Samarkand - Knowledge

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boasted two major gardens, the New Garden and the Garden of Heart's Delight, which became the central areas of entertainment for ambassadors and important guests. In 1218, a friend of Genghis Khan named Yelü Chucai reported that Samarkand was the most beautiful city of all, as "it was surrounded by numerous gardens. Every household had a garden, and all the gardens were well designed, with canals and water fountains that supplied water to round or square-shaped ponds. The landscape included rows of willows and cypress trees, and peach and plum orchards were shoulder to shoulder." Persian carpets with floral patterns have also been found in some Timurid buildings.

4307: 3980: 4008: 1844: 253: 1120: 8275: 4742: 3952: 4022: 3662: 2025: 1820: 1739:, and the city became part of the newly formed “Bukhara Khanate”. Samarkand was chosen as the capital of this state, in which Muhammad Shaybani Khan was crowned. In Samarkand, Muhammad Shaybani Khan ordered to build a large madrasah, where he later took part in scientific and religious disputes. The first dated news about the Shaybani Khan madrasah dates back to 1504 (it was completely destroyed during the years of Soviet power). Muhammad Salikh wrote that Sheibani Khan built a madrasah in Samarkand to perpetuate the memory of his brother Mahmud Sultan. 4817: 1676: 3634: 1615: 286: 3738: 4295: 1832: 3503: 3648: 114: 3489: 220: 4432: 4625: 121: 1112: 200: 1863: 139: 4097: 103: 1544: 4651: 4638: 3447: 4521: 4856: 2079: 1428: 7889: 4586: 150: 4319: 4534: 359: 4703: 4612: 3102: 4908: 4791: 4573: 3235:

been taken in Uzbekistan since 1989, there are no accurate data on this matter. Despite Tajik being the second most common language in Samarkand, it does not enjoy the status of an official or regional language. Nevertheless, at Samarkand State University ten faculties offer courses in Tajiki, and the Tajik Language and Literature Department has an enrolment of over 170 students. Only one newspaper in Samarkand is published in Tajiki, in the

132: 4882: 4869: 4830: 4778: 4560: 4664: 2138:) with hot, dry summers and relatively wet, variable winters that alternate periods of warm weather with periods of cold weather. July and August are the hottest months of the year, with temperatures reaching and exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). Precipitation is sparse from June through October, but increases to a maximum from February to April. January 2008 was particularly cold; the temperature dropped to −22 °C (−8 °F). 3685: 951: 3461: 4804: 3999: 3904: 4716: 4690: 4547: 4895: 4729: 4599: 1796: 4843: 4921: 4755: 4677: 4508: 1808: 3985: 3900: 1508: 7556: 3475: 293: 260: 227: 8924: 1968: 1642:, made Samarkand his capital. Timur used various tools for legitimisation, including urban planning in his capital, Samarkand. Over the next 35 years, he rebuilt most of the city and populated it with great artisans and craftsmen from across the empire. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts, and Samarkand grew to become the centre of the region of 3957: 3892: 3436:, and Samarkandian Arabs living therein. Samarkand's best-known Islamic sacred lineages are the descendants of Sufi leaders such as Khodja Akhror Wali (1404–1490) and Makhdumi A’zam (1461–1542), the descendants of Sayyid Ata (first half of 14th c.) and Mirakoni Khojas (Sayyids from Mirakon, a village in Iran). The liberal policy of President 3971: 3896: 1606:. After Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia, foreigners were chosen as governmental administrators; Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) were appointed as co-managers of gardens and fields in Samarkand, which Muslims were not permitted to manage on their own. The khanate allowed the establishment of Christian bishoprics (see below). 2971:

the Tajiks as only 10,716. In a series of kishlaks in the Khojand Okrug, whose population was registered as Tajik in 1920 e.g. in Asht, Kalacha, Akjar i Tajik and others, in the 1926 census they were registered as Uzbeks. Similar facts can be adduced also with regard to Ferghana, Samarkand, and especially the Bukhara oblasts.

4165:", poles whose tops were hung with a circular arrangement of horse or yak tail hairs. These banners symbolized an ancient Turkic tradition of sacrificing horses, which were valuable commodities, to honor the dead. Tugs were also a type of cavalry standard used by many nomads, up to the time of the Ottoman Turks. 4084:

shops of artists, artisans, and craftsmen. The pavilions of the Eternal City were inspired by real houses and picturesque squares described in ancient books. This is where you can plunge into a beautiful oriental fairy tale: with turquoise domes, mosaics on palaces, and high minarets that pierce the sky.

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Colors of buildings in Samarkand also have significant meanings. The dominant architectural color is blue, which Timur used to convey a broad range of concepts. For example, the shades of blue in the Gur-i Amir are colors of mourning; in that era, blue was the color of mourning in Central Asia, as it

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The most striking monument of the Qarakhanid era in Samarkand was the palace of Ibrahim ibn Hussein (1178–1202), which was built in the citadel in the 12th century. During the excavations, fragments of monumental painting were discovered. On the eastern wall, a Turkic warrior was depicted, dressed in

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I know no place in it or in Samarkand itself where if one ascends some elevated ground one does not see greenery and a pleasant place, and nowhere near it are mountains lacking in trees or a dusty steppe... Samakandian Sogd... eight days travel through unbroken greenery and gardens... . The greenery

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The elements of traditional Islamic architecture can be seen in traditional mud-brick Uzbek houses that are built around central courtyards with gardens. Most of these houses have painted wooden ceilings and walls. By contrast, houses in the west of the city are chiefly European-style homes built in

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The best-known landmark of Samarkand is the mausoleum known as Gur-i Amir. It exhibits the influences of many cultures, past civilizations, neighboring peoples, and religions, especially those of Islam. Despite the devastation wrought by Mongols to Samarkand's pre-Timurid Islamic architecture, under

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While the official stance is that Uzbek is the most common language in Samarkand, some data indicate that only about 30% of residents speak it as a native tongue. For the other 70%, Tajik is the native tongue, with Uzbek the second language and Russian the third. However, as no population census has

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in Samarkand, which became the first building in the architectural ensemble of Registan. Ulugh Beg invited a large number of astronomers and mathematicians of the Islamic world to this madrasah. Under Ulugh Beg, Samarkand became one of the world centers of medieval science. In the first half of the

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Visitors to the Eternal City can taste national dishes from different eras and regions of the country and also see authentic street performances. The Eternal City showcases a unique mix of Parthian, Hellenistic, and Islamic cultures so that the guests could imagine the versatile heritage of bygone

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said that about 300,000 Shiites live in the Bukhara Vilayat and 1 million in the Samarkand Vilayat. The Ambassador slightly doubted the authenticity of these figures, emphasizing in his report that data on the numbers of religious and ethnic minorities provided by the government of Uzbekistan

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During the census of 1926 a significant part of the Tajik population was registered as Uzbek. Thus, for example, in the 1920 census in Samarkand city the Tajiks were recorded as numbering 44,758 and the Uzbeks only 3301. According to the 1926 census, the number of Uzbeks was recorded as 43,364 and

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Abdulatif Khan, the son of Mirzo Ulugbek's grandson Kuchkunji Khan, who ruled in Samarkand from 1540 to 1551, was considered an expert in the history of Maverannahr and the Shibanid dynasty. He patronized poets and scientists. Abdulatif Khan himself wrote poetry under the literary pseudonym Khush.

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Fazlallah ibn Ruzbihan in "Mikhmon-namei Bukhara" expresses his admiration for the majestic building of the madrasah, its gilded roof, high hujras, spacious courtyard and quotes a verse praising the madrasah. Zayn ad-din Vasifi, who visited the Sheibani-khan madrasah several years later, wrote in

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and from 1040 to 1212 was its capital. The founder of the Western Qarakhanid Kaganate was Ibrahim Tamgach Khan (1040–1068). For the first time, he built a madrasah in Samarkand with state funds and supported the development of culture in the region. During his reign, a public hospital (bemoristan)

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Karl Cordell, "Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe", Routledge, 1998. p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international

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Lena Jonson (1976) "Tajikistan in the New Central Asia", I.B.Tauris, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 3% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya,

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Eternal city situated in Silk Road Samarkand complex. This site which occupies 17 hectares accurately recreates the spirit of the ancient city backed up by the history and traditions of Uzbek lands and Uzbek people for the guests of the Silk Road Samarkand. The narrow streets here house multiple

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The ornamentation of the Gur-i Amir's walls includes floral and vegetal motifs, which signify gardens; the floor tiles feature uninterrupted floral patterns. In Islam, gardens are symbols of paradise, and as such, they were depicted on the walls of tombs and grown in Samarkand itself. Samarkand

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European study of the history of Samarkand began after the conquest of Samarkand by the Russian Empire in 1868. The first studies of the history of Samarkand belong to N. Veselovsky, V. Bartold and V. Vyatkin. In the Soviet period, the generalization of materials on the history of Samarkand was

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Silk Road Samarkand is a modern multiplex which is set to open in early 2022 in eastern Samarkand. The complex covers 260 hectares and includes world-class business and medical hotels, eateries, recreational facilities, park grounds, an ethnographic corner and a large congress hall for hosting

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Timur was also directly involved in construction projects, and his visions often exceeded the technical abilities of his workers. The city was in a state of constant construction, and Timur would often order buildings to be done and redone quickly if he was unsatisfied with the results. By his

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Timur initiated the building of Bibi Khanum after his 1398–1399 campaign in India. Bibi Khanum originally had about 450 marble columns, which were hauled there and set up with the help of 95 elephants that Timur had brought back from Hindustan. Artisans and stonemasons from India designed the

3880: 4027: 3942: 4161:, traditional Mongol tents in which the bodies of the dead were displayed before burial or other disposition. Timur built his tents from more-durable materials, such as bricks and wood, but their purposes remained largely unchanged. The chamber in which Timur's own body was laid included " 3884: 3531:

There are no exact data on the number of Shiites in the city of Samarkand, but the city has several Shiite mosques and madrasas. The largest of these are the Punjabi Mosque, the Punjabi Madrassah, and the Mausoleum of Mourad Avliya. Every year, the Shiites of Samarkand celebrate

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Alexander's conquests introduced classical Greek culture into Central Asia and for a time, Greek aesthetics heavily influenced local artisans. This Hellenistic legacy continued as the city became part of various successor states in the centuries following Alexander's death, the

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While Samarkand suffered significant damage during Alexander's initial conquest, the city recovered rapidly and flourished under the new Hellenic influence. There were also major new construction techniques. Oblong bricks were replaced with square ones and superior methods of

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square was the city's ancient centre and is bounded by three monumental religious buildings. The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts: embroidery, goldwork, silk weaving, copper engraving, ceramics, wood carving, and wood painting. In 2001,

4173:" in Central Asia; this notion is evidenced by in the number of blue-painted doors in and around the city. Furthermore, blue represented water, a particularly rare resource in the Middle East and Central Asia; walls painted blue symbolized the wealth of the city. 1712:, which was unique in the world. It was known as the "Fakhri Sextant" and had a radius of 40 meters. Seen in the image on the left, the arc was finely constructed with a staircase on either side to provide access for the assistants who performed the measurements. 5948:

Malikov Azim, The cultural traditions of urban planning in Samarkand during the epoch of Timur. In: Baumer, C., Novák, M. and Rutishauser, S., Cultures in Contact. Central Asia as Focus of Trade, Cultural Exchange and Knowledge Transmission. Harrassowitz. 2022,

1878:. The revival of the city began during the reign of the founder of the Uzbek dynasty, the Mangyts, Muhammad Rakhim (1756–1758), who became famous for his strong-willed qualities and military art. Muhammad Rakhimbiy made some attempts to revive Samarkand. 1185:

themselves originated in Central Asia). After the Kushan state lost control of Sogdia during the 3rd century CE, Samarkand went into decline as a centre of economic, cultural, and political power. It did not significantly revive until the 5th century.

