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370:(1908). He remained a strong proponent for the rest of his life of the idea that the canals were built for irrigation by an intelligent civilization, going much further than Schiaparelli, who for his part considered much of the detail on Lowell's drawings to be imaginary. Some observers drew maps in which dozens if not hundreds of canals were shown with an elaborate nomenclature for all of them. Some observers saw a phenomenon they called "gemination", or doubling – two parallel canals.
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any seas at all on Mars. Under the best conditions, these supposed 'seas' were seen to lose all trace of uniformity, their appearance being that of a mountainous country, broken by ridges, rifts, and canyons, seen from a great elevation. These doubts soon became certainties, and it is now universally agreed that Mars possesses no permanent bodies of surface water.
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said that "Although there is no unanimous opinion concerning the existence of the canals, most astronomers would probably agree that there are apparently linear (or approximately linear) markings, perhaps 40 to 160 kilometers (25 to 100 miles) or more across and of considerable length." Later in the
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and a few others. The visible seasonal melting of Mars polar icecaps fueled speculation that an advanced alien race indigenous to Mars built canals to transport the water to drier equatorial regions. Newspaper and magazine articles about
Martian canals and "Martians" captured the public imagination.
325:
During the oppositions of 1892 and 1894, seasonal color changes were reported. As the polar snows melted the adjacent seas appeared to overflow and spread out as far as the tropics, and were often seen to assume a distinctly green colour. At this time (1894) it began to be doubted whether there were
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that severely criticized Lowell's claims. Wallace's analysis showed that the surface of Mars was almost certainly much colder than Lowell had estimated, and that the atmospheric pressure was too low for liquid water to exist on the surface. He also pointed out that several recent efforts to find
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Around the turn of the century there was even speculation that they were engineering works, irrigation canals constructed by a civilization of intelligent aliens indigenous to Mars. By the early 20th century, improved astronomical observations revealed the "canals" to be an
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observatory also brought formal discredit to the
Martian canals theory in 1909, and the notion of canals began to fall out of favor. Around this time spectroscopic analysis also began to show that no water was present in the Martian atmosphere. However, as of 1916
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was also almost the same as Earth's, which meant it had seasons in the astronomical and meteorological sense. They could also see Mars' polar ice caps shrinking and growing with these changing seasons. The similarities with Earth led them to interpret darker
302:
reported that
Schiaparelli's canal discovery of 1877 had been confirmed in 1881, though new canals had appeared where there had not been any before, prompting "very important and perplexing" questions as to their origin.
556:. Following the popularization of the idea that they were artificial constructs by Lowell's books, they appeared in numerous works of fiction until the Mariner 4 flyby conclusively demonstrated that they did not exist.
322:, about 2400 meters above the sea, and with such atmospheric conditions as were, in his opinion, equal to a doubling of telescopic aperture. They were soon detected by other observers, especially by Lowell.
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observed numerous small circular black spots occurring at every intersection or starting-point of the "canals". Many of these had been seen by
Schiaparelli as larger dark patches, and were termed
498:. This is because when a poor-quality telescope views many point-like features (e.g. sunspots or craters) they appear to join up to form lines. Based on his own experiments, Lowell's assistant,
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The hypothesis that there was life on Mars originated from seasonal changes observed in surface features, which began to be interpreted as due to seasonal growth of plants (in fact, Martian
129:, showing canals snaking through the Martian landscape. At the time, the existence of the canals was still highly controversial as no close-up pictures of Mars had been taken (until
258:
At this time in the late 19th century, astronomical observations were made without photography. Astronomers had to stare for hours through their telescopes, waiting for a moment of
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in 1858, although he did not see any straight lines and applied the term to large features—for example, he used the name "Canale
Atlantico" for what later came to be called
262:
when the image was clear, and then draw a picture of what they had seen. Astronomers believed at the time that Mars had a relatively substantial atmosphere. They knew that the
552:
275:(for instance Syrtis Major) on the lighter surface as oceans. By the late 1920s, however, it was known that Mars is very dry and has a very low atmospheric pressure.
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were really irrigation canals made by intelligent beings was first hinted at, and then adopted as the only intelligible explanation, by
American astronomer
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spacecraft debunked for good the idea that Mars could be inhabited by higher forms of life, or that any canal features existed. It took pictures revealing
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255:. The canals were named by Schiaparelli and others after both real and legendary rivers of various places on Earth, or the mythological underworld.
