Marrano - Knowledge

250: 1455:, writes "King Manuel theoretically abolished discrimination between Old and New Christians by the law of March 1, 1507 which permitted the departure of New Christians to any part of the Christian world, declaring that they “be considered, favored and treated like the Old Christians and not distinct and separated from them in any matter.” Nevertheless, in apparent contradiction to that law, in a letter dated Almeirim, February 18, 1519, King Manuel promoted legislation henceforth prohibiting the naming of New Christians to the position of judge, town councilor or municipal registrar in Goa, stipulating, however, that those already appointed were not to be dismissed. This shows that even during the first nine years of Portuguese rule, Goa had a considerable influx of recently baptized Spanish and Portuguese Jews." 2170:"El doctor Calafell matiza que (...) los marcadores genéticos usados para distinguir a la población con ancestros sefardíes pueden producir distorsiones". "ese 20% de españoles que el estudio señala como descendientes de sefardíes podrían haber heredado ese rasgo de movimiento más antiguos, como el de los fenicios o, incluso, primeros pobladores neolíticos hace miles de años." "Dr. Calafell clarifies that (...) the genetic markers used to distinguish the population with Sephardim ancestry may produce distortions. The 20% of Spaniards that are identified as having Sephardim ancestry in the study could have inherited that same marker from older movements like the Phoenicians, or even the first Neolithic settlers thousands of years ago" 1425:, in one of his first acts as king in 1498, issued a general expulsion order of the Jews of Provence. Though not enforced at the time, the order was renewed in 1500 and again in 1501. On this occasion, it was definitively implemented. The Jews of Provence were given the option of conversion to Christianity and a number chose that option. However, after a short while – if only to compensate partially for the loss of revenues caused by the departure of the Jews – the king imposed a special tax, referred to as "the tax of the neophytes." These converts and their descendants soon became the objects of social discrimination and slanders. 1628:, writes that "After August 1531, when the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal was in the offing and especially after June 14, 1532 when New Christian emigration from Portugal became a capital offense, anti-New Christian sentiment surged on all sides. The New Christians were panic-stricken and emigrants, legal or clandestine, headed for Flanders, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, the Portuguese possessions in India, North Africa. After the middle of the century, England, France, the Spanish Americas and Brazil were the favorite destinations, not necessarily in that order." The New Christians breathed more freely when 1146:"They sought ways and means to win them from Catholicism and bring them back to Judaism. They instructed the Marranos in the tenets and ceremonies of the Jewish religion; held meetings in which they taught them what they must believe and observe according to the Mosaic law; and enabled them to circumcise themselves and their children. They furnished them with prayer-books; explained the fast-days; read with them the history of their people and their Law; announced to them the coming of the Passover; procured unleavened bread for them for that festival, as well as 1712:"Shaare Tikvah". During his stay, Shlomo Moshe Amar met descendants of Jewish families persecuted by the Inquisition who still practice Judaism at the house of rabbi Boaz Pash. This was an historical meeting that had not happened between a Chief Rabbi and Portuguese Bnei Anusim in centuries. Rabbi Shlomo Moshe Amar promised to create a committee to evaluate the Halachic situation of the community. The delay of the Chief Rabbi to create the committee and help the descendants of 1488: 416: 35: 134: 331:

targeted and forced by the Spanish Crown had no choice but to adopt Christianity, either leave the Kingdom of Spain all while the Crown seized their property and money and gave them no support to leave, be murdered either for not showing complete loyalty to Christianity or for leaving Spain and coming back showing that these Jews were traitors to the Spanish Crown.

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in glass from which a peculiar light issued in a side-chapel of their church, where several New Christians were present. A New Christian who tried to explain the miracle as due to natural causes was dragged from the church and killed by an infuriated woman. A Dominican roused the populace still more.

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to conduct interviews with families about their religious practice. After being asked to prove he knew Hebrew before they would talk, he found people still reluctant to speak openly. Nevertheless, he did eventually gain a remarkable insight into their version of Jewish customs, prayers and songs. The

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came to the throne. By the law of April 4, 1601, he granted them the privilege of unrestricted sale of their real estate as well as free departure from the country for themselves, their families, and their property. Many, availing themselves of this permission, followed their coreligionists to North

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and Jewish communities. Whilst historians such as Yitzhak Baer state, "the conversos and Jews were one people", Kamen claims, "Yet if the conversos were hated by the Christians, the Jews liked them no better." He documented that "Jews testified falsely against them when the Inquisition was finally

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Late 20th century political and social changes in Spain caused reappraisal of Jewish and Muslim contributions to its culture. There has been much new scholarship on Sephardic Jews, Moors and the consequences of conversion and expulsion. In addition, there have been official governmental efforts to

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João Rodrigo Mascarenhas, a New Christian; although a wealthy and distinguished man, his work also made him resented by many. They demolished his house. Within 48 hours, many "conversos" were killed; by the third day all who could leave escaped, often with the help of other Portuguese. The killing

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from Spain, the majority of Sephardic communities, such as that of Salonika having been formed as a result of the Alhambra Decree in 1492. However, there was a steady trickle of crypto-Jewish marranos who wished to practice their faith freely to more liberal environments. One of their leaders who

