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disrupt the behavior and communication of marine animals. Physical disturbances to the seabed may destroy geological features and their associated ecosystems. Furthermore, changes in water quality and the disruption of carbon sequestration processes, where organic carbon is stored in the deep sea, could have broader environmental impacts, including contributing to climate change. The slow rate of change in deep-sea environments and the long lifespans and reproductive cycles of abyssal species mean that recovery from such disturbances could take decades or centuries.
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thrive in an ecosystem that has less oxygen and biomass, energy sources or prey, than the upper zones. To survive in a region with so few resources and low temperatures, many fish and other organisms developed a much slower metabolism and require much less oxygen than those in upper zones. Many animals also move very slowly to conserve energy. Their reproduction rates are also very slow, to decrease competition and conserve energy. Animals here typically have flexible stomachs and mouths so that when scarce prey are found they can consume as many as possible.
556:). Large eyes would allow the detection and use of any light available, no matter how small. Commonly, animals in the abyssal zone are bioluminescent, producing blue light, because the blue wavelength of light is attenuated over greater travel distances than other wavelengths. Due to this lack of light, complex patterns and bright colors are not needed. Most fish species have evolved to be transparent, red, or black so they better blend in with the darkness and don't waste energy on developing and maintaining bright or complex patterns.
613:: This octopus usually lives at a depth between 1,000 to 7,000 meters, deeper than any other known octopus. They use the fins on top of their head, which look like flapping ears, to hover over the sea floor looking for food. They use their arms to help change directions or crawl along the seafloor. To combat the intense pressure of the abyssal zone, this octopus species lost its ink sac during evolution. They also use their strand-like structured suction cups to help detect predators, food, and other aspects of their environment.
707:
529:
607:): Their habitat is along the ocean floor, usually around 4,720 m below sea level. Their pelvic fins and caudal fin have long bony rays protruding from them. They face the current while standing still on their long rays. Once they sense food nearby, they use their large pectoral fins to hit the unsuspecting prey towards their mouth. Each member of this species has both male and female reproductive organs so that if a mate cannot be found, they can self fertilize.
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663:. Pollutants, such as plastics, are also present in this zone. Plastics are especially bad for the abyssal zone due to the fact that these organisms have evolved to eat or try to eat anything that moves or appears to be detritus, resulting in organisms consuming plastics instead of nutrients. Both ocean acidification and pollution are decreasing the already small biomass that resides within the abyssal zone.
670:. Even though no fishery can fish for organisms anywhere near the abyssal zone, they can still cause harm in deeper waters. The abyssal zone depends on dead organisms from the upper zones sinking to the seafloor, since the ecosystem lacks producers due to a lack of sunlight. As fish and other animals are removed from the ocean, the frequency and amount of dead material reaching the abyssal zone decreases.
646:: the Mariana snailfish or Mariana hadal snailfish, is a species of snailfish found at hadal depths in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean. It is known from a depth range of 6,198–8,076 m (20,335–26,496 ft), including a capture at 7,966 m (26,135 ft), which is possibly the record for a fish caught on the seafloor.
367:), meaning "bottomless". At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft), this zone remains in perpetual darkness. It covers 83% of the total area of the ocean and 60% of Earth's surface. The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) through the large majority of its mass. The water
597:(animals such as sharks, rays, and chimaeras) that make the abyssal zone their primary or constant habitat. Whether this is due to the limited resources, energy availability, or other physiological constraints is unknown. Most Chondrichthyes species only go as deep as the bathyal zone.
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Organisms in the abyssal zone rely on the natural processes of higher ocean layers. When animals from higher ocean levels die, their carcasses occasionally drift down to the abyssal zone, where organisms in the deep can feed on them. When a whale carcass falls down to the abyssal zone, this is called
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A new insight into the complexity of the abyssal environment has been provided by a team of researchers from the
Scottish Society of Marine Sciences. They have found that manganese nodules on the deep sea floor produce oxygen. The manganese nodules act as a kind of battery due to their composition
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Benthic organisms in the abyssal zone would need to have evolved morphological traits that could either keep them out of oxygen-depleted water above the sea floor or enable them to extract oxygen from the water above, while also allowing the animal access to the seafloor and the nutrients located
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Organisms that live at this depth have had to evolve to overcome challenges provided by the abyssal zone. Fish and invertebrates had to evolve to withstand the sheer cold and intense pressure found at this level. They also had to not only find ways to hunt and survive in constant darkness but to
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Sediment plumes generated by mining activities can spread widely, affecting filter feeders and smothering marine life. The potential release of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from mining equipment and disturbed seabed materials could lead to chemical pollution, while noise from machinery can
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fishes. Demersal fishes are a term that refers to fishes whose habitats are on or near (typically less than five meters from) the seafloor. Most fish species fit into that classification because the seafloor contains most of the abyssal zone’s nutrients; therefore, the most complex food web or
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operations could pose an issue to the abyssal zone in the future. The talks and planning for this industry are already underway. Deep sea mining could be disastrous for this extremely fragile ecosystem since there are many ecological dangers posed by mining for deep sea minerals. Mining could
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there. There are also animals that spend their time in the upper portion of the abyssal zone, some of which even occasionally spend time in the zone directly above, the bathyal zone. While there are a number of different fish species representing many different groups and classes, like
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species, meaning it only reproduces once and then dies after. This is seen as a way for the organism to conserve energy and have a higher chance of having some healthy strong children. This reproductive strategy could be very useful in low energy environments such as the abyssal
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of this zone is largely devoid of oxygen, resulting in a death trap for organisms unable to quickly return to the oxygen-enriched water above or survive in the low-oxygen environment. This region also contains a much higher concentration of nutrient salts, like
552:. This adaptation helps to protect them from the extreme pressure, which can reach around 75 MPa (11,000 psi). The absence of light also spawned many different adaptations, such as having large eyes or the ability to produce their own light (
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with different metals and release oxygen into the environment. Because it was previously thought that only plants and algae produce dark oxygen (oxygen produced without light), this can be seen as a scientific landslide.
