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829:. This line divides the flora and fauna of Asia from that of Australia and New Guinea with stretches of water that have always been too wide for plant and animal species to cross readily. The gaps are considered to be large enough to make accidental rafting from one side to another to be unlikely events. Apart from birds, species that have managed to cross this line include those that have been moved by humans. There is a transitional zone adjacent to the Wallace Line that is termed
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luxury goods, the goods carried by the trading ships varied by which product was in demand by region and port. They included ceramics, glass, beads, gems, ivory, fragrant wood, metals (both raw and finished goods), textiles (including silk), food (including grain, wine, and spices), aromatics, and
2037:
Robert Blust: "The major western island groups include the great
Indonesian, or Malay Archipelago, to its north the smaller and more compact Philippine Archipelago, and still further north at 22 to 25 degrees north latitude and some 150 kilometres from the coast of China, the island of Taiwan
1221:
diaspora facilitated informal trade and cultural exchange with
Southeast Asia, settling among Southeast Asian polities during this time period. Despite not having the official sanction of the Chinese government these communities formed business and trade networks between cities such as
836:
The biographical division of the region is important for understanding the spread of both modern and archaic humans into the region. The
Wallace Line represents a sea barrier that has persisted, as far as is known, even at the lowest sea levels of glacial maxima of the
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are sometimes given the same meaning as
Maritime Southeast Asia. Other definitions restrict Island Southeast Asia to just the islands between mainland Southeast Asia and the continental shelf of Australia and New Guinea. There is some variability as to whether
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passed decrees enabling private trade fleets. Demand for
Southeast Asian products and trade was partially driven by the increase in China's population in this era, whereby it doubled from 75 to 150 million, as well as the loss of access to the northern
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survived until modern times. There was new demand for spices from
Southeast Asia and textiles from India and China, but these were now linked with direct trade routes to the European market, instead of passing through regional ports of the
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The maritime connectivity within the region has been linked to it becoming a distinct cultural and economic area, when compared to the 'mainland' societies in the rest of
Southeast Asia. This region stretches from the
1935:
2027:
Bellwood's definition: "Island
Southeast Asia includes Taiwan, the Philippines, Brunei and the Sarawak and Sabah provinces of East Malaysia (northern Borneo), and all of the islands of Indonesia to the west of New
2734:
1201:. The Chinese development of their own maritime technologies led to the establishment of Chinese trading colonies in Southeast Asia, a boom in the maritime trade, and the emergence of the ports of "
833:. This is a zone where examples of animal and plant species from both sides can be found, but, particularly on smaller islands, there may be a greatly reduced number of terrestrial species.
2047:"Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) comprises the tropical islands lying in between mainland East Asia and Taiwan to the northwest and Australia and New Guinea to the southeast."
482:
Stretching for several thousand kilometres, the area features a very large number of islands and boasts some of the richest marine, flora and fauna biodiversity on Earth.
345:
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Lockard, Craig A. (2010-08-01). ""The Sea Common to All": Maritime
Frontiers, Port Cities, and Chinese Traders in the Southeast Asian Age of Commerce, ca. 1400–1750".
2722:
3124:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). "The
Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)". In Reid, Anthony (ed.).
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The land and sea area of Maritime Southeast Asia exceeds 2 million km. These are more than 25,000 islands of the area that comprise many smaller archipelagoes.
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2110:
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1160:, in particular, was a significant export of east Africa, leading some authors to label the western leg of the trade route as the "Maritime Ivory Route".
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in the 15th century, essentially being replaced with European trade routes. Shipbuilding of the formerly dominant Southeast Asian trading ships (
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Angela Schottenhammer the East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce, and Human Migration. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
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1995:
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918:, due to shared ethnolinguistic and historical origins of the latter groups (Micronesian and Polynesian groups) being from this region.
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17:
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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
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Edited by Walter F. Vella. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. Canberra: Australian National University Press. Introduction...
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845:. Therefore we know when watercraft of some (admittedly unknown) description must have been used by humans to cross the sea.
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between 1405 and 1431 also played a critical role in opening up of China to increased trade with Southeast Asian polities.
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1234:. Many of these Chinese businesspeople integrated into their new countries, becoming political officials and diplomats.
