:Psychiatric Bulletin
1233:Practical Psychology
1101:www.encyclopedia.com
113: 1950;
33:Mary Dinsmore Salter
4291:Wiktionary category
3855:Behavioral genetics
3827:Statistical surveys
3684:Occupational health
3419:Behavioral genetics
3154:Parental alienation
3081:Narcissistic parent
3005:Positive discipline
2826:Work at home parent
2806:Strict father model
2791:Nurturant parenting
2698:Parental investment
2533:Kinship terminology
2275:Christopher Badcock
2197:Todd K. Shackelford
1480:Attachment measures
1470:Attachment disorder
916:The Origins of Fear
841:About.com Education
819:Psychology Standard
575:Attachment measures
183:. She designed the
4263:Schools of thought
4166:Richard E. Nisbett
4046:Donald T. Campbell
3724:Sport and exercise
3200:T. Berry Brazelton
2937:Social integration
2673:Identity formation
2132:Michael T. McGuire
2112:Douglas T. Kenrick
2097:Judith Rich Harris
2012:Donald T. Campbell
1972:David F. Bjorklund
1828:David Sloan Wilson
1823:George C. Williams
1788:Giacomo Rizzolatti
1612:Attachment therapy
1591:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1265:10.1192/pb.24.1.36
795:Salter, 1940, p.45
731:The New York Times
437:has a profile for
258:Kitchener, Ontario
23:Dr. Mary Ainsworth
4324:
4323:
4301:Wikimedia Commons
4228:Counseling topics
4191:Ronald C. Kessler
4181:Shelley E. Taylor
4106:Lawrence Kohlberg
4081:Stanley Schachter
3880:Consumer behavior
3762:Archival research
3530:Psycholinguistics
3414:Affective science
3324:
3323:
3134:Family disruption
3056:Cinderella effect
3036:Child abandonment
3010:Tactical ignoring
2907:Moral development
2786:Helicopter parent
2781:Gatekeeper parent
2746:Atlas personality
2723:Social psychology
2668:Human development
2653:Child development
2638:Attachment theory
2491:
2490:
2469:Psychology portal
2353:Research centers/
2268:social scientists
2232:Michael Tomasello
2152:Randolph M. Nesse
1957:Justin L. Barrett
1952:Simon Baron-Cohen
1859:Christopher Boehm
1667:
1666:
1524:Notable theorists
1485:Attachment theory
1441:Attachment theory
988:978-0-226-30630-8
464:Infancy in Uganda
443:
387:Secure Attachment
357:Strange situation
351:Strange Situation
337:Infancy in Uganda
235:William McDougall
222:Dickinson College
185:strange situation
181:attachment theory
174:American-Canadian
157:
156:
126:Scientific career
99:Leonard Ainsworth
88:Strange situation
4439:
4258:Research methods
4201:Richard Davidson
4196:Joseph E. LeDoux
4071:George A. Miller
4061:David McClelland
4056:Herbert A. Simon
3956:Edward Thorndike
3777:Content analysis
3562:
3535:Psychophysiology
3351:
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3174:Shared parenting
2985:Blanket training
2977:Child discipline
2617:In loco parentis
2596:Shared parenting
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2400:The Adapted Mind
2187:David P. Schmitt
2147:Katherine Nelson
2127:Brian MacWhinney
2067:Gordon G. Gallup
2057:Diana Fleischman
2017:Peter Carruthers
1874:Napoleon Chagnon
1854:Jerome H. Barkow
1838:Richard Wrangham
1818:Wolfgang Wickler
1803:Carel van Schaik
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1617:Candace Newmaker
1536:William E. Blatz
1455:Affectional bond
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486:Phi Beta Kappa,
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329:Tavistock Clinic
317:William E. Blatz
227:Toronto, Ontario
171:
148:William E. Blatz
143:Doctoral advisor
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43:December 1, 1913
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4026:Raymond Cattell
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3205:Rudolf Dreikurs
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3164:Parents' rights
3124:Deadbeat parent
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2947:The talk (race)
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2821:Tiger parenting
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2571:Extended family
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2222:Anthony Stevens
2207:Irwin Silverman
2137:Geoffrey Miller
2102:Martie Haselton
2077:Gerd Gigerenzer
1992:Joseph Bulbulia
1939:
1933:
1914:Stephen Shennan
1869:Donald E. Brown
1847:Anthropologists
1842:
1793:Randy Thornhill
1783:Peter Richerson
1763:Peter Kropotkin
1743:Richard Dawkins
1721:neuroscientists
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1385:(PDF) from the
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1284:psycnet.apa.org
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1215:psycnet.apa.org
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1199:. www.srcd.org.
