Oceanic carbon cycle

3602:, which purposefully manipulates the Earth's climate system, typically in aspects of the carbon cycle or radiative forcing. Of current geoengineering interest is the possibility of accelerating the biological pump to increase export of carbon from the surface ocean. This increased export could theoretically remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for storage in the deep ocean. Ongoing investigations regarding artificial fertilization exist. Due to the scale of the ocean and the fast response times of heterotrophic communities to increases in primary production, it is difficult to determine whether limiting-nutrient fertilization results in an increase in carbon export. However, the majority of the community does not believe this is a reasonable or viable approach. 1039: 2122: 2670: 236: 1066: 7223: 3314: 813: 3671: 863: 2766: 31: 4909: 3405:, or cliffs created by glacial erosion, have also been identified as areas of significant carbon burial, with rates one hundred times greater than the ocean average. Particulate organic carbon is buried in oceanic sediments, creating a pathway between a rapidly available carbon pool in the ocean to its storage for geological timescales. Once carbon is sequestered in the seafloor, it is considered 84:) into the ocean interior and distribute it through the oceans. These three pumps are: (1) the solubility pump, (2) the carbonate pump, and (3) the biological pump. The total active pool of carbon at the Earth's surface for durations of less than 10,000 years is roughly 40,000 gigatons C (Gt C, a gigaton is one billion tons, or the weight of approximately 6 million 1600:, a nearly ubiquitous group of phytoplankton that produce shells of calcium carbonate, are the dominant contributors to the carbonate pump. Due to their abundance, coccolithophores have significant implications on carbonate chemistry, in the surface waters they inhabit and in the ocean below: they provide a large mechanism for the downward transport of CaCO 3367:, and some studies show that inorganic matrices may also protect organic matter. Preservation rates of organic matter depend on other interdependent variables that vary nonlinearly in time and space. Although organic matter breakdown occurs rapidly in the presence of oxygen, microbes utilizing a variety of chemical species (via 3582:(both calcite and aragonite) for some time on current emissions trajectories, but the organisms that require carbonate will likely be replaced in many areas. Coral reefs are under pressure from overfishing, nitrate pollution, and warming waters; ocean acidification will add additional stress on these important structures. 4277:

Falkowski, P.; Scholes, R. J.; Boyle, E.; Canadell, J.; Canfield, D.; Elser, J.; Gruber, N.; Hibbard, K.; Högberg, P.; Linder, S.; MacKenzie, F. T.; Moore III, B.; Pedersen, T.; Rosenthal, Y.; Seitzinger, S.; Smetacek, V.; Steffen, W. (2000). "The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth

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Organic carbon burial is an input of energy for underground biological environments and can regulate oxygen in the atmosphere at long time-scales (> 10,000 years). Burial can only take place if organic carbon arrives to the sea floor, making continental shelves and coastal margins the main storage

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and upper slopes; this is due partly to short exposure time because of a shorter distance to the seafloor and the composition of the organic matter that is already deposited in those environments. Organic carbon burial is also sensitive to climate patterns: the accumulation rate of organic carbon was

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shell. Carbonate ions preferentially bind to hydrogen ions to form bicarbonate, thus a reduction in carbonate ion availability increases the amount of unbound hydrogen ions, and decreases the amount of bicarbonate formed (Equations 1–3). pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration, where a low

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in the world that alter carbon transport from rivers to oceans. Using data from the Global Reservoirs and Dams database, which contains approximately 7000 reservoirs that hold 77% of the total volume of water held back by dams (8000 km), it is estimated that the delivery of carbon to the ocean

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range) and have half-lives of only minutes when free in the ocean. They are consumed by microbes within hours or days of production and reside in the surface oceans, where they contribute a majority of the labile carbon flux. Semilabile molecules, much more difficult to consume, are able to reach

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sediments. The burial depth at which degradation halts depends upon the sedimentation rate, the relative abundance of organic matter in the sediment, the type of organic matter being buried, and innumerable other variables. While decomposition of organic matter can occur in anoxic sediments when

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rivers) input approximately 0.004 Gt (6.5 x 10 moles) DIC per year. The total carbon transport of rivers represents approximately 0.02% of the total carbon in the atmosphere. Though it seems small, over long time scales (1000 to 10,000 years) the carbon that enters rivers (and therefore does not

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or by the decomposition of life (equation 5, e.g. plant and soil material). Rivers contribute roughly equal amounts (~0.4 GtC/yr) of DIC and DOC to the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 0.8 GtC (DIC + DOC) is transported annually from the rivers to the ocean. The rivers that flow into

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Particulate organic carbon, created through biological production, can be exported from the upper ocean in a flux commonly termed the biological pump, or respired (equation 6) back into inorganic carbon. In the former, dissolved inorganic carbon is biologically converted into organic matter by

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can also be dissolved through metabolic dissolution (i.e. can be used as food and excreted) and thus deep ocean sediments have very little calcium carbonate. The precipitation and burial of calcium carbonate in the ocean removes particulate inorganic carbon from the ocean and ultimately forms

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into bicarbonate. The lower the Revelle factor, the higher the capacity for ocean water to take in carbon dioxide. While Revelle calculated a factor of around 10 in his day, in a 2004 study data showed a Revelle factor ranging from approximately 9 in low-latitude tropical regions to 15 in the

1881: 6151:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Hauck, Judith; Landschützer, Peter; Le Quéré, Corinne; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Sitch, Stephen; Canadell, Josep G.

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2112: 2233:. The Revelle Factor is a ratio of the change of carbon dioxide to the change in dissolved inorganic carbon, which serves as an indicator of carbon dioxide dissolution in the mixed layer considering the solubility pump. The Revelle Factor is an expression to characterize the 2701:

are important since they provide a thorough record of life on Earth and an important source of fossil fuel. Oceanic carbon can exit the system in the form of detritus that sinks and is buried in the seafloor without being fully decomposed or dissolved. Ocean floor surface

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concentrations have increased due to anthropogenic emissions. However, the ocean carbon sink may be more sensitive to climate change than previously thought, and ocean warming and circulation changes due to climate change could result in the ocean absorbing less

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Gruber, Nicolas; Clement, Dominic; Carter, Brendan R.; Feely, Richard A.; van Heuven, Steven; Hoppema, Mario; Ishii, Masao; Key, Robert M.; Kozyr, Alex; Lauvset, Siv K.; Lo Monaco, Claire; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Murata, Akihiko; Olsen, Are; Perez, Fiz F. (2019-03-15).

2151:. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally and with time but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of around 2.9 Pg (equivalent to 2.9 billion metric tonnes) of carbon from atmospheric CO 1002:(DOC) is defined operationally as any organic molecule that can pass through a 0.2 μm filter. DOC can be converted into particulate organic carbon through heterotrophy and it can also be converted back to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) through respiration. 3615:

has decreased by 13% since 1970 and is projected to reach 19% by 2030. The excess carbon contained in the reservoirs may emit an additional ~0.184 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere per year and an additional ~0.2 GtC will be buried in sediment. Prior to 2000, the

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Carbon is separated into four distinct pools based on whether it is organic/inorganic and whether it is dissolved/particulate. The processes associated with each arrow describe the transformation associated with the transfer of carbon from one reservoir to

1642:, semilabile, or refractory. Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is the primary source for labile and semilabile molecules, and is the indirect source for most refractory molecules. Labile molecules are present at low concentrations outside of cells (in the 64:

is a result of many interacting forces across multiple time and space scales that circulates carbon around the planet, ensuring that carbon is available globally. The Oceanic carbon cycle is a central process to the global carbon cycle and contains both

2504: 107:(~3 Gt C) is very small compared with terrestrial vegetation (~610 GtC), the amount of carbon exchanged (the flux) by these groups is nearly equal – about 50 GtC each. Marine organisms link the carbon and oxygen cycles through processes such as 2723:

Historically, sediments with the highest organic carbon contents were frequently found in areas with high surface water productivity or those with low bottom-water oxygen concentrations. 90% of organic carbon burial occurs in deposits of

1659:. Refractory DOM can reach depths greater than 1000 m and circulates through the oceans over thousands of years. Over the course of a year, approximately 20 gigatons of photosynthetically-fixed labile and semilabile carbon is taken up by 5783:

Huguet, Carme; de Lange, Gert J.; Gustafsson, Örjan; Middelburg, Jack J.; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S.; Schouten, Stefan (2008-12-15). "Selective preservation of soil organic matter in oxidized marine sediments (Madeira Abyssal Plain)".