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had abandoned Judaism and been assimilated into Spain's dominant Catholic culture, many of those continuing to secretly practice their former religion felt threatened and persecuted by the Inquisition which continued to actively persecute heresy. Some of these chose to leave Spain, in bands or as

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Fernando and Alvaro de la Torre, Alvar wished to take revenge for an insult by the counts de Fuensalida, leaders of the Old Christians. His intention was to seize control of the city, but fierce conflict erupted. Opponents set fire to houses of New Christians near the cathedral. The conflagration

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severely punished those who took part in the killings. The ringleaders and the Dominicans who encouraged the riot were also executed. Local people convicted of murder or pillage suffered corporal punishment and their property was confiscated. The king granted religious freedom for 20 years to all

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However, as applied to Crypto-Jews, the term Marrano derives from the Spanish & Portuguese verb "marrar" and "amarrar" meaning "to fail", "to plan to go wrong", "to break away", "to defraud", "to target", "to tie up", "to refrain", "to deviate", "to clinch", "to moor", illuminating that those

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Papal Bull Meditatio Cordis of July 16, 1547, Inquisition in Portugal. This Bull Meditatio Cordis still did not have the "Power of Confiscation". Portuguese Marranos continued, with many bribes of the Popes in Rome, and with prolonged negotiation against this "Power of Confiscation" succeeded to

1204:: physicians, merchants, and others (ib. xv. 113 et seq.). A thoroughly researched history of these migrations is also contained in the book about one of their leaders Dona Gracia Nasi called, "The Woman Who Defied Kings", by the historian and journalist Andree Aelion Brooks. 1620:

laws, they constituted a significant portion of the over three thousand people executed for heresy by the Spanish Inquisition. In his luminous book the "Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765", Professor Antonio Jose Saraiva

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historically linked with Spain allowing them to seek citizenship after five years rather than the customary ten required for residence in Spain. Later it was dropped to two years. In November 2012, the residency requirement was eliminated. In October 2006, the

536:). He claimed that members had managed to survive more than four centuries without being fully assimilated into the Old Christian population. The last remaining crypto-Jewish community in Belmonte officially returned to Judaism in the 1970s and opened a 383:

ancestry. This percentage was suggested as representing the proportion of Sephardi in the population at the time of mass conversions in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, the authors concede that other historical population movements from the

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delay it 32 years, but finally conceded this "deadly weapon" in 1579. The Portuguese Inquisition now had been endowed, 101 years after the Spanish Inquisition of November 1, 1478, with the same extremities of rigor as the Spanish prototype. The

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Tens of thousands of Jews were baptised in the three months before the deadline for expulsion, some 40,000 if one accepts the totals given by Kamen: most of these undoubtedly to avoid expulsion, rather than as a sincere change of faith. These

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established in 1478. They rendered considerable service to the king, and held high legal, financial, and military positions. The government issued an edict directing traditional Jews to live within a ghetto and be separated from

931:. D. Alonso called upon the mob to retire. Its leader insulted the count, who immediately felled him with his lance. Aroused, the people considered him a martyr. Incited by Alonso de Aguilar's enemy, they again attacked the 209:

was established prior to the decree, surveilled New Christians to detect whether their conversion to Christianity was sincere. The vast majority of Jews in Spain had converted to Catholicism, perhaps under pressure from the

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meat throughout the year; encouraged them to live in conformity with the law of Moses, and persuaded them that there was no law and no truth except the Jewish religion." These were the charges brought by the government of

1462:), while others went on to be extremely influential in the spice trade, and the gems trade between Portugal, and India. This activity aroused the ire of the Catholic clergy. During this period, the first bishop of Goa, 2037:

Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; et al. (2008), "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula",

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It is estimated that 200,000 Jews saved their lives by converting to Christianity in the wake of these persecutions. Other Jews left the country altogether and around 100,000 openly practicing Jews remained.

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It also has Arabic origin meaning "to deviate" or "to err", in the sense that they deviated from their newly adopted faith by secretly continuing to practice Judaism. A third origin has been cited from

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which affected Spain's remaining openly Jewish population in 1492. The numbers who converted and the effects of various migrations in and out of the area have been the subject of historical debate. A

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had been excluded by Bishop D. Pedro.) A local blacksmith started arousing a rabble against the Jews, who he blamed for the insult, which immediately joined in a fierce shout for revenge.

2414:), printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarre, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarre, pp. 445-450 327:. The Arabic word in this context means "swine" or "pork", and either expresses the same repulsion towards the converts that the converts previously had for these ritually unclean meat. 1301:

in Papal states be thrown into the prisons of the Inquisition which he had instituted. Sixty of them, who acknowledged the Catholic faith as penitents, were transported to the island of

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Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen; Saraiva, António José; Salomon, H. P.; Sassoon, I. S. D. (1 October 2003). "The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536-1765".