1089:
Sweetman, Andrew K.; Smith, Alycia J.; de Jonge, Danielle S. W.; Hahn, Tobias; Schroedl, Peter; Silverstein, Michael; Andrade, Claire; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Lough, Alastair J. M.; Woulds, Clare (22 July 2024).
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has had negative effects on the abyssal zone. Due to the zone’s depth, increasing global temperatures do not affect it as quickly or drastically as the rest of the world, but the zone is still afflicted by
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Other challenges faced by life in the abyssal zone are the pressure and darkness caused by the zone’s depth. Many organisms living in this zone have evolved to minimize internal air spaces, such as
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are specialized forked barbel-like organs that act as sensory organs. Cusk eels produce sounds to mate. Male cusk eels have two pairs of sonic muscles, while female cusk eels have three.
568:(bivalves, snails, and cephalopods), different classes of fishes, and possibly some animals that have yet to be discovered. Most of the fish species in this zone are characterized as
625:): There are no known fish that live at depths greater than the cusk eel. The depth of the cusk eel habitat can be as great as 8,370 meters below sea level. This animal's
635:: This resident of the abyssal zone is known to live at a depth ranging from 800 and 4,000 meters. It has extremely large eyes, but a small mouth. It is thought to be a
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The composition of the abyssal plain depends on the depth of the sea floor. Above 4000 meters the seafloor usually consists of calcareous shells of foraminifera,
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increase the amount of pollution in not only the abyssal zone, but in the ocean as a whole, and would physically destroy habitats and the seafloor.
504:. At depths greater than 4000 meters shells dissolve, leaving behind a seafloor of brown clay and silica from dead zooplankton and phytoplankton.
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that falls from oceanic layers above. The biomass of the abyssal zone actually increases near the seafloor as most of the decomposing material and
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The deep trenches or fissures that plunge down thousands of meters below the ocean floor (for example, the mid-oceanic trenches such as the
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544:. The shrimp are almost entirely blind, surviving at the interface of cold, deep seawater and supercritical hydrothermal fluid.
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The relative sparsity of primary producers means that the majority of organisms living in the abyssal zone depend on the
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1261:"An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps"
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Priede IG, Froese R, Bailey DM, Bergstad OA, Collins MA, Dyb JE, Henriques C, Jones EG, King N (June 2006).
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The abyssal zone is made up of many different types of organisms, including microorganisms, crustaceans,
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The IUCN Global
Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups
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Miller, Kathryn A.; Thompson, Kirsten F.; Johnston, Paul; Santillo, David (10 January 2018).
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have been able to descend to these depths. However, as of March 25, 2012 one vehicle, the
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1212:"The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans"
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was able to penetrate to a depth of 10,898.4 meters (35,756 ft).
441:
1340:
Dover, C.L. (2017). "Environmental
Impacts of Deep-Sea Mining".
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Dover, C.L.; Ardon, J.A.; Escobar, E.; Gjerde, K. (June 2017).
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can reach up to 76 MPa (750 atm; 11,000 psi).
1304:"Impacts of deep-sea mining on microbial ecosystem services"
1092:"Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor"
870:"Dining in the Deep: The Feeding Ecology of Deep-Sea Fishes"
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that drifts down from the above ocean zones and decomposes.
30:"Abyssal" redirects here. For plain of the ocean floor, see
593:(ray-finned fish), there are no known members of the class
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Due to there being no light, there are no plants producing
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The area below the abyssal zone is the sparsely inhabited
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greatest biomass would be in this region of the zone.
1361:"Deep-Sea Mining: Assessing the Environmental Impact"
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bacteria support large and diverse communities near
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Deep layer of the ocean between 4000 and 9000 meters
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444:) are almost unexplored. Previously, only the
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1173:Gartner Jr JV (1997). "4 Feeding At Depth".
