374:, the Liberian president. The treaty had a semi-colonial character and favored the Polish side. For example, Liberia was to incur the cost of sending to and educating several men in Poland, which could eventually serve as a Polish-oriented colonial elite back home. Especially interesting, and perhaps unprecedented, was the fact that a social organization (the League) was establishing ties with a government of an independent country. Poland obtained the status of the "most privileged state" and facilitated access to farmland and raw materials in Liberia. According to one of Makarczyk's later accounts, the treaty was also supposed to include a secret clause that allowed the League to recruit up to 100,000 Liberians to the Polish Army in case of war. Unfortunately, no record of this secret clause has been found. Polish specialists traveled to
341:. Findings included government involvement in widespread "Forced or compulsory labour". Minority ethnic groups especially were exploited in a system that enriched well-connected elites. Poland had been entrusted with the responsibility of filing reports concerning the situation in Liberia on the forum of the League of Nations. It might have therefore been in Liberia's interest to maintain good relations with Poland. In the fall of 1933, Liberia sent Dr.
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also carried Polish products for sale in
Liberia, among them enameled chamber pots. Polish farms were established in Liberia but did not bring large profits due to small investments flowing in from Poland. With time, Liberia became frightened by reckless articles in the Polish press that labeled the
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as an unofficial representative to the Polish capital to ask the
Maritime and Colonial League to become an agent in promoting direct economic and cultural links between Liberia and Poland, which it did not ironically suspect of colonial ambitions. The Polish government participated in the talks in
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Some historians argue that the Polish government promoted colonialism to solve the problem of chronic overpopulation and unemployment of some areas of the country. Also, the Poles expressed a desire for raw materials like minerals and timber, especially those found in
Liberia.
420:, where he lived for several months and on whose people's culture he later wrote a book which had considerable success among the Polish public. However, as France had no inclination to give up its rule of Madagascar in favor of Poland, this had no practical consequences.
170:
Polish demands, however, were ignored by the
Western powers, as neither France, nor Great Britain wanted to relinquish their possessions. Nevertheless, the Polish government continued to advance its demands even well into 1939, until the eve of German
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was not interested in colonialism and the organization was reestablished in 1944 as the
Maritime League. In 1953 it was dissolved, then in 1981 recreated again as the Maritime League. Since 1999 it has been called the Maritime and River League.
151:
Throughout the 1930s, the League organized mass demonstration, collected money and published materials. Among people who participated in demonstrations were clergymen and members of the government, whose party, Camp of
National Unity
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In collaboration with
Portuguese colonial authorities, the league operated plantations in Angola during the 1920s, beginning in 1928. These efforts in Angola lead to Polish colonization attempts in other countries of Africa.
440:
In the spring of 2006, Polish artist Janek Simon went to
Madagascar, looking back to the ideas of the interbellum period. He wanted to organize there the "Polish Year in Madagascar"; instead, two exhibitions took place.
378:
and established a consulate in the
Liberian capital. The League was planning to promote a large-scale Polish settlement in the Black Republic. In December 1934, a group of Polish pioneers boarded the vessel S.S.
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who had spent some years on that island and on one occasion been chosen a ruler by some of its inhabitants. Polish interest in
Madagascar was fueled by the 1937 visit of Polish popular writer
296:), and establish its own colony, dependent on Warsaw. As a result, anti-Polish demonstrations took place in Curitiba. Polish newspapers described events in faraway Brazil, in April 1934
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in the 19th century). An agreement was signed with the state government, which agreed to hand the land to the Poles, in exchange of construction of a 140-kilometer rail line
117:
Originally, the League was a public body, with limited membership. Soon afterwards, it was taken over by the government and became a tool of its propaganda. In 1933, Prince
175:. However, Poland never considered possibility of armed capture of overseas lands, counting on a customs union with smaller and less significant colonial powers, such as
350:. It was the League, however, that was ultimately authorized to negotiate with Liberia. Sajous's visit resulted in a Polish delegation headed by the writer and traveler
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Black Republic as practically a Polish colony. In addition, the American press launched an anti-Polish campaign, perhaps inspired by the large corporation
267:. Also, they purchased additional 2000 hectares and planned to found another settlement, "Orlicz-Dreszer" (as a gesture to director of the League, general
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prepared a document called "Colonial Theses of Poland", and in September of the same year, Poland officially demanded colonies, during the session of the
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began limiting Polish immigration, and also the Poles themselves were no longer interested in settling in Brazil. In 1938, the project was cancelled.