1401:, who, after the victory of the uprising, became the governor of Khorasan and Maverannahr (750–755). He chose Samarkand as his residence. His name is associated with the construction of a multi-kilometer defensive wall around the city and the palace. 3466: 3386: 5590:

Sims-Wlliams Nicholas, A Christian sogdian polemic against the manichaens // Religious themes and texts of pre-Islamic Iran and Central Asia. Edited by Carlo G. Cereti, Mauro Maggi and Elio Provasi. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2003,

5188:"The Persian-speaking cities of Bukhara and Samarkand, rightly considered by today’s Tajiks as the constituting the historical centres of Tajik civilization" Foltz, Richard. A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East. I.B. Tauris, 2019. p.9 1066:, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and Europe. There is no direct evidence of when it was founded. Researchers at the Institute of Archaeology of Samarkand date the city's founding to the 8th–7th centuries BCE. 3835:

was introduced to Samarkand in 1868, and several churches and temples were built. In the early 20th century several more Orthodox cathedrals, churches, and temples were built, most of which were demolished while Samarkand was part of the

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Sachau, Edward C. Alberuni’s India: an Account of the Religion. Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030, vol. 1 London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRtJBNBR & CO. 1910.

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orders, Samarkand could be reached only by roads; deep ditches were dug, and walls 8 km (5 mi) in circumference separated the city from its surrounding neighbors. At this time, the city had a population of about 150,000.

832:. The old city includes historical monuments, shops, and old private houses; the new city includes administrative buildings along with cultural centres and educational institutions. On 15 and 16 September 2022, the city hosted the 3941:, followed by a few tens of thousands of Armenian Samarkandians. Armenian Christians began emigrating to Samarkand at the end of the 19th century, this flow increasing especially in the Soviet era. In the west of Samarkand is the 6636:

commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% (Foltz 1996: 213; Carlisle 1995: 88).

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Qutayba generally did not settle Arabs in Central Asia; he forced the local rulers to pay him tribute but largely left them to their own devices. Samarkand was the major exception to this policy: Qutayba established an Arab

3494: 3027:, all of whom live primarily in the centre and western neighborhoods of the city. These peoples have emigrated to Samarkand since the end of the 19th century, especially during the Soviet Era; by and large, they speak the 6800: 5450:

Grenet Frantz, Regional interaction in Central Asia and northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephtalites periods in Indo-Iranian languages and peoples. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Oxford university press, 2003.

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conquerors; the survivors fled to other places or converted to Islam. Several Nestorian temples were built in Samarkand, but they have not survived. Their remains were found by archeologists at the ancient site of

1646:. Timur's commitment to the arts is evident in how, in contrast with the ruthlessness he showed his enemies, he demonstrated mercy toward those with special artistic abilities. The lives of artists, craftsmen, and 5044: 3619:

were considered a very "delicate topic" due to their potential to provoke interethnic and interreligious conflicts. All the ambassadors of the ambassador tried to emphasize that traditional Islam, especially

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of the trees and sown land extends along both sides of the river ... and beyond these fields is pasture for flocks. Every town and settlement has a fortress... It is the most fruitful of all the countries of

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are the second-largest group and are most concentrated in the west of Samarkand. Exact demographic figures are difficult to obtain since some people in Uzbekistan identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak

4443: 1754:(1611–1642) famous architectural masterpieces were built in Samarkand. In 1612–1656, the governor of Samarkand, Yalangtush Bahadur, built a cathedral mosque, Tillya-Kari madrasah and Sherdor madrasah. 3189: 3134: 3035: 1303: 4129:

and inscriptions, the latter a common feature in Islamic architecture. Timur's meticulous attention to detail is especially obvious inside the mausoleum: the tiled walls are a marvelous example of

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during their control of Samarkand. Under Samanid rule the city became a capital of the Samanid dynasty and an even more important node of numerous trade routes. The Samanids were overthrown by the

1153:(Μαράκανδα) by the Greeks. Written sources offer small clues as to the subsequent system of government. They mention one Orepius who became ruler "not from ancestors, but as a gift of Alexander." 6830: 3508: 3398: 1519:

state in 999, it was replaced by the Qarakhanid State, where the Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty ruled. After the state of the Qarakhanids split into two parts, Samarkand became a part of the West

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Era. Though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded, several theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. Prospering from its location on the

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mosque's dome, giving it its distinctive appearance amongst the other buildings. An 1897 earthquake destroyed the columns, which were not entirely restored in the subsequent reconstruction.

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chair was established in Samarkand. At the beginning of the 8th century, it was transformed into a Nestorian metropolitanate. Discussions and polemics arose between the Sogdian followers of

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Timur these architectural styles were revived, recreated, and restored. The blueprint and layout of the mosque itself, with their precise measurements, demonstrate the Islamic passion for

4136:, an Iranian technique in which each tile is cut, colored, and fit into place individually. The tiles of the Gur-i Amir were also arranged so that they spell out religious words such as " 3667: 6514: 1214:, the origin of which remains controversial. The resettlement of nomadic groups to Samarkand confirms archaeological material from the 4th century. The culture of nomads from the Middle 1072:

excavations conducted within the city limits (Syob and midtown) as well as suburban areas (Hojamazgil, Sazag'on) unearthed 40,000-year-old evidence of human activity, dating back to the

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Buryakov Y.F. Iz istorii arkheologicheskikh rabot v zonakh oroshayemogo zemledeliya Uzbekistana // Arkheologicheskiye raboty na novostroykakh Uzbekistana. Tashkent, 1990. pp. 9–10.

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Sprishevskiy V.I. Pogrebeniye s konem serediny I tysyacheletiya n.e., obnaruzhennoye okolo observatorii Ulugbeka. // Tr. Muzeya istorii narodov Uzbekistana. T.1.- Tashkent, 1951.

8984: 1625:, who visited in 1333, called Samarkand "one of the greatest and finest of cities, and most perfect of them in beauty." He also noted that the orchards were supplied water via 9389: 6808: 6868:В. А. Нильсен. У истоков современного градостроительства Узбекистана (ΧΙΧ — начало ΧΧ веков). —Ташкент: Издательство литературы и искусства имени Гафура Гуляма, 1988. 208 с. 2013:. Additionally, thousands of refugees from the occupied western regions of the USSR fled to the city, and it served as one of the main hubs for the fleeing civilians in the 3253:). Local Samarkandian STV and "Samarkand" TV channels offer some broadcasts in Tajik, as does one regional radio station. In 2022 a quarterly literary magazine in Tajiki, 4401:

Modern Samarkand is an important rail junction of Uzbekistan, and all national east–west railway routes pass through the city. The most important and longest of these is

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opened up new opportunities for the expression of the religious identity. In Samarkand, since 2018, there has been an increase in the number of women wearing the hijab.

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Modern Samarkand is a vibrant city, and in 2019 the city hosted the first Samarkand Half Marathon. In 2022 this also included a full marathon for the first time.

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coast. Its terminus was originally Samarkand, whose station first opened in May 1888. However, a decade later, the railway was extended eastward to Tashkent and

3965: 7855: 8534: 3653: 3241: 2950:, up to 70 percent of the city's population. Tajiks are especially concentrated in the eastern part of the city, where the main architectural landmarks are. 6263:

Montgomery David. Samarkand taarikhi (History of Samarkand) by I.M.Muminov, The American historical review, volume 81, no.8 (October 1976), pp. 914–915

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Gold also has a strong presence in the city. Timur's fascination with vaulting explains the excessive use of gold in the Gur-i Amir, as well as the use of

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as their first language, often because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajiki language and identity. As explained by

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Turko-Mongol influence is also apparent in Samarkand's architecture. It is believed that the melon-shaped domes of the mausoleums were designed to echo

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Suburbs of the city include: Gulyakandoz, Superfosfatnyy, Bukharishlak, Ulugbek, Ravanak, Kattakishlak, Registan, Zebiniso, Kaftarkhona, Uzbankinty.

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Masson M.Ye., Proiskhozhdeniye dvukh nestorianskikh namogilnykh galek Sredney Azii // Obshchestvennyye nauki v Uzbekistane, 1978, №10, p. 53.

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While there are no official data on the total number of Shiites in Uzbekistan, they are estimated to be "several hundred thousand." According to

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empire was defeated by the joint actions of the Turks and Sassanids, which led to the establishment of a common border between the two empires.

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Malikov A. and Djuraeva D. 2021. Women, Islam, and politics in Samarkand (1991–2021), International Journal of Modern Anthropology. 2 (16): 561

6522: 6058: 6014: 5753: 5640: 5381: 5005: 2010: 9364: 9359: 8553: 4474:, and its name was changed to Central Asian Railways. Nonetheless, Samarkand remained one of the largest and most important stations of the 4007: 3627:, in the regions of Bukhara and Samarkand is characterized by great religious tolerance toward other religions and sects, including Shiism. 9265: 8583: 6603:. Asia Pacific Sociological Association (APSA) Conference "Transforming Societies: Conestations and Convergences in Asia and the Pacific". 5789:

Karev, Yury. Qarakhanid wall paintings in the citadel of Samarqand: First report and preliminary observations in Muqarnas 22 (2005): 45–84.

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In the middle of the 6th century, a Turkic state was formed in Altai, founded by the Ashina dynasty. The new state formation was named the

1080:(12th–7th millennia BCE) archaeological sites were discovered in the suburbs of Sazag'on-1, Zamichatosh, and Okhalik. The Syob and Darg'om 672: 7058: 6748:

Malikov Azim, Sacred lineages of Samarqand: history and identity in Anthropology of the Middle East, Volume 15, Issue 1, Summer 2020, р.36

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in 1467–68 and illuminated the late 1480s. John Work Garret Collection, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

1587:, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road in the late 13th century, describes Samarkand as "a very large and splendid city..." 9384: 9339: 6281:

Montgomery David, Review of Samarkand taarikhi by I. M. Muminov et al. // The American historical review, volume 81, no. 4 (October 1976)

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B.V. Norik. Rol' shibanidskikh praviteley v literaturnoy zhizni Maverannakhra XVI veka. Sankt-Peterburg: Rakhmat-name, 2008. p. 233.

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Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites

5168: 3547:. Their ancestors began to arrive in Samarkand in the 18th century. Some migrated there in search of a better life, others were sold as 321: 7905: 7863: 7437: 7133: 5885: 5572:

Klyashtornyy S. G., Savinov D. G., Stepnyye imperii drevney Yevrazii. Sankt-Peterburg: Filologicheskiy fakul'tet SPbGU, 2005 god, s. 97

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with Samarkand as the administrative centre. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely west of the old city.

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Fazlallakh ibn Ruzbikhan Isfakhani. Mikhman-name-yi Bukhara (Zapiski bukharskogo gostya). M. Vostochnaya literatura. 1976, p. 3

5048: 3192:" (Russian: Самаркандский вестник, lit. the Samarkand Herald). The Samarkandian TV channel STV conducts some broadcasts in Russian. 4294: 4180:

in both the city and his buildings. The Mongols had great interests in Chinese- and Persian-style golden silk textiles, as well as

3528:) that are home to a large number of Shiites. The total population of the Samarkand Vilayat is more than 3,720,000 people (2019). 2067:

was opened, the Museum of the History of Samarkand was founded, and a two-volume history of Samarkand was prepared and published.

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Christianity reappeared in Samarkand several centuries later, from the mid-19th century onward, after the city was seized by the

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Etienne de la Vaissiere, Sogdian traders. A history. Translated by James Ward. Brill. Leiden. Boston, 2005, pp. 108–111.