900:, where they formed two hostile parties. On March 14, 1473, during a dedication procession, a girl accidentally threw dirty water from the window of the house of one of the wealthiest 3652: 579:

were discovered who had in their possession "some lambs and poultry prepared according to Jewish custom; also unleavened bread and bitter herbs according to the regulations for the

2157:" "The genetic makeup of Sephardic Jews is probably common to other Middle Eastern populations, such as the Phoenicians, that also settled the Iberian Peninsula, Calafell says. " 2202: 2224:

Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; et al. (2008), "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean",

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continued to practice as crypto-Jews. In the early 20th century, historian Samuel Schwartz wrote about crypto-Jewish communities discovered in northeastern Portugal (namely,

1614:, however, remained in Spain and Portugal and were suspected of "Marranism" by the Spanish Inquisition. Although the wealthier among them could easily bypass discriminatory 1716:

Jews in Portugal forced the creation of a second Jewish community in Lisbon, Comunidade Judaica Masorti Beit Israel, to ensure the recognition of the Bnei Anusim as Jews.

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of Turkey select Pesaro as a commercial center; when that did not happen, he expelled the New Christians from Pesaro and other districts in 1558 (ib. xvi. 61 et seq.).

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individual refugees. Many migrated to Italy, attracted by the climate, which resembled that of the Iberian Peninsula, and by the kindred language. When they settled at

2310: 2888: 818:, considerable power in her realm. Martinez gave speeches that led to violence against the Jews, and this influence culminated in the sack of the Jewish quarter of 249: 3096: 1115: 2969: 1239:, and numerous other Italian cities, they freely exercised the Jewish religion again. They were soon so numerous that Fernando de Goes Loureiro, an abbot from 935:. The rioting lasted three days. Those who escaped sought refuge in the castle, where their protectors also took shelter. The government decreed that Jews and 2502: 571:

continued to be suspect in socially strained times. In Lisbon in 1506, a months-long plague caused people to look for scapegoats. Some became suspicious that

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in Argentina. Legal emigration to the New World was strictly controlled and required proof of three generations of Christian ascendance. Nevertheless, many

2141: 2085:: "Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion" 3726: 3551: 788:

and reestablished ties with the Jews of Israel. The Museu Judaico de Belmonte was opened in 2005 in Belmonte, it is the first Jewish museum in Portugal.

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Two documentary films have been made in north-eastern Portugal where present-day descendants of marranos were interviewed about their lives. In 1974 for

2982: 1089:, founded in 1536. This led to a rapid increase in the trials of crypto-Jews, among them a number of important financiers. In 1691, during a number of 544:

founded the Belmonte Project to raise funds to acquire Judaic educational material and services for the Belmonte community, who then numbered 160–180.

2600: 777:, a Marrano family who served as Agents to the Crown of Spain and Portugal. They held diplomatic positions across Europe until the late 18th century. 626:

victims from their houses and killed some. Old Christians who were in any way associated with New Christians were also attacked. The mob attacked the

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friar Bernardo, crucifix in hand, were said to have gone through the streets of the city, crying "Heresy!" and calling upon the people to destroy the

3668: 2895: 904:(the customary way to dispose of it.) The water splashed on an image of the Virgin being carried in procession in honor of a new society (from which 919:, killing them, and burning their houses. To stop the excesses, the highly respected D. Alonso Fernandez de Aguilar, whose wife was a member of the 3680: 2912: 2094:"La cifra de los sefardíes puede estar sobreestimada, ya que en estos genes hay mucha diversidad y quizá absorbieron otros genes de Oriente Medio" 3041: 3721: 2872: 2096:("The Sephardic result may be overestimated, since there is much diversity in those genes and maybe absorbed other genes from the Middle East") 375:

appeared to support the idea that the number of conversions has been significantly underestimated, as 20% of the tested Iberian population had

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were the principal concern of the Inquisition; being suspected of continuing to practice Judaism put them at risk of denunciation and trial.

3640: 190:, whether or not they secretly still practised Jewish rites. Converts from either Judaism or Islam were referred to by the broader term of " 3451: 1073:

among the Inquisition trials dropped to 3% of the total. There was a rebound of persecutions when a group of crypto-Jews was discovered in

286:, literally standing for "self-destroyed" or a heretic to Judaism, for a Jew who deliberately rebels against the observance of Jewish law. 857:

and tax-farmer. They also attacked the residences of wealthy New Christians in the quarter of la Magdelena. Under Juan de la Cibdad, the

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asked the three parliamentary groups that form the majority to support an amendment that would similarly ease the way for nationals of

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Cf. Salcedo Izu, Joaquín, Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, Caja de Ahorros de Navarra, Pamplona 1990, Tomo VI, voz Inquisición, pp. 131–134.

2192: 2098:. ¿Pone en duda Calafell la validez de los tests de ancestros? "Están bien para los americanos, nosotros ya sabemos de dónde venimos" 3511: 3231: 2103: 2745:. Vol. I: History, edited by Josep M. Solà-Solé, Samuel G. Armistead, and Joseph H. Silverman, 23–35. Barcelona: Puvil-Editor, 1980. 2100:(Does Calafell doubt the validity of ancestry tests? "They can be good for the Americans, we already know from where we come from.") 2423: 853:. Instigated by two canons, Juan Alfonso and Pedro Lopez Galvez, the mob plundered and burned the houses of Alonso Cota, a wealthy 3323: 3074: 727:

suffered immensely both from mob violence and interrogation and testing by the Inquisition. Attacks and murders were recorded at

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welcome tourists of both ancestries to Spain. Towns and regions have worked to preserve elements of Jewish and Moorish pasts.