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can be determined by the rain ratio - the proportion of carbon from calcium carbonate compared to that from organic carbon in particulate matter sinking to the ocean floor, (PIC/POC). The carbonate pump acts as a negative feedback on

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and sulfate reduction, before burial in the seafloor. Degradation of POC also results in microbial methane production which is the main gas hydrate on the continental margins. Lignin and pollen are inherently resistant to

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Moran, M; Kujawinski, E; Stubbins, A; Fatland, R; Aluwihare, L; Buchan, A; Crump, B; Dorrestein, P; Dyhrman, S; Hess, N; Howe, B; Longnecker, K; Medeiros, P; Niggemann, J; Obernosterer, I; Repeta, D; Waldbauer, J (2016).

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Marine carbon is further separated into particulate and dissolved phases. These pools are operationally defined by physical separation – dissolved carbon passes through a 0.2 μm filter, and particulate carbon does not.

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Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as –

1579: 6194: 5431:

Velbel, Michael Anthony (1993-12-01). "Temperature dependence of silicate weathering in nature: How strong a negative feedback on long-term accumulation of atmospheric CO2 and global greenhouse warming?".

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Falkowski, P.; Scholes, R. J.; Boyle, E.; Canadell, J.; Canfield, D.; Elser, J.; Gruber, N.; Hibbard, K.; Högberg, P. (2000-10-13). "The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a System".

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occurs, is buried in marine sediments. It is then implied that since there is a higher input of organic matter to the ocean than what is being buried, a large portion of it is used up or consumed within.

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The oceans store the largest pool of reactive carbon on the planet as DIC, which is introduced as a result of the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide into seawater – the solubility pump. Aqueous CO

956:(i.e. primary production). DIC increases with depth as organic carbon particles sink and are respired. Free oxygen decreases as DIC increases because oxygen is consumed during aerobic respiration. 1175: 1376: 1280: 6824:

Barros, N; Cole, J; Tranvik, L; Prairie, Y; Bastviken, D; Huszar, V; del Giorgio, P; Roland, F (2011). "Carbon emission from hydroelectric reservoirs linked to reservoir age and latitude".

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Takahashi, T; Sutherland, S; Sweeney, C; Poisson, A; Metzl, N (2002). "Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects".

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in the atmosphere, has increased the temperature of the ocean and atmosphere. The slowed rate of global warming occurring from 2000–2010 may be attributed to an observed increase in upper

990:). The marine carbon cycle also affects the reaction and dissolution rates of some chemical compounds, regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and Earth's temperature. 6646:

Lehner, B; Liermann, C; Revenga, C; Vorosmarty, C; Fekete, B; Crouzet, P; Doll, P; Endejan, M; Frenken, K; Magome, J; Nilsson, C; Robertson, J; Rodel, R; Sindorf, N; Wisser, D (2011).

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oceans have the highest carbon uptake per unit area in the world, and in the North Atlantic deep convection transports approximately 197 Tg per year of non-refractory carbon to depth.

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depend on the concentration of carbon dioxide already present in both the atmosphere and the ocean, temperature, salinity, and wind speed. This exchange rate can be approximated by

3868: 4174:

Wilson, R. W.; Millero, F. J.; Taylor, J. R.; Walsh, P. J.; Christensen, V.; Jennings, S.; Grosell, M. (2009-01-16). "Contribution of Fish to the Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle".

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Takahashi, T; Sutherland, S; Wanninkhof, R; et al. (2009). "Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans".

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that then sinks and is, in part or whole, digested by heterotrophs. Particulate organic carbon can be classified, based on how easily organisms can break them down for food, as

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The carbonate pump, sometimes called the carbonate counter pump, starts with marine organisms at the ocean's surface producing particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) in the form of

1005:

Those organic carbon molecules being captured on a filter are defined as particulate organic carbon (POC). POC is composed of organisms (dead or alive), their fecal matter, and

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Revelle, Roger; Suess, Hans E. (1957-02-01). "Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past Decades".

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Kim, S; Kramer, R; Hatcher, P (2003). "Graphical method for analysis of ultrahigh-resolution broadband mass spectra of natural organic matter, the van Krevelen diagram".

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Gruber, Nicolas; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; DeVries, Tim; Gregor, Luke; Hauck, Judith; Landschützer, Peter; McKinley, Galen A.; Müller, Jens Daniel (24 January 2023).

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Gruber, Nicolas; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; DeVries, Tim; Gregor, Luke; Hauck, Judith; Landschützer, Peter; McKinley, Galen A.; Müller, Jens Daniel (24 January 2023).

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Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Revelle, R; Suess, H (1957). "Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades".

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carbon (carbon that is, or has been, incorporated into a living thing). Part of the marine carbon cycle transforms carbon between non-living and living matter.

3345: 4814:; Hollowed, Anne; Knowlton, Nancy; Polovina, Jeffrey; Rabalais, Nancy; Sydeman, William; Talley, Lynne (2012). "Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems". 3635:(home to the largest reservoir) River basins exceeded the burial by the Mississippi. Other large contributors to carbon burial caused by damming occur on the 1394:

The dissolved species in the equations above, mostly bicarbonate, make up the carbonate alkalinity system, the dominant contributor to seawater alkalinity.

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Brophy, Jennifer E.; Carlson, David J. (1989). "Production of biologically refractory dissolved organic carbon by natural seawater microbial populations".

2065:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\underset {carbohydrate}{C6H12O6}}+{\underset {oxygen}{6O2}}->{\underset {carbon~dioxide}{6CO2}}+{\underset {water}{6H2O}}+heat}}} 143: 5927:

Smith, Richard; Bianchi, Thomas; Allison, Mead; Savage, Candida; Galy, Valier (2015). "High rates of organic carbon burial in fjord sediments globally".

3578:, and perhaps the most conspicuous, a structure built by organisms – the coral reefs. Most surface water will remain supersaturated with respect to CaCO 6516: 1876:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\underset {carbon~dioxide}{6CO2}}+{\underset {water}{6H2O}}->{\underset {carbohydrate}{C6H12O6}}+{\underset {oxygen}{6O2}}}}} 5380:

Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy (2015). "Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion".

5829: 6744: 147: 6902: 6374: 5524: 1054:, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion concentrations comprise dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). DIC circulates throughout the whole ocean by 5562:

Berner, Robert A. (1989-01-01). "Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over phanerozoic time".

