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movement, promoting the use of and public education about birth control. In 1910, Kramers took minutes, translated conference documents, and acted as interpreter at the Dutch Neo-Malthusian League's conference held in The Hague, attended by activists and political leaders including
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on 6 June 1863. Her father was the head of a
Protestant boarding school, and as a result of growing up in an educational environment Kramers learned several languages as a child. Kramers' mother died in 1874. At 15, Kramers began studying at a teacher training school in
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and shifted her focus to social democratic politics. In 1923, Kramers was elected to the
Apeldoorn city council. Kramers, who in her life was also an
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to give up her position as the journal's editor due to her perceived socialist politics and her controversial relationship with a married man.
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123:. In her various roles, Kramers was an active speaker, writer, and conference organizer for the causes she supported.
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Christophe
Verbruggen; Julie Carlier (2016). "Chapter 8: Laboratories of Social Thought". In Rayward, W. Boyd (ed.).
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Kramers' involvement with the women's rights movement in the
Netherlands began when she joined the
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Information Beyond
Borders: International Cultural and Intellectual Exchange in the Belle Époque
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In 1898, Kramers helped organize the large, public
National Exhibition on Women's Labor held in
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Text of
Kramers' 1899 presentation to the ICW on the state of the women's movement in Holland
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Transforming the public sphere : the Dutch national exhibition of women's labor in 1898
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A Usable
Collection: Essays in Honour of Jaap Kloosterman on Collecting Social History
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that sparked the creation of the
Belgian Federation for Women's Suffrage in 1913.
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191:(IWSA) from 1906 to 1911 and was the first editor of the organization's journal,
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Biografisch
Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland
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at the exhibition. From 1899 to 1909, Kramers was a member of the board of the
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In addition to her suffragist work, Kramers was also active in the Dutch
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385:"Record: The awakening of women, or, Woman's part in evolution"
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465:"Sexuality And Politics In The early Twentieth Century"
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in 1911. In 1913, Kramers was asked by IWSA president
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The awakening of women, or, Woman's part in evolution
365:. Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis
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140:. After completing the program, she returned to
261:Kramers died in Apeldoorn on 15 October 1934.
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187:. She held the position of secretary at the
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131:Martina Gezina Kramers was born in
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179:, inspired by a lecture given by
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492:"Neo-Malthusians: A Photograph"
204:Kramers became a member of the
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185:International Council of Women
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115:as well as in the national
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442:. Routledge. p. 137.
250:In 1918, Kramers moved to
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417:. Duke University Press.
359:"KRAMERS, Martina Gezina"
299:(2 ed.). Routledge.
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107:who was a leader in the
103:(1863-1934) was a Dutch
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333:(in Dutch). Huygens ING
156:in 1894. Together with
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523:"Birth Control Review"
497:. In Blok, Aad (ed.).
413:Grever, Maria (2004).
357:Dieteren, Fia (2001).
325:Dieteren, Fia (2017).
158:Marie Rutgers-Hoitsema
295:Hannam, June (2014).
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239:Birth Control Review
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327:"Kramers, Martina"
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117:feminist movement
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48:6 June 1863
541:Categories
475:31 January
395:31 January
369:31 January
337:31 January
277:References
246:Later life
127:Early life
105:suffragist
93:Suffragist
89:Occupation
44:1863-06-06
252:Apeldoorn
173:The Hague
142:Rotterdam
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111:and the
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119:in the
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