821:
992:
van Allen, J.A.; Frank, L.A.; Krimigis, S.M.; Hills, H.K. (1965-09-10). "Absence of
Martian radiation belts and implications thereof".
941:
Smith, Edward J.; Davis, Leverett Jr.; Coleman, Paul J. Jr.; Jones, Douglas E. (1965-09-10). "Magnetic field measurements near Mars".
126:
506:, a Mars imaging scientist from the 1960s to the 2000s, hypothesized that the "canals" were streaks of dust caused by wind on the
145:. These were a network of long straight lines in the equatorial regions from 60° north to 60° south latitude on Mars, observed by
1663:
890:
O'Gallagher, J.J.; Simpson, J.A. (1965-09-10). "Search for trapped electrons and a magnetic moment at Mars by
Mariner IV".
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had failed. He concluded that complex life was impossible, let alone the planet-girding irrigation system claimed by Lowell.
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537:, while all classic science-fiction devices, are all, in fact, based upon earlier misapprehensions by planetary scientists.
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made some of the earliest drawings of straight-line features on Mars, although his drawings did not match
Schiaparelli's.
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conducted visual experiments using schoolboy volunteers that demonstrated how the canals could arise as an
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of Mars and saw no canals, the outstanding photos of Mars taken at the new
Baillaud dome at the
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was erroneously believed that there were "
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of Mars (the length of its day) was almost the same as Earth's, and they knew that Mars'
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203: with: details about Schiaparelli's observation and description. You can help by
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243:) can mean "canal", "channel", "duct" or "gully". The first person to use the word
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822:"A mistranslated word led to some of the best fake news of the 20th century"
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Martian canals first appeared in fiction in the anonymously published 1883 novel
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The existence of Martian canals was still controversial even at the dawn of the
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423:) was still vigorously defending the Martian canals theory against skeptics.
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168:"), which was mis-translated into English as "canals". The Irish astronomer
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Other observers disputed the notion of canals. The influential observer
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of 1877, and attested to by later observers. Schiaparelli called these
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879:. Internet Archive. Princeton, N.J., D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 705.
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1113:. Percival Lowell and the canals of Mars. Vol. 43, no. 6.
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24:
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This is a modern ground-based telescope picture of Mars which uses
1062:"Experiments as to the actuality of the 'canals' observed on Mars"
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1416:. Exploring Barsoom. Vol. Centennium XV, no. 1414.
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A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's book
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used the 83 cm (32.6 inch) aperture telescope at
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clement twilight zone on a synchronously rotating Mercury
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and a generally barren Martian landscape, with a surface
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During the 1894 opposition, the idea that Schiaparelli's
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evidence of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere with
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889:
655:
Geographies of Mars: Seeing and Knowing the Red Planet
329:
2430:
1397:"The Martian canals: A saga of Martians and mistakes"
152:
They were first described by the Italian astronomer
1105:"Part II: How to see things that aren't there"
183:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
792:
1284:Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia
1067:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
759:"The first Pic du Midi photographs of Mars, 1909"
294:, it is extremely difficult to see finer details.
2502:
883:
763:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
1436:
1205:. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 90–91.
1153:
1103:Sharps, Matthew J. (November–December 2019).
451:same year, the arrival of the United States'
1142:Robots on Mars search and catalog red planet
1052:
790:
149:using early telescopes without photography.
679:
358:Lowell published his views in three books:
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1429:
1414:ERBzine (Edgar Rice Boroughs fan magazine)
1287:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–284.
1273:
786:
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338:Martian canals depicted by Percival Lowell
306:During the favourable opposition of 1892,
1373:"Sur la nature des »canaux« de Mars"
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1087:
1021:
985:
872:
374:Contemporary doubts and definitive debunk
227:1877 map of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli
127:Aeronautical Chart and Information Center
125:A 1962 map of Mars published by the U.S.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1307:
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120:
1410:"Martian canals throughout the history"
1348:
844:
781:
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851:. The Alfred Russel Wallace web page.
819:
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688:"Life on Mars? You read it here first"
685:
286:to achieve a near perfect theoretical
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658:. University of Chicago Press, 2011.
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513:
318:; but Pickering's observatory was at
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686:Dunlap, David W. (October 1, 2015).
651:
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1407:
1330:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
1253:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
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346:are responsible for some of this).
330:Interpretation as engineering works
13:
1202:Imagining Mars: A Literary History
1121:from the original on 23 April 2020
14:
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1388:
1162:"Growing up with science fiction"
567:Classical albedo features on Mars
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2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2413:
2402:
2401:
1356:. London, UK: Macmillan and Co.
