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stars, and the nuclei of galaxies. In his later years he made significant contributions toward understanding the dynamics of elliptical galaxies. Schwarzschild was renowned as a teacher and held major leadership positions in several scientific societies.
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and later showed that these models develop convective zones between the helium- and hydrogen-burning shells, which can bring nuclear ashes to the visible surface. Schwarzschild's 1958 book
271:
and took his doctoral examination in
December 1936. He left Germany in 1936 for Norway and then the United States. Schwarzschild served in the US army intelligence. He was awarded the
1426:
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for his wartime service. After returning to the US, he married fellow astronomer
Barbara Cherry (1914–2008). In 1947, Martin Schwarzschild joined his lifelong friend,
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by steadily burning hydrogen in a shell around the core. He and Härm were the first to compute stellar models going through thermal pulses on the
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projects, which took instrumented balloons to unprecedented heights. The first
Stratoscope produced high resolution images of
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taught a generation of astrophysicists how to apply electronic computers to the computation of stellar models.
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In the 1980s, Schwarzschild applied his numerical skills to building models for triaxial galaxies.
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led to improved understanding of pulsating stars, differential solar rotation, post-main sequence
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523:(1999). "Martin Schwarzschild. 31 May 1912 -- 10 April 1997: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1996".
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Schwarzschild, M.; Härm, R. (1965), "Thermal
Instability in Non-Degenerate Stars.",
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into a distinguished German Jewish academic family. His father was the physicist
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Schwarzschild, M.; Härm, R. (1967), "Hydrogen Mixing by Helium-Shell
Flashes",
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on the
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (including how stars become red giants),
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Hoyle, F.; Schwarzschild, M. (1955), "On the
Evolution of Type II Stars",
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Schwarzschild was the Eugene
Higgins Professor Emeritus of Astronomy at
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314:, he computed some of the first stellar models to correctly ascend the
311:
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at
Princeton University. Spitzer died 10 days before Schwarzschild.
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Oral history interview with Martin
Schwarzschild, 4 sessions, 1977
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In line with a request in his father's will, his family moved to
245:
189:
79:
42:
1105:
1462:
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1065:
940:"Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society"
1427:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1442:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
1051:
Martin Schwarzschild's Contributions to Galaxy Dynamics
594:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1066:
Oral history interview with Martin Schwarzschild, 1986
910:"Past Winners of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal"
823:
559:
526:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
646:
826:"Martin Schwarzschild, 84, Innovative Astronomer"
714:
680:
562:"Martin Schwarzschild, 84, Innovative Astronomer"
1393:
636:. Vol. LXIII, no. 5. February 4, 2009.
587:
356:, where he spent most of his professional life.
1477:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1091:
748:
1043:Published papers of Martin Schwarzschild on
634:Town Topics, Princeton's Community Newspaper
411:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
260:, became a classics scholar in New Zealand.
232:(May 31, 1912 – April 10, 1997) was a
1098:
1084:
777:"Obituary: Martin Schwarzschild (1912-97)"
800:
753:. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
613:
600:. Astronomical Society of Pacific: 1289.
771:
1072:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
974:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
824:DAVID M. HERSZENHORN (April 12, 1997).
817:
649:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
560:DAVID M. HERSZENHORN (April 12, 1997).
1394:
872:
519:
286:Schwarzschild's work in the fields of
267:in 1916. Schwarzschild studied at the
1079:
765:
446:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1422:Foreign members of the Royal Society
751:Structure and evolution of the stars
329:In the 1950s and ’60s he headed the
324:Structure and Evolution of the Stars
1452:National Medal of Science laureates
914:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
842:
581:
172:Foreign Member of the Royal Society
13:
590:"Martin Schwarzschild (1912-1997)"
588:Virginia Trimble (December 1997).
513:
465:
14:
1493:
1467:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
1412:20th-century American astronomers
1045:SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
1037:
630:"Obituary. Barbara Schwarzschild"
252:and his uncle the astrophysicist
377:Henry Norris Russell Lectureship
1010:
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902:
1437:20th-century German physicists
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459:American Philosophical Society
439:
16:German-American astrophysicist
1:
1060:American Institute of Physics
854:American Astronomical Society
507:
884:National Academy of Sciences
453:National Academy of Sciences
387:National Academy of Sciences
239:
7:
1366:Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle
850:"Grants, Prizes and Awards"
480:
10:
1498:
1482:Jewish American physicists
1472:20th-century American Jews
944:Royal Astronomical Society
749:Schwarzschild, M. (1958).