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1258:, the source of the English term "junk") declined until it ceased entirely by the 17th century. Although Chinese-built
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Trade with China ceased after the collapse of the Song dynasty due to invasions and famine. It was restored during the
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813:. Maritime Southeast Asia is made up of the world's two largest archipelagos situated between the Indian Ocean, the
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854:
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Flecker, Michael (August 2015). "Early Voyaging in the South China Sea: Implications on Territorial Claims".
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Sen, Tansen (January 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".
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1217:) as regional trade centers in China. Chinese trade was strictly controlled by the Imperial Court, but the
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As of 2017, there were over 540 million people living in the region, with the most populated island being
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on Papua, Indonesia at 4,884 m (16,024 ft). Other high mountains in the archipelago include
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3013:. Reid, Anthony, 1939-, Alilunas-Rodgers, Kristine. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2001.
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1124:(or Maritime Silk Road). In addition to Austronesian sailors, the route was also heavily used by
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872:
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1945:
1940:
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1197:) appear by the 11th century, though the trade routes during this period remained dominated by
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Sen, Tansen (2006). "The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200-1450".
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2108:
657:
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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach".
1193:. The first record of Chinese trading ships venturing to Southeast Asia (which they called
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Austronesian trade networks in Southeast Asia connected with the maritime trade routes of
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1990:
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871:. This region of Southeast Asia shares social and cultural ties with both the peoples of
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2038:(Formosa). Together these island groups constitute insular (or island) Southeast Asia."
1965:
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1181:") visiting coastal Chinese cities regularly to trade from as early as 3rd century CE.
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The main demographic difference that sets Maritime Southeast Asia apart from modern
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in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the
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The first true long-distance maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the
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2582:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
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by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times.
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The climate throughout the archipelago is tropical, owing to its position on the
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509:—and yet a majority of islands in this vast region remain uninhabited by humans.
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groups. The region contains some of the world's most highly urbanized areas—the
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2939:"Chinese and Muslim Diasporas and Indian Ocean Trade under the Mongol Hegemony"
1923:
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970:
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455:" is also used as a synonym for Maritime Southeast Asia. The term, however, is
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Nichiporuk, Brian; Grammich, Clifford; Rabasa, Angel; DaVanzo, Julie (2006).
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region, where most volcanoes over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) are situated.
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2018:: "I use Island Southeast Asia and Maritime Southeast Asia interchangeably."
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First islanders: prehistory and human migration in Island Southeast Asia
2980:
1970:
1936:
Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area
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1227:
1105:
1083:
1075:
1047:
1027:
639:
547: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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353:
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The Limits of Alignment: Southeast Asia and the Great Powers Since 197
2109:
Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2006).
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The Maritime Silk Route flourished until around the 15th century CE.
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67:
3214:, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3095:. Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3011:
Sojourners and settlers: histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese
2673:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
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as early as 1500 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like
522:
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Brides of the sea: port cities of Asia from the 16th-20th centuries
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1523:
1395:
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1054:); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China.
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records mention large Southeast Asian ships (that they called the
1980:
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915:
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778:, Malaysia, with a height of 4,095.2 m (13,436 ft) and
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375:
366:
321:
185:
105:
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Franck Billé; Sanjyot Mehendale; James W. Lankton, eds. (2022).
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Strange parallels: Southeast Asia in global context, c 800-1830
2198:
2116:. 2006 revision. United Nations. pp. 37–42. Archived from
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being the dominant religion in the Philippines and East Timor.
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647:
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147:
85:
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Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
2322:
Evers, Hans-Dieter (2016). "Nusantara: History of a Concept".
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In the natural sciences, the region is sometimes known as the
2696:
TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia
2623:. Broeze, Frank. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1989.
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Although usually spoken of in modern times in the context of
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of Island Southeast Asia. They established trade routes with
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Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
2324:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
910:, which refers to it as "Island Southeast Asia"; and within
1035:
755:
735:(not to be confused with "Malaysia"), with shared tropical
707:
293:
89:
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from the 14th to 16th centuries. The naval expeditions of
2903:
2150:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 304.
2147:
The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia, Volume 1, Part 1
902:
Historically, the region has been referred to as part of
459:
and has shifting boundaries. It usually only encompasses
3058:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2233:
Hoorgervorst, Tom (2017). "8.4". In Hodos, Tamar (ed.).
770:
also produced large mountains, including the highest in
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Geologically, the archipelago is one of the most active
2511:"Southeast Asian History and the Mediterranean Analogy"
2499:
See the cultural macroregions of the world table below.
