553:
his propeller. He missed, climbed above the
Japanese plane and on the second try ground his blade into the nose, forward of the cockpit. That did it, but almost did Leaper in. His Corsair's right pylon tank exploded, ripping off his right wing. Despite his planes violent spin, Leaper managed to bail out, but he split his parachute, broke two shroud lines and tore the dye marker off his Maw West. As if enough had not happened to him, Leaper saw another Zeke about to make a run on him, with six Corsairs chasing. Leaper collapsed his precarious parachute by yanking on the left shroud lines. He dropped like a bullet for 3,000 or 4,000 feet; then the chute reopened and he descended not too swiftly into the water. After an hour and a half Cheyenne picked him up.
671:, the Navy moved the detachment of T-29s and the Marine School moved to NAS Corpus Christi in order to continue the T-29 support. Due to the phasing out of the T-29s in 1976 at Corpus Christi, the Marines of MANS were then relocated to Mather Air Force Base, CA, where they utilized the T43 aircraft. In January 1993, MANS was once again relocated to Randolph AFB, TX. Marine instructors utilizing the 12th Flying Training Wing navigation training facilities staff the Marine Aerial Navigation School (MANS). The command mission of the Marine Aerial Navigation School is to train and qualify enlisted Marines in the "Scientific Art of Navigation" and as Navigators of tactical transport aircraft in support of the
2286:
535:
off shore. VMF-422 scored their first 6 kills during this engagement. Despite shooting down many enemy aircraft, 11 American ships were sunk or damaged. Only two days later occurred the longest single alert of the
Okinawa campaign lasting 9 hours 16 minutes. A total of approximately 150 enemy aircraft attempted to sink more ships. Marine pilots downed 32 aircraft; however, ten ships were damaged with one sunk. The last of the raids happened on 21–22 June. Marine night fighters downed 6 enemy aircraft; however, the two days of fighting also produced the following
273:
570:
664:, and R4D-8s (Super DC-3). The Aerial Navigation School remained at Cherry Point until January 1971 at which time it was moved to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, where the Navy assumed responsibility for flight support. A detachment of T-29 aircraft from VT-29 NAS Corpus Christi, which had been previously assigned for Navy support, now provided flight support for the Aerial Navigation School. At this point the name of the school was changed to the Marine Aerial Navigation School (MANS).
449:
414:
2829:
393:. The group also damaged three Japanese ships. All of this success in combat came at a great cost. Of the 52 aircraft that intercepted Japanese forces, only 20 returned. Including the Marines in the MAG's ground echelon, casualties totaled 7 killed in action, 35 missing in action (presumed dead), and 25 wounded in action. Over 50 Marines were awarded for their valor, skill, and leadership in defending the island, and MAG-22 was awarded the
380:
their dive-bombers obsolete and in poor mechanical condition which necessitated vulnerable glide bombing tactics, they succeeded in inflicting heavy damage on
Japanese surface units of a large enemy task force. The skill and gallant perseverance of flight and ground personnel of MARINE AIRCRAFT GROUP TWENTY-TWO, fighting under tremendously adverse and dangerous conditions, were essential factors in the unyielding defense of Midway.
28:
562:, very heavy rains flooded supply routes, making them completely impassible, leaving troops critically low on food and ammunition. Heavy clouds obscured the location of the ground forces, but the front line air liaison parties coached them in. Over 763 drops were made by Marine pilots, with 163 credited to VMTB-131, led by Major Douglas A. Bangert.
269:, and VMSB-242 (VMF-222 and VMSB-242 would later be transferred off of the island on 12 April 1942). From its inception, until several months after the war, the group did not serve within the continental limits of the United States, hence it earned the popular name of "Foreign Legion of Marine Aviation".
476:
Ponape, 367 miles southwest of
Eniwetok, was an enemy supply center for the Marshalls and Carolines. On 28 March, a flight of six Corsairs of VMF-113 escorted four Army Airforce B-25's of the 48th Bomber Squadron over the island. The flight came under attack by 12 Japanese aircraft, which the Marines
379:
For conspicuous courage and heroism in combat at Midway Island during June, 1942. Outnumbered five to one, MARINE AIRCRAFT GROUP TWENTY-TWO boldly intercepted a heavily escorted enemy bombing force, disrupting their attack and preventing serious damage to island installations. Operating with half of
301:
Captain Neefus made the first pass, drew smoke from one engine, and the target dove for a cloud bank at 3,000 feet. Lieutenants McCarthy and Somers made modified overhead passes (one each) before the patrol bomber reached the cloud bank. Marine Gunner Dickey made a tail approach and received a wound
534:
raids; ten large kamikaze attacks carried out by the
Imperial Japanese Army. On 24–25 May, after Japanese planes had bombed the Ie Shima airfield, and plenty of night fighting handled by VMF(N)-533, a 165-plane kamikaze attack was launched in an attempt to knock out the radar pickets and ships just
402:
Please accept my sympathy for the losses sustained by your gallant aviation personnel based at Midway. Their sacrifice was not in vain. When the great emergency came, they were ready. They met unflinchingly the attack of vastly superior numbers and made the attack ineffective. They struck the first
552:
driving from above about 10 o'clock. He fired his last ten rounds of ammunition at the Zeke which took off after Leaper’s wingman 1STLT William L Milne, who had just destroyed two planes in the melee. Leaper unhesitatingly climbed until he was just under the Zeke and tried to saw off its tail with
323:
On 4 June 1942, Midway Atoll, defended by VMF-221 and VMSB-241, came under attack by the
Imperial Japanese Navy. VMF-221, in two sections led by Major Floyd B. Parks and Captain Kirk Armistead, flying the Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo and Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat constituting a force of 25 aircraft, flew to
565:
MAG-22 squadrons flew 22,912 combat hours, fought air-to-air duels, protected against kamikaze attacks, contributed to the execution of approximately 40% of all close air support missions, and 637 downed
Japanese aircraft (506 of which were shot down by Marine units) with only 41 aircraft lost.