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social organization, created in 1930 out of the Maritime and River League (Liga Morska i Rzeczna). In the late 1930s it was directed by general
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The organization, supported by influential politicians, quickly grew, and in May 1919 it was changed into the League of Polish Navigation (
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83:(Polish Flag), whose purpose was to popularize the sea among the Poles and to encourage the youth to participate in naval navigation.
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and its purpose was to educate the Polish nation about maritime issues. It also actively supported the development of both a
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198:. The money was handed to the Government of the Polish Republic for the purpose of possibly fast construction of a
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Apart from colonies, activities of members of the League were concentrated on the development and expansion of the
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Furthermore, some Polish politicians argued that the debt, which the world owed to Poland from saving Europe from
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366:, Makarczyk signed the preliminary agreement on a bilateral "Treaty of Friendship" with the Liberian Republic.
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However, in spite of initial success, Polish activities in Parana were noticed by Brazilian public opinion. In
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362:, in the spring of 1934. On 28 April, on behalf of the President of the Maritime and Colonial League, General
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A low dishonest decade: the great powers, Eastern Europe, and the economic origins of World War II, 1930–1941
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153:
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mocked the conflict, writing on the main page "We expect arrival of Polish Army headquarters in Parana".
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in a plane crash in 1936). In August 1935 the first Polish settlers left for Brazil, around 350 people.
249:(part of its population, around 100,000, had already been Polish, due to mass emigration of Poles from
338:
762:
703:. Instytut Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, 2010: 109–120.
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194:. In the early 1930s the League started a special fund, which within 2 years collected 5,000,000
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Among countries regarded as suitable for Polish overseas settlements, there were such nations as
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in the early 1930s. The Black Republic was at the time in danger of becoming a mandate of the
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133:– Poland should receive a share proportionate to its succession to the former German Empire.
67:. The organization enjoyed widespread popularity and in 1939 had around one million members.
8:
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The first demands for Polish colonies were issued at the first convention of the League (
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The roots of the League can be traced back to the fall of 1918, the first days of the
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The League ceased to exist in September 1939, following the joint German and Soviet
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with interests in Liberia. By 1938, the League was forced to withdraw from Liberia.
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90:). Five years later the name was changed again, into the Maritime and River League (
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However, the Poles bought only 7000 hectares and created there a settlement called
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408:, with a kind of historical claim provided by the 18th century Polish adventurer
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was alarmed that Poland was planning to conquer a few Brazilian states (Parana,
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109:, the organization got its most famous name, the Maritime and Colonial League.
33:
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94:), then, in late 1925, it published its first monthly magazine, "The Sea" ("
79:. On 1 October 1918, a group of 25 young men founded an organization called
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in Brazil. In June 1934 the League sent its messenger, retired general
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40:, as well as the creation of Polish colonies and overseas possessions.
98:") (in 1939 magazine's name was changed into "The Sea and Colonies").
