1795:
32:
47:
449:
1300:
1197:
268:
aircraft wing sharing the same location. The
Marines of the defense battalions endured isolation, sickness, monotonous food, and primitive living conditions for long periods, as they engaged in the onerous task of protecting advance bases in areas that by no stretch of the imagination resembled tropical paradises. After putting up with these conditions for months , many of these same Marines went on to serve as replacements in the six Marine divisions in action when the war ended.
2338:
1050:
20:
1232:
1006:
359:
826:
1268:
267:
Defense battalions deployed early and often throughout the
Pacific campaigns, serving in a succession of distant places, some dangerous, others boring. They did not benefit from post-battle rest— though few rest areas lived up to their name —nor were their accommodations comparable to those of an
350:
began to scale back on defense battalions. Two were disbanded, and the remaining began to gradually focus on anti-aircraft defense, rather than coastal defense. Only the 6th, the 51st, and the 52nd remained designated as defense battalions; the rest had become anti-aircraft units under
107:, and remained at the station they defended. Most varied greatly in size and equipment. The battalions often had several coastal gun batteries, several anti-aircraft batteries, a detection battery (searchlights and
1766:
1731:
1736:
2066:
1351:
2129:
1473:
1741:
362:
Japanese
Imperial Army Captain Sakee Oba surrenders his Samurai sword to Lieutenant Colonel Howard G. Kurgis, USMC, at Saipan, Mariana Islands on Saturday morning, December 1, 1945.
393:
units with white leadership, since they trained independently and fought in isolated areas. Those recruits slated for defense battalions were trained at the then-segregated
1778:
2177:
2051:
2363:
1989:
1877:
1718:
247:, augmenting British forces until they departed in September. The battalion had left its Coast Defense Group behind and exchanged the aircraft sound locators for
2149:
2092:
1972:
1323:
1073:
503:
2368:
1723:
1291:
1223:
954:
1999:
1327:
997:
688:
2144:
2056:
1287:
1188:
1115:
1111:
1041:
861:
562:
2139:
1883:
907:
766:
1927:
1773:
1670:
1149:
865:
731:
2227:
1994:
1761:
774:
511:
1952:
1811:
1341:
2305:
2087:
2046:
1932:
1346:
1947:
1937:
1703:
367:
344:
231:
The first battalions were created in 1939, when the outbreak of World War II caused concerns that overseas bases might be attacked by the
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2237:
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1942:
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2061:
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2207:
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2167:
1821:
1698:
352:
2134:
2026:
1708:
2300:
1872:
2222:
2197:
2041:
2031:
263:, and the defenders, including 399 Marines of the 1st Defense Battalion, surrendered after a prolonged battle on 23 December.
283:
259:, where defenders shot down three planes on 7 December 1941, the battalions grew rapidly. On 8 December, the Japanese began
1663:
2341:
2264:
2182:
1957:
1693:
321:
286:, and as such, the Marine defense battalions saw much reinforcement, redeployment, and growth. On 4 June, the Marines at
252:
244:
240:
99:
Unlike the mobile Marine forces involved in offensive actions, defense battalions were detached to key outposts, in the
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1713:
2102:
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1567:
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205:
1843:
406:
236:
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1826:
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1922:
1906:
1890:
1860:
1838:
366:
In late 1944, the 2nd, 5th, 8th, and 16th
Antiaircraft Artillery (formerly Defense) Battalions formed the
2232:
1865:
1643:
331:
became the next target in the
Pacific, and the Marine defenders moved in. By summer, they landed in the
1679:
1037:
172:
69:
2242:
2202:
1962:
1816:
313:
40:
1460:
277:
by Major
Charles D. Melson USMC (Ret), the Marine Corps' official history of the defense battalions.
2192:
317:
1609:. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Historical Center.
1604:
1579:
U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air Units in the
Pacific War, 1939–1945
208:
during the Marine Corps's, as well the United States Navy's, critical change in their traditional
402:
31:
294:
hundreds of miles away. On 7 August, the 3rd
Defense Battalion went ashore with the infantry to
2288:
1982:
1753:
1306:
1274:
1238:
1203:
1159:
1125:
1083:
1056:
1012:
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925:
256:
232:
119:
companies attached, most defense battalions were responsible for providing their own riflemen.
409:
complex). They would then be assigned to the two black defense battalions, the 51st and 52nd.