876:Sourcebook on the space sciences
795:Life on Mars: The complete story
719:"Introduction: Red Planet Blues"
448:Sourcebook on the space sciences
191:
23:
16:Erroneous idea of canals on Mars
1301:
1267:
1219:
1195:Crossley, Robert (2011-01-03).
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639:A Textbook of General Astronomy
510:side of mountains and craters.
426:In 1907 the British naturalist
34:needs additional citations for
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1:
1014:10.1126/science.149.3689.1228
963:10.1126/science.149.3689.1241
912:10.1126/science.149.3689.1233
613:
520:Mars in fiction § Canals
298:In 1889, American astronomer
2516:Obsolete scientific theories
1858:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
247:in connection with Mars was
7:
2292:Inspiration Mars Foundation
853:Western Kentucky University
820:Hickey, Walt (2017-03-21).
577:History of Mars observation
559:
382:Mars surface imaged by the
10:
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2327:Artificial objects on Mars
1226:Killheffer, Robert K. J.;
1160:Sagan, Carl (1978-05-28).
873:Glasstone, Samuel (1965).
652:Lane, K. Maria D. (2011).
641:. Boston, MA: Ginn and Co.
637:Young, Charles A. (1889).
517:
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2344:List of films set on Mars
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2159:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
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1977:
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1956:Classical albedo features
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799:. London, UK: Blandford.
553:Politics and Life in Mars
368:Mars As the Abode of Life
2262:List of missions to Mars
1450:
1379:(abstract) (in French).
845:Wallace, Alfred (1907).
504:William Kenneth Hartmann
2420:Solar System portal
420:Popular Science Monthly
2034:Solar eclipses on Mars
1893:"Swiss cheese" feature
1749:Concentric crater fill
1089:10.1093/mnras/63.8.488
602:Valley networks (Mars)
548:
531:swamp-and-jungle Venus
437:spectroscopic analysis
387:
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228:
184:Supposed "discoveries"
134:
1147:National Public Radio
791:Chambers, P. (1999).
523:
518:Further information:
428:Alfred Russel Wallace
381:
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154:Giovanni Schiaparelli
124:
2234:Permanent settlement
1395:Lynn, Vicki (1999).
1275:Stableford, Brian M.
1228:Stableford, Brian M.
723:Martin, George R. R.
715:Martin, George R. R.
461:atmospheric pressure
43:improve this article
2376:Timekeeping on Mars
2053:Planetary transits
2038:Satellite transits
1951:Observation history
1799:Lobate debris apron
1360:Mars and its Canals
1080:1903MNRAS..63..488E
1006:1965Sci...149.1228V
1000:(3689): 1228–1233.
955:1965Sci...149.1241S
949:(3689): 1241–1242.
904:1965Sci...149.1233O
898:(3689): 1233–1239.
775:2010JBAA..120..240D
535:canal-infested Mars
488:Joseph Edward Evans
463:of 4.1 to 7.0
430:published the book
414:Scientific American
409:Waldemar Kaempffert
364:Mars and Its Canals
292:astronomical seeing
253:Syrtis Major Planum
1354:Is Mars Habitable?
1313:"Lowell, Percival"
1167:The New York Times
1117:. pp. 48–51.
1115:Center for Inquiry
1110:Skeptical Inquirer
848:Is Mars Habitable?
693:The New York Times
514:In popular culture
486:As early as 1903,
475:were measured. No
432:Is Mars Habitable?
396:Meudon Observatory
388:
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290:. However, due to
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133:'s flyby in 1965).
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2381:Sol (day on Mars)
2349:Martian scientist
2332:Memorials on Mars
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2286:The Case for Mars
2183:
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1964:
1963:
1898:Terrain softening
1863:Ring mold craters
1831:North Polar Basin
1754:Dark slope streak
1599:Vastitas Borealis
1496:Dust devil tracks
1403:. Exploring Mars.
1294:978-0-415-97460-8
1212:978-0-8195-7105-2
1197:"Mars and Utopia"
740:978-1-78329-949-2
665:978-0-226-47078-8
626:WordReference.com
467:(410 to 700
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141:" on the planet
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2014:Voltaire crater
1992:Stickney crater
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1764:Fretted terrain
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1564:Sinus Meridiani
1549:Planum Australe
1524:Cerberus (Mars)
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1461:Outline of Mars
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1369:Antoniadi, E.M.