2400:. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 2009-11-06;
2235:
The Routledge handbook of archaeology and globalization
2016:
The Routledge Handbook of Archeaology and Globalization
2201:"Demographics and Security in Maritime Southeast Asia"
3187:
2782:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region"
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and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the
444:" are also used to refer to Maritime Southeast Asia.
1835:
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Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
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consists of Indonesia, or island Southeast Asia....
2367:
Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology
2078:
Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology
3090:
809:One of the majority of uninhabited islands of the
863:. The people living there are predominantly from
786:, Indonesia at 4,760 m (15,620 ft) and
3219:
3093:Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450-1680
2447:"Maritime Southeast Asia, Not Just a Crossroads"
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2067:
1082:, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of
489:is that its population predominantly belongs to
27:Cultural and economic area within Southeast Asia
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2256:
2254:
1136:sailors. It allowed the exchange of goods from
1058:, in particular were trading in spices (mainly
867:subgroupings and correspondingly speak western
790:, Indonesia, at 4,750 m (15,580 ft).
3130:. Cornell University Press. pp. 197–213.
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2573:
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2185:. Georgetown Univeffrsity Press. p. 135.
1996:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
1140:and Southeast Asia on one end, all the way to
2887:Nalanda-Sriwijaya Center Working Paper Series
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1248:The Maritime Silk Route was disrupted by the
980:
115:2,870,000 km (1,110,000 sq mi)
2821:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea"
2773:
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2267:(First ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
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899:are also practiced among large populations.
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2566:
2237:. London New York: Routledge. p. 751.
2205:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
875:and with other Austronesian peoples in the
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429:includes Taiwan in his definition, as does
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2878:
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2014:For instance Tom Hoogervorst's chapter in
433:, whilst there are examples that do not.
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2714:
2659:
607:Learn how and when to remove this message
2908:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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944:migrations into Maritime Southeast Asia.
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825:Island Southeast Asia is crossed by the
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2792:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.
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2481:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
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2111:"World Population Prospects, Table A.2"
14:
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3127:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era
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2588:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76.
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378:corresponds to Maritime Southeast Asia
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2727:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
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1089:
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1120:, becoming what is now known as the
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2461:from the original on April 25, 2021
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1100:By around the 2nd century BCE, the
908:Indianized States of Southeast Asia
440:" and the later 19th-century term "
24:
3161:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
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3003:
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2930:
2904:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003–2009).
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2759:. Texas A&M University Press.
2757:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins
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2518:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2294:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
2290:"Island Southeast Asia: Neolithic"
969:. The region was dominated by the
883:is the predominant religion, with
25:
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3183:
2403:"World Economic Outlook Database"
1824:Oceans and Seas in Southeast Asia
1144:and eastern Africa on the other.
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2485:The geographic area here called
2423:. Indonesia Business Directory.
2398:Philippines: General Information
2296:. Springer. pp. 4090–4096.
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750:regions in the world, producing
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800:
532:needs additional citations for
2859:. Amsterdam University Press.
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2008:
1184:By around 900 to 1000 CE, the
999:maritime trade network in the
855:Demographics of Southeast Asia
694:The seven largest islands are
13:
1:
2580:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016).
2302:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_866
2179:Ciorciar, John David (2010).
2054:
727:. It also corresponds to the
3212:Art of Island Southeast Asia
2509:Sutherland, Heather (2003).
2445:Gaynor, Jennifer L. (2014).
512:
123:4,095 m (13435 ft)
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
3233:Geography of Southeast Asia
3091:Reid, Anthony (1988–1993).
2584:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).
2407:International Monetary Fund
2362:Fairbridge, Rhodes Whitmore
2263:Bellwood, Peter S. (2017).
2073:Fairbridge, Rhodes Whitmore
1831:
869:Malayo-Polynesian languages
385:comprises the countries of
10:
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3070:10.1163/156852006779048372
1093:
981:Ancient Indian Ocean trade
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29:
3238:Regions of Southeast Asia
3173:10.1017/S002246340000446X
2721:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974).
2530:10.1017/S0022463403000018
2370:. Springer. p. 377.
2081:. Springer. p. 377.
928:History of Southeast Asia
622:The major groupings are:
556:"Maritime Southeast Asia"
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2819:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016).