5227: 5088: 1708:. Ulugh Beg's main interest in science was astronomy, and he constructed an observatory in 1428. Its main instrument was the 5677: 8563: 5545:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750. Vol. 3. Unesco, 1996. p. 332

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15th century, a whole scientific school arose around Ulugh Beg, uniting prominent astronomers and mathematicians including

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From the Alleyways of Samarkand to the Mediterranean Coast (The Evolution of the World of Child and Adolescent Literature)

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in Samarkand speak Russian. Several Russian-language newspapers are published in Samarkand, the most popular of which is "

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After Uzbekistan gained independence, several monographs were published on the ancient and medieval history of Samarkand.

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Mukminova R. G., K istorii agrarnykh otnosheniy v Uzbekistane XVI veke. Po materialam «Vakf-name». Tashkent. Nauka. 1966

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An ancient Turkic burial with a horse was investigated on the territory of Samarkand. It dates back to the 6th century.

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Modern Samarkand is divided into two parts: the old city, and the new city, which was developed during the days of the

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E. Bretschneider (1888). "The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang".

4361:, which was opened in the 1930s, under the Soviets. As of spring 2019, Samarkand International Airport has flights to 1701: 987: 219: 9354: 8274: 5921: 5671: 5129: 5109: 3724: 1933: 1280:(618–630), family relations were established with the ruler of Samarkand – Tong Yabghu Qaghan gave him his daughter. 1034: 642: 285: 8351: 5287:

sämiz känd meaning "Fat city (balda samina)" is called thus because of its great size; it is, in Persian, Samarqand.

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in the Islamic world at Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world and thence to Europe.

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Akiner, Shirin; Djalili, Mohammad-Reza; Grare, Frederic (2013). Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence. Routledge.

3661: 1909: 1389:

As a long-term result, Samarkand developed into a center of Islamic and Arabic learning. At the end of the 740s, a

3843:

In present time, Christianity is the second-largest religious group in Samarkand with the predominant form is the

2131: 8899: 8738: 8480: 8289: 7995: 7037: 4358: 3323:

also lived in the city. From that point forward, throughout the reigns of many Muslim governing powers, numerous

3148:

second official language in Samarkand, and about 5% of signs and inscriptions in Samarkand are in this language.

2014: 1595: 1346:

During this period, Samarkand was a diverse religious community and was home to a number of religions, including

994: 2059:

On the initiative of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR I. Muminov and with the support of

1819: 7430: 4463: 3706: 3502: 3304: 972: 4431: 9344: 8819: 8697: 8578: 8341: 7725: 6654: 6299:

Malikov A.M. Istoriya Samarkanda (s drevnikh vremen do serediny XIV veka). Tom. 1. Tashkent: Paradigma, 2017.

4088:

centuries in full splendor. The project was inspired and designed by Bobur Ismoilov, a famous modern artist.

3633: 3081:, and other groups) live. These peoples began to arrive in Samarkand several centuries ago from what are now 1896: 1535:

a yellow caftan and holding a bow. Horses, hunting dogs, birds and periodlike women were also depicted here.

585: 7172: 522: 8507: 8470: 8412: 8371: 7748: 7505: 6489: 5066: 4413:

trains run between Tashkent, Samarkand, and Bukhara. Samarkand also has international railway connections:

3488: 1001: 699: 8356: 7243: 3647: 9303: 8519: 8444: 8417: 8075: 8050: 6926: 4105: 199: 5771:

Kochnev B. D., Numizmaticheskaya istoriya Karakhanidskogo kaganata (991—1209 gg.). Moskva «Sofiya», 2006

5009: 4059: 3820:, converted to Christianity and was baptized. With the assistance of Eljigidey, the Catholic Church of 3702: 1270:

In the early Middle Ages, Samarkand was surrounded by four rows of defensive walls and had four gates.

968: 983: 934: 9369: 8894: 8485: 8249: 8090: 7423: 5281:; Kelly, James Michael. Harvard University Printing Office (published 1982). p. 270 – via 3938: 2006: 1913: 1751: 1579: 1552: 31: 1119: 9374: 9291: 8994: 8366: 8346: 8264: 8105: 8025: 6404: 5033:(in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020. 2063:, the 2500th anniversary of Samarkand was widely celebrated in 1970. In this regard, a monument to 1567:

30,000 young men along with 30,000 craftsmen. Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol sack by

546: 17: 6206:

Materialy po istorii Sredney i Tsentral'noy Azii X—XIX veka. Tashkent: Fan, 1988, рр. 270—271

5480: 5300: 3446: 3203:. Samarkand was one of the cities in which the Persian language developed. Many classical Persian 3089:. They mainly speak a dialect of the Tajik language, as well as their own languages, most notably 1084:, supplying the city and its suburbs with water, appeared around the 7th–5th centuries BCE (early 9379: 9308: 8863: 8636: 8529: 8434: 8361: 8194: 4954: 3888: 3844: 3832: 3695: 1661: 1263:

after the people of the Turks, which were headed by the ruler – the Khagan. From 557 to 561, the

961: 856: 7515: 7267: 6382: 4169:

still is in various cultures today. Blue was also considered the color that could ward off "the

1743:

his memoirs that the veranda, hall and courtyard of the madrassah are spacious and magnificent.

1634:

In 1365, a revolt against Chagatai Mongol control occurred in Samarkand. In 1370, the conqueror

1489:, provides a vivid description of the natural riches of the region he calls "Smarkandian Sogd": 9239: 8397: 8005: 7924: 7066: 6072: 5238:, when captured by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE. Its own name derives from the Sogdian words 4051: 3390: 3277: 2953:

According to various independent sources, Tajiks are Samarkand's majority ethnic group. Ethnic

2127: 1757: 1367: 1260: 1174: 7530: 5832: 5780:

Nemtseva, N.B., Shvab, IU. Ansambl Shah-i Zinda: istoriko-arkhitektymyi ocherk. Tashent: 1979.

5507: 5198: 4318: 4253:

buses, are the most common and popular mode of transport in the city. Taxis, which are mostly

4213:

Samarkand has a strong public-transport system. From Soviet times up through today, municipal

8873: 8656: 8588: 8134: 7893: 7286: 5891: 5715:

Bartold V. V., Abu Muslim//Akademik V. V. Bartol'd. Sochineniya. Tom VII. Moskva: Nauka, 1971

5160: 4459: 4177: 3790: 1956: 1731:

emerged as the city's leaders at or about this time. In 1501, Samarkand was finally taken by

1680: 1568: 1498:; in it are the best trees and fruits, in every home are gardens, cisterns and flowing water. 1237: 1053: 684: 371: 7480: 5554:

Belenitskiy A.M., Bentovich I.B., Bolshakov O.G. Srednevekovyy gorod Sredney Azii. L., 1973.

3460: 3105:

Greeting in two languages: Uzbek (Latin) and Tajik (Cyrillic) at the entrance to one of the

9260: 8904: 8889: 8842: 8796: 8661: 8573: 8376: 7495: 6757: 3821: 3269: 3039: 2024: 1994: 1781:, the city was abandoned in the early 1720s. From 1599 to 1756, Samarkand was ruled by the 1657: 6950: 6736: 6309: 6135: 4462:

to facilitate its expansion into Central Asia. The railway originated in Krasnovodsk (now

8: 8723: 8541: 7960: 7600: 4479: 3903:. There are also a number of inactive Orthodox churches and temples, for example that of 3824:

was built in Samarkand. After a while, however, Islam completely supplanted Catholicism.

3752:

was introduced to Samarkand when it was part of Sogdiana, long before the penetration of

3348: 2032: 1520: 1283:

Some parts of Samarkand have been Christian since the 4th century. In the 5th century, a

1146: 1124: 914: 814: 785: 745: 506: 9234: 5799: 2053: 1795: 1134: 9334: 9286: 8641: 8616: 8224: 7990: 7764: 7585: 7575: 7535: 7343: 7008: 6612: 6052: 6008: 5981: 5747: 5634: 5375: 5268: 4642: 4262: 4192:

built textile workshops in their cities to be able to produce gold fabrics themselves.

3876: 3872: 3742: 3576: 3437: 3261: 3260:

In addition to Uzbek, Tajik, and Russian, native languages spoken in Samarkand include

1917: 1875: 1786: 1683:, which contained this mural sextant, constructed in Samarkand during the 15th century. 1675: 1451: 1443: 1336: 1277: 1139: 1008: 910: 797: 173: 5530: 5030: 3555:

captors, and others were soldiers who were posted to Samarkand. Mostly they came from

1807: 855:

is the official language and Russian is also widely used in the public sphere, as per

9184: 9129: 8621: 8475: 8429: 8030: 7676: 7520: 7485: 7281: 6979: 6717: 6616: 6598: 6448: 6224: 5917: 5836: 5825: 5667: 5657: 5605: 5486: 5323: 5223: 5105: 5084: 4972: 4967: 3781: 3556: 3381: 3356: 3308: 3265: 3224: 2876: 2829: 2707: 2087: 1952: 1929: 1887: 1782: 1765: 1732: 1556: 1332: 1253: 1128: 1096: 1073: 734: 447: 7199:

Azim Malikov, "Cult of saints and shrines in the Samarqand province of Uzbekistan".

3737: 3474: 3207:

and writers lived in or visited Samarkand over the millennia, the most famous being

8651: 8214: 8020: 7590: 7525: 7510: 7446: 6831:"Узбекистан: Иранцы-шииты сталкиваются c проблемами с правоохранительными органами" 6604: 6556: 6383:"Samarkand, Uzbekistan – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast" 6360: 5724:

Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries",

4374: 4334: 4062:. These Christian movements appeared in Samarkand mainly after the independence of 3868: 3813: 3521: 3361: 3200: 3141: 3118: 3028: 2980: 1948: 1772: 1709: 1697: 1572: 872: 868: 680: 607: 579: 376: 75: 7252:, according to Columbia University's Encyclopædia Iranica (archived 11 March 2007) 7134:"A brotherhood agreement has been signed between the cities of Nara and Samarkand" 6290:

Shirinov T.SH., Isamiddinov M.KH. Arkheologiya drevnego Samarkanda. Tashkent, 2007

1916:. The assault, which was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the 1912:

in 1868. Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves

1614: 9044: 7540: 7500: 7490: 7262: 5868: 5698: 5661: 5205: 4949: 3930:, which was built at the beginning of the 20th century. Samarkand is part of the 3911: 3801: 2976: 2060: 1941: 1905: 1761: 1466:

around 999. Over the next 200 years, Samarkand would be ruled by a succession of

1417: 1394: 1390: 1218:

basin is spreading in the region. Between 457 and 509, Samarkand was part of the

1170: 840: 833: 759: 705:

There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city dating from the late

1891: 1427: 8868: 8743: 8646: 8392: 8320: 8179: 8169: 8139: 7975: 7970: 7545: 7369: 7315: 7298: 6455:

p. 78, "Bukhara and Samarkand, inhabited by a marked Tajik majority (...)"

6272:

Istoriya Samarkanda v dvukh tomakh. Pod redaktsiyey I. Muminova. Tashkent, 1970

6239: 5278: 4720: 4455: 3828: 3428:. Approximately 80–85% of Muslims in the city are Sunni, comprising almost all 3273: 3236: 3228: 3196: 3114: 3090: 3078: 3046:, but starting in the 1970s, hundreds of thousands of Jews left Uzbekistan for 3043: 2959: 2111: 1639: 1599: 1467: 1459: 1347: 1111: 852: 848: 825: 763: 749: 663: 655: 651: 61: 7147: 6778: 6560: 6335: 4189: 3038:, who mostly speak Uzbek; only a small portion of the older generation speaks 1524:

and a madrasah were established in Samarkand, where medicine was also taught.

933:

also mentioned the city under this name, and 15th-century Castillian traveler

113: 9328: 8692: 8611: 8454: 8325: 8229: 6709: 6544: 5327: 4985: 4378: 4258: 4035: 3915: 3809: 3525: 3157: 3051: 3020: 2545: 1475: 1435: 1249: 1229: 1178: 336: 323: 7686: 5342:

Political organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: sources and documents

4349:

tram from 1924 to 1930, and there were more modern trams from 1947 to 1973.