1150:"The unique visual systems of deep sea fish"
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992:"World's deepest-diving submarine missing"
918:"Interesting Facts About The Abyssal Zone"
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1323:"Biodiversity loss from deep-sea mining"
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920:. sciencestruck.com. 24 September 2014
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868:Drazen JC, Sutton TT (January 2017).
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942:. The Wild Classroom. Archived from
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666:Another problem caused by humans is
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1125:"Deepest undersea vents discovered"
968:"History of the Bathyscaph Trieste"
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1066:"Animals of the Abyssal Ecosystem"
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998:. Gannett Company Inc. 2 July 2003
847:from the original on 31 March 2009
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782:from the original on 18 April 2009
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1018:"M2.4 Abyssopelagic ocean waters"
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1216:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1016:Linardich, C; Keith, DA (2020).
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874:Annual Review of Marine Science
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1123:Shukman, David (2013-02-21).
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726:Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field
538:Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field
399:, due to the large amount of
1024:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
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1399:Oceanographical terminology
1265:Frontiers in Marine Science
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1308:Limnology and Oceanography
1109:10.1038/s41561-024-01480-8
1064:Brennan J (9 March 2018).
1030:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en
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432:Layers of the pelagic zone
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839:Nelson R (October 2013).
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809:National Weather Service
410:. The zone above is the
970:. Bathyscaphtrieste.com
938:Nelson R (April 2007).
347:of the ocean. The word
1228:10.1098/rspb.2005.3461
651:Environmental concerns
604:Bathypterois grallator
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520:Biological adaptations
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382:. The water along the
532:A dense gathering of
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401:dead organic material
1359:Levin, L.A. (2020).
1302:Gollner, S. (2017).
644:Pseudoliparis swirei
493:rest on the seabed.
287:Ocean stratification
886:2017ARMS....9..337D
843:. Untamed Science.
805:Layers of the ocean
801:"Bathypelagic zone"
661:ocean acidification
282:Lake stratification
736:Deep sea community
713:Environment portal
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510:hydrothermal vents
474:Deepsea Challenger
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343:is a layer of the
341:abyssopelagic zone
292:Aquatic ecosystems
1327:Nature Geoscience
1222:(1592): 1435–41.
1096:Nature Geoscience
1039:978-2-8317-2077-7
633:Abyssal grenadier
534:Rimicaris hybisae
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32:Abyssal plain
19:
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1326:
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1297:
1288:10871/130175
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1128:
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948:. Retrieved
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912:
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804:
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775:
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672:
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627:ventral fins
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587:
579:
563:
547:
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514:
495:
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472:
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448:
435:
412:bathyal zone
405:
373:
363:
348:
345:pelagic zone
340:
337:abyssal zone
336:
334:
257:Thermohaline
127:
117:Bathypelagic
1181:: 115–193.
1148:Wigmore G.
668:overfishing
637:semelparous
498:zooplankton
491:decomposers
487:marine snow
446:bathyscaphe
246:Thermocline
139:Hadopelagic
106:Mesopelagic
38:album, see
1383:Categories
1159:2019-05-01
1134:2020-05-19
1075:2019-05-01
1002:2009-04-27
974:2009-04-27
950:2009-04-27
924:2020-12-25
851:2009-04-27
814:2021-12-20
786:2009-04-27
753:References
622:Bassozetus
583:whale fall
424:Hadal zone
408:hadal zone
393:phosphorus
222:Nutricline
211:Chemocline
189:Pycnocline
83:Epipelagic
34:. For the
1070:Sciencing
1048:241360441
996:USA Today
940:"Abyssal"
772:"Abyssal"
566:molluscan
481:Ecosystem
458:submarine
233:Halocline
200:Isopycnal
1371:: 19–43.
1246:16777734
1154:Phys.org
1129:BBC News
904:27814034
845:Archived
780:Archived
731:Deep sea
685:See also
617:Cusk eel
570:demersal
465:and the
418:Trenches
389:nitrogen
384:seafloor
369:pressure
269:See also
154:Demersal
1342:Science
1237:1560292
1102:: 737.
882:Bibcode
619:(Genus
560:Animals
540:in the
450:Trieste
442:Pacific
440:in the
364:ábussos
358:ἄβυσσος
165:Benthic
95:Aphotic
62:Pelagic
18:Abyssal
1244:
1234:
1193:
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500:, and
468:Nereus
453:, the
397:silica
395:, and
376:oxygen
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73:Photic
70:
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1044:S2CID
640:zone.
462:Kaikō
355:word
353:Greek
349:abyss
1242:PMID
1191:ISBN
1034:ISBN
900:PMID
335:The
36:Envy
1346:359
1283:hdl
1273:doi
1232:PMC
1224:doi
1220:273
1183:doi
1104:doi
1026:doi
890:doi
572:or
339:or
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