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balancing the impact of rock weathering and terrestrial particulate organic carbon; now it has become a sink for the excess atmospheric CO

6219: 3876: 1442: 3409:. Burial rates can be calculated as the difference between the rate at which organic matter sinks and the rate at which it decomposes. 323: 4321: 7137: 3486:, a smaller fraction of the anthropogenic flux will be taken up by the ocean in the future. Current annual increase in atmospheric CO 2861: 2854: 2677:

The key outputs of the marine carbon system are particulate organic matter (POC) and calcium carbonate (PIC) preservation as well as

608: 281: 139: 2093:

Inputs to the marine carbon cycle are numerous, but the primary contributions, on a net basis, come from the atmosphere and rivers.

166:, the human impacts on the marine carbon cycle are significant. Before the Industrial Revolution, the ocean was a net source of CO 2527: 2196: 781: 308: 127:, which states that organisms tend to take up nitrogen and phosphorus incorporating new organic carbon. Likewise, organic matter 6517:"Impacts of Coastal Acidification on the Pacific Northwest Shellfish Industry and Adaptation Strategies Implemented in Response" 2693:

Sedimentation is a long-term sink for carbon in the ocean, as well as the largest loss of carbon from the oceanic system. Deep

1038: 888:. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate (CO 844: 662: 5767: 4261: 3331: 1058:, which facilitates the tremendous DIC storage capacity of the ocean. The chemical equations below show the reactions that CO 786: 7069: 3494:

per year. This induces climate change that drives carbon concentration and carbon-climate feedback processes that modifies

3297: 151: 3421:(Equation 4), and therefore a change in the rate of preservation of calcium carbonate can alter the partial pressure of CO 2822: 251: 155: 17: 5342: 952:(biologically or abiotically). DIC can also be converted to particulate organic carbon (POC) through photosynthesis and 170:

to the atmosphere whereas now the majority of the carbon that enters the ocean comes from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO

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Capelle, David W.; Kuzyk, Zou Zou A.; Papakyriakou, Tim; Guéguen, Céline; Miller, Lisa A.; MacDonald, Robie W. (2020).

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per year. Because the solubility of carbon dioxide increases when temperature decreases, cold areas can contain more CO

1074: 1089: 6875: 6870: 6491: 4429: 3963: 3732: 1313: 4402:

Rost, Björn; Riebesell, Ulf (2004). "Coccolithophores and the biological pump: Responses to environmental changes".

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The precipitation of calcium carbonate is important as it results in a loss of alkalinity as well as a release of CO

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account for 1.75x10 kg of carbon in the global carbon cycle At most, 4% of the particulate organic carbon from the

1209: 4080:

Knight, J (2009). "Global oceans: Do global temperature trends over the last decade falsify climate predictions?".

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Emerson, S; Hedges, J (October 1988). "Processes Controlling the Organic Carbon Content of Open Ocean Sediments".

5343:"Ecosystem effects of shell aggregations and cycling in coastal waters: an example of Chesapeake Bay oyster reefs" 998:

Like inorganic carbon, there are two main forms of organic carbon found in the ocean (dissolved and particulate).

7198: 3446:. On time scales greater than 500,000 years Earth's climate is moderated by the flux of carbon in and out of the 2930: 1652: 1647:

depths of hundreds of meters below the surface before being metabolized. Refractory DOM largely comprises highly

959:

Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) is the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. Most PIC is the CaCO

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D'Hondt, S; Rutherford, S; Spivack, A.J. (2002). "Metabolic activity of subsurface life in deep-sea sediments".

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and land use changes. By doing so, the ocean has acted as a buffer, somewhat slowing the rise in atmospheric CO

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Kasting, J. F.; Toon, O. B.; Pollack, J. B. (1988-02-01). "How climate evolved on the terrestrial planets".

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Henrichs, Susan (1992). "Early diagenesis of organic matter in marine sediments: progress and perplexity".

2998: 2990: 2976: 2903: 945: 716: 711: 701: 381: 7208: 3253: 2499:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NaAlSi3O8 + 2 H2CO3 + 9 H2O -> 2 Na+ + 2 HCO3^- + 4 H4SiO4 + Al2Si2O5(OH)4}}} 1617:

taken into the ocean by the solubility pump. It occurs with lesser magnitude than the solubility pump.

771: 669: 375: 369: 103:) are responsible for the largest annual carbon fluxes. Although the amount of carbon stored in marine 89: 6338: 2121: 776: 396: 92:. The speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the marine carbon cycle is a primary controller of 4955: 4412: 1073:

First, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. concentration in the 1990s (from the

7166: 7161: 3844: 3534:. The rise in dissolved carbon dioxide reduces the availability of the carbonate ion, reducing CaCO 3495: 3392:. This occurs because of preferential decomposition of labile molecules over refractile molecules. 3066: 3061: 2817: 1664: 1055: 999: 751: 679: 674: 657: 502: 363: 261: 6648:"High-resolution mapping of the world's reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management" 4810:; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Duffy, Emmett; Barry, James; Chan, Francis; English, Chad; Galindo, Heather; 3921: 56:

between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the

7100: 5830:"Sedimentary organic matter preservation: A test for selective degradation under oxic conditions" 4867:"Effect of terrestrial organic matter on ocean acidification and CO2 flux in an Arctic shelf sea" 4811: 3220: 2160: 761: 276: 6989: 6285: 4950: 4407: 3170: 1070: 921: 581: 357: 318: 286: 66: 6153: 7247: 7193: 6738: 5880:"Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in marine sediment: Which is fastest?" 5543:

Fleming, R.H.; Revelle, R. (1939). "Physical processes in the oceans". In Trask, P.D. (ed.).

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Redfield, Alfred C. (1958). "The Biological Control of Chemical Factors in the Environment".

2913: 2213:(S) of the carbon dioxide gas is proportional to the amount of gas in the atmosphere, or its 2136: 830: 817: 766: 497: 1298:

The free hydrogen ion meets carbonate, already present in the water from the dissolution of

7112: 6919: 6911: 6833: 6780: 6700: 6659: 6567: 6419: 6300: 6256: 6117: 6074: 5971: 5936: 5891: 5841: 5793: 5716: 5648: 5606: 5571: 5497: 5441: 5389: 5354: 5289: 5224: 5167: 5128: 5093: 5003: 4942: 4878: 4823: 4723: 4682: 4641: 4539: 4492: 4366: 4329: 4287: 4183: 4137: 3766: 3437:

at depth, meaning the shells are more likely to dissolve as they sink to ocean depths. CaCO

3082: 2834: 2757: 2734: 693: 595: 351: 5762:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 124. American Geophysical Union. pp. 3–18. 5260:

CO2calc—A user-friendly seawater carbon calculator for Windows, Mac OS X, and iOS (iPhone)

8: 7203: 7144: 6647: 4835: 4785: 3599: 3543:

pH means there are more unbound hydrogen ions. pH is therefore an indicator of carbonate

3524: 3241: 3051: 2942: 1643: 1609: 642: 458: 313: 198: 6837: 6784: 6704: 6663: 6571: 6423: 6304: 6260: 6121: 6078: 5975: 5940: 5895: 5845: 5797: 5720: 5652: 5610: 5575: 5501: 5445: 5393: 5358: 5293: 5228: 5171: 5132: 5097: 5007: 4946: 4882: 4827: 4727: 4686: 4645: 4543: 4496: 4370: 4291: 4187: 4141: 3770: 6849: 6801: 6768: 6726: 6628: 6453: 6316: 6129: 5740: 5669: 5636: 5465: 5413: 5323: 5188: 5155: 5105: 4976: 4847: 4746: 4711: 4610: 4562: 4527: 4215: 3817: 3592: 3180: 2711: 2698: 2678: 2234: 1017:, for example. POC is generally converted to DIC through heterotrophy and respiration. 721: 489: 473: 468: 391: 210: 93: 76:

Three main processes (or pumps) that make up the marine carbon cycle bring atmospheric

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Cartapanis, Olivier; Bianchi, Daniele; Jaccard, Samuel; Galbraith, Eric (2016-01-21).