4096: 120: 102: 8943: 8775: 8733: 8728: 8439: 8254: 8159: 8060: 7206:

Azim Malikov, "The politics of memory in Samarkand in post-Soviet period".

7173:"Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known | poetry by Soyinka | Britannica" 4939: 4650: 4637: 4278: 4250: 4162: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3592: 3580: 3410: 3312: 3212: 3185: 3113:

The state and official language in Samarkand, as in all Uzbekistan, is the

2954: 2018: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1564: 1528: 1340: 1288: 1264: 1202:

and facilitated the dissemination of the religion throughout Central Asia.

1063: 829: 771: 730: 726: 676: 177: 169: 7570: 6581:

The Birth of Tajikistan. National Identity and the Origins of the Republic

5125: 5031:"Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan" 4958:

in 2003. The book contains no allusions to Samarkand other than namesake.

4834: 2991:

city and oasis, deported en masse to this area in the late 18th century),

9169: 9073: 8909: 8449: 8299: 8294: 8259: 8244: 8189: 8149: 8080: 8070: 7980: 7934: 7661: 7595: 7470: 7059:"Textiles in "The world of Kubilai Khan" @ Metropolitan Museum, New York" 6584: 6576: 5313:

Alisher Navo’i Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature

5282: 5234:

Samarkand City, southeastern Uzbekistan. The city here was already named

4855: 4759: 4668: 4603: 4520: 4497: 4467: 4126: 4039: 3860: 3856: 3614:

in Uzbekistan. During one of the talks, the imam of the Shiite mosque in

3417: 3366: 3165: 3153: 3016: 3000: 2963: 2942:

According to official reports, a majority of Samarkand's inhabitants are

2115: 1862: 1643: 1622: 1531:

was founded by the rulers of the Karakhanid dynasty in the 11th century.

1486: 1463: 1413: 1409: 1379: 1359: 1292: 1245: 1210:

Between AD 350 and 375, Samarkand was conquered by the nomadic tribes of

1199: 1198:

c. 260 CE. Under Sassanian rule, the region became an essential site for

1069: 706: 687: 138: 9078: 8666: 5985: 3343:

were built in the city. Many have been preserved. For example, there is

2078: 1543: 1502: 149: 9214: 9194: 9134: 8811: 8770: 8631: 8407: 8239: 8219: 8204: 8174: 8164: 8065: 7929: 7897: 7888: 7829: 7717: 7706: 7691: 7266: 6677:"Есть ли шансы на выживание таджикского языка в Узбекистане — эксперты" 6608: 5047:(in Uzbek). Samarkand regional department of statistics. Archived from 4585: 4538: 4274: 4270: 4063: 3923: 3852: 3805: 3709: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3340: 3316: 3169: 3069:

Also in the eastern part of Samarkand there are several quarters where

2996: 2103: 1925: 1778: 1728: 1705: 1584: 1439: 1431: 1421: 1398: 1195: 1162: 1077: 975: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 847:. Many inhabitants of the city are native or bilingual speakers of the 793: 668: 364: 185: 9313: 7029: 7012: 4564: 4261:

sedans, are usually yellow in color. Since 2017, there have also been

3867:. Samarkand is the center of the Samarkand branch (which includes the 3804:

served several thousand Catholics who lived in the city. According to

3101: 9119: 9109: 9063: 9019: 8606: 8402: 8199: 8154: 8144: 8095: 8085: 8035: 8010: 7965: 7944: 7681: 7397: 7255: 5740:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

5627:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

5438:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

4816: 4681: 4533: 4475: 4285: 4254: 4055: 3817: 3769: 3320: 3173: 3059: 3004: 2755: 2064: 1979: 1736: 1688: 1650:

were spared so that they could improve and beautify Timur's capital.

1647: 1603: 1320: 1284: 1233: 792:

made it the capital of his empire and the site of his mausoleum, the

714: 710: 535: 467: 131: 7222:

Russian Rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India

7213:

Azim Malikov, "Sacred lineages of Samarqand: history and identity".

6515:"Таджики – иранцы Востока? Рецензия книги от Камолиддина Абдуллаева" 3684: 2927:

Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV), Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985–2015),

950: 9189: 9039: 8979: 8974: 8304: 8184: 8040: 7834: 7799: 7794: 7774: 7671: 7656: 7580: 7415: 7407: 6916:Бабина Ю. Ё. Новые христианские течения и страны мира. Фолкв, 1995. 4925: 4873: 4860: 4847: 4821: 4795: 4746: 4702: 4694: 4611: 4577: 4449:

Afrasiyab (Talgo 250) high-speed train in Samarkand railway station

4402: 4390: 4386: 4362: 4330: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4170: 4137: 4122: 4043: 3848: 3568: 3564: 3552: 3394: 3208: 3149: 3145: 3126: 3106: 3086: 2992: 2110:

is 210 km away from Samarkand. Road M39 connects Samarkand to

2107: 2099: 2040: 2002: 1983: 1971: 1516: 1482: 1455: 1375: 1355: 1351: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1085: 891: 805: 804:

era, remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. Samarkand's

165: 9029: 7258:, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 4886: 4629: 3034:

In the extreme west and southwest of Samarkand is a population of

1571:

to get treasure he needed to pay an army. It remained part of the

1378:

and Arab governmental administration in the city, its Zoroastrian

1099:

dynasty of Persia, the city had become the capital of the Sogdian

9174: 9159: 9149: 9124: 9114: 9099: 8948: 8234: 8055: 8045: 8015: 7985: 7844: 7814: 7784: 7779: 7769: 7759: 7701: 7651: 7636: 7610: 7389: 7335: 7325: 7299:

Tilla-Kori Madrasa was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List

6859:

Dickens, Mark "Nestorian Christianity in Central Asia. p. 17

5006:"The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics" 4907: 4803: 4790: 4782: 4707: 4624: 4590: 4572: 4471: 4414: 4406: 4282: 4246: 4133: 4047: 3919: 3624: 3615: 3588: 3560: 3548: 3406: 3332: 3328: 3284:(for a very small percentage of Samarkandian Arabs), and others. 3161: 3024: 2095: 2036: 1871: 1692: 1668: 1591: 1560: 1471: 1458:(875–999), though the Samanids were still nominal vassals of the 1405: 1363: 1316: 1248:("White Huns") conquered Samarkand, they controlled it until the 1158: 1100: 1091:

From its earliest days, Samarkand was one of the main centres of

1059: 767: 748:

in 329 BCE, when it was known as Markanda, which was rendered in

695: 457: 5356:(New York: Columbia University Press, 1972 reprint) p. 1657 1547:

Ruins of Afrasiab – ancient Samarkand destroyed by Genghis Khan.

9229: 9219: 9199: 9154: 9034: 9009: 9004: 8958: 8953: 8938: 8000: 7839: 7819: 7804: 7789: 7696: 7666: 7646: 7641: 7605: 7555: 7353: 6999:

Cohn-Wiener, Ernst (June 1935). "An Unknown Timurid Building".

5972:

Marefat, Roya (Summer 1992). "The Heavenly City of Samarkand".

5414:

Shichkina, G.V. (1994). "Ancient Samarkand: capital of Soghd".

5395:

Shichkina, G.V. (1994). "Ancient Samarkand: capital of Soghd".

4894: 4881: 4868: 4829: 4808: 4777: 4733: 4728: 4715: 4663: 4616: 4598: 4559: 4422: 4418: 4370: 4342: 4266: 4226: 4222: 4130: 4101: 3864: 3777: 3768:, but since Samarkand was the crossroads of trade routes among 3620: 3607: 3584: 3533: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3376: 3371: 3336: 3324: 3281: 3220: 3204: 3181: 3177: 3122: 3063: 3055: 3047: 3012: 3008: 2947: 2943: 2091: 1908:

rule after the citadel had been taken by a force under Colonel

1724: 1507: 1383: 1312: 1308: 1276:

During the period of the ruler of the Western Turkic Kaganate,

1182: 1092: 810: 801: 741: 738: 722: 718: 691: 472: 3756:

into Central Asia. The city then became one of the centers of

2145:

Climate data for Samarkand (1991–2020, extremes 1891–present)

622: 9164: 9144: 9139: 9068: 9053: 8989: 8209: 7809: 7620: 7379: 4920: 4842: 4754: 4741: 4676: 4551: 4525: 4507: 4382: 4366: 4346: 4338: 4109: 3785: 3753: 3402: 3352: 3300: 3082: 3074: 2106:

border is about 35 km from Samarkand; the Tajik capital

1937: 1764:, 7–8 km northeast of the center of Samarkand, built by 1721: 1635: 1627: 1495: 1386:

was built. Much of the city's population converted to Islam.

1081: 930: 789: 781: 778: 753: 181: 8923: 1967: 1397:

emerged in the Arab Caliphate, led by the Abbasid commander

9244: 9224: 9179: 9104: 9094: 9058: 9024: 9014: 6463: 6461: 5431: 5429: 4912: 4899: 4689: 4655: 4546: 4512: 4218: 4185: 4152: 3847:. More than 5% of Samarkand residents are Orthodox, mostly 3837: 3611: 3572: 3216: 2988: 2984: 2928: 1850: 1775: 1252:, in an alliance with the Sassanid Persians, won it at the 6714:

A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, 2nd edition

4329:

Until 1950, the main forms of transport in Samarkand were

4125:. The entrance to the Gur-i Amir is decorated with Arabic 3195:

De facto, the most common native language in Samarkand is

3066:. Only a few Jewish families are left in Samarkand today. 3042:. In eastern Samarkand there was once a large mahallah of 929:‎), meaning "fat city." 16th-century Mughal emperor 843:

history that was significantly modified by the process of

493: 9204: 8554:

State Museum of Culture History of Uzbekistan (Samarkand)

7237:

Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand

6629: 5705:. California: University of California Press. p. 33. 4214: 3311:). Before that, almost all inhabitants of Samarkand were 1947:

In 1886, the city became the capital of the newly formed

1940:, which the Russians established along the course of the 1921: 1857: 937:

stated that Samarkand was simply a distorted form of it.