2755:Doran, Edwin B. (1981).
2001:
849:Culture and demographics
18:Maritime South East Asia
3228:Maritime Southeast Asia
2288:Bulbeck, David (2014).
1929:Mainland Southeast Asia
1156:animals, among others.
873:mainland Southeast Asia
487:Mainland Southeast Asia
436:The 16th-century term "
383:Maritime Southeast Asia
38:Maritime Southeast Asia
3146:10.7591/j.ctv2n7gng.15
3041:: CS1 maint: others (
2853:The Maritime Silk Road
2780:Blench, Roger (2004).
2651:: CS1 maint: others (
1946:Indonesian archipelago
1941:Philippine archipelago
1177:, 崑崙舶, "ships of the
1003:
945:
822:
418:Insular Southeast Asia
379:
120:Highest elevation
56:Philippine Archipelago
52:Indonesian Archipelago
2937:YOKKAICHI, Yasuhiro.
2336:10.1353/ras.2016.0004
988:
953:in China down to the
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906:, as seen in Coedes'
808:
658:Greater Sunda Islands
425:is included in this.
414:Island Southeast Asia
369:
320:, with minorities of
2451:Education About Asia
1820:class=notpageimage|
1269:Maritime Silk Road.
1008:Austronesian peoples
975:Austronesian peoples
764:Lesser Sunda Islands
718:in the Philippines.
663:Lesser Sunda Islands
541:improve this article
507:Greater Kuala Lumpur
2708:10.1017/trn.2013.15
2421:"Indonesia Regions"
2358:Moores, Eldridge M.
2069:Moores, Eldridge M.
1991:Peninsular Malaysia
1715:Gulf of Carpentaria
1122:Maritime Silk Route
936:Proposed routes of
627:Peninsular Malaysia
495:Greater Manila Area
461:Peninsular Malaysia
356:and descendants of
159:Bandar Seri Begawan
60:Peninsular Malaysia
39:
2981:10.1353/jwh.0.0127
2479:Coedes, G. (1968)
2169:2012-10-05 at the
1966:Maritime Continent
1888:Philippines portal
1096:Maritime Silk Road
1090:Maritime Silk Road
1004:
946:
895:, and traditional
823:
724:Maritime Continent
710:in Indonesia; and
473:Western New Guinea
447:In Indonesia, the
380:
290:Largest settlement
263:Largest settlement
236:Largest settlement
209:Largest settlement
182:Largest settlement
155:Largest settlement
128:Highest point
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3137:978-0-8014-8093-5
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2828:NSC Working Paper
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2142:Tarling, Nicholas
1961:Greater Indonesia
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557:
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530:This section
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82:Major islands
80:
76:
74:Total islands
72:
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65:
64:East Malaysia
61:
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33:
19:
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2951:. Retrieved
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2798:. Retrieved
2789:
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2730:
2726:
2716:
2702:(1): 31–59.
2699:
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2411:. Retrieved
2409:. April 2006
2393:
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2366:
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2305:. Retrieved
2293:
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2211:(1): 83–91.
2208:
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2125:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2077:
2063:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2015:
2010:
1779:Sunda Strait
1747:Luzon Strait
1667:Indian Ocean
1575:Bismarck Sea
1480:
1267:Indian Ocean
1259:
1253:
1250:colonial era
1247:
1239:Ming dynasty
1236:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:Song dynasty
1183:
1172:
1169:Tang dynasty
1162:
1146:
1099:
1005:
1001:Indian Ocean
990:Austronesian
947:
942:Austronesian
907:
901:
885:Christianity
865:Austronesian
858:
835:
827:Wallace Line
824:
801:Biogeography
792:
745:
722:
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693:
621:
618:
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584:
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570:
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551:
539:Please help
534:verification
531:
491:Austronesian
484:
481:
471:, and often
449:Old Javanese
446:
435:
431:Robert Blust
417:
413:
411:
382:
381:
308:380,000,000
300:Demographics
213:Kuala Lumpur
2830:(23): 1–30.
2524:(1): 1–20.
2383:30 November
2330:(1): 3–14.