204:
The mission of MATSG-22 is to represent the
Commanding General, Training Command in enabling Marine training through Service advocacy and support while reinforcing Marine Corps values, warfighting ethos, principles, and competencies to provide the best-trained Marines to the Fleet Marine Force.
687:
directed the re-designation of Marine
Aviation Detachment NAS Corpus Christi as Marine Aviation Training Support Group 22. All Marine Aviation Training Support Groups were redesignated to promote a sense of Marine Corps identity and tradition and allows them and their history to live on.
596:
With
Okinawa secured, the MAG began flying out to Omura on Kyushi and then to Sasebo, where Colonel Elliott Bard embarked it for the United States. On 5 December 1945, MAG-22 saw the United States for the very first time; since Midway 1942, it had exclusively served on Pacific islands.
467:
during this time, who accompanied them on three strike missions against Wotje Atoll in September. Additionally, the squadron's ground echelon did extensive ground work to prepare Engebi Island for operational use. VMF(N)-533 was responsible for night defense operations over Eniwetok.
1309:
324:
intercept the incoming Japanese Midway Attack Force of 108 aircraft. In the ensuing 15 minute engagement, 32 enemy aircraft were shot down; however, of the 25 Marines that went into battle, only 10 would return and only two of the aircraft would remain operational.
343:, at the loss of 16 aircraft and crew, including those of the two Majors leading the attack. The following day, the squadron launched a second attack on several damaged Japanese cruisers, once again as two sections, led by Captain Marshall A. Tyler and Captain
355:, his aircraft was struck and set aflame by anti-aircraft fire. Despite the severe damage inflicted on his aircraft, he maintained his course, achieving a near-miss before crashing into the sea. For his actions, he was posthumously awarded the Congressional
577:
VMF(N)-533, once again conducting night operations, was responsible for 35 enemy aircraft shot down, the most of any night fighter squadron during the war, and suffered zero operational losses. Six of these were by a single pilot, Captain
1316:
477:
effectively fended off. With zero losses suffered, eight enemy aircraft were shot down and one aircraft was destroyed on the ground. The blow was so severe, that no enemy air forces were encountered for the remainder of the campaign.
302:
in his left shoulder and seven bullet holes in his plane. * * * Captain Neefus was able to return and make a second pass. Dropping below the clouds, scattered, burning debris was observed on the surface of the water.
2257:
2222:
2227:
2557:
385:
Outnumbered overall 2:1 in inferior aircraft with far less training than their enemy, the Marines successfully defended Midway. MAG-22 aircraft downed 43 of the 108 enemy aircraft: 25
2620:
527:
attacks, was considered the biggest threat to the success of the invasion; therefore, the TAF's top priority was maintenance of air superiority over the objective and the 5th Fleet.
2232:
367:
2269:
2668:
2542:
633:
where they graduated their first class of navigators in January 1945. This training program existed only as a ground school. In March 1948 the school was disbanded.
2480:
2368:
521:. The ground echelon arrived at Ie Shima on 6 May, joined by the flight echelon 21 May, where they operated from until 16 July. The Japanese air arm, specifically
2209:
2640:
2583:
2463:
558:
While VMTB-131's primary mission was antisubmarine operations, it also assisted in resupply. After the 1st Marine Division and 77th Infantry Division captured
311:
assumed command of the group on 19 April 1942, which he would lead through the Battle of Midway. For his leadership in the pivotal battle, he was awarded the
2214:
566:
VMF-113 was credited with 12 enemy aircraft downed, VMF-314 with 14 aircraft downed, VMF-422 with 15 aircraft downed, and VMTB-131 with one aircraft downed.
2490:
397:. Shortly after the end of the battle, Admiral Nimitz perfectly summarized the significance of the Marine defenders in the following dispatch to the MAG:
2854:
205:
MATSG-22 also maintains liaison and fosters relationships across the training enterprise to ensure all training meets the needs of our operating forces.
2635:
2547:
885:
2630:
2374:
403:
blow at the enemy carriers. They were the spearhead of our great victory. They have written a new and shining page in the annals of the Marine Corps.
2418:
2264:
2161:
593:
MAG-22 received a second Presidential Unit Citation, being one of the subordinate units to 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing which was cited for the award.
2859:
2718:
2485:
2252:
605:
Aerial navigation training first began for the Marine Corps in 1942 when five Marine officers were assigned to the Weems School Of Navigation in
2443:
2302:
284:, piloted by Capt. James L. Neefus, 1stLt. Francis P. McCarthy, 1stLt. Charles W. Somers Jr., and MarGun. Robert L. Dickey, engaged a Japanese
2796:
2578:
2537:
2423:
544:
The most spectacular performance of the day was that of 1STLT John W Leaper of VMF-314 who shot down two Bettys one of which was mothering a
2438:
2428:
2194:
684:
188:. The group was deactivated following the end of the war and was not reactivated until 1 May 2000, when the Marine Aviation Detachment at
2786:
2728:
2573:
2433:
421:
MAG-22 remained on Midway conducting routine patrol missions until 8 February 1944, joining the 4th Marine Base Defense Air Wing (later
2615:
2552:
2324:
697:
587:
394:
360:
2698:
2663:
2658:
2312:
2189:
2625:
2517:
2199:
456:
VMF-133 covered landings at Ujelang Atoll, and contributed to the neutralizations of Wotje Atoll, Maloelap Atoll, and Mili Atoll.
2791:
2363:
2713:
2688:
2532:
2522:
2113:
626:
110