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1325:Sleight, Graham
1321:Langford, David
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483:were detected.
481:radiation belts
446:. In 1965, the
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355:Percival Lowell
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308:W. H. Pickering
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264:rotation period
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1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
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1875:
1873:Seasonal flows
1870:
1868:Rootless cones
1865:
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1855:
1854:
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1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:Valley network
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Observed rocks
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1615:
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1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1594:Ultimi Scopuli
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Terra Cimmeria
1571:
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1419:
1418:
1408:Valdron, Den.
1405:
1390:
1389:External links
1387:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1344:
1343:
1333:(4th ed.)
1309:Westfahl, Gary
1300:
1293:
1266:
1256:(4th ed.)
1218:
1211:
1187:
1152:
1132:
1095:
1045:
996:. New Series.
984:
945:. New Series.
933:
894:. New Series.
882:
865:
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569:
563:
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558:
539:
515:
512:
500:A. E. Douglass
492:Edward Maunder
477:magnetic field
457:impact craters
375:
372:
331:
328:
320:Arequipa, Peru
219:
218:
198:
196:
185:
182:
117:
116:
99:September 2019
31:
29:
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15:
9:
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2240:
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2229:Human mission
2227:
2225:
2224:Sample return
2222:
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2088:
2087:Mars-crossers
2085:
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2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
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1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Tharsis bulge
1901:
1899:
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1849:
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1844:
1842:
1841:Ore resources
1839:
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1735:
1734:Chaos terrain
1732:
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1727:
1725:
1724:Brain terrain
1722:
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1719:
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1707:
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1639:Chaos terrain
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1557:
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1554:Planum Boreum
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Olympia Undae
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Eridania Lake
1532:
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1527:
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1374:
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1366:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1350:Wallace, A.R.
1347:
1346:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
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1120:
1116:
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1111:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:Maunder, E.W.
1055:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
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972:
968:
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952:
948:
944:
937:
929:
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921:
917:
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893:
886:
878:
877:
869:
854:
850:
849:
841:
827:
823:
816:
808:
806:0-7137-2747-0
802:
797:
796:
787:
785:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
750:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
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716:
710:
695:
694:
689:
682:
667:
661:
657:
656:
648:
640:
633:
627:
622:
618:
608:
607:Water on Mars
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
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573:
570:
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422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:probe in 1965
385:
380:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
347:
345:
336:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
293:
289:
285:
284:lucky imaging
280:
276:
274:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
249:Angelo Secchi
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
215:
206:
202:
199:This section
197:
194:
190:
189:
181:
179:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2366:Life on Mars
2361:Flag of Mars
2302:Mars Society
2284:
2277:
2244:Terraforming
2239:Colonization
2009:Swift crater
1851:polar wander
1618:
1579:Terra Sabaea
1519:Arabia Terra
1413:
1400:
1380:
1376:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1335:. Retrieved
1328:
1303:
1282:
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1251:
1221:
1200:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1165:
1155:
1141:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1108:
1098:
1071:
1070:(abstract).
1065:
1048:
997:
993:
987:
946:
942:
936:
895:
891:
885:
875:
868:
857:. Retrieved
847:
840:
829:. Retrieved
825:
815:
794:
766:
765:(abstract).
762:
749:
730:
709:
697:. Retrieved
691:
681:
669:. Retrieved
654:
647:
638:
632:
621:
582:Life on Mars
572:Face on Mars
551:
549:
524:
485:
447:
441:
431:
425:
418:
412:
389:
367:
366:(1906), and
363:
359:
350:
348:
341:
324:
315:
311:
305:
297:
257:
244:
240:
236:
230:
212:October 2020
209:
205:adding to it
200:
174:
161:
151:
136:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2483:Outer space
2471:Spaceflight
2189:Exploration
2111:5261 Eureka
1779:Groundwater
1744:Composition
1569:Tempe Terra
1559:Quadrangles
1486:Circulation
1317:Clute, John
1240:Clute, John
1054:Evans, J.E.
755:Dollfus, A.
597:Solis Lacus
411:(editor of
404:Pic du Midi
344:dust storms
156:during the
147:astronomers
2505:Categories
1846:Polar caps
1826:Mud cracks
1809:Meteorites
1794:Lava tubes
1729:Carbonates
1664:Labyrinthi
1539:Iani Chaos
1478:Atmosphere
1383:(221–222).