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to the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes, a net loss in the cycle does not occur.

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Kvenvolden, K.A.; Lorenson, T.D. (2001). Charles K. Paull; William P. Dillon (eds.).

5732: 5674: 5618: 5583: 5457: 5417: 5405: 5315: 5240: 5212: 5193: 5063: 5031: 4839: 4789: 4751: 4602: 4567: 4504: 4462: 4425: 4384: 4303: 4257: 4207: 4199: 4010: 3988: 3959: 3825: 3790: 3782: 3738: 3728: 3616: 3567: 3511: 3210: 3056: 2908: 2844: 2729: 2658: 2645: 2094: 1403: 1299: 652: 431: 266: 100: 6853: 6730: 6320: 5744: 5637:"Global pulses of organic carbon burial in deep-sea sediments during glacial maxima" 4980: 4851: 4614: 4219: 7107: 7095: 7026: 6996: 6841: 6796: 6788: 6716: 6708: 6667: 6612: 6575: 6531: 6457: 6427: 6308: 6264: 6165: 6125: 6082: 6027: 5979: 5944: 5899: 5849: 5825: 5801: 5724: 5664: 5656: 5614: 5579: 5505: 5449: 5397: 5362: 5327: 5305: 5297: 5232: 5183: 5175: 5156:"Dissolved organic carbon in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation" 5136: 5101: 5053: 5043: 5011: 4968: 4960: 4896: 4886: 4831: 4781: 4741: 4731: 4690: 4649: 4594: 4557: 4547: 4500: 4454: 4417: 4374: 4295: 4191: 4145: 4000: 3774: 3684: 3514:

of the oceans contribute to the degraded state of the world's biggest carbon sink.

3459: 3227: 3215: 2925: 2788: 2214: 618: 512: 507: 116: 6603:

Chisholm, S; Falkowski, P; Cullen, J (2001). "Dis-crediting ocean fertilization".

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Current global map of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the ocean surface

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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carbon (carbon not associated with a living thing, such as carbon dioxide) and

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Regnier, Pierre; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Ciais, Philippe; et al. (2013).

6269: 6244: 6170: 5904: 5879: 5805: 5048: 4630:"Carbon fluxes through estuarine bacteria reflect coupling with phytoplankton" 4379: 4354: 4005: 7241: 7183: 6969: 6964: 6589: 6501: 6441: 6386: 6350: 6245:"Feedbacks in emission-driven and concentration-driven global carbon budgets" 6179: 6137: 6094: 6039: 5991: 5913: 5861: 5461: 5244: 5067: 4388: 4203: 4014: 3786: 3742: 3676: 3652: 3372: 3165: 3155: 3110: 3105: 3095: 3043: 2966: 2898: 2649: 2190: 1051: 1014: 964: 120: 6616: 6536: 6031: 5853: 5728: 5509: 5301: 4736: 4552: 4195: 4126:"Retrospective prediction of the global warming slowdown in the past decade" 3627:

basins account for 25 – 31% of all reservoir carbon burial. After 2000, the

1065: 235: 7016: 7011: 6984: 6927: 6810: 6688: 6624: 6449: 6370: 6334: 6312: 6047: 5999: 5736: 5678: 5409: 5319: 5197: 4843: 4793: 4755: 4606: 4585:

Azam, F; Malfatti, F (2007). "Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems".

4571: 4466: 4307: 4211: 3829: 3794: 3640: 3624: 3563: 3558:

The list of organisms that may struggle due to ocean acidification include

3140: 3125: 2971: 2937: 2920: 2812: 2804: 2738: 1663:, whereas fewer than 0.2 gigatons of refractory carbon is consumed. Marine 1194: 920:

There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans.

885: 881: 539: 453: 407: 345: 227: 61: 1062:

undergoes after it enters the ocean and transforms into its aqueous form.

7132: 7122: 7117: 7021: 6580: 6555: 4964: 4807: 4149: 3620: 3507: 3447: 3406: 3100: 3017: 2849: 2839: 2783: 2775: 2725: 2707: 2653: 2168: 2163:

decrease the capacity of the oceans to take in carbon dioxide. The North

1671:

supply, but industrial processes are altering the balance of this cycle.

1660: 1648: 1077: 1009:. POC can be converted to DOC through disaggregation of molecules and by 975: 603: 576: 571: 566: 556: 526: 412: 271: 186: 6880: 6792: 5660: 5401: 4598: 3821: 7001: 6959: 6721: 6150: 5310: 5154:

Fontela, M; Garcia-Ibanez, M; Hansell, D; Mercier, H; Perez, F (2016).

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absorption by the ocean has been increasing with time as atmospheric CO

2144: 983: 963:

that makes up shells of various marine organisms, but can also form in

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Hansell, D (2013). "Recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon fractions".

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saturation state, thus making it thermodynamically harder to make CaCO

986:, a natural ocean buffer that prevents drastic changes in acidity (or 862: 7149: 7054: 6845: 6712: 5948: 4972: 3443: 3278: 3246: 2159:

and still be in equilibrium with the atmosphere; In contrast, rising

2127: 1635: 1411: 1198: 979: 177:

In recent decades, the ocean has acted as a sink for anthropogenic CO

6766: 6689:"Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean" 6432: 6407: 5118: 4153: 4123: 1755: 6686: 6672: 6556:"Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies" 3499: 3401:

of organic carbon from terrestrial and oceanic primary production.

3358:

POC is decomposed by a series of microbe-driven processes, such as

2765: 2703: 1639: 1574:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^2+ + 2HCO3^- <=> CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O}}} 1423: 1006: 30: 5878:

Kristensen, Erik; Ahmed, Saiyed I.; Devol, Allan H. (1995-12-01).

5782: 5153: 88:), and about 95% (~38,000 Gt C) is stored in the ocean, mostly as 6339:"Tackling degraded oceans could mitigate climate crisis - report" 5634: 5258:

Robbins, L.L.; Hansen, M.E.; Kleypas, J.A.; Meylan, S.C. (2010).

4993: 4912:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

3644: 3632: 3530:

The pH of the oceans is declining due to uptake of atmospheric CO

3467: 3381: 3377: 1407: 1010: 873: 634: 417: 6769:"Global perturbation of organic carbon cycling by river damming" 6283: 5273:

Sabine, C.L.; Feely, R.A.; Gruber, N; Key, R.M.; Lee, K (2004).

5262:. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1280. p. 16. 4710:

Follett, C; Repeta, D; Rothman, D; Xu, L; Santinelli, C (2014).

3952:

Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide

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Maavara, T; Lauerwald, R; Regnier, P; Van Cappellen, P (2016).

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Guemas, V; Doblas-Reyes, F; Andreu-Burillo, I; Asif, M (2013).

3648: 3636: 3575: 3571: 3551:

of carbon present) in the oceans and can be used to assess how

3385: 1656: 796: 57: 53: 5379: 4524: 7059: 6876:

Current global map of the sea-air carbon dioxide flux density

6192: 5760:

Natural Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection

4908: 4276: 3755: 3402: 3368: 3287: 2250: 877: 791: 159: 5706: 4712:"Hidden cycle of dissolved organic carbon in the deep ocean" 2616:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + H2CO3 -> Ca^2+ + 2 HCO3^-}}} 1667:(DOM) can store as much carbon as the current atmospheric CO 7064: 6284:

Gregory, J; Jones, C; Cadule, P; Friedlingstein, P (2009).