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440:Mary Ainsworth
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281:Kampala, Uganda
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1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Joseph Henrich
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Daniel Fessler
1881:
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1808:Claus Wedekind
1805:
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1798:Robert Trivers
1795:
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1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1753:W. D. Hamilton
1750:
1745:
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1738:Charles Darwin
1735:
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1728:Bernard Crespi
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1531:Mary Ainsworth
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1344:External links
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644:(2): 139–152.
624:
621:on 2015-03-23.
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84:Known for
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62:(aged 85)
58:March 21, 1999
56:
52:
51:
47:Glendale, Ohio
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4248:Psychologists
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4186:John Anderson
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4116:Ulric Neisser
4114:
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4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Endel Tulving
4099:
4097:
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4086:Robert Zajonc
4084:
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4041:Jerome Bruner
4039:
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4034:
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4019:
4017:
4014:
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4009:
4007:
4006:B. F. Skinner
4004:
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3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
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3979:
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3971:Clark L. Hull
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3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:Sigmund Freud
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:William James
3939:
3937:
3936:Wilhelm Wundt
3934:
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3928:Psychologists
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3915:Psychometrics
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3875:Consciousness
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3709:Psychotherapy
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3496:
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3471:
3470:Developmental
3468:
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3299:
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3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:Organizations
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:B. F. Skinner
3258:
3256:
3255:William Sears
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Thomas Gordon
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
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3201:
3198:
3196:
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3157:
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3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Child support
3112:
3110:
3109:Child custody
3107:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Child neglect
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
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3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
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2882:Homeschooling
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2747:
2744:
2742:
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2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Socialization
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Paternal bond
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Maternal bond
2686:
2684:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
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2636:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2619:
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2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Single parent
2599:
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2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
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2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Alloparenting
2559:
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2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
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2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2355:organizations
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Thomas Hobbes
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Samuel Bowles
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Andrew Whiten
2245:
2243:
2242:Mark van Vugt
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Roger Shepard
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Mark Schaller
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Steven Pinker
2170:
2168:
2167:Henry Plotkin
2165:
2163:
2162:David Perrett
2160:
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2153:
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2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Leda Cosmides
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Anne Campbell
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Donald Symons
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Daniel Nettle
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:John D. Hawks
1892:
1890:
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1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:Margie Profet
1776:
1774:
1773:Jaak Panksepp
1771:
1769:
1768:Gordon Orians
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Alfred Kinsey
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Jared Diamond
1746:
1744:
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1736:
1734:
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1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Konrad Lorenz
1574:
1572:
1571:Melanie Klein
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Sigmund Freud
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Human bonding
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:Mind Changers
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
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1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1280:"APA PsycNet"
1275:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1211:"APA PsycNet"
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875:
856:
850:
842:
838:
831:
829:
820:
816:
810:
801:
792:
784:
780:
777:. p. 7.
776:
773:Gale (2015).
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728:
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4161:Larry Squire
4156:Bruce McEwen
4151:Amos Tversky
4121:Jerome Kagan
4111:Noam Chomsky
4051:Hans Eysenck
4021:Harry Harlow
4001:Erik Erikson
3900:Intelligence
3797:Neuroimaging
3540:Quantitative
3505:Mathematical
3500:Intelligence
3490:Experimental
3485:Evolutionary
3475:Differential
3384:Psychologist
3210:David Elkind
3189:
3061:Codependency
3046:Child labour
2902:Latchkey kid
2892:Introjection
2678:Introjection
2628:
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2581:Noncustodial
2480:
2467:
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2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2392:Publications
2333:Denis Dutton
2318:Edmund Burke
2311:philosophers
2257:Margo Wilson
2252:Glenn Wilson
2237:Joshua Tybur
2092:Harry Harlow
2047:Anne Fernald
2022:Noam Chomsky
1987:Pascal Boyer
1967:Jesse Bering
1946:
1879:Robin Dunbar
1833:E. O. Wilson
1719:Biologists /
1709:
1566:Jerome Kagan
1561:Harry Harlow
1551:Erik Erikson
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60:(1999-03-21)
4397:1999 deaths
4392:1913 births
4233:Disciplines
4206:Susan Fiske
4096:Roger Brown
3996:Carl Rogers
3981:Jean Piaget
3946:Ivan Pavlov
3802:Observation
3782:Experiments
3729:Suicidology
3624:Educational
3579:Anomalistic
3550:Theoretical
3525:Personality
3455:Comparative
3438:Cognitivism
3429:Behaviorism
3220:Haim Ginott
3195:John Bowlby
3041:Child abuse
2961:educational
2877:Habituation
2862:Co-sleeping
2648:Behaviorism
2576:Foster care
2566:Coparenting
2217:Dan Sperber
2192:Nancy Segal
2032:Martin Daly
1982:John Bowlby
1864:Robert Boyd
1600:Controversy
1541:John Bowlby
1401:BBC Radio 4
1140:www.apa.org
1122:www.apa.org
1078:. srcd.org.