890:

shares the same meaning as the name of the Uzbek capital

628: 616: 6758:

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijma/article/view/218533

6704: 6702: 6458: 6240:"Why were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942?" 5426: 4100:

Building the Great Mosque of Samarkand. Illustration by

3536:, as well as other memorable Shiite dates and holidays. 2086:

Samarkand is located in southeastern Uzbekistan, in the

1370:, with most of the population following Zoroastrianism. 6880:«Старинные храмы туркестанского края». Ташкент 2011 год 2975:

Samarkand is also home to large ethnic communities of "

1205: 6001:

The Silk Roads: two thousand ears in the heart of Asia

5368:

The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia

4393:; charter flights to other cities are also available. 3972:

Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin

1559:

writes that Genghis killed all who took refuge in the

1149:

conquered Samarkand in 329 BCE. The city was known as

725:, at times Samarkand was one of the largest cities in 9390:

Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC

6699: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5890:. Barnes & Noble. pp. 37–108. Archived from 4269:

Era up until 2005, Samarkandians also got around via

4074: 3937:

The third largest Christian sect in Samarkand is the

3784:, Zoroastrians and Nestorians were persecuted by the 1503:

Karakhanid (Ilek-Khanid) period (11th–12th centuries)

1062:, Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in 919: 643: 631: 625: 613: 6600:

Migrations and Identities of Central Asian 'Gypsies'

6231: 5104:. Tehran, Iran: Faradid publishing. pp. 18–27. 3524:

is one of the two regions of Uzbekistan (along with

3416:

Most inhabitants of Samarkand are Muslim, primarily

1602:

both had artisans of Chinese origin, as reported by

634: 7224:(Oxford, OUP, 2008) (Oxford Historical Monographs). 5652: 5650: 5118: 2946:, while many sources refer to the city as majority 619: 610: 7217:, Volume 15, Issue 1, Summer 2020, рp. 34–49. 7109:"Самарканд и Валенсия станут городами-побратимами" 5952: 5824: 4492:List of twin towns and sister cities in Uzbekistan 3889:Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate 1575:(one of four Mongol successor realms) until 1370. 1563:and the mosque, pillaged the city completely, and 1511:Shah-i Zinda memorial complex, 11th–15th centuries 7277:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 112–113. 6596: 6583:. International Library of Central Asia Studies. 6429:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5340:Vladimir Babak, Demian Vaisman, Aryeh Wasserman, 3891:. The city has several active Orthodox churches: 3604:US Ambassador for International Religious Freedom 3595:, as well as small numbers of Tajiks and Uzbeks. 3303:entered Samarkand in the 8th century, during the 1667: 1420:in 751, which led to the foundation of the first 9326: 7210:. (2018) Vol. 2. Issue No. 11. pp. 127–145. 6639: 6312:. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 23 September 2013. 5887:Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources 5883: 5647: 5508:"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole" 5222:(2nd ed.). London: McFarland. p. 330. 5208:, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 186–188. 2001:, a number of Samarland's citizens were sent to 1760:is a brick bridge built on the left bank of the 1442:253 (867 CE). His reign marks the apogee of the 1115:Ancient city walls of Samarkand, 4th century BCE 8627:Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God 7261: 7193: 5737: 5624: 5435: 30:"Markanda" redirects here. For other uses, see 9271:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity 6597:Marushiakova; Popov, Vesselin (January 2014). 6519:«ASIA-Plus» Media Group / Tajikistan — news.tj 6476: 6474: 6361:"Weather and Climate-The Climate of Samarkand" 5822: 729:, and was an important city of the empires of 8827: 7871: 7733: 7431: 7103: 7101: 6907:Назарьян Р.Г. Армяне Самарканда. Москва. 2007 6543: 6405:"Climate & Weather Averages in Samarkand" 6103: 6101: 6026: 6024: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5150:Энциклопедия туризма Кирилла и Мефодия. 2008. 4300:Many yellow taxis on the streets of Samarkand 3897:Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin 3845:Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 881: 875: 698:. With 551,700 inhabitants (2021), it is the 683:and a district-level city, that includes the 67: 9266:Traditional Persian residential architecture 8584:The Alisher Navoi State Museum of Literature 7208:International Journal of Modern Anthropology 7201:International Journal of Modern Anthropology 6898:Armenians. Ethnic atlas of Uzbekistan, 2000. 6237: 5666:. University of Calcutta. pp. 437–438. 5267: 4245:) have operated in Samarkand. Buses, mostly 3986:Orthodox Church of St. George the Victorious 2098:, 240 km away. Road M39 connects it to 1982:from 1925 to 1930, before being replaced by 1393:of those dissatisfied with the power of the 1325:National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan 7282:GCatholic – former Latin Catholic bishopric 6998: 6471: 5602:Tadjikistan : au pays des fleuves d'or 5064: 4312:Taxi and tram on Rudaki Street in Samarkand 3958:Orthodox Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy 3764:. The majority of the population were then 1955:and regained even more importance when the 1609: 53: 47: 8834: 8820: 7878: 7864: 7740: 7726: 7438: 7424: 7098: 6889:Католичество в Узбекистане. Ташкент, 1990. 6509: 6507: 6333: 6188: 6098: 6057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6042: 6021: 6013:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5816: 5760: 5752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5656: 5639:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5604:. Paris: Musée Guimet. 2021. p. 152. 5482:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set 5380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4485: 4265:, mostly Vario LF.S Czech trams. From the 4000:Orthodox Church of St. George Pobedonosets 3910:There are also a few tens of thousands of 1936:became the first Governor of the Military 1932:, was repelled with heavy losses. General 1638:(Tamerlane), the founder and ruler of the 867:The name comes from the Iranian languages 6482:"Узбекистан: Таджикский язык подавляется" 6045:Clavijo: Embassy to Tamburlaine 1403–1406 5697: 5440:. California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 319–320. 5413: 5394: 5077: 4944:Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known. 3780:, it was religiously tolerant. Under the 3725:Learn how and when to remove this message 1035:Learn how and when to remove this message 8841: 7747: 7001:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 6647:"Статус таджикского языка в Узбекистане" 5911: 5298: 5099: 5045:"Urban and rural population by district" 4273:. Finally, Samarkand has the so-called " 4095: 3736: 3100: 2077: 2052:edited by the academician of Uzbekistan 2023: 1966: 1895: 1881: 1861: 1727:warriors took control of Samarkand. The 1674: 1613: 1596:a community of weavers of Chinese origin 1542: 1506: 1426: 1302: 1224: 1118: 1110: 758:. The city was ruled by a succession of 8525:The Museum of Health Care of Uzbekistan 6504: 5971: 5831:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5532:Encyclopedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 2 4770:Samarkand has friendly relations with: 4411:Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line 3796:In the three decades of 1329–1359, the 3199:, which is a dialect or variant of the 2082:Samarkand from space in September 2013. 1870:From 1756 to 1868, it was ruled by the 1687:Between 1417 to 1420, Timur's grandson 1194:Samarkand was conquered by the Persian 590:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 9327: 8719:Monument to Nizami Ganjavi in Tashkent 8498:Memorial house museum of Tamara Khanum 7024: 7022: 6716:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 186. 6353: 6209: 5505: 5485:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243. 5478: 5065:Varadarajan, Tunku (24 October 2009). 5037: 3932:Apostolic Administration of Uzbekistan 3808:and Johann Elemosina, a descendant of 3379:collections. His other books included 1858:Second half of the 18th–19th centuries 1768:at the beginning of the 16th century. 1715: 898:being the Turkic term for "stone" and 8815: 8569:Tashkent Museum of Railway Techniques 8559:State Museum of History of Uzbekistan 7859: 7721: 7419: 7244:Samarkand – Silk Road Seattle Project 7234:Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: 6978:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6927:"Silk Road Samarkand Tourist Complex" 6708: 6572: 6570: 6537: 6427:"Samarkand Climate Normals 1991–2020" 6089: 5660:(1927). Weir, Margaret Graham (ed.). 4188:and Transoxiana. Mongol leaders like 3606:held a series of meetings with Sunni 3369:regard as one of the most authentic ( 3305:invasion of the Arabs in Central Asia 1750:During the reign of the Ashtarkhanid 1679:Many prominent astronomers worked at 1106: 845:national delimitation in Central Asia 766:rulers until it was conquered by the 662: 37:City in Samarqand Vilayat, Uzbekistan 9365:Populated places in Samarqand Region 9360:Populated places along the Silk Road 8564:State Museum of Nature of Uzbekistan 7445: 7293:About Samarkand in Uzbekistan Latest 7148:"Внешнеэкономическое сотрудничество" 6547:(1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". 6419: 5998: 5512:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 5365: 5217: 5132:from the original on 3 November 2013 5083:Guidebook of history of Samarkand", 5023: 4034:Samarkand also has several thousand 4014:St. John the Baptist Catholic Church 3928:St. John the Baptist Catholic Church 3707:adding citations to reliable sources 3678: 3591:. Samarkandian Shiites also include 2011:taken captive or killed by the Nazis 1618:Bibi-Khanym Friday Mosque, 1399–1404 1452:control of Samarkand soon dissipated 1298: 1206:Hephtalites and Turkic Khaganate era 973:adding citations to reliable sources 944: 673:oldest continuously inhabited cities 7030:"Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures" 7019: 6973: 6651:Лингвомания.info — lingvomania.info 5479:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). 3901:Church of St. George the Victorious 3885:Central Asian Metropolitan District 3793:and on the outskirts of Samarkand. 592: instead of Sogdian characters. 68: 24: 9385:World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan 9340:Archaeological sites in Uzbekistan 7940:Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures 7289:, Useful information for travelers 7287:Samarkand: Photos, History, Sights 7065:. 25 December 2010. Archived from 6681:"Биржевой лидер" — pfori-forex.org 6567: 6092:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 4075:Silk Road Samarkand (Eternal city) 3893:Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy 3140:As in the rest of Uzbekistan, the 1454:and was replaced with that of the 909:According to 11th-century scholar 906:borrowed from Iranian languages. 839:Samarkand has a multicultural and 819:Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures 517:Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures 25: 9401: 8667:Mosque of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani 8016:Desert Castles of Ancient Khorezm 7256:Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures 7228: 6363:(in Russian). Weather and Climate 6136:"ZARAFSHON SUVAYIRGʻICH KOʻPRIGI" 5849:from the original on 15 June 2016 5827:A History of Chinese Civilization 5535:. London et al. pp. 198–201. 5528: 5274:Compendium of The Turkic Dialects 4961: 4028:Armenian Church Surb Astvatsatsin 3943:Armenian Church Surb Astvatsatsin 3905:Church of St. George Pobedonosets 2094:. Road M37 connects Samarkand to 1978:Samarkand was the capital of the 1934:Alexander Konstantinovich Abramov 1095:civilization. By the time of the 777:The city is noted as a centre of 292: 275:Show map of West and Central Asia 272:Samarkand (West and Central Asia) 259: 226: 180:, Sher-Dor Madrasah in Registan, 8922: 8792:Chatkalskiy State Nature Reserve 8537:Political Repression in Tashkent 8273: 7887: 7554: 7203:. No. 4. 2010, pp. 116–123. 7165: 7140: 7126: 7080: 7051: 6992: 6967: 6943: 6919: 6910: 6901: 6801:"Ташкент озабочен делами шиитов" 6043:Le Strange, Guy (trans) (1928). 5916:. London: Picador. p. 143. 5305:Uzbekistan: Language and Culture 4942:titled his collection of poetry 4933: 4919: 4906: 4893: 4880: 4867: 4854: 4841: 4828: 4815: 4802: 4789: 4776: 4753: 4740: 4727: 4714: 4701: 4688: 4675: 4662: 4649: 4636: 4623: 4610: 4597: 4584: 4571: 4558: 4545: 4532: 4519: 4506: 4442: 4430: 4352: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4020: 4006: 3992: 3978: 3964: 3950: 3926:. In the center of Samarkand is 3879:provinces of Uzbekistan) of the 3683: 3660: 3646: 3632: 3539:Shiites in Samarkand are mostly 3501: 3487: 3473: 3459: 3445: 1974:with Bibi-Khanym Mosque in 1990s 1962: 1910:Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman 1842: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1794: 1538: 1481:The 10th-century Persian author 1189: 1047: 949: 784:study and the birthplace of the 700:third-largest city of Uzbekistan 606: 420:120 km (50 sq mi) 357: 291: 284: 258: 251: 225: 218: 198: 148: 137: 130: 119: 112: 101: 8739:Square of Martyrs in Uzbekistan 8481:Archaeological Museum of Termez 8290:Bahoutdin Architectural Complex 7996:Bahoutdin Architectural Complex 7930:Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz 7215:Anthropology of the Middle East 7040:from the original on 2018-05-16 6892: 6883: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6823: 6793: 6763: 6751: 6742: 6730: 6669: 6590: 6468:Samarqand and Bukhara regions." 6441: 6397: 6375: 6342:from the original on 2009-06-04 6327: 6316:from the original on 2015-09-17 6302: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6266: 6257: 6246:from the original on 2020-03-30 6200: 6176: 6152: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6083: 6065: 6036: 5992: 5942: 5930: 5905: 5877: 5861: 5792: 5783: 5774: 5731: 5718: 5709: 5691: 5680:from the original on 2019-04-21 5618: 5594: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5522: 5499: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5444: 5407: 5388: 5359: 5347: 5334: 5292: 5261: 5251: 5211: 5191: 5182: 5171:from the original on 2018-05-16 4359:Samarkand International Airport 4263:several Samarkandian tram lines 4091: 3881:Uzbekistan and Tashkent eparchy 3694:needs additional citations for 3674: 3515: 3399:Mausoleum of the Prophet Daniel 2015:Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic 1849:Tiger on the Sher-Dor Madrasah 960:needs additional citations for 886:"fort, town." In this respect, 27:City in southeastern Uzbekistan 7265:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). 6976:The Silk Road in world history 5823:Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). 5416:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 5397:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 5153: 5144: 5093: 5058: 4998: 3044:Bukharian (Central Asian) Jews 1892:Uzbeks § Russo-Soviet era 1295:, reflected in the documents. 679:. Samarkand is the capital of 13: 1: 8579:Tashkent Polytechnical Museum 8086:Silk Road Sites in Uzbekistan 7088:"Superfosfatnyy · Uzbekistan" 6195:Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer 6031:Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer 5663:The Arab Kingdom and its Fall 5354:Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer 5299:Ragagnin, Elisabetta (2020). 4148:the 19th and 20th centuries. 3257:, was launched in Samarkand. 2132:Köppen climate classification 2118:, which is 340 km away. 1232:during an audience with king 733:. By the time of the Persian 8549:History and Material Culture 8513:The Museum of Communication 8508:Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan 8491:Bukhara State Architectural 8471:Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand 8413:Mausoleum of Sheikh Zaynudin 8352:Madrasah of Nadir Divan-begi 7263:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch 7194:General and cited references 7034:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 5301:"About Marco Polo Samarkand" 4991: 4357:In the north of the city is 4203: 4069: 3385:. Samarkand is also home to 2073: 2048:reflected in the two-volume 1837:Ulugh Beg Madrasah courtyard 862: 857:Uzbekistan's language policy 744:. The city was conquered by 737:, it was the capital of the 667:) is a city in southeastern 7: 9304:List of ab anbars of Qazvin 8714:Khanaka of Nadir Divan-begi 8677:St. John the Baptist Church 8445:Sheikh Mukhtar-Vali Complex 8423:Saif ed-Din Bokharzi & 8418:Mir-Sayid Bakhrom Mausoleum 8076:Sheikh Mukhtar-Vali Complex 8051:Mir-Sayid Bakhrom Mausoleum 7092:Superfosfatnyy · Uzbekistan 6486:catoday.org — ИА "Озодагон" 6238:Rustam Qobil (2017-05-09). 6003:. Berkeley. pp. 136–7. 5914:The Travels of Ibn Battutah 5870:E.J.W. Gibb memorial series 4979: 4454:Between 1879 and 1891, the 3290: 3096: 2404:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2264:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1339:captured the city from the 10: 9406: 8698:Peoples' Friendship Palace 8425:Bayan-Quli Khan Mausoleums 7925:Historic Centre of Bukhara 7246:, University of Washington 6955:www.silkroad-samarkand.com 6164:www.centralasia-travel.com 5742:. California. p. 320. 4489: 4396: 4345:. However, the city had a 4195: 4060:Korean Presbyterian church 2926: 2921: 2144: 2121: 1885: 1735:from the Uzbek dynasty of 1404:Legend has it that during 1236:of Samarkand. 648–651 CE, 1051: 940: 754: 507:UNESCO World Heritage Site 428:705 m (2,313 ft) 29: 9279: 9253: 9087: 8967: 8931: 8920: 8882: 8856: 8849: 8784: 8763: 8756: 8706: 8685: 8597: 8486:Art Gallery of Uzbekistan 8463: 8385: 8334: 8313: 8282: 8271: 8250:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 8125: 8118: 8091:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 8061:Rabati Malik Caravanserai 7953: 7917: 7904: 7755: 7629: 7563: 7552: 7463: 7453: 7404: 7394: 7386: 7376: 7366: 7360: 7350: 7340: 7332: 7322: 7312: 7306: 7295:(archived 18 August 2018) 6561:10.1080/02634939608400946 5100:NikTalab, Poopak (2019). 