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means "forced one", indicating the compulsory nature of the religious conversions. José Meir Estrugo Hazán writes in his book

3436: 3079: 2648: 1892: 1375: 754:, there were rumors that the people planned to massacre all the New Christians on one day. In 1562, prelates petitioned the 2883: 2302: 1345: 1305:; twenty-four, who adhered to Judaism, were publicly burned (May 1556). Those who escaped the Inquisition were received at 807: 3716: 3711: 3266: 3034: 1058:" Later the resistance to the inquisitors was so strong that its aldermen ordered commissioners and attorneys to ask the 1270:

and granted them commercial and industrial privileges, as well as the free exercise of their religion. Rome was full of

806:, Spanish political intrigues had earlier promoted the anti-Jewish policies which culminated in 1391, when Regent Queen 3586: 3360: 1807: 2862: 998:, led the attacks. Without the intervention of the alcalde, Andres de Cabrera, all New Christians might have died. At 480: 99: 3736: 3333: 3207: 2891:, The Jewish History Resource Center, Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2807: 2709: 2680: 2482: 2025: 1790: 1773: 1756: 1739: 1535: 1255: 1159:

against the Jews. They constituted the grounds for their expulsion and banishment in 1492, so they could not subvert

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From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto. Isaac Cardoso: A Study in Seventeenth-Century Marranism and Jewish Apologetics

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Africa and Turkey. After a few years, however, the privilege was revoked, and the Inquisition resumed its activity.

1517: 452: 71: 3287: 2498: 583:, which festival they celebrated far into the night." Officials seized several but released them after a few days. 2976: 653:(municipal) privileges. The foreigners who had taken part generally escaped punishment, leaving with their ships. 3751: 3746: 3413: 3365: 3353: 3348: 3224: 3180: 3155: 1850: 1845: 615:

and others from ships in the port of Lisbon, joined the Dominicans and formed a mob with local men to pursue the

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can be considered offensive and pejorative, although some scholars continue to use the term interchangeably with

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Some New Christians sought to re-join Jewish populations in India (particularly through the Jewish community in

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descent to gain Spanish citizenship. The proposal was originally made by IULV-CA, the Andalusian branch of the

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The Marranos of Spain: From the Late 14th to the Early 16th Century, According to Contemporary Hebrew Sources

1395: 1353: 1349: 706: 205:, which prohibited the practice of Judaism in Spain and required all remaining Jews to convert or leave. The 218:

numbered hundreds of thousands. They were monitored by the Spanish Inquisition and subject to suspicions by

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In Spanish Civil Code Art. 22.1, the government created concessions to nationals of several countries and

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opposed the mob, but were repulsed. They were executed with their leader. As a result, several prominent

466: 162: 158: 85: 2906: 3766: 3607: 3568: 2925:, in Half-Jewish.org, Website covering topics relevant to descendants of assimilation and intermarriage 2272:, nda, last update 02/12/2005, haaretz.com, in English; review of Hebrew translation of Schwarz's 1925 1310: 563:

After the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain (1492) and the Forced Conversion by Portugal's King

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Hispania Judaica: Studies on the History, Language, and Literature of the Jews in the Hispanic World

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made financial sacrifices. Alfonso Gutierrez, Garcia Alvarez "el Rico" (the rich), and the Zapatas,

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from Flanders, and others direct from the Iberian Peninsula, went under the guise of Catholics to

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In the "Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765", Professor

1438: 693: 426: 45: 1778: 1286:, even if belonging to the class of New Christians." By 1553 three thousand Portuguese Jews and 3479: 1418: 1152: 1086: 1081:

in the last decade of the sixteenth century. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, some

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means "pig", or, more often, "dirty person". Because of these possible meanings for the term

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From 1484, one town after another had called for expulsion, but the calls were rejected by

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film was commended at the 1976 Jerusalem Jewish Film and TV Festival. Another documentary,

2802:, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 125–148. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. 2111: 680:, mobs massacred former Jews. Because of these excesses, the king began to believe that a 8: 3190: 3009: 2622: 1698: 1629: 1442: 1422: 1371: 1197: 1131: 877: 336: 291: 206: 1227:

they materially advanced the interests of the city with their industry and commerce. At

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of Seville and other cities of Castile, and especially of Aragon, bitterly opposed the

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Under state pressure in the late 14th and early 15th century, over half of Jews in the

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for commercial reasons. He granted complete liberty "to all persons from Portugal and

1163:. Jews who did not want to leave Spain had to accept baptism as a sign of conversion. 268:

is unclear, since there have been several proposed etymologies in addition to swine.

3673: 3558: 3484: 3164: 2803: 2705: 2676: 2644: 2572: 2478: 2331: 2251: 2065: 2021: 1959: 1922: 1803: 1786: 1769: 1752: 1735: 1705: 1059: 876:) of the city was Alvar Gomez de Cibdad Real, who had been private secretary to King 657: 473: 360: 282: 92: 3000: 2991: 2655:

Kamen has published 4 editions under 3 titles: "First edition published 1965 ... as

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Cohen, Martin A. "Antonio Díaz De Cáceres: Marrano Adventurer in Colonial Mexico."