646:"COMMISSION'S REPORT: INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY IN LIBERIA"
569:, Central European Forum For Migration Research, Working Paper 4/2005
245:, who wanted to buy 2 million hectares of land in Brazilian state of
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105:, October 1928) Two years later, at the third and last convention in
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Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939
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129:– a demand advanced at the time by such German bodies as the
513:, Slavic Review, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec., 1967), pp. 648–656,
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elite enslaving the indigenous population. Allegations of
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Official webpage of current Maritime and River League
237:In 1930, 135 Polish families left for the state of
483:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005,
346:the person of the Minister of Trade and Industry,
511:Polish Colonial Ambitions in the Inter-War Period
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305:Soon afterwards, the Brazilian government under
125:, declared that if Germany was to get back its
701:Dyskurs kolonialny w Drugiej Rzeczpospolitej
432:. After World War II, the newly established
733:Scans of all copies of the "Morze" monthly
717:Poland in Antananarivo, Madagascar in Łódź
63:and French possessions in Africa, such as
202:for the Polish Navy. Thus, the legendary
147:Morska Wola, Polish settlement in Brazil
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567:POLITYKA EMIGRACYJNA II RZECZPOSPOLITEJ
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644:Christy, Cuthbert (15 December 1930).
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768:Society of the Second Polish Republic
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325:because of accusations of its ruling
213:Attempted Polish overseas possessions
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140:, should be paid off with colonies.
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685:Liga Morska i Kolonialna, 1930–1939
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161:Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
156:), accepted colonial aspirations.
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753:Organizations established in 1930
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370:signed the document on behalf of
404:A special interest was shown in
758:History of European colonialism
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451:Colonization attempts by Poland
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1:
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317:Poland became interested in
299:Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny
154:Oboz Zjednoczenia Narodowego
18:Maritime and Colonial League
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634:, "Opcja na Prawo" maj 2006
537:, Walter de Gruyter, 1983,
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159:In the summer of 1937, the
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416:to the Madagascar town of
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368:Clarence Lorenzo Simpson
22:Liga Morska i Kolonialna
719:, Tygodnik Sekcja, 2007
687:. Gdańsk, 1983, p. 217.
383:, which took them from
699:Marek Arpad Kowalski.
630:Marek Arpad Kowalski,
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77:Second Polish Republic
655:: 127. Archived from
364:Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer
269:Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer
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92:Liga Morska i Rzeczna
88:Liga Żeglugi Polskiej
587:13 June 2011 at the
715:Karol Sienkiewicz,
608:University of Leeds
547:Google Print, p.393
333:in Liberia led the
243:Stefan Strzemieński
773:Settlement schemes
493:Google Print, p.70
430:invasion of Poland
410:Maurice Benyovszky
348:Ferdynand Zarzycki
339:Christy commission
173:invasion of Poland
149:
138:communist invasion
131:Reichskolonialbund
653:League of Nations
582:History ORP ORZEŁ
387:to Monrovia. The
337:to establish the
335:League of Nations
323:League of Nations
294:Rio Grande do Sul
285:Correio do Parana
233:Polish Brazilians
165:League of Nations
123:Polish Parliament
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282:, local daily
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24:) was a mass
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664:. Retrieved
657:the original
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265:Morska Wola
192:Polish Navy
747:Categories
613:20 October
406:Madagascar
400:Madagascar
343:Leo Sajous
259:Guarapuava
231:See also:
113:Activities
65:Madagascar
61:Mozambique
36:and large
666:6 October
394:Firestone
200:submarine
20:(Polish:
585:Archived
445:See also
376:Monrovia
280:Curitiba
255:Riozinho
181:Portugal
103:Katowice
424:Outcome
319:Liberia
313:Liberia
251:Galicia
177:Belgium
71:Origins
57:Liberia
541:
487:
389:Poznań
385:Gdynia
381:Poznań
273:Gdynia
247:Paraná
227:Brazil
218:Angola
196:zlotys
107:Gdynia
49:Paraná
45:Brazil
26:Polish
660:(PDF)
649:(PDF)
604:(PDF)
515:JSTOR
457:Notes
206:Orzeł
96:Morze
668:2018
615:2023
539:ISBN
485:ISBN
358:and
356:Togo
292:and
204:ORP
179:and
53:Peru
38:navy
16:The
51:),
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