4437:Samarkand railway station 3939:Armenian Apostolic Church 3121:and the mother tongue of 2937: 2922:Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net 2874: 2827: 2753: 2705: 2661: 2617: 2543: 2473: 2403: 2333: 2263: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2090:valley, 135 km from 2035:, depicting the Sher-Dor 1866:Khazrat Hizr mosque, 1854 1438:, minted at Samarkand in 926: 664:[samarˈqand,-ant] 658:: Самарқанд / Samarqand, 569: 561: 553: 541: 531: 521: 513: 504: 500: 488: 478: 466: 462:Samarkandian / Samarkandi 456: 445: 437: 432: 424: 416: 411: 403: 395: 390: 382: 370: 352: 317: 212: 194: 94: 87: 48: 42: 32:Markanda (disambiguation) 9355:Former national capitals 8347:The Madrasa of Abulkosim 8265:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 8106:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 8026:Historic Centre of Qoqon 7268:"Samarkand (city)" 7250:The history of Samarkand 7115:(in Russian). 2018-01-27 5800:"Samarkand Travel Guide" 5738:Dumper, Stanley (2007). 5703:Life Along the Silk Road 5625:Dumper, Stanley (2007). 5436:Dumper, Stanley (2007). 5277:. Part 1. Translated by 4975:, Uzbek rhythmic gymnast 4938:In 2002, Nobel Laureate 4208: 3600:leaked diplomatic cables 3295: 2102:, 270 km away. The 1771:After an assault by the 1610:Timur's rule (1370–1405) 1444:decline of the Caliphate 913:, the city was known in 9350:Former capitals of Iran 8530:Museum of Olympic Glory 8435:Sayyed Bahram Mausoleum 7274:Encyclopædia Britannica 7177:Encyclopædia Britannica 6310:"Samarkand, Uzbekistan" 6073:"Ulugh Beg – Biography" 5937:Encyclopædia Britannica 5506:Grenet, Frantz (2004). 5071:The Wall Street Journal 4955:The Amulet of Samarkand 4486:International relations 4178:embroidered gold fabric 3575:; and secondarily from 3509:Khoja Daniyar Mausoleum 3237:Cyrillic Tajik alphabet 3071:Central Asian "Gypsies" 1681:Ulugh Beg's observatory 1662:Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo 935:Ruy González de Clavijo 902:the Turkic analogue of 882: 876: 788:. In the 14th century, 162:Clockwise from the top: 8672:Sacred Heart Cathedral 8398:Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum 8006:Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum 7154:(in Russian). Babruysk 6336:"Weather in Samarkand" 6217:"Советское Поле Славы" 6185:. 15th Ed, p. 204 6047:. London. p. 280. 5999:Wood, Frances (2002). 5939:, 15th Ed, p. 204 5912:Battutah, Ibn (2002). 5366:Wood, Frances (2002). 5197:D.I. Kertzer/D. Arel, 5161:"History of Samarkand" 5126:"History of Samarkand" 4113: 4080:international events. 3746: 3543:, who call themselves 3117:. Uzbek is one of the 3110: 2973: 2128:cold semi-arid climate 2083: 2044: 1975: 1901: 1867: 1758:Zarafshan Water Bridge 1684: 1619: 1548: 1515:After the fall of the 1512: 1500: 1470:tribes, including the 1447: 1412:was obtained from two 1368:Nestorian Christianity 1328: 1241: 1175:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1143: 1116: 813:added the city to its 685:urban-type settlements 578:This article contains 242:Show map of Uzbekistan 239:Location in Uzbekistan 54: 8657:Magok-i-Attari Mosque 8589:Ulugh Beg Observatory 8547:Shahrisabz Museum of 8535:Museum of Victims of 8515:History in Uzbekistan 6771:"Шииты в Узбекистане" 5242:, "stone, rock", and 5218:Room, Adrian (2006). 4460:Trans-Caspian Railway 4099: 4058:, and members of the 3914:in Samarkand, mostly 3812:, the founder of the 3802:Roman Catholic Church 3740: 3541:Samarkandian Iranians 3495:Nuriddin Basir Shrine 3190:Samarkandskiy vestnik 3137:living in Samarkand. 3131:Samarkandian Iranians 3104: 2968: 2081: 2027: 1970: 1957:Trans-Caspian railway 1899: 1882:Russian Empire period 1865: 1678: 1671:'s period (1409–1449) 1617: 1546: 1527:The memorial complex 1510: 1491: 1430: 1306: 1228: 1122: 1114: 1054:Timeline of Samarkand 800:, rebuilt during the 337:39.65472°N 66.97583°E 9345:Cities in Uzbekistan 9314:List of ziyarat-gahs 9261:Islamic architecture 8843:Iranian architecture 8797:Zaamin National Park 8662:Magok-i-Kurpa Mosque 8574:Tashkent Planetarium 8377:Saroyi Tash Madrasah 7749:Cities of Uzbekistan 7220:Alexander Morrison, 7007:(387): 272–273+277. 6841:on September 5, 2017 6549:Central Asian Survey 5974:The Wilson Quarterly 5873:. 1928. p. 451. 5269:al-Kashghari, Mahmud 5067:"Metropolitan Glory" 3822:St. John the Baptist 3703:improve this article 3602:, in 2007–2008, the 3467:Imam Maturidi Shrine 3401:, who is revered in 3109:(Bo'zi) of Samarkand 3040:Central Asian Arabic 2194:Record high °C (°F) 2050:History of Samarqand 1959:reached it in 1888. 1904:The city came under 1658:Henry III of Castile 1598:, and Samarkand and 1446:'s central authority 1408:rule, the secret of 969:improve this article 9254:Theory and analysis 8724:Mustaqillik Maydoni 8542:Nukus Museum of Art 8493:Art Museum-Preserve 8367:Tilya-Kori Madrasah 7961:Abdulkhan Bandi Dam 7894:Tourist attractions 6974:Liu, Xinru (2010). 6160:"МОСТ ШЕЙБАНИ-ХАНА" 5199:Census and identity 4952:published his book 4480:Soviet Central Asia 4052:Jehovah's Witnesses 3668:Murad Avliya Shrine 3654:Panjab Shia Madrasa 3453:Imam Bukhari Shrine 3221:Abu Abdullah Rudaki 3036:Central Asian Arabs 2662:Average snowy days 2618:Average rainy days 2474:Record low °C (°F) 2334:Daily mean °C (°F) 2033:Vasily Vereshchagin 1825:Tilya Kori Madrasah 1716:16th–18th centuries 1553:conquered Samarkand 1521:Karakhanid Kaganate 1485:, who travelled in 1416:prisoners from the 1147:Alexander the Great 1125:Alexander the Great 911:Mahmud al-Kashghari 815:World Heritage List 786:Timurid Renaissance 746:Alexander the Great 527:Cultural: i, ii, iv 399:City Administration 333: / 9287:Architects of Iran 9088:Traditional cities 8617:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 8357:Mir-i Arab Madrasa 8225:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 8046:Minaret in Vobkent 7991:Arab-Ata Mausoleum 7344:Khwarazmian Empire 6781:on October 3, 2017 6737:Samarkand Marathon 6657:on 29 October 2016 6609:10.1057/ces.2008.3 6227:on April 13, 2020. 5728:, 1989 (3): 29–36. 5204:2022-11-17 at the 4114: 3747: 3743:Church of the East 3640:Panjab Shia Mosque 3577:Iranian Azerbaijan 3438:Shavkat Mirziyoyev 3251:Voice of Samarkand 3209:Abulqasem Ferdowsi 3172:, the majority of 3168:, the majority of 3135:Samarkandian Arabs 3111: 2084: 2045: 1976: 1920:, as well as Baba 1902: 1868: 1801:Ulugh Beg Madrasah 1787:Khanate of Bukhara 1685: 1620: 1549: 1513: 1448: 1382:were razed, and a 1337:Qutayba ibn Muslim 1331:The armies of the 1329: 1323:, 8th century CE, 1278:Tong Yabghu Qaghan 1242: 1144: 1140:Ferens Art Gallery 1117: 1107:Hellenistic period 880:"stone, rock" and 798:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 514:Official name 342:39.65472; 66.97583 174:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 9322: 9321: 8918: 8917: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8752: 8751: 8622:Bolo Haouz Mosque 8520:Museum of Geology 8476:Amir Timur Museum 8430:Samanid Mausoleum 8372:Ulugh Beg Madrasa 8362:Sher-Dor Madrasah 8342:Kukeldash Madrasa 8114: 8113: 7945:Western Tien-Shan 7853: 7852: 7715: 7714: 7414: 7413: 7405:Succeeded by 7377:Succeeded by 7351:Succeeded by 7323:Succeeded by 6985:978-0-19-516174-8 6931:www.advantour.com 6723:978-0-7556-4964-8 6453:978-1-136-10490-9 5842:978-0-521-49781-7 5492:978-1-83860-868-2 5229:978-0-7864-2248-7 5165:www.advantour.com 5089:978-9943-01-139-7 4973:Takhmina Ikromova 4968:Bakhtiyor Fazilov 4324:Tram in Samarkand 4108:. Text copied in 3833:Russian Orthodoxy 3814:Chaghatai dynasty 3798:Samarkand eparchy 3782:Umayyad Caliphate 3741:Provinces of the 3735: 3734: 3727: 3522:Samarqand Vilayat 3481:Ruhabad Mausoleum 3393:, the founder of 3382:Al-Adab al-Mufrad 3357:hadith collection 3355:who authored the 3309:Umayyad Caliphate 3225:Suzani Samarqandi 2934: 2933: 2877:ultraviolet index 2708:relative humidity 1953:Russian Turkestan 1900:Samarkand in 1890 1888:Russian Turkestan 1813:Sher-Dor Madrasah 1733:Muhammad Shaybani 1702:Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī 1333:Umayyad Caliphate 1299:Early Islamic era 1254:Battle of Bukhara 1181:(even though the 1165:were introduced. 1074:Upper Paleolithic 1045: 1044: 1037: 1019: 735:Achaemenid Empire 586:rendering support 573: 572: 438: • City 417: • City 404: • Body 396: • Type 377:Samarqand Vilayat 16:(Redirected from 9397: 9370:Samarkand Oblast 9295:s, castles, and 9235:Takht-e Soleymān 9045:Persian Garden ( 8926: 8854: 8853: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8813: 8812: 8761: 8760: 8652:Khonakhan Mosque 8277: 8215:Koi Krylgan Kala 8123: 8122: 8101:Zaamin Mountains 8021:Gissar Mountains 7915: 7914: 7892: 7891: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7857: 7856: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7719: 7718: 7558: 7471:Kattakurgan City 7447:Samarqand Region 7440: 7433: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7387:Preceded by 7361:Preceded by 7333:Preceded by 7307:Preceded by 7304: 7303: 7278: 7270: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7026: 7017: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6890: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6837:. 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Archived from 5002: 4924: 4923: 4911: 4910: 4898: 4897: 4885: 4884: 4872: 4871: 4859: 4858: 4846: 4845: 4833: 4832: 4820: 4819: 4807: 4806: 4794: 4793: 4781: 4780: 4758: 4757: 4745: 4744: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4718: 4706: 4705: 4693: 4692: 4680: 4679: 4667: 4666: 4654: 4653: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4627: 4615: 4614: 4602: 4601: 4589: 4588: 4576: 4575: 4563: 4562: 4550: 4549: 4537: 4536: 4524: 4523: 4511: 4510: 4446: 4434: 4421:–Samarkand, and 4375:Saint Petersburg 4321: 4309: 4297: 4024: 4010: 3996: 3982: 3968: 3954: 3859:, and also some 3730: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3687: 3679: 3664: 3650: 3636: 3505: 3491: 3477: 3463: 3449: 3362:Sahih al-Bukhari 3201:Persian language 3142:Russian language 3119:Turkic languages 3029:Russian language 2142: 2141: 2126:Samarkand has a 2054:Ibrohim Moʻminov 1949:Samarkand Oblast 1928:and Jura Beg of 1906:imperial Russian 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1698:Jamshid al-Kashi 1573:Chagatai Khanate 1261:Turkic Khaganate 1238:Afrasiyab murals 1135:Daniël de Blieck 1040: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1018: 977: 953: 945: 928: 923: 922: 885: 879: 757: 756: 681:Samarqand Region 666: 661: 646: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 562:Buffer zone 496: 363: 361: 360: 348: 347: 345: 344: 343: 338: 334: 331: 330: 329: 326: 309: 308:Show map of Asia 305:Samarkand (Asia) 295: 294: 288: 276: 262: 261: 255: 243: 229: 228: 222: 202: 152: 141: 134: 123: 116: 105: 79: 71: 70: 65: 57: 51: 50: 40: 39: 21: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9375:Sasanian cities 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9309:List of mosques 9275: 9249: 9083: 8963: 8927: 8914: 8878: 8845: 8840: 8810: 8801: 8780: 8748: 8702: 8681: 8599: 8593: 8548: 8536: 8514: 8492: 8459: 8424: 8381: 8330: 8309: 8278: 8269: 8127: 8126:Archaeological 8110: 7949: 7909: 7907: 7900: 7886: 7884: 7854: 7849: 7751: 7746: 7716: 7711: 7625: 7559: 7550: 7459: 7449: 7444: 7410: 7401: 7396:Capital of the 7392: 7382: 7373: 7368:Capital of the 7364: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7328: 7319: 7314:Capital of the 7310: 7231: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7181: 7179: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7157: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7118: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7043: 7041: 7028: 7027: 7020: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6972: 6968: 6959: 6957: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6935: 6933: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6878:Голенберг В. А. 6876: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6707: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6621: 6619: 6595: 6591: 6587:. 2007. Pg. 106 6575: 6568: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6513: 6512: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6466: 6459: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6407:. Time and Date 6403: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6385:. Weather Atlas 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6332: 6328: 6319: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6249: 6247: 6236: 6232: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6168: 6166: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6144: 6142: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6088: 6084: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6022: 6006: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5970: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5910: 5906: 5897: 5895: 5882: 5878: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5843: 5821: 5817: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5761: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5696: 5692: 5683: 5681: 5674: 5655: 5648: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5527: 5523: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5434: 5427: 5412: 5408: 5393: 5389: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5315: 5297: 5293: 5279:Dankoff, Robert 5266: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5246:, "fort, town". 5230: 5216: 5212: 5206:Wayback Machine 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5128:. Sezamtravel. 5124: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5098: 5094: 5082: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4982: 4964: 4950:Jonathan Stroud 4948:English author 4936: 4931: 4918: 4905: 4892: 4879: 4866: 4853: 4840: 4827: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4775: 4768: 4766: 4752: 4739: 4726: 4713: 4700: 4687: 4674: 4661: 4648: 4635: 4622: 4609: 4596: 4583: 4570: 4557: 4544: 4531: 4518: 4505: 4494: 4488: 4450: 4447: 4438: 4435: 4399: 4355: 4325: 4322: 4313: 4310: 4301: 4298: 4211: 4206: 4198: 4140:" and "Allah." 4094: 4077: 4072: 4030: 4025: 4016: 4011: 4002: 3997: 3988: 3983: 3974: 3969: 3960: 3955: 3745:in 10th century 3731: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3700: 3688: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3656: 3651: 3642: 3637: 3526:Bukhara Vilayat 3518: 3511: 3506: 3497: 3492: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3464: 3455: 3450: 3353:Islamic scholar 3298: 3293: 3247:Овози Самарқанд 3242:Ovozi Samarqand 3217:Abdurahman Jami 3099: 2940: 2935: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 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339: 335: 332: 327: 324: 322: 320: 319: 313: 312: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 301: 300: 296: 279: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267: 263: 246: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 230: 208: 207: 206: 205: 190: 189: 163: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 144: 143: 142: 135: 126: 125: 124: 117: 108: 107: 106: 90: 83: 80: 73: 66: 59: 45: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9403: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9380:Sogdian cities 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 9000:Dalan e Vorudi 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8869:Parthian style 8866: 8860: 8858: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8839: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8816: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8785:National parks 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8744:Tashkent Tower 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8647:Kalyan minaret 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8503:Museum Afshona 8500: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8393:Ak Astana-Baba 8389: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8321:Ark of Bukhara 8317: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8180:Guldursun-Kala 8177: 8172: 8170:Dalverzin Tepe 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8140:Akchakhan-Kala 8137: 8131: 8129: 8120: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7976:Ancient Termiz 7973: 7971:Ak Astana-Baba 7968: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7954:Tentative list 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7912: 7902: 7901: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7722: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7476:Samarkand City 7473: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7403: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7375: 7370:Timurid Empire 7365: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7349: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7321: 7316:Samanid Empire 7311: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7279: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7230: 7229:External links 7227: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7164: 7139: 7125: 7097: 7079: 7063:Alain.R.Truong 7050: 7018: 6991: 6984: 6966: 6951:"Eternal City" 6942: 6918: 6909: 6900: 6891: 6882: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6822: 6792: 6762: 6750: 6741: 6729: 6722: 6710:Foltz, Richard 6698: 6668: 6638: 6628: 6589: 6566: 6555:(2): 213–216. 