2535: 2241: 2233: 2055: 2047: 1709: 1251: 815: 740: 533: 529: 211: 1648:, where Jewish refugees had settled after the expulsion from Spain, as well as to 1085:

who had fled to Portugal began to return to Spain, fleeing the persecution of the

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might be practicing Judaism and therefore be at fault. On April 17, 1506, several

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Resources > Medieval Jewish History > "Expulsion from Spain and The Anusim"

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The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765

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had settled at an early date) and other colonies in the Americas. Migrations to

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and held commercial relations with their former homes. Some migrated as far as

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who had drawn large sums from Portugal and had openly avowed Judaism in Italy.

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Nearly 20 years later in July 1467, another riot occurred where a mob attacked

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and many others saw their Jewish quarters destroyed and inhabitants massacred.

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The term specifically refers to the charge of crypto-Judaism, whereas the term

139: 1118:, tried in Córdoba in 1818, was the last person tried for being a crypto-Jew. 1091: 165:, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but who continued to practice 3695: 3380: 3297: 3144: 3137: 2830:, trans. Nikki Halpern. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. 2197: 1860: 1685: 1140: 928: 850: 831: 774: 380: 219: 191: 3016:, "it gives a remarkably graphic impression of a typical Inquisitional case" 1596: 3506: 2475:

Inquisition and Society in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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Inquisition and Society in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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spread so rapidly that 1,600 houses were consumed. Both Old Christians and

145: 2356: 1669: 1139:. Despite the law, however, the Jews remained in communication with their 3251: 3019: 2945: 2632: 1912: 1459: 1223:, where they were protected from the persecutions of the Inquisition. In 822:

on June 4, 1391. Throughout Spain during this year, the cities of Ecija,

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worked to forestall such actions, and spent immense sums to win over the

393: 376: 265: 187: 170: 3116: 2735: 2547: 770:) in cities and villages as their ancestors had before the conversions. 3516: 3236: 3130: 3013: 2986: 2793: 1795: 1636:

Some migrated to London, whence their families spread to Brazil (where

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is voluntary for a Min and a Meshumad, while for the Anusim it is not.

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First Cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Shearith Israel

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Jewish by candlelight – from Spanish converso to modern mixed marriage

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Propuesta de IU sobre derecho preferente de moriscos a la nacionalidad

971: 927:("El Gran Capitán"), and a troop of soldiers, hastened to protect the 751: 3109: 2842:

The Other Within: The Marranos: Split Identity and Emerging Modernity

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of the secret practice of Judaism, whether or not that was the case.

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Melammed, Renée Levine (2005). "Marranos". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

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traveled to Portugal to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the

1487: 1336:. In May 1544, a ship landed there filled with Portuguese refugees. 415: 34: 3102: 3068: 3010:

Trial of Gabriel de Granada by the Inquisition in Mexico, 1642–1645

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The History of Anti-Semitism, vol. 2: From Mohammed to the Marranos

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to wear special badges, and to order Jewish descendants to live in

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Cohen, Martin A. "Toward a New Comprehension of the Marranos." In

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spree lasted from 19 to 21 April, in what came to be known as the

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Henry Kamen: The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. 1999

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lasted until 1530. From 1531 to 1560, however, the percentage of

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Jews from the Iberian Peninsula forcibly converted to Catholicism

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In our study, that would have all fallen under the Jewish label.

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helped them get there was the Lisbon-born international banker,

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if any inquisitor enters their city, he will be thrown into the

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Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

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Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII)

1825: 1665: 1653: 1563:, where they were attracted by its flourishing cities, such as 1306: 1279: 1240: 1236: 1220: 1147: 955: 916: 763: 732: 673: 600: 301: 20: 2975:("New Christians and Old Christians in Portugal"), written by 2907:

Michael Freund, "Miracle in Orlando", originally published in

2816:, trans. H.P. Salomon and I.S.D. Sassoon. Leiden: Brill, 2001. 705:

from Toledo, offered 80,000 gold crowns to Holy Roman Emperor

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from Aragon's repression, where they were allowed to remain.

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perished. The brothers De la Torre were captured and hanged.

865:

men were deposed from office, in obedience to a new statute.

744: 736: 649: 323: 241:

might also be offensive to some descendants of Spanish Jews.