1337:2022-05-28
1260:2022-05-28
1181:2018-12-12
1074:(8): 488.
859:2007-05-13
831:2017-03-23
699:October 1,
614:References
543:Carl Sagan
444:Space Race
417:and later
400:opposition
288:resolution
268:axial tilt
158:opposition
69:newspapers
2447:Astronomy
2371:Sub-Earth
2354:Mythology
2307:Mars race
2074:Asteroids
1970:Astronomy
1941:Hesperian
1936:Amazonian
1908:Volcanism
1883:Spherules
1804:Marsquake
1759:Dichotomy
1674:by height
1669:Mountains
1469:Geography
1176:0362-4331
1145:(audio).
465:millibars
453:Mariner 4
384:Mariner 4
260:still air
131:Mariner 4
2407:Category
2271:Advocacy
2254:Missions
2197:Concepts
2026:Transits
1997:Monolith
1946:Noachian
1918:Yardangs
1814:on Earth
1774:Glaciers
1619:"Canals"
1611:features
1609:Physical
1371:(1910).
1352:(1907).
1327:(eds.).
1311:(2020).
1277:(2006).
1250:(eds.).
1234:(2021).
1125:23 April
1119:Archived
1060:(1903).
1040:29117648
1032:17747451
979:43466009
971:17747454
928:21249845
920:17747452
757:(2010).
731:Old Mars
729:(eds.).
717:(2012).
560:See also
540:—
533:, and a
362:(1895),
239:(plural
166:channels
2495:Science
2433:Portals
2339:Fiction
2320:Related
2214:Landing
2209:Orbiter
2168:General
2137:2007 NS
2127:1999 UJ
2117:1998 VF
2106:Trojans
2093:2007 WD
2082:Impacts
2062:Mercury
1928:History
1888:Surface
1819:on Mars
1784:Gullies
1769:Geysers
1716:Geology
1706:Gravity
1701:Valleys
1654:Gullies
1644:Craters
1634:Catenae
1629:Canyons
1584:Tharsis
1529:Cydonia
1511:Regions
1501:Methane
1491:Climate
1076:Bibcode
1002:Bibcode
994:Science
951:Bibcode
943:Science
900:Bibcode
892:Science
771:Bibcode
769:: 240.
508:leeward
473:Celsius
469:pascals
233:Italian
83:scholar
2521:Canals
2411:
2400:
2152:Comets
2047:Deimos
2042:Phobos
2004:Deimos
1987:Phobos
1691:Plains
1659:Mensae
1649:Fossae
1291:
1279:"Mars"
1236:"Mars"
1209:
1174:
1038:
1030:
977:
969:
926:
918:
855:. S730
803:
737:
662:
587:Lineae
545:, 1978
479:, nor
351:canali
245:canale
241:canali
237:canale
162:canali
139:canals
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2459:Stars
2219:Rover
2204:Flyby
2175:Orbit
2057:Earth
1979:Moons
1913:Water
1789:Lakes
1739:Color
1589:Undae
1315:. In
1238:. In
1036:S2CID
975:S2CID
924:S2CID
721:. In
671:5 May
316:lakes
235:word
90:JSTOR
76:books
2511:Mars
1878:Soil
1623:list
1452:Mars
1289:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1172:ISSN
1127:2020
1028:PMID
967:PMID
916:PMID
801:ISBN
735:ISBN
701:2015
673:2024
660:ISBN
529:, a
490:and
360:Mars
312:seas
231:The
143:Mars
62:news
1381:183
1084:doi
1018:hdl
1010:doi
998:149
959:doi
947:149
908:doi
896:149
767:120
314:or
207:.
45:by
2507::
2119:31
1412:.
1399:.
1377:AN
1375:.
1323:;
1319:;
1281:.
1246:;
1242:;
1230:;
1199:.
1164:.
1107:.
1082:.
1072:63
1064:.
1056:;
1034:.
1026:.
1016:.
1008:.
973:.
965:.
957:.
922:.
914:.
906:.
824:.
783:^
761:.
725:;
690:.
525:A
164:("
2435::
2139:2
2129:7
2096:5
1625:)
1621:(
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
1340:.
1297:.
1263:.
1215:.
1184:.
1149:.
1129:.
1092:.
1086::
1078::
1042:.
1020::
1012::
1004::
981:.
961::
953::
930:.
910::
902::
862:.
834:.
809:.
777:.
773::
743:.
703:.
675:.
214:)
210:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