502:(APA; 1984)
421:Major works
325:John Bowlby
277:John Bowlby
4331:Categories
4296:Wikisource
4141:Paul Ekman
3976:Kurt Lewin
3870:Competence
3792:Interviews
3772:Case study
3649:Humanistic
3629:Ergonomics
3614:Counseling
3589:Assessment
3571:psychology
3520:Perception
3480:Ecological
3396:psychology
3374:Philosophy
3358:Psychology
3235:Truby King
3129:Disownment
2942:Television
2932:Role model
2857:Child care
2835:Techniques
2801:Soccer mom
2771:Enmeshment
2708:Pediatrics
2343:David Hume
2285:Ernst Fehr
2177:Paul Rozin
2082:Peter Gray
2037:Paul Ekman
2002:Josep Call
1997:David Buss
1977:Paul Bloom
1962:Jay Belsky
1924:John Tooby
1889:Mark Flinn
1733:John Crook
1586:René Spitz
783:B013EU4PSK
591:References
311:Early work
218:Cincinnati
39:1913-12-01
4316:Wikibooks
4306:Wikiquote
4176:Ed Diener
3961:Carl Jung
3865:Cognition
3694:Political
3604:Community
3434:Cognitive
3169:Paternity
3100:Legal and
3000:Grounding
2897:Kommune 1
2872:Education
2847:Allowance
2756:Baby talk
2611:Surrogacy
2525:Parenting
2062:Uta Frith
1904:Ruth Mace
1581:Mary Main
1399:from the
668:145668721
646:CiteSeerX
442:(Q242625)
411:Mary Main
264:in 1945.
189:caregiver
4311:Wikinews
4268:Timeline
3890:Feelings
3885:Emotions
3845:Behavior
3836:Concepts
3714:Religion
3699:Positive
3689:Pastoral
3674:Military
3639:Forensic
3634:Feminist
3619:Critical
3609:Consumer
3599:Coaching
3594:Clinical
3569:Applied
3465:Cultural
3404:Abnormal
3215:Jo Frost
3149:Marriage
3015:Time-out
2591:Orphaned
2556:Adoptive
2300:Gad Saad
1403:program
1180:11707889
1056:11707889
564:See also
237:'s book
210:Glendale
4243:Outline
3739:Traffic
3734:Systems
3669:Medical
3495:Gestalt
3369:History
3183:Experts
2959: (
2924: (
2852:Bedtime
2816:Theybie
864:6 April
821:. 2013.
435:Scholia
327:at the
194:A 2002
119:
107:
103:
4273:Topics
3719:School
3644:Health
3545:Social
3448:Social
3394:Basic
3379:Portal
3076:Incest
2995:Curfew
2733:Styles
2551:Father
2546:Mother
2541:Parent
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1652:Others
1448:Theory
1258:: 36.
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547:(1992)
538:(1989)
528:(1987)
512:(1984)
169:Salter
167:
132:Fields
94:Spouse
68:, U.S.
49:, U.S.
4220:Lists
3679:Music
3664:Media
3659:Legal
3510:Moral
3024:Abuse
2631:Areas
2266:Other
1197:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
858:(PDF)
756:(PDF)
664:S2CID
262:major
109:(
105:
3905:Mind
2926:date
2922:Play
2683:Love
1372:and
1176:PMID
1052:PMID
983:ISBN
866:2011
779:ASIN
214:Ohio
204:Life
115:div.
55:Died
29:Born
2957:Toy
1260:doi
1166:doi
1042:doi
656:doi
165:née
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