1410:(xiv. 162–183), about 3,000 Jews came to Provence after the 1313:, Duke of Urbino. Guidobaldo had hoped to have the Jews and 3581: 2952:

Shavei Israel – a group that helps our lost brethren return

2871:. Further relevant material can be found in its article on 2800:

The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800

1870: 1366:, often the Castilian territories of the Vice-royalties of 1232: 1053: 716:

also tried to help. None were successful in preventing the

2627:

Chronica do Felicissimo Rey D. Emanuel da Gloriosa Memória

2134:"Spanish Inquisition couldn't quash Moorish, Jewish genes" 1382:

managed to evade these restrictions and managed to obtain

994:, there was a massacre (May 16, 1474). D. Juan Pacheco, a 173:, the term increasingly preferred in scholarly works over 3001:

Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 2

2992:

Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 1

2849:

Spinoza and Other Heretics, vol. 1: The Marrano of Reason

1050:

haven. The Tudelans had already proclaimed in 1486 that "

990:, groups looted the belongings of the New Christians. At 709:, if he would mitigate the harshness of the Inquisition. 169:

in secrecy or were suspected of it. They are also called

2951: 551:, the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) sent reporter 186:

was used for the wider population of Jewish converts to

161:

who converted to Christianity, either voluntarily or by

2821:

Masks in the Mirror: Marranism in the Jewish Experience

2766:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. 1599:

about 1626, granting certain privileges to them and to

1170:

questions whether there were such strong links between

939:

should remain in their neighborhood or leave the city.

697:

and most influential cardinals. Spanish and Portuguese

2898:, Spring 2003, p. 9, American Sephardi Federation 560:, was made by the New York Jewish Media Fund in 1997. 2477:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 27, 2426:. Website with historical and graphical study on the 2408:

The Love for Truth: Life and Work of Michael Servetus

1428: 1175:

founded." This issue is being debated by historians.

896:

Tensions arose in Córdoba between Old Christians and

2223: 2082: 2036: 1114:

accused by the Inquisition decreased significantly.

351:

that "marrano" is the term the Spanish Jews prefer.