6016:"The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO 2 from 1994 to 2007" 5454:

10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<1059:TDOSWI>2.3.CO;2

3292: 2657:

enter the atmosphere) serves as a stabilizing feedback for

974:

Some of the inorganic carbon species in the ocean, such as

135: 111:. The marine carbon cycle is also biologically tied to the 104: 36: 6375:"Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn" 5257: 5121:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

4996:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

4806: 3869:"New report published on "Climate, Carbon and Coral Reefs" 3450:. Rocks formed in the ocean seafloor are recycled through 2191:

Carbon dioxide exchange rates between ocean and atmosphere

2097:

generally supply carbon equal to the amount they consume.

6060: 5926: 5210: 3611: 3482:. Because the Revelle factor increases with increasing CO 2571: 2558: 2542: 2492: 2471: 2458: 2445: 2429: 2416: 2354: 2334: 2321: 2301: 2288: 2225:

Since the oceanic intake of carbon dioxide is limited, CO

2043: 2006: 1977: 1948: 1935: 1922: 1863: 1834: 1821: 1808: 1738: 1701: 1564: 1548: 1532: 1237: 1224: 1163: 1150: 1131: 1104: 6823: 6012: 4173: 3922:"Sabine et al. – The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2" 3490:

is approximately 4-5 gigatons of carbon, about 2-3ppm CO

1434:

in the following reaction with simplified stoichiometry:

1426:. The formation of these shells increases atmospheric CO 6602: 4485:

Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers

4355:"Carbon dioxide and metabolism in marine environments1" 2261:(equation 7) and carbonate rocks (equation 8) on land, 2253:

can also transport organic carbon to the ocean through

987: 6218:

Lindsey, Rebecca (2024-04-09). Dlugokencky, Ed (ed.).

4914:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (2013).

2530: 2272: 1907: 1682: 1445: 1316: 1212: 1092: 5877: 5340: 5272: 4627: 3722: 3666: 1042:

Dissociation of carbon dioxide following Henry's Law

967:. Marine fish also excrete calcium carbonate during 193:

levels. However, this absorption of anthropogenic CO

144:

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

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Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change

2107:

Carbon sequestration § Sequestration in oceans

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Waltham, Mass.: Academic Press. 3388:), decomposition tends to end short of complete 1371:{\displaystyle {\ce {H+ + CO3^2- -> HCO3^-}}} 6405: 5630: 5628: 5566:. The Long Term Stability of the Earth System. 5532:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–470. 4925: 4082:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 4057:"Fifth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2013" 3898:"Fifth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2013" 2710:zone in the Pacific Ocean, where light-powered 2681:. While there are regions with local loss of CO 1634:photosynthesis (equation 5) and other forms of 1275:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3^-}}} 6481: 5691: 5542: 4668: 4528:"Deciphering ocean carbon in a changing world" 4256:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 2688: 6896: 5523:Ciais, Philippe; Sabine, Christopher (2014). 5487: 4987: 4482: 4401: 3339: 2187:from the atmosphere in future than expected. 838: 6482:Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Hansson, Lina (2011). 6220:"Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" 6107: 5625: 5549:American Association of Petroleum Geologists 5083: 4584: 3498:and the physical and chemical properties of 1193:Carbonic acid rapidly dissociates into free 6743:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5522: 4858: 4662: 3570:in many areas), human food sources such as 2209:and can be calculated as S = kP, where the 123:ratio C:N:P of 106:16:1, also known as the 6903: 6889: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6553: 5700: 5373: 5341:Waldbusser, G; Powell, E; Mann, R (2013). 5334: 5079: 5077: 4767: 4765: 4628:Moran, X; Ducklow, H; Erickson, M (2013). 3346: 3332: 1305:, and reacts to form more bicarbonate ion. 845: 831: 185:produced by humans through the burning of 6910: 6800: 6720: 6671: 6579: 6535: 6431: 6268: 6242: 6169: 5903: 5668: 5309: 5187: 5112: 5057: 5047: 4954: 4900: 4890: 4745: 4735: 4694: 4653: 4621: 4561: 4551: 4411: 4378: 4004: 3376:bacteria use oxidants other than oxygen ( 3371:gradients) can degrade organic matter in 2596: 2405: 2383: 2366: 2343: 2310: 2277: 2032: 1995: 1966: 1852: 1727: 1690: 1466: 52:) is composed of processes that exchange 6652:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5685: 5596: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5275:"The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2" 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4352: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3807: 2668: 2126:Carbon cycle processes in high-latitude 2120: 2110: 1064: 1037: 861: 29: 27:Ocean/atmosphere carbon exchange process 6751: 6680: 6277: 6217: 5251: 5074: 4771: 4762: 4703: 4353:Smith, S. 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Archived from 3779:10.1126/science.290.5490.291 2999:Marine biogeochemical cycles 2237:of the DIC pool to absorb CO 982:, are major contributors to 946:particulate inorganic carbon 717:Carbonate compensation depth 382:Particulate inorganic carbon 205:, a result of this excess CO 7: 6154:"Global Carbon Budget 2023" 5834:American Journal of Science 5032:"Global Carbon Budget 2023" 4587:Nature Reviews Microbiology 4422:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_5 3989:"Global Carbon Budget 2023" 3662: 3425:in Earth's atmosphere. CaCO 2689:Organic matter preservation 2629: 2512: 2078: 1889: 1587: 1384: 1288: 1183: 944:). 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1443: 1314: 1210: 1090: 596:Carbon sequestration 352:Total organic carbon 46:oceanic carbon cycle 7204:Sulfur assimilation 7145:Ocean acidification 6838:2011NatGe...4..593B 6793:10.1038/ncomms15347 6785:2017NatCo...815347M 6705:2013NatGe...6..597R 6664:2011FrEE....9..494L 6572:2006GBioC..20.2017A 6484:Ocean acidification 6424:2003Natur.425..365C 6305:2009JCli...22.5232G 6261:2013JCli...26.3326B 6122:1957Tell....9...18R 6079:2023NRvEE...4..119G 6026:(6432): 1193–1199. 5976:1988SciAm.258b..90K 5964:Scientific American 5941:2015NatGe...8..450S 5896:1995LimOc..40.1430K 5846:1999AmJS..299..529H 5798:2008GeCoA..72.6061H 5721:2002Sci...295.2067D 5715:(5562): 2067–2070. 5661:10.1038/ncomms10796 5653:2016NatCo...710796C 5611:1992MarCh..39..119H 5576:1989PPP....75...97B 5502:1988PalOc...3..621E 5446:1993Geo....21.1059V 5402:10.1038/nature14400 5394:2015Natur.521..204G 5359:2013Ecol...94..895W 5294:2004Sci...305..367S 5229:2023NRvEE...4..119G 5172:2016NatSR...626931F 5133:2009DSRII..56..554T 5098:1957Tell....9...18R 5059:20.500.11850/665569 5008:2002DSRII..49.1601T 5002:(9–10): 1601–1622. 4947:2009GBioC..23.1005G 4883:2020PrOce.18502319C 4828:2012ARMS....4...11D 4728:2014PNAS..11116706F 4722:(47): 16706–16711. 4687:1998GBioC..12..443H 4646:2013MEPS..489...75M 4599:10.1038/nrmicro1747 4544:2016PNAS..113.3143M 4497:1989DSRA...36..497B 4371:1975LimOc..20..493S 4292:2000Sci...290..291F 4188:2009Sci...323..359W 4142:2013NatCC...3..649G 3771:2000Sci...290..291F 3606:Dams and reservoirs 3525:Ocean acidification 3518:Ocean acidification 3242:Ocean acidification 3052:Atmospheric methane 2752:Part of a series on 2730:continental shelves 2699:geologic formations 2611: 2573: 2560: 2544: 2494: 2473: 2460: 2447: 2431: 2418: 2398: 2356: 2336: 2323: 2303: 2290: 2045: 2008: 1979: 1950: 1937: 1924: 1865: 1836: 1823: 1810: 1792: 1740: 1703: 1566: 1550: 1534: 1499: 1481: 1366: 1348: 1270: 1239: 1226: 1165: 1152: 1133: 1106: 1021:Marine carbon pumps 936:and carbonic acid H 643:Atmospheric methane 609:Soil carbon storage 459:Reverse Krebs cycle 314:Ocean acidification 94:acid-base chemistry 50:marine carbon cycle 18:Marine carbon cycle 6293:Journal of Climate 6249:Journal of Climate 5551:. pp. 48–141. 3810:American Scientist 3593:Iron Fertilization 3586:Iron fertilization 2712:primary production 2679:reverse weathering 2675: 2613: 2597: 2561: 2548: 2532: 2496: 2474: 2461: 2448: 2435: 2419: 2406: 2384: 2344: 2324: 2311: 2291: 2278: 2133: 2119: 2095:Hydrothermal vents 2062: 2053: 2033: 2021: 1996: 1984: 1967: 1955: 1938: 1925: 1912: 1873: 1870: 1853: 1841: 1824: 1811: 1798: 1748: 1728: 1716: 1691: 1571: 1554: 1538: 1522: 1518: 1467: 1368: 1352: 1331: 1272: 1256: 1227: 1214: 1201:) and bicarbonate. 1167: 1153: 1140: 1121: 1094: 1082: 1044: 869: 722:Great Calcite Belt 670:Aerobic production 490:Carbon respiration 432:Metabolic pathways 392:Primary production 211:ocean heat content 42: 7235: 7234: 7189:Nitrogen fixation 7157:Methane clathrate 7138:mycorrhizal fungi 7091:geochemical cycle 6938:deep carbon cycle 6826:Nature Geoscience 6693:Nature Geoscience 6611:(5541): 309–310. 6299:(19): 5232–5250. 6255:(10): 3326–3341. 6164:(12): 5301–5369. 5929:Nature Geoscience 5792:(24): 6061–6068. 5769:978-0-875-90982-0 5440:(12): 1059–1062. 5388:(7551): 204–207. 5367:10.1890/12-1179.1 5288:(5682): 367–371. 5180:10.1038/srep26931 5127:(8–10): 554–577. 5042:(12): 5301–5369. 4696:10.1029/98gb01928 4655:10.3354/meps10428 4538:(12): 3143–3151. 4459:10.1021/AC034415P 4453:(20): 5336–5344. 4286:(5490): 291–296. 4263:978-0-521-83313-4 4182:(5912): 359–362. 4104:www.nodc.noaa.gov 3999:(12): 5301–5369. 3926:www.pmel.noaa.gov 3765:(5490): 291–296. 3568:marine food chain 3566:(the base of the 3512:plastic pollution 3502:, which alters CO 3496:ocean circulation 3356: 3355: 3211:geochemical cycle 3057:Methane clathrate 2855:mycorrhizal fungi 2845:deep carbon cycle 2637: 2636: 2600: 2580: 2564: 2551: 2535: 2520: 2519: 2481: 2464: 2451: 2438: 2422: 2409: 2387: 2370: 2359: 2347: 2327: 2314: 2294: 2281: 2086: 2085: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2036: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2013: 1999: 1990: 1983: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1941: 1928: 1915: 1910: 1897: 1896: 1869: 1856: 1847: 1840: 1827: 1814: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1773: 1747: 1743: 1731: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1694: 1685: 1595: 1594: 1569: 1557: 1541: 1525: 1520: 1470: 1450: 1404:calcium carbonate 1392: 1391: 1355: 1334: 1321: 1296: 1295: 1259: 1246: 1230: 1217: 1191: 1190: 1156: 1143: 1136: 1124: 1113: 1097: 855: 854: 653:Methane emissions 309:In the atmosphere 101:primary producers 16:(Redirected from 7260: 7225: 7224: 7108:Biosequestration 7096:chemical cycling 7027:deep water cycle 6997:Phosphorus cycle 6905: 6898: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6858: 6857: 6846:10.1038/ngeo1211 6821: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6764: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6724: 6713:10.1038/ngeo1830 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6583: 6551: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6521: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6479: 6462: 6461: 6435: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6173: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5949:10.1038/ngeo2421 5924: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5890:(8): 1430–1437. 5875: 5866: 5865: 5821: 5810: 5809: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5605:(1–3): 119–149. 