1967:
1145:
875:
832:
784:
745:
698:
631:
572:
521:
455:
340:
303:
260:
80:
76:
309:
In the summer of 1943, elements of the 9th, 10th, and 11th
Defense Battalions supported the
148:
46:
36:
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655:
639:
347:
8:
2276:
1415:
1184:
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684:
600:
198:
1855:
1448:
911:
735:
680:
383:
375:
371:
310:
186:
24:
448:
2247:
1618:
1610:
1582:
1563:
1429:
1421:
1255:
770:
762:
617:
613:
558:
389:
Marine defense battalions were seen as an ideal unit type for creating and deploying
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54:
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291:
2312:
1314:
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1140:
1028:
1020:
980:
933:
848:
550:
507:
499:
490:
478:
332:
299:
235:. In July 1941 the 5th Marine Defense Battalion landed in Iceland as part of the
182:
50:
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1977:
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217:
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Thomas
Holcomb and the Advent of the Marine Corps Defense Battalion, 1936–1941
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2212:
1648:
1479:
by Major Charles D., U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, PCN 190 003133 00, 1996
757:
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588:
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fended off a Japanese aerial attack, which contributed to the victory of the
248:
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88:
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throughout the first half of the 20th century, and other areas around the
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History of ground based air defense in the United States Marine Corps
225:
72:
19:
116:
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1005:
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1417:
Marines in World War II Historical Monograph: The Defense of Wake
1400:
Bogart, Charles H., "Fifth Marine Defense Battalion in Iceland",
1032:
804:
706:
671:
104:
1614:
1425:
1404:, Vol. 29, Issue 3, August 2015, Coast Defense Study Group, Inc.
358:
320:. Other battalions helped clear the northern islands, including
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It is likely that the 5"/51 caliber guns were replaced by the
2259:
825:
796:
251:
sets. In March 1942 the battalion was relieved by the Army's
108:
91:
guns, searchlights, and small arms to repel landing forces.
1318:
1267:
1106:
902:
541:
494:
122:
A 1939 table of organization and equipment (TOE) included:
386:
lead to the disbanding of most of the defense battalions.
171:
Two beach protection machine gun companies, each with 24
1719:
Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps
1606:
Condition Red: Marine Defense Battalions in World War II
1477:
Condition Red: Marine Defense Battalions in World War II
1499:
1497:
275:
Condition Red:Marine Defense Battalions in World War II
53:
gun "Scorpion" of the 4th Marine Defense Battalion at
1482:
1381:
1379:
204:
The defense battalions were first conceived from the
16:
U.S. Marine Corps WWII-era coastal defense battalions
1529:
1494:
1376:
1364:
324:, and by the spring of 1944, they were all taken.
1884:United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory
282:The year 1942 became a period of defense for the
2364:Inactive units of the United States Marine Corps
2355:
216:. They conducted "fixed" defense exercises on
1678:
1342:Organization of the United States Marine Corps
158:Four AAA gun batteries, each with four mobile
1664:
1347:List of United States Marine Corps battalions
302:) against Japanese counterattacks during the
2369:Battalions of the United States Marine Corps
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
368:1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group
164:Two AAA machine gun companies, each with 24
1767:Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee
1560:The Ninth Marine Defense and AAA Battalions
1414:Heinl, Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Jr. (1947).
298:and defended the island (and others in the
1752:
1671:
1657:
1509:
1396:
1394:
185:and the 3-inch guns were replaced by the
1709:Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps
374:. While they did not participate in the
357:
87:. They maintained large anti-ship guns,
45:
30:
18:
1873:Marine Corps Combat Development Command
1576:
1488:
147:Three batteries, each with two Mark 15
2356:
1602:
1557:
1535:
1503:
1391:
1385:
1370:
1652:
1413:
412:
175:water-cooled .30-caliber machine guns
168:.50-caliber machine guns on AA mounts
1407:
1420:. Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.
13:
2188:Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps
1714:Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
35:A Marine Defense Battalion with a
14:
2380:
1728:Marine Corps three-star generals
1637:
1603:Melson, Major Charles D. (1996).
115:units. While a few had composite
2337:
2336:
2296:History of Hispanics in the USMC
1878:Training & Education Command
1812:Organization of the Marine Corps
1793:
1298:
1266:
1230:
1195:
1048:
1004:
824:
447:
372:invade the Japanese Home Islands
2052:Criminal Investigation Division
1774:Senate Armed Services Committee
1724:Marine Corps four-star generals
94:
83:of advanced naval bases during
1844:III Marine Expeditionary Force
1762:House Armed Services Committee
1704:Commandant of the Marine Corps
1467:
407:Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
345:Commandant of the Marine Corps
237:1st Provisional Marine Brigade
1:
1827:II Marine Expeditionary Force
1562:. Turner Publishing Company.