2798:Rowland, Robert. "New Christian, Marrano, Jew." In 2193:"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia" 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2636: 1077:in 1588; and there was a rise in denunciations of 2759:, 3rd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. 2752:. Bogota: Editorial Universidad de Rosario, 2008. 2412:El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet 2274:Hanotzrim Hakhadashim Beportugal Be'meah Ha'esrim 1672:, continued into the middle of the 18th century. 1595:invited some New Christian families to settle at 3693: 1982:. Vol. 8. McMillan Reference. p. 5716. 1954:". Chapter 8 (pp. 55-58) in Karen Primack (ed.) 923:family of Pacheco, together with his brother D. 2675:(4th ed.), New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, 2616: 1973: 1971: 1548:There was no significant wave of emigration of 1219:a leading seaport. They received privileges at 1200:confirmed the privileges to twenty-one Spanish 1062:to limit the power of the Inquisition in 1510. 201:came into later use in 1492 with the Castilian 2970:"Cristãos Novos e Cristãos Velhos em Portugal" 2851:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. 2844:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. 2665:The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision 2639:The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision 2468: 2466: 2464: 2278:New Christians in Portugal in the 20th Century 2217: 1876: 1183:Although the vast majority of Spain's 250,000 3035: 2776:Roth, Cecil. "The Religion of the Marranos," 2559: 2557: 2006:https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/amarrar 1549: 722: 363:converted to Christianity, thus avoiding the 3452:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 2837:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. 2828:The Faith of Remembrance: Marrano Labyrinths 1994:https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/marrar 1968: 1121: 1110:During the eighteenth century the number of 317: 276: 2730:, vol. 60, no. 2, 1970, pp. 169–184., 2704:, São Paulo: Editora & Livraria Sêfer, 2699: 2461: 1516:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1404:, in a special study of the subject in the 1386:papers of legal identity in the New World. 647:in an attempt at compensation. Lisbon lost 3727:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism 3049: 3042: 3028: 2554: 1470:, and called for the establishment of the 1243:, filled an entire book with the names of 1065:The most intense period of persecution of 773:In 1641, João IV of Portugal ennobled the 2245: 2059: 1946: 1944: 1536:Learn how and when to remove this message 1358:During the 16th and 17th centuries, some 500:Learn how and when to remove this message 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 2929:Descendants of Marranos arrive in Israel 2670: 2190: 1977: 1013: 607:. Attracted by the outcry, sailors from 256:(1656–1833), in Manhattan, New York City 248: 142:in Spain during the times of Inquisition 132: 2659:. Second edition published 1985 ... as 2406:González Echeverría, Francisco Javier. 2384:, p. 268, Jerusalem 1962, while citing 1468:contra os Judeos" (tracts against Jews) 312:One source of the term derives from an 3694: 2663:. Third edition published 1998 ... as 1958:, KTAV Publishing House, Inc. (1998), 1941: 3722:Converts to Christianity from Judaism 3437:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 3023: 2631: 2521: 2519: 2472: 2455: 2443: 2132:Saey, Tina Hesman (4 December 2008). 1893:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 1178: 3742:History of the Jews in South America 2894:Kathleen Telch, "Belmonte Project", 2728:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 2689: 2643:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2155:We think it might be an overestimate 2131: 1514:adding citations to reliable sources 1481: 1346:History of the Jews in Latin America 438:adding citations to reliable sources 409: 396:may also account for these results. 163:Spanish or Portuguese royal coercion 57:adding citations to reliable sources 28: 3636:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies 2499:"Jewish Virtual Library – Provence" 2491: 2434:Michael de Villanueva ("Servetus"). 2205:from the original on March 28, 2014 2191:Callaway, Ewen (December 4, 2008), 1956:Jews in Places You Never Thought Of 684:might help control such outbreaks. 318: 277: 13: 3587:Sephardim and Oriental Communities 2719: 2516: 2226:American Journal of Human Genetics 2040:American Journal of Human Genetics 1950:Karen Primack, "That Word 'Marrano 1429:Estado da India (Portuguese India) 1414:expelled Jews from Spain in 1492. 305:is that the act of abandonment of 233:or crypto-Jew. In modern Spanish, 14: 3788: 2902:Society For Crypto Judaic Studies 2856: 2671:Roth, Cecil; Roth, Irene (1974), 2380:Gedaliah b. Jachia the Spaniard, 2004:SpanishDictionary.com. (n.d.-a). 1818: 1474:(which was established in 1560). 1196:granted them privileges. His son 872:in Toledo. The chief magistrate ( 371:study in 2008 of 1,150 volunteer 2957:Alhambra Decree: 521 Years Later 2661:Inquisition and Society in Spain 1719: 1486: 1339: 946:arose in numerous other cities: 656:New Christians were attacked in 414: 33: 3653:Institute for Sephardic Studies 2589: 2566: 2505:from the original on 2016-03-04 2449: 2437: 2417: 2400: 2391: 2374: 2349: 2324: 2313:from the original on 2020-09-23 2295: 2283: 2262: 2184: 2164: 1992:SpanishDictionary.com. (n.d.). 1851:History of the Jews in Portugal 1846:History of the Jews in Belmonte 1002:, it was reported that not one 966:, and elsewhere. Mobs attacked 845:In 1449, feelings rose against 425:needs additional citations for 406:History of the Jews in Portugal 354: 316:word for "forbidden, illicit", 44:needs additional citations for 3442:Antisemitism in the Arab world 2125: 2088: 2076: 2030: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1888:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva 1297:issued orders to have all the 1009: 780:In the 1970s, the Marranos of 289:The main difference between a 1: 2977:António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches 2823:. New York: Peter Lang, 2006. 2528:The Sixteenth Century Journal 2430:in Navarre, specifically the 2292:, xxxvii, p. 270 et seq. 1929: 1610:The vast majority of Spain's 1477: 1466:wrote his anti-Semitic work " 1396:History of the Jews in France 1354:History of the Jews in Brazil 1350:History of the Jews in Mexico 586:On the same day on which the 3603:American Sephardi Federation 3596:Major communal organizations 2769:Révah, I.S. "Les marranes." 