5599:Marine Chemistry 5594: 5588: 5587: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5490:Paleoceanography 5485: 5474: 5473: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5313: 5279: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5191: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5051: 5026: 5020: 5019: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4958: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4894: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4749: 4739: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4555: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4415: 4404:Coccolithophores 4399: 4393: 4392: 4382: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4328:. Archived from 4318: 4312: 4311: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4224: 4223: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4152:. Archived from 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4038: 4019: 4018: 4008: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3957: 3947: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3720: 3685:Phosphorus cycle 3679: 3674: 3673: 3560:coccolithophores 3348: 3341: 3334: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3228:Biosequestration 3216:chemical cycling 2926:Phosphorus cycle 2789:deep water cycle 2768: 2749: 2748: 2695:marine sediments 2631: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2533: 2522: 2514: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2407: 2397: 2392: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2345: 2335: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2312: 2302: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2279: 2264: 2215:partial pressure 2080: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2034: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2004: 1997: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1968: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1913: 1899: 1891: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1854: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1771: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1729: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1692: 1674: 1604:. The air-sea CO 1598:Coccolithophores 1589: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1491: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1459: 1458: 1448: 1437: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1347: 1339: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1308: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1215: 1204: 1185: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1095: 1084: 928:), carbonate (CO 916:Inorganic carbon 847: 840: 833: 820: 815: 814: 619:pelagic sediment 513:Soil respiration 508:Photorespiration 238: 219: 218: 197:has also caused 21: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7213: 7128:biological pump 7086:Biogeochemistry 7074: 7043:Research groups 7038: 6914: 6909: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6822: 6818: 6765: 6752: 6736: 6735: 6685: 6681: 6644: 6640: 6601: 6597: 6552: 6545: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6494: 6480: 6465: 6433:10.1038/425365a 6404: 6400: 6391: 6389: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6353: 6332: 6328: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6241: 6237: 6228: 6226: 6224:www.climate.gov 6216: 6212: 6203: 6201: 6191: 6187: 6149: 6145: 6106: 6102: 6059: 6055: 6011: 6007: 5960: 5956: 5925: 5921: 5876: 5869: 5822: 5813: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5756: 5752: 5705: 5701: 5690: 5686: 5633: 5626: 5595: 5591: 5560: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5486: 5477: 5429: 5425: 5378: 5374: 5339: 5335: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5256: 5252: 5209: 5205: 5152: 5148: 5117: 5113: 5082: 5075: 5027: 5023: 4992: 4988: 4956:10.1.1.715.9875 4930: 4924: 4920: 4863: 4859: 4805: 4801: 4770: 4763: 4708: 4704: 4667: 4663: 4626: 4622: 4593:(10): 782–791. 4583: 4579: 4523: 4512: 4481: 4474: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4413:10.1.1.455.2864 4400: 4396: 4351: 4344: 4335: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4250: 4227: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4039: 4022: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3841: 3837: 3816:(3): 230A–221. 3806: 3802: 3754: 3750: 3735: 3721: 3698: 3693: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3608: 3588: 3581: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3520: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3452:plate tectonics 3440: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3398: 3352: 3311: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3283: 3268: 3267:Research groups 3260: 3259: 3258: 3237: 3206:Biogeochemistry 3200: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3085: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3025:Calcareous ooze 3008:Biological pump 3003: 2993: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2961: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2878: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2807: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2778: 2747: 2735:glacial maximum 2721: 2691: 2684: 2667: 2606: 2601: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2491: 2486: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2457: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2428: 2423: 2415: 2410: 2393: 2388: 2371: 2367: 2353: 2348: 2333: 2328: 2320: 2315: 2300: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2259:aluminosilicate 2248: 2240: 2228: 2223: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2131: 2117: 2109: 2103: 2091: 2042: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1976: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1947: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1862: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1833: 1828: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1750: 1737: 1732: 1723: 1721: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1670: 1651:molecules like 1628:Biological pump 1623: 1621:Biological pump 1616: 1607: 1603: 1563: 1558: 1547: 1542: 1531: 1526: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1476: 1471: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1400: 1361: 1356: 1340: 1335: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1265: 1260: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1162: 1157: 1149: 1144: 1130: 1125: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1061: 1049: 1033:Solubility pump 1028: 1026:Solubility pump 1023: 996: 962: 954:chemoautotrophy 951: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 918: 908:respectively). 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 860: 851: 810: 803: 802: 801: 741: 733: 732: 731: 696: 686: 685: 684: 637: 627: 626: 625: 614:Marine sediment 598: 588: 587: 586: 547:Solubility pump 535:Biological pump 529: 519: 518: 517: 492: 482: 481: 480: 464:Carbon fixation 449: 434: 424: 423: 422: 403: 387: 340: 338:Forms of carbon 330: 329: 328: 303: 293: 292: 291: 246: 216: 208: 196: 192: 184: 180: 173: 169: 96:in the oceans. 83: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7266: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7082: 7080: 7079:Related topics 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7007:Selenium cycle 7004: 6999: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6982: 6980:Nutrient cycle 6977: 6975:Nitrogen cycle 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6955:Hydrogen cycle 6952: 6950:Chlorine cycle 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6908: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6866: 6865:External links 6863: 6860: 6859: 6832:(9): 593–596. 6816: 6750: 6699:(8): 597–607. 6679: 6673:10.1890/100125 6658:(9): 494–502. 6638: 6595: 6543: 6530:(2): 146–159. 6507: 6492: 6463: 6398: 6373:(2019-12-07). 6362: 6337:(2019-12-04). 6326: 6276: 6235: 6210: 6185: 6152:(2023-12-05). 6143: 6100: 6073:(2): 119–134. 6053: 6005: 5954: 5919: 5867: 5811: 5775: 5768: 5750: 5699: 5684: 5624: 5589: 5554: 5535: 5515: 5496:(5): 621–634. 5475: 5423: 5372: 5353:(4): 895–903. 5333: 5265: 5250: 5223:(2): 119–134. 5203: 5146: 5111: 5073: 5030:(2023-12-05). 5021: 4986: 4918: 4857: 4799: 4780:(1): 421–445. 4761: 4702: 4681:(3): 443–453. 4661: 4620: 4577: 4510: 4491:(4): 497–507. 4472: 4437: 4430: 4394: 4365:(3): 493–495. 4342: 4313: 4278:as a System". 4269: 4262: 4225: 4166: 4136:(7): 649–653. 4116: 4091: 4072: 4048: 4020: 3987:(2023-12-05). 3978: 3964: 3937: 3913: 3889: 3860: 3835: 3800: 3748: 3733: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3664: 3661: 3607: 3604: 3600:geoengineering 3591:Full article: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3555:the ocean is. 3539: 3535: 3531: 3523:Full article: 3519: 3516: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3438: 3435:undersaturated 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3397: 3394: 3390:mineralization 3360:methanogenesis 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3233:Deep biosphere 3230: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3202: 3201: 3199:Related topics 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3030:Siliceous ooze 3027: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3013:microbial loop 3004: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2889:Nitrogen cycle 2886: 2884:Hydrogen cycle 2880: 2879: 2876:Nutrient cycle 2874: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2862:Boreal forests 2859: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2720: 2717: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2666: 2663: 2642:Chesapeake Bay 2635: 2634: 2625: 2623: 2609: 2604: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2568: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2518: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2468: 2455: 2442: 2434: 2426: 2413: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2365: 2362: 2351: 2342: 2339: 2331: 2318: 2309: 2306: 2298: 2285: 2276: 2257:or erosion of 2247: 2244: 2238: 2231:Revelle factor 2226: 2222: 2221:Revelle factor 2219: 2202: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2174:The rate of CO 2156: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2125: 2115: 2102: 2099: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2074: 2072: 2057: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2003: 1994: 1988: 1974: 1965: 1959: 1945: 1932: 1919: 1895: 1894: 1885: 1883: 1860: 1851: 1845: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1735: 1726: 1720: 1698: 1689: 1668: 1626:Full article: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1561: 1553: 1545: 1537: 1529: 1515: 1508: 1497: 1490: 1479: 1474: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1399: 1398:Carbonate pump 1396: 1390: 1389: 1380: 1378: 1364: 1359: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1330: 1325: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1242: 1234: 1221: 1197:(technically, 1189: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1160: 1147: 1139: 1128: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1101: 1059: 1047: 1031:Full article: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 995: 994:Organic carbon 992: 969:osmoregulation 965:whiting events 960: 949: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 917: 914: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 859: 856: 853: 852: 850: 849: 842: 835: 827: 824: 823: 822: 821: 805: 804: 