244:Schwarzschild was born in
1348:
1229:Francis Patrick McCormick
1121:
1070:Charles Babbage Institute
433:National Medal of Science
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185:
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165:National Medal of Science
117:
103:
93:
85:
75:
53:
28:
21:
1447:Jewish German physicists
1417:American astrophysicists
371:Karl Schwarzschild Medal
130:Karl Schwarzschild Medal
1457:Scientists from Potsdam
1323:Grant Robert Sutherland
1246:Stewart Crichton Miller
502:Interchange instability
320:asymptotic giant branch
269:University of Göttingen
218:Emilia Pisani Belserene
123:Newcomb Cleveland Prize
98:University of Göttingen
65:Langhorne, Pennsylvania
1432:German astrophysicists
1058:. Niels Bohr Library,
994:"Martin Schwarzschild"
970:"Martin Schwarzschild"
539:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0031
300:hydrogen shell sources
1291:Christopher Sachrajda
717:Astrophysical Journal
683:Astrophysical Journal
475:4463 Marschwarzschild
1381:Martin Schwarzschild
1022:search.amphilsoc.org
1018:"APS Member History"
880:"Henry Draper Medal"
354:Princeton University
230:Martin Schwarzschild
208:Princeton University
23:Martin Schwarzschild
1361:Jacques-Louis Lions
1213:Martin Geoffrey Low
1062:, College Park, MD.
860:on 22 December 2010
793:1997Natur.388..430.
759:1958ses..book.....S
729:1967ApJ...150..961S
695:1965ApJ...142..855S
661:1955ApJS....2....1H
606:1997PASP..109.1289T
296:evolutionary tracks
204:Columbia University
1306:George D. W. Smith
1188:Michael Denis Gale
1163:Patrick J. Dowling
1152:John Michael Brown
890:on 26 January 2013
830:The New York Times
567:The New York Times
383:Henry Draper Medal
306:, and the ages of
250:Karl Schwarzschild
137:Henry Draper Medal
1389:
1388:
1333:Phillip V. Tobias
998:www.nasonline.org
920:on 6 October 2013
405:Rittenhouse Medal
292:stellar evolution
288:stellar structure
227:
226:
214:Doctoral students
180:Scientific career
127:
108:Stellar structure
1489:
1376:Michael Rossmann
1356:James E. Darnell
1328:Martin J. Taylor
1318:David Ian Stuart
1259:M. S. Narasimhan
1139:Jonathan Ashmore
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946:. Archived from
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916:. Archived from
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886:. Archived from
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856:. Archived from
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316:red-giant branch
236:astrophysicist.
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89:German; American
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466:Named after him
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393:Eddington Medal
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273:Legion of Merit
258:Agathe Thornton
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1038:External links
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950:on 25 May 2011
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256:. His sister,
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47:German Empire
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1301:Tim Shallice
1296:Ekhard Salje
1268:
1251:
1244:
1240:Thomas Meade
1227:
1158:Chris Dobson
1150:
1143:
1134:Jan Anderson
1049:D. Merritt,
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
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1001:. Retrieved
997:
988:
977:. Retrieved
973:
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952:. Retrieved
948:the original
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
904:
892:. Retrieved
888:the original
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862:. Retrieved
858:the original
844:
833:. Retrieved
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571:. Retrieved
565:
555:
530:
524:
515:
492:Perhapsatron
425:(1994, with
423:Balzan Prize
351:
348:
328:
323:
304:helium flash
285:
262:
254:Robert Emden
243:
229:
228:
200:Institutions
179:
158:Balzan Prize
59:(1997-04-10)
39:May 31, 1912
1407:1997 deaths
1402:1912 births
1312:Edwin Smith
1286:Martin Roth
1281:Peter Pusey
1218:Andrew Lyne
1145:David Beach
954:24 February
924:24 February
894:24 February
864:24 February
487:Stratoscope
440:Memberships
399:Bruce Medal
331:Stratoscope
277:Bronze Star
144:Bruce Medal
86:Citizenship
76:Nationality
1396:Categories
1208:David Lane
1027:2022-06-13
1003:2022-06-13
979:2022-06-13
835:2010-07-24
521:Mestel, L.
508:References
497:Betelgeuse
427:Fred Hoyle
312:Fred Hoyle
35:1912-05-31
1183:Jim Feast
1129:Alf Adams
343:red giant
265:Göttingen
240:Biography
194:Astronomy
112:evolution
1113:elected
811:37318823
775:(1997).
547:73338309
481:See also
472:Asteroid
339:sunspots
310:. With
275:and the
1349:Foreign
1122:Fellows
1115:in 1996
1109:of the
1107:Fellows
789:Bibcode
755:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
723:: 961,
691:Bibcode
689:: 855,
657:Bibcode
602:Bibcode
573:29 June
533:: 469.
385:of the
246:Potsdam
190:Physics
43:Potsdam
809:
781:Nature
545:
461:(1981)
455:(1956)
448:(1954)
435:(1997)
419:(1992)
413:(1969)
407:(1966)
401:(1965)
395:(1963)
389:(1960)
379:(1960)
373:(1959)
365:Awards
360:Honors
302:, the
186:Fields
168:(1997)
161:(1994)
154:(1992)
147:(1965)
140:(1960)
133:(1959)
126:(1957)
118:Awards
80:German
807:S2CID
655:: 1,
543:S2CID
956:2011
926:2011
896:2011
866:2011
575:2017
337:and
290:and
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