1545:
348:Lt. Gen. Alexander Vandegrift
253:61st Coast Artillery Regiment
23:3rd Defense Battalion with a
2301:History of women in the USMC
2271:Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
2062:Chaplain of the Marine Corps
1923:Marine Air-Ground Task Force
1907:Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
1891:Marine Corps Systems Command
1839:I Marine Expeditionary Force
212:role to a more "aggressive"
7:
1699:Under Secretary of the Navy
1577:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
1558:Melson, Charles D. (1990).
1335:
441:Notable Commanding Officers
382:in April 1945. Soon after,
353:Fleet Marine Force, Pacific
10:
2385:
1680:United States Marine Corps
243:and other elements of the
197:For more information, see
196:
192:
132:Six platoons, each with a
70:United States Marine Corps
2331:
2243:Marine Corps War Memorial
2158:
2115:
2093:Officer Candidates School
2075:
2019:
2010:
1963:Marine expeditionary unit
1915:
1899:
1817:Headquarters Marine Corps
1802:
1791:
1686:
261:an assault on Wake Island
66:Marine Defense Battalions
2193:Eagle, Globe, and Anchor
2067:Associated organizations
1357:
214:amphibious landing force
2057:Judge Advocate Division
403:Camp Gilbert H. Johnson
1983:Marine Raider Regiment
1307:52nd Defense Battalion
1275:51st Defense Battalion
1239:18th Defense Battalion
1204:17th Defense Battalion
1160:16th Defense Battalion
1126:15th Defense Battalion
1084:14th Defense Battalion
1057:13th Defense Battalion
1013:12th Defense Battalion
965:11th Defense Battalion
926:10th Defense Battalion
384:the Japanese surrender
363:
280:
257:attack on Pearl Harbor
233:Imperial Japanese Navy
62:
43:
28:
25:90 mm antiaircraft gun
2145:Vehicles and aircraft
1968:Marine Security Guard
1851:Marine Forces Reserve
1834:Marine Forces Pacific
1822:Marine Forces Command
1779:Seapower subcommittee
1694:Secretary of the Navy
1402:Coast Defense Journal
1146:Francis B. Loomis Jr.
876:9th Defense Battalion
833:8th Defense Battalion
785:7th Defense Battalion
746:6th Defense Battalion
699:5th Defense Battalion
632:4th Defense Battalion
573:3rd Defense Battalion
522:2nd Defense Battalion
462:Wake Island Defenders
456:1st Defense Battalion
361:
304:Battle of Guadalcanal
265:
206:fixed defense concept
61:in the South Pacific.
49:
39:for coast defense at
34:
22:
2233:White House Sentries
2228:Silent Drill Platoon
2208:Drum and Bugle Corps
2150:Individual equipment
2103:Martial Arts Program
1324:Augustus W. Cockrell
1260:William J. Van Ryzin
1099:St. Matthias Islands
1074:Richard M. Cutts Jr.
1065:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
887:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
656:New Hebrides Islands
640:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
504:Augustus W. Cockrell
343:. During that time,
144:Coast Defense Group
41:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
1581:. Greenwood Press.
1292:Floyd A. Stephenson
1224:Thomas G. McFarland
1185:Richard P. Ross Jr.
1038:William H. Harrison
955:Wallace O. Thompson
685:William H. Rupertus
378:, they did land on
327:In early 1944, the
245:2nd Marine Division
241:6th Marine Regiment
199:Advanced Base Force
155:Antiaircraft Group
2248:Marine Detachments
2178:Acronyms and terms
2088:School of Infantry
2042:Historical Marines
1973:Special Operations
1856:Fleet Marine Force
1328:Joseph W. Earnshaw
998:Charles N. Muldrow
912:William J. Scheyer
736:George F. Good Jr.
681:George F. Good Jr.