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 757:Deep biosphere 754: 749: 743: 742: 739: 738: 735: 734: 730: 729: 727:Redfield ratio 724: 719: 714: 709: 707:Nutrient cycle 704: 698: 697: 694:Biogeochemical 692: 691: 688: 687: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 666: 665: 660: 650: 648:Methanogenesis 645: 639: 638: 633: 632: 629: 628: 624: 623: 622: 621: 611: 606: 600: 599: 594: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 562:Microbial loop 559: 554: 549: 544: 543: 542: 531: 530: 525: 524: 521: 520: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 494: 493: 488: 487: 484: 483: 479: 478: 477: 476: 471: 461: 456: 450: 448: 447: 445:Chemosynthesis 442: 440:Photosynthesis 436: 435: 430: 429: 426: 425: 421: 420: 415: 410: 404: 402: 401: 400: 399: 388: 386: 385: 379: 373: 367: 361: 355: 349: 342: 341: 336: 335: 332: 331: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 304: 301:Carbon dioxide 299: 298: 295: 294: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 231: 230: 224: 223: 206: 203:Climate change 194: 190: 182: 178: 171: 167: 121:stoichiometric 109:photosynthesis 81: 78:carbon dioxide 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7265: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7228: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7184:Nitrification 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6970:Mineral cycle 6968: 6966: 6965:Mercury cycle 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6899: 6894: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6746: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6566:(2): GB2017. 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6548: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6493:9780199591091 6489: 6485: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6418:(6956): 365. 6417: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6371:Harvey, Fiona 6366: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6335:Harvey, Fiona 6330: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570:(1): 97–122. 5569: 5565: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941:(1): GB1005. 4940: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4431:9783642060168 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4332:on 2017-12-07 4331: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4156:on 2022-11-25 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3967: 3965:0-85403-617-2 3961: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3734:9780123858740 3730: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3677:Oceans portal 3672: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3474:Human impacts 3471: 3469: 3465: 3462:, the carbon 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3044:Methane cycle 3040: 3039: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2967:Calcium cycle 2965: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2899:nitrification 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835:Sequestration 2833: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2739:interglacials 2736: 2731: 2727: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2607: 2602: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2566: 2553: 2545: 2537: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2487: 2466: 2453: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2411: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2349: 2340: 2337: 2329: 2316: 2307: 2304: 2296: 2283: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2236: 2232: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2188: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2146: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2055: 2038: 2029: 2023: 2001: 1992: 1972: 1963: 1957: 1943: 1930: 1917: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1858: 1849: 1843: 1829: 1816: 1803: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1733: 1724: 1718: 1696: 1687: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1618: 1611: 1599: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1559: 1551: 1543: 1535: 1527: 1506: 1495: 1477: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1425: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1362: 1357: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1323: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1248: 1232: 1219: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1158: 1145: 1126: 1118: 1099: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1052:carbonic acid 1040: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1018: 1016: 1015:phytoplankton 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 957: 955: 947: 923: 913: 909: 887: 886:nucleic acids 883: 882:carbohydrates 879: 875: 864: 858:Marine carbon 848: 843: 841: 836: 834: 829: 828: 826: 825: 819: 809: 808: 807: 806: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 737: 736: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 702:Marine cycles 700: 699: 695: 690: 689: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 636: 631: 630: 620: 617: 616: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 597: 592: 591: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 532: 528: 523: 522: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 491: 486: 485: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 428: 427: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 389: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 343: 339: 334: 333: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 302: 297: 296: 288: 285: 283: 282:Boreal forest 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 242: 241: 237: 233: 232: 229: 226: 225: 221: 220: 217: 214: 212: 204: 200: 188: 175: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 87: 79: 74: 72: 68: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 38: 32: 19: 7248:Carbon cycle 7017:Sulfur cycle 7012:Silica cycle 6985:Oxygen cycle 6942: 6928:Carbon cycle 6829: 6825: 6819: 6776: 6772: 6739:cite journal 6696: 6692: 6682: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6563: 6559: 6527: 6524:Oceanography 6523: 6510: 6483: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6390:. Retrieved 6379:The Guardian 6378: 6365: 6354:. Retrieved 6343:The Guardian 6342: 6329: 6296: 6292: 6279: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6227:. Retrieved 6223: 6213: 6202:. Retrieved 6198: 6188: 6161: 6157: 6146: 6116:(1): 18–27. 6113: 6109: 6103: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6023: 6019: 6008: 5970:(2): 90–97. 5967: 5963: 5957: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5887: 5883: 5840:(7–9): 529. 5837: 5833: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5759: 5753: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5693: 5687: 5644: 5640: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5544: 5538: 5525: 5518: 5493: 5489: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5285: 5281: 5268: 5259: 5253: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5092:(1): 18–27. 5089: 5085: 5039: 5035: 5024: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4938: 4934: 4921: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4822:(1): 11–37. 4819: 4815: 4808:Doney, Scott 4802: 4777: 4773: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4535: 4531: 4488: 4484: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4403: 4397: 4362: 4358: 4334:. Retrieved 4330:the original 4325: 4316: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4253: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4158:. Retrieved 4154:the original 4133: 4129: 4119: 4108:. Retrieved 4103: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4064:. Retrieved 4060: 4051: 4042: 3996: 3992: 3981: 3971:November 17, 3969:. Retrieved 3951: 3929:. Retrieved 3925: 3916: 3905:. Retrieved 3901: 3892: 3881:. Retrieved 3877:the original 3872: 3863: 3852:. Retrieved 3848: 3838: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3724: 3625:Ganges River 3609: 3597: 3590: 3589: 3564:foraminifera 3557: 3552: 3548: 3529: 3522: 3521: 3477: 3431:supersatured 3416: 3399: 3357: 3171:ozone–oxygen 3083:Other cycles 2991:Marine cycle 2972:Silica cycle 2943:assimilation 2938:Sulfur cycle 2931:assimilation 2921:Oxygen cycle 2914:assimilation 2894:human impact 2827: 2805:Carbon cycle 2737:compared to 2722: 2692: 2676: 2638: 2627: 2510: 2249: 2224: 2200: 2173: 2134: 2092: 2076: 1953:carbohydrate 1887: 1839:carbohydrate 1661:heterotrophs 1632: 1625: 1624: 1596: 1585: 1418:). This CaCO 1401: 1393: 1382: 1297: 1286: 1195:hydrogen ion 1192: 1181: 1069:Sea surface 1045: 1030: 1029: 1004: 997: 973: 958: 919: 910: 870: 540:Martin curve 527:Carbon pumps 454:Calvin cycle 408:Black carbon 346:Total carbon 287:Geochemistry 256: 228:Carbon cycle 215: 187:fossil fuels 176: 133: 98: 75: 62:carbon cycle 49: 45: 43: 7133:viral shunt 7123:soil carbon 7118:carbon sink 7022:Water cycle 6722:10871/18939 5311:10261/52596 4061:www.ipcc.ch 3902:www.ipcc.ch 3617:Mississippi 3508:Overfishing 3448:lithosphere 3407:blue carbon 3365:degradation 3018:viral shunt 2850:soil carbon 2840:carbon sink 2823:terrestrial 2818:atmospheric 2784:Water cycle 2776:Water cycle 2745:Degradation 2646:Susquehanna 2207:Henry's law 2135:Before the 1078:climatology 976:bicarbonate 604:Carbon sink 567:Viral shunt 557:Marine snow 413:Blue carbon 267:Deep carbon 262:Atmospheric 252:Terrestrial 86:blue whales 7242:Categories 7002:Rock cycle 6960:Iron cycle 6392:2019-12-07 6356:2019-12-07 6229:2024-09-21 6204:2024-09-21 5935:(6): 450. 4902:1993/34767 4877:: 102319. 4336:2017-11-28 4160:2019-12-10 4110:2017-11-26 4088:: S56–S57. 4066:2017-11-26 3931:2017-11-30 3907:2017-11-30 3883:2017-11-30 3854:2017-11-30 3691:References 3655:, and the 3623:, and the 3545:speciation 2959:Rock cycle 2659:greenhouse 2255:weathering 2211:solubility 2195:See also: 2145:atmosphere 2128:shelf seas 2105:See also: 2101:Atmosphere 1649:conjugated 1636:autotrophy 984:alkalinity 577:Whale pump 572:Jelly pump 552:Lipid pump 277:Permafrost 245:By regions 117:phosphorus 7150:acid rain 7055:GEOTRACES 6779:: 15347. 6633:130687109 6590:1944-9224 6502:823163766 6442:1476-4687 6387:0261-3077 6351:0261-3077 6180:1866-3508 6138:2153-3490 6095:2662-138X 6040:0036-8075 5992:0036-8733 5914:1939-5590 5862:0002-9599 5647:: 10796. 5547:. 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