2700:Diesendruck, Arnold (2002), 2617:General and cited references 2332:"Criptojudaismo de Belmonte" 2270:"Cryptic, these crypto Jews" 1934: 1856:History of the Jews in Spain 1768:, Constable & Robinson, 1731:The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon 1464:Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira 1435:History of the Jews in India 1166:The historian Henry Kamen's 925:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 880:. He was a protector of the 849:, breaking out in a riot at 798:History of the Jews in Spain 542:American Sephardi Federation 373:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups 244: 7: 3318:Western Europe and overseas 2884:The Jewish Story – Marranos 2778:The Jewish Quarterly Review 2382:Sefer Shalshelet HaKabbalah 2303:"Curiel | Encyclopedia.com" 2083:Adams, Bosch, et al. (2008) 1877:Related groups and concepts 1841:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 1813: 672:, and other places. In the 594:displayed a crucifix and a 399: 159:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 10: 3793: 3717:15th century in al-Andalus 3712:14th century in al-Andalus 3608:Sephardi Community Council 2748:Escobar Quevedo, Ricardo. 2694:, New York: Schocken Books 2238:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012 2052:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 1432: 1393: 1343: 1328:, formerly a considerable 1311:Guidobaldo II della Rovere 1034:During 1492, about 12,000 795: 403: 18: 3661: 3628: 3613:World Sephardi Federation 3595: 3567: 3527: 3460: 3429: 3154: 3058: 2983:A history of the Marranos 2873:South and Central America 2833:Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim. 2673:A history of the Marranos 2424:Michael Servetus Research 2104:"Tres culturas en el ADN" 2016:José Meir Estrugo Hazán, 1389: 1122:Converso-Jewish relations 1107:of Majorca, were burned. 712:The Mendes of Lisbon and 599:Friar João Mocho and the 3737:History of the conversos 2363:(in European Portuguese) 2338:(in European Portuguese) 1980:Encyclopedia of Religion 1675: 1559:. They also migrated to 1215:and contributed to make 884:Together with prominent 791: 549:The Marranos of Portugal 3097:Expulsion from Portugal 2961:Law Library of Congress 2868:The Jewish Encyclopedia 2812:Saraiva, António José. 2771:Revue des études juives 2702:Os Marranos em Portugal 2667:. Fourth edition 2014." 2657:The Spanish Inquisition 2290:Revue des Etudes Juives 1691:Parliament of Andalusia 1593:Christian IV of Denmark 1585:established a community 1583:about 1580, where they 1439:Sephardic Jews in India 1407:Revue des Études Juives 1290:were living at Ancona. 1207:Spanish and Portuguese 810:gave the Archdeacon of 802:According to historian 260:The origin of the term 3752:Jewish Spanish history 3747:Jewish Mexican history 1734:, The Overlook Press, 1550: 1153:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1087:Portuguese Inquisition 1023: 723: 682:Portuguese Inquisition 540:in 1996. In 2003, the 257: 149: 144:. An 1893 painting by 3447:Antisemitism in Islam 3165:Eastern Mediterranean 2959:, a blog post on the 2863:Corresponding article 2773:118 (1959–60): 29–77. 2692:A History of the Jews 2473:Kamen, Henry (1985), 2336:Município de Belmonte 1157:Isabella I of Castile 1116:Manuel Santiago Vivar 1075:Quintanar de la Orden 1017: 915:, denouncing them as 343:means "to force" and 252: 136: 19:Further information: 3772:Sephardi Jews topics 3552:Sephardi chief rabbi 3529:Religion and culture 3085:Expulsion from Spain 2755:Netanyahu, Benzion. 2690:Roth, Cecil (1961), 2307:www.encyclopedia.com 1779:Antonio Muñoz Molina 1766:Guardian of the Dawn 1626:University of Lisbon 1510:improve this section 1453:University of Lisbon 1449:Antonio Jose Saraiva 1020:Mariana de Carabajal 942:In 1473, attacks on 784:officially rejoined 567:in Portugal (1497), 434:improve this article 53:improve this article 3777:Spanish Inquisition 3762:Passing (sociology) 3003:, by Antonio Baião 2994:, by Antonio Baião 2879:Dona Gracia Project 1630:Philip III of Spain 1443:The Goa Inquisition 1132:Spanish Inquisition 984:Almodóvar del Campo 911:The mob went after 878:Henry IV of Castile 365:Decree of Expulsion 337:Galician-Portuguese 207:Spanish Inquisition 138:Marranos: A secret 3732:History of Judaism 2943:by Miriam Shaviv, 2939:2009-05-11 at the 2915:2012-02-29 at the 2909:The Jerusalem Post 2847:Yovel, Yirmiyahu. 2840:Yovel, Yirmiyahu. 2603:2008-12-11 at the 2580:2009-02-20 at the 2177:2011-04-25 at the 1617:Limpieza de sangre 1557:Gracia Mendes Nasi 1472:Inquisition in Goa 1256:Emmanuel Philibert 1179:Conversos in Italy 1024: 808:Leonora of Castile 676:and the island of 258: 150: 3767:Puerto Rican Jews 3689: 3688: 3485:Judaeo-Portuguese 2965:In Custodia Legis 2826:Wachtel, Nathan. 2780:22 (1931): 1–33. 2650:978-0-300-18051-0 2020:(The Sephardim), 1923:Kakure Kirishitan 1800:The Coffee Trader 1785:, Harvest Books, 1706:Shlomo Moshe Amar 1546: 1545: 1538: 1293:Two years later, 1278:received them at 1060:Catholic Monarchs 1044:Tudela in Navarre 558:The Last Marranos 510: 509: 502: 484: 361:Iberian Peninsula 129: 128: 121: 103: 3784: 3757:Judaism in Spain 3677: 3644: 3621: 3547:Rite and customs 3520: 3403:Crypto-Sephardim 3044: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3006: 2997: 2974: 2919:, Jewish Society 2762:Poliakov, Leon. 2714: 2695: 2685: 2654: 2642: 2610: 2609: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2540:10.2307/20061561 2523: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386:Sefer HaYuchasin 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2188: 2182: 2168: 2162: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2140:. Archived from 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2110:. Archived from 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2063: 2034: 2028: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1966: 1953: 1948: 1749:Hunting Midnight 1710:Lisbon Synagogue 1553: 1541: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1490: 1482: 1211:also settled at 1022:in Mexico, 1601. 1006:was left alive. 816:Ferrand Martinez 726: 622:The mob dragged 590:were freed, the 512:Some Portuguese 505: 498: 494: 491: 485: 483: 442: 418: 410: 379:consistent with 321: 320: 280: 279: 212:Massacre of 1391 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3671: 3669:Philosephardism 3657: 3638: 3624: 3615: 3591: 3563: 3523: 3514: 3475:Sephardi Hebrew 3456: 3425: 3150: 3090:Alhambra Decree 3054: 3051:Sephardi Jewish 3048: 3012:. According to 3005:(in Portuguese) 3004: 2996:(in Portuguese) 2995: 2973:(in Portuguese) 2972: 2941:Wayback Machine 2923:Return to Sinai 2917:Wayback Machine 2859: 2854: 2819:Simms, Norman. 2786:10.2307/1451908 2722: 2720:Further reading 2712: 2683: 2651: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2605:Wayback Machine 2594: 2590: 2584: 2582:Wayback Machine 2571: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2524: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2471: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2422: 2418: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2357:"Museu Judaico" 2355: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2267: 2263: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2189: 2185: 2179:Wayback Machine 2169: 2165: 2147: 2145: 2144:on 29 June 2011 2130: 2126: 2117: 2115: 2102: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2035: 2031: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1976: 1969: 1951: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1879: 1821: 1816: 1722: 1678: 1542: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1507: 1491: 1480: 1445: 1433:Main articles: 1431: 1412:Alhambra 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