413:List of battalions
376:Battle of Iwo Jima
370:in preparation to
364:
187:90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3
149:5"/51 caliber guns
63:
44:
29:
2351:
2350:
2111:
2110:
2047:Marine Astronauts
1789:
1788:
1333:
1332:
1256:Harold C. Roberts
771:Harold D. Shannon
763:Charles I. Murray
689:Harold S. Fassett
618:Kenneth W. Benner
614:Harold C. Roberts
559:Charles I. Murray
318:Solomons campaign
55:Barakoma Airfield
37:5"/51 caliber gun
2376:
2340:
2339:
2277:Rifleman's Creed
2098:The Basic School
2083:Recruit Training
2017:
2016:
1797:
1796:
1750:
1749:
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1659:
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1405:
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1383:
1374:
1368:
1302:
1288:William B. Onley
1270:
1234:
1199:
1189:Galen M. Sturgis
1137:Marshall Islands
1132:First: Fifteenth
1116:Galen M. Sturgis
1112:Jesse L. Perkins
1090:Five: Fourteenth
1052:
1042:Merlyn D. Holmes
1008:
946:Marshall Islands
916:Archie E. O'Neil
862:Clyde H. Hartsel
828:
814:Lester A. Dessez
622:Edward H. Forney
610:Harry K. Pickett
606:Robert H. Pepper
563:Raymond E. Knapp
555:Thomas E. Bourke
487:Marshall Islands
451:
417:
416:
391:African American
329:Marshall Islands
278:
173:Browning M1917A1
129:Service battery
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2313:Honorary Marine
2306:Women's Reserve
2265:National Museum
2238:Service Numbers
2160:
2154:
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2107:
2071:
2037:Notable Marines
2012:
2006:
1958:Marine aviation
1911:
1895:
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1538:, pp. 1–5.
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1506:, pp. 8–9.
1502:
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1315:Mariana Islands
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1168:Johnston Island
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1141:Mariana Islands
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1040:
1031:
1029:Russell Islands
1027:
1023:
1021:Woodlark Island
991:
987:
983:
981:Russell Islands
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953:
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940:
936:
934:Russell Islands
914:
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908:David R. Nimmer
901:
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864:
855:
851:
849:Gilbert Islands
847:
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803:
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769:
767:Raphael Griffin
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551:Bertram A. Bone
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508:John H. Griebel
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502:
500:Bertram A. Bone
493:
491:Mariana Islands
489:
485:
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479:Johnston Island
477:
473:
415:
333:Mariana Islands
316:in the central
300:Solomon Islands
284:Pacific Theater
279:
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202:
195:
189:by early 1943.
183:155 mm Long Tom
97:
51:155 mm Long Tom
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2283:Semper Fidelis
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1978:Marine Raiders
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1016:
1009:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:Arundel Island
970:
968:
961:
958:
957:
948:
942:Arundel Island
931:
929:
922:
919:
918:
905:
899:Arundel Island
884:
882:Fighting Ninth
879:
872:
869:
868:
866:Lloyd L. Leech
859:
845:Wallis Islands
841:American Samoa
838:
836:
829:
821:
820:
818:Henry R. Paige
811:
801:Ellice Islands
793:American Samoa
790:
788:
781:
778:
777:
760:
751:
749:
742:
739:
738:
732:Lloyd L. Leech
729:
719:Ellice Islands
704:
702:
695:
692:
691:
678:
637:
635:
628:
625:
624:
603:
578:
576:
569:
566:
565:
548:
534:American Samoa
527:
525:
518:
515:
514:
497:
483:Palmyra Island
464:
459:
452:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
426:Battalion Name
423:
414:
411:
405:, part of the
401:(now known as
399:North Carolina
395:Montford Point
270:
239:alongside the
218:Culebra Island
194:
191:
179:
178:
177:
176:
169:
162:
160:3-inch M3 guns
153:
152:
151:
142:
141:
140:
127:
96:
93:
27:at Guadalcanal
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2381:
2370:
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2362:
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2359:
2344:
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2334:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Toys for Tots
2316:
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2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
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2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:Marines' Hymn
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Horse Marines
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:and equipment
2114:
2104:
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2091:
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2055:
2053:
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2045:
2043:
2040:
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2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Rank insignia
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
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1961:
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1956:
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1946:
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1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
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1607:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:0-313-31906-5
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1569:0-938021-85-0
1565:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1524:USMC WWII OOB
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1450:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1388:, pp. 1.
1387:
1382:
1380:
1373:, pp. 5.