6536: 6503: 6470: 6457: 6440: 6418: 6396: 6374: 6352: 6326: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6230: 6208: 6199: 6197:. p. 1657 6187: 6175: 6151: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6097: 6082: 6064: 6035: 6033:, p. 1657 6020: 5991: 5951: 5941: 5929: 5922: 5904: 5876: 5860: 5841: 5815: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5759: 5730: 5717: 5708: 5690: 5672: 5658:Wellhausen, J. 5646: 5617: 5611:978-9461616272 5610: 5593: 5583: 5574: 5565: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5529:Bivar, A.D.H. 5521: 5498: 5491: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5443: 5425: 5406: 5387: 5358: 5346: 5333: 5291: 5260: 5250: 5228: 5210: 5190: 5181: 5152: 5143: 5117: 5110: 5092: 5076: 5057: 5054:on 2022-02-13. 5036: 5022: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4962:Notable people 4960: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4916: 4903: 4890: 4877: 4864: 4851: 4838: 4825: 4812: 4799: 4786: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4750: 4737: 4724: 4721:Rio de Janeiro 4711: 4698: 4685: 4672: 4659: 4658:, Turkmenistan 4646: 4645:, Turkmenistan 4633: 4620: 4607: 4594: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4542: 4529: 4516: 4502: 4487: 4484: 4456:Russian Empire 4452: 4451: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4429: 4398: 4395: 4354: 4351: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4292: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4093: 4090: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3829:Russian Empire 3810:Chaghatai Khan 3733: 3732: 3691: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3255:Durdonai Sharq 3229:Kamal Khujandi 3115:Uzbek language 3098: 3095: 2987:population of 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2830:sunshine hours 2825: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2123: 2120: 2112:Mazar-i-Sharif 2075: 2072: 1964: 1961: 1883: 1880: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1785:branch of the 1752:Imam Quli Khan 1717: 1714: 1672: 1666: 1660:'s ambassador 1640:Timurid Empire 1611: 1608: 1600:Outer Mongolia 1540: 1537: 1504: 1501: 1348:Zoroastrianism 1319:of Samarkand, 1300: 1297: 1207: 1204: 1191: 1188: 1108: 1105: 1070:Archaeological 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 957: 955: 948: 942: 939: 864: 861: 849:Tajik language 826:Russian Empire 671:and among the 588:, you may see 576: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 559: 558: 555: 551: 550: 543: 539: 538: 533: 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 515: 511: 510: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 490: 486: 485: 482: 480: 476: 475: 470: 464: 463: 460: 454: 453: 450: 443: 442: 439: 435: 434: 430: 429: 426: 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 409: 408: 405: 401: 400: 397: 393: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 374: 368: 367: 354: 350: 349: 315: 314: 304: 298: 297: 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7153: 7149: 7143: 7135: 7129: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7069:on 2019-11-18 7068: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6865: 6856: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6811:on 2019-04-03 6810: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6725: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6632: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6545:Richard Foltz 6540: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6428: 6422: 6406: 6400: 6384: 6378: 6362: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6269: 6260: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6221:www.soldat.ru 6218: 6212: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6077:Maths History 6074: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6010: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5925: 5923:9780330418799 5919: 5915: 5908: 5894:on 2018-04-30 5893: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5819: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5749: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5679: 5675: 5673:9780415209045 5669: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5629:. California. 5628: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5344:, p. 374 5343: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5185: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5111:9786226606622 5107: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5012:on 2020-04-29 5011: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4986:Samarkand non 4984: 4983: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4934:In literature 4927: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4863:, South Korea 4862: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4528:, Afghanistan 4527: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4496:Samarkand is 4493: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4409:. High-speed 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4379:Yekaterinburg 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353:Air transport 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277:," which are 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4201: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3729: 3726: 3718: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3692:This section 3690: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3510: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3391:Imam Maturidi 3388: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3367:Sunni Muslims 3364: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3278:Crimean Tatar 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052:United States 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828:Mean monthly 2826: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2546:precipitation 2542: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1963:Soviet period 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Bukharan Emir 1915: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1766:Shaibani Khan 1763: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1710:wall quadrant 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1616: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1545: 1539:Mongol period 1536: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1476:Khwarazmshahs 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1256:, c. 560 CE. 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1190:Sassanian era 1187: 1184: 1180: 1179:Kushan Empire 1176: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076:. A group of 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1048:Early history 1039: 1036: 1028: 1025:November 2022 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 986: – 985: 981: 980:Find sources: 974: 970: 964: 963: 958:This section 956: 952: 947: 946: 938: 936: 932: 924: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 878: 874: 870: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 751: 747: 743: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 657: 653: 649: 648: 639: 603: 599: 591: 587: 583: 581: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 537: 534: 530: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 477: 474: 471: 469: 465: 461: 459: 455: 451: 449: 446: • 444: 440: 436: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 407:Hakim (Mayor) 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 385: 381: 378: 375: 373: 369: 366: 355: 351: 346: 318:Coordinates: 316: 287: 254: 221: 211: 201: 193: 187: 184:'s Mausoleum 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164: 151: 140: 133: 122: 115: 104: 93: 86: 77: 63: 56: 41: 33: 19: 9296: 9292: 9209: 9074:Windcatchers 9046: 8776:Lake Charvak 8734:Siyob Bazaar 8729:Rabati Malik 8642:Kalân Mosque 8440:Shah-i-Zinda 8255:Tavka Kurgan 8160:Balalyk Tepe 7939: 7824: 7615: 7475: 7456: 7395: 7367: 7341: 7313: 7272: 7240:(CPA Media). 7235: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7180:. 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Retrieved 6139: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6044: 6038: 6030: 6000: 5994: 5980:(3): 33–38. 5977: 5973: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5913: 5907: 5896:. Retrieved 5892:the original 5886: 5879: 5869: 5863: 5851:. Retrieved 5826: 5818: 5807:. Retrieved 5804:Caravanistan 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5739: 5733: 5725: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5682:. Retrieved 5662: 5626: 5620: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5541: 5531: 5524: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5456: 5446: 5437: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5367: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5336: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5286: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5219: 5213: 5193: 5184: 5173:. Retrieved 5164: 5155: 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5120: 5101: 5095: 5079: 5070: 5060: 5049:the original 5039: 5025: 5014:. Retrieved 5010:the original 5000: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4940:Wole Soyinka 4937: 4769: 4765: 4593:, Tajikistan 4495: 4464:Turkmenbashi 4453: 4425:–Samarkand. 4417:–Samarkand, 4400: 4356: 4328: 4279:Daewoo Damas 4212: 4199: 4181: 4175: 4167: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4119: 4115: 4092:Architecture 4086: 4082: 4078: 4038:, including 4033: 3936: 3909: 3877:Surkhandarya 3842: 3826: 3795: 3766:Zoroastrians 3762:Central Asia 3758:Nestorianism 3750:Christianity 3748: 3721: 3712: 3701:Please help 3696:verification 3693: 3675:Christianity 3597: 3593:Azerbaijanis 3544: 3538: 3530: 3519: 3516:Shia Muslims 3415: 3411:Christianity 3380: 3370: 3360: 3349:Imam Bukhari 3313:Zoroastrians 3299: 3286: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3233: 3213:Omar Khayyam 3194: 3186:Azerbaijanis 3139: 3112: 3068: 3033: 2979:" (the old, 2974: 2969: 2952: 2941: 2548:mm (inches) 2135: 2125: 2085: 2069: 2058: 2049: 2046: 2028: 2021:as a whole. 2019:Soviet Union 2009:. Many were 1999:Soviet Union 1992:Nazi Germany 1988:World War II 1977: 1946: 1903: 1869: 1783:Ashtrakhanid 1770: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1719: 1686: 1656: 1652: 1633: 1626: 1621: 1589: 1578: 1577: 1551:The Mongols 1550: 1533: 1529:Shah-i-Zinda 1526: 1514: 1492: 1480: 1449: 1403: 1388: 1380:fire temples 1372: 1345: 1341:Tang dynasty 1330: 1289:Christianity 1282: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265:Hephthalites 1258: 1243: 1240:, Samarkand. 1209: 1193: 1167: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1131:in Samarqand 1123: 1090: 1068: 1064:Central Asia 1057: 1031: 1022: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 979: 967:Please help 962:verification 959: 927:سَمِزْکَنْدْ 918: 908: 903: 899: 895: 887: 866: 841:plurilingual 838: 830:Soviet Union 823: 818: 776: 772:Genghis Khan 731:Greater Iran 727:Central Asia 704: 677:Central Asia 601: 597: 596: 580:Sogdian text 577: 494:samarkand.uz 178:Shah-i-Zinda 172:necropolis, 170:Shah-i-Zinda 161: 9170:Khorramabad 8857:Pre-Islamic 8450:Sheihantaur 8300:Po-i-Kalyan 8295:Lyab-i Hauz 8260:Toprak-Kala 8245:Shahrukhiya 8190:Itchan Kala 8150:Ancient Pap 8081:Shohimardon 8071:Shahrukhiya 7981:Ancient Pap 7935:Itchan Kala 7662:Kimyogarlar 7596:Kattakurgan 7516:Pastdargʻom 7496:Kattakurgan 7342:Capital of 7152:bobruisk.by 7113:podrobno.uz 6835:catoday.org 6585:I.B. Tauris 6577:Paul Bergne 6433:November 1, 6090:Ulugh Beg. 5316: [ 5283:Archive.org 4824:, Australia 4669:Mexico City 4604:Krasnoyarsk 4541:, Indonesia 4468:Caspian Sea 4190:Ögedei Khan 4127:calligraphy 4106:Zafar-Nameh 4036:Protestants 3922:, and some 3873:Qashqadarya 3857:Belarusians 3610:and Shiite 3315:, and many 3270:Azerbaijani 3184:, and some 3154:Belarusians 3133:, and most 3001:Belarusians 2983:-speaking, 2964:Paul Bergne 2116:Afghanistan 1644:Transoxiana 1623:Ibn Battuta 1580:The Travels 1565:conscripted 1487:Transoxiana 1464:Karakhanids 1410:papermaking 1360:Manichaeism 1343:c. 710 CE. 1293:Manichaeism 1246:Hephtalites 1200:Manichaeism 1058:Along with 984:"Samarkand" 707:Paleolithic 688:Kimyogarlar 545:2001 (25th 542:Inscription 479:Postal code 340: / 9329:Categories 9215:Shahrisabz 9195:Persepolis 9185:Nakhchivan 9135:Gur-e-Amir 8864:Achaemenid 8771:Aydar Lake 8632:Chor Minor 8600:of worship 8408:Gur-e-Amir 8386:Mausoleums 8240:Sarmishsay 8220:Kyzyl-Kala 8205:Khalchayan 8195:Kafir-kala 8175:Fayaz Tepe 8165:Burchmullo 8066:Sarmishsay 7898:Uzbekistan 7830:Shahrisabz 7707:Ziyovuddin 7692:Suv hovuzi 7687:Qoʻshrabot 7531:Qoʻshrabot 7402:1925-1930 7374:1370–1405 7348:1212–1220 7182:2023-09-17 7158:2020-11-15 7119:2020-11-15 7073:2020-05-23 7044:2018-05-15 6960:2023-01-20 6936:2023-01-20 6622:2022-02-28 6367:18 January 6346:2009-06-11 6320:2014-08-23 6250:2017-05-09 6183:Britannica 6169:2023-11-14 6145:2023-11-14 6140:uzsmart.uz 5898:2018-04-26 5853:25 January 5809:2021-03-20 5726:Bookbinder 5684:2019-05-04 5175:2018-05-15 5136:1 November 5016:2020-04-26 4710:, Bulgaria 4619:, Pakistan 4539:Banda Aceh 4490:See also: 4458:built the 4275:Marshrutka 4271:trolleybus 4255:Chevrolets 4064:Uzbekistan 4056:Adventists 3924:Ukrainians 3853:Ukrainians 3806:Marco Polo 3715:March 2024 3395:Maturidism 3387:the Shrine 3345:the Shrine 3341:mausoleums 3317:Nestorians 3170:Ukrainians 2997:Ukrainians 2104:Tajikistan 1926:Shahrisabz 1886:See also: 1779:Nader Shah 1776:Shahanshah 1737:Shaybanids 1729:Shaybanids 1706:Ali Qushji 1648:architects 1585:Marco Polo 1569:Khan Baraq 1436:al-Mu'tazz 1434:of caliph 1432:Gold dinar 1422:paper mill 1399:Abu Muslim 1244:After the 1196:Sassanians 1163:plastering 1097:Achaemenid 1078:Mesolithic 1052:See also: 995:newspapers 915:Karakhanid 851:, whereas 794:Gur-e Amir 669:Uzbekistan 433:Population 391:Government 365:Uzbekistan 328:66°58′33″E 325:39°39′17″N 186:Gur-e-Amir 9335:Samarkand 9210:Samarkand 9120:Ctesiphon 9064:Shabestan 9020:Imamzadeh 8995:Chahartaq 8607:Ak Mosque 8403:Chor-Bakr 8283:Complexes 8200:Kara Tepe 8155:Ayaz-Kala 8145:Akhsikath 8135:Afrasiyab 8096:Varakhsha 8041:Khazarasp 8036:Khanbandi 8011:Chor-Bakr 7966:Akhsikath 7825:Samarkand 7682:Payshanba 7616:Samarkand 7571:Bulungʻur 7536:Samarqand 7481:Bulungʻur 7464:Districts 7457:Samarkand 7455:Capital: 7398:Uzbek SSR 6805:www.dn.kz 6617:154689140 6053:cite book 6009:cite book 5748:cite book 5635:cite book 5518:: Fig. B. 5451:Р.219–220 5376:cite book 5370:. London. 5328:2181-922X 5322:: 79–87. 5236:Marakanda 4992:Citations 4915:, Ukraine 4835:Eskişehir 4811:, Germany 4798:, Belarus 4682:New Delhi 4632:, Belgium 4580:, Tunisia 4476:Uzbek SSR 4466:) on the 4331:carriages 4286:minibuses 4204:Transport 4184:woven in 4070:Landmarks 4066:in 1991. 4040:Lutherans 3912:Catholics 3869:Samarkand 3818:Eljigidey 3791:Afrasiyab 3551:there by 3359:known as 3329:madrasahs 3321:Buddhists 3262:Ukrainian 3174:Armenians 3107:mahallahs 3077:, Djugi, 3060:Australia 3005:Armenians 2756:dew point 2074:Geography 2065:Ulugh Beg 1986:. 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