2094:30 November
1976:Malay world
1860:Asia portal
1604:Solomon Sea
1560:Celebes Sea
1545:Visayan Sea
1515:Sibuyan Sea
1463:Camotes Sea
1388:Molucca Sea
1304:Arafura Sea
1290:Andaman Sea
1153:Sinocentric
1149:Eurocentric
1110:Middle East
1068:East Africa
1056:Indonesians
912:Austronesia
839:Pleistocene
811:Philippines
780:Puncak Jaya
677:Philippines
477:Philippines
438:East Indies
399:Philippines
336:(including
330:Melanesians
240:Quezon City
229:Philippines
3222:Categories
2953:2018-07-29
2800:2019-07-14
2741:2019-07-14
2680:0415100542
2606:2020-11-27
2559:2019-12-10
2431:2007-04-24
2413:2006-10-05
2219:2020-08-11
2127:2007-06-30
2055:References
1971:Malay race
1360:Flores Sea
1116:, and the
1112:, eastern
1106:South Asia
1084:Madagascar
1076:Westerlies
1048:sandalwood
1028:lashed-lug
1020:catamarans
926:See also:
853:See also:
762:, and the
731:region of
640:East Timor
567:newspapers
412:The terms
407:East Timor
374:region of
354:Orang Asli
338:Peranakans
305:Population
283:East Timor
3037:cite book
2997:162282960
2989:1527-8050
2647:cite book
2465:April 25,
2457:(2): 16.
2344:163375995
1795:Moro Gulf
1590:Coral Sea
1499:Samar Sea
1447:Bohol Sea
1432:Timor Sea
1346:Ceram Sea
1332:Banda Sea
1232:Ayutthaya
1215:Guangzhou
1199:Srivijaya
1191:Silk Road
1174:kunlun po
1102:Neolithic
1072:catamaran
1052:sugarcane
1040:cultigens
1016:Sri Lanka
636:Indonesia
632:Singapore
513:Geography
503:Singapore
453:Nusantara
403:Singapore
391:Indonesia
346:Eurasians
322:Negritoes
267:Singapore
256:Singapore
175:Indonesia
68:Singapore
43:Geography
3111:16646158
3078:25165168
3029:45791365
2947:Archived
2924:49820972
2794:Archived
2735:Archived
2639:19554419
2600:Archived
2550:Archived
2546:55467229
2538:20072472
2459:Archived
2425:Archived
2364:(1997).
2213:Archived
2167:Archived
2144:(1999).
2075:(1997).
2028:Guinea."
1832:See also
1530:Sulu Sea
1402:Savu Sea
1374:Java Sea
1318:Bali Sea
1243:Zheng He
1207:Quanzhou
1203:Chinchew
1060:cinnamon
1044:coconuts
997:historic
967:Java Sea
893:Hinduism
889:Buddhism
843:Holocene
841:and the
831:Wallacea
748:volcanic
716:Mindanao
704:Sulawesi
395:Malaysia
350:Mestizos
202:Malaysia
102:Sulawesi
98:Mindanao
48:Location
2893:: 1–53.
2307:16 July
1986:Nanyang
1981:Malesia
1219:Hokkien
1209:) and "
1195:Nan Hai
1130:Persian
1066:) with
922:History
916:Oceania
897:Animism
877:Pacific
819:Pacific
795:Equator
760:Sumatra
733:Malesia
700:Sumatra
581:scholar
376:Malesia
334:Chinese
326:Papuans
186:Jakarta
106:Sumatra
3190:Portal
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1179:kunlun
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1132:, and
1114:Africa
1108:, the
1070:using
1064:cassia
1050:, and
1042:(like
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1034:, and
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451:term "
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397:, the
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3142:JSTOR
3074:JSTOR
2993:S2CID
2857:(PDF)
2824:(PDF)
2553:(PDF)
2542:S2CID
2534:JSTOR
2514:(PDF)
2340:S2CID
2121:(PDF)
2114:(PDF)
2002:Notes
1261:chuán
1158:Ivory
1126:Tamil
881:Islam
776:Sabah
741:fauna
737:flora
712:Luzon
588:JSTOR
574:books
94:Luzon
3204:Asia
3132:ISBN
3107:OCLC
3097:ISBN
3043:link
3025:OCLC
3015:ISBN
2985:ISSN
2920:OCLC
2910:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2653:link
2635:OCLC
2625:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2467:2021
2385:2009
2372:ISBN
2309:2023
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2239:ISBN
2187:ISBN
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2152:ISBN
2096:2009
2083:ISBN
1255:jong
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1167:and
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756:Java
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