1372:
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839:
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827:
823:
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819:
815:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
776:
775:Lewis A. Hohn
772:
768:
764:
761:
759:
758:Midway Island
755:
752:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
737:
733:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:New Caledonia
708:
705:
703:
701:
700:
696:
694:
693:
690:
686:
682:
679:
677:
673:
669:
668:Vella Lavella
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Midway Island
649:
645:
641:
638:
636:
634:
633:
629:
627:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Midway Island
586:
582:
579:
577:
575:
574:
570:
568:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
526:
524:
523:
519:
517:
516:
513:
512:Lewis A. Hohn
509:
505:
501:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:
453:
450:
446:
445:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
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422:
419:
418:
410:
408:
404:
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396:
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387:
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377:
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369:
360:
356:
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338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Midway Island
285:
276:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:SCR-268 radar
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
200:
190:
188:
184:
174:
170:
167:
163:
161:
157:
156:
154:
150:
146:
145:
143:
139:
138:sound locator
136:and aircraft
135:
131:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
90:
89:anti-aircraft
86:
82:
78:
75:charged with
74:
71:
67:
60:
59:Vella Lavella
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
33:
26:
21:
2335:
2281:
2269:
2013:and training
1742:2010–present
1626:. Retrieved
1605:
1578:
1559:
1552:Bibliography
1531:
1523:
1489:Rottman 2002
1484:
1476:
1469:
1437:. Retrieved
1416:
1409:
1401:
1366:
1305:
1273:
1237:
1209:
1202:
1158:
1131:
1124:
1089:
1082:
1055:
1011:
973:New Hebrides
963:
951:Robert Blake
924:
881:
874:
831:
783:
744:
697:
644:Pearl Harbor
630:
601:Bougainville
581:Pearl Harbor
571:
520:
467:Pearl Harbor
461:
454:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
388:
365:
335:, including
326:
322:Bougainville
308:
292:naval battle
281:
274:
266:
255:. After the
230:
209:
203:
180:
121:
98:
95:Organization
85:World War II
65:
64:
2223:Color Guard
2203:Marine Band
1754:US Congress
1536:Melson 1990
1504:Melson 1996
1457:|work=
1439:13 December
1386:Melson 1990
1371:Melson 1990
1103:Guadalcanal
1025:New Britain
993:Guadalcanal
985:New Georgia
977:Guadalcanal
938:New Georgia
895:New Georgia
891:Guadalcanal
664:Guadalcanal
660:New Zealand
593:Guadalcanal
475:Wake Island
436:Location(s)
296:Guadalcanal
222:Puerto Rico
210:sea service
166:Browning M2
134:searchlight
113:machine gun
103:and one in
81:air defense
2358:Categories
2218:Marine One
1933:Battalions
1687:Leadership
1628:2020-05-17
1546:References
126:HQ Company
73:battalions
2020:Personnel
2011:Personnel
1953:MEF/Corps
1948:Divisions
1938:Regiments
1916:Structure
1900:Auxiliary
1737:2000–2009
1732:1942–1959
1459:ignored (
1449:cite book
314:XIV Corps
226:Caribbean
2342:Category
2183:Birthday
2125:Uniforms
2116:Uniforms
2076:Training
2000:Division
1943:Brigades
1861:Atlantic
1805:commands
1623:34920984
1615:96174419
1526:, p.212.
1522:Rottman
1426:47046490
1336:See also
431:Nickname
421:Insignia
271:—
117:infantry
2323:Gung ho
2173:Culture
2168:History
2159:History
2140:Weapons
1880:(TECOM)
1866:Pacific
1434:2944549
1180:Okinawa
1033:Peleliu
857:Okinawa
805:Peleliu
727:Okinawa
707:Iceland
676:Okinawa
672:Peleliu
546:Okinawa
380:Okinawa
193:History
111:), and
105:Iceland
101:Pacific
77:coastal
2135:Badges
2130:Awards
1803:Major
1621:
1613:
1585:
1566:
1432:
1424:
1251:Tinian
1247:Saipan
1219:Tinian
1215:Saipan
1176:Tinian
1172:Hawaii
1095:Tulagi
1069:Hawaii
853:Hawaii
809:Hawaii
754:Hawaii
723:Hawaii
715:Tulagi
648:Hawaii
597:Tulagi
585:Hawaii
538:Tarawa
530:Hawaii
471:Hawaii
339:, and
337:Saipan
311:Army's
2289:march
2260:Oorah
1995:Force
1990:Recon
1928:Bases
1358:Notes
797:Upolu
273:From
109:radar
68:were
2198:Flag
1619:OCLC
1611:LCCN
1583:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1461:help
1441:2007
1430:OCLC
1422:LCCN
1319:Guam
1107:Guam
903:Guam
542:Guam
495:Guam
341:Guam
79:and
2032:MOS
1597:Web
220:of
57:on
2360::
1617:.
1511:^
1496:^
1475:,
1453::
1451:}}
1447:{{
1428:.
1393:^
1378:^
646:,
583:,
469:,
397:,
355:.
306:.
228:.
2256:"
2252:"
1672:e
1665:t
1658:v
1631:.
1591:.
1572:.
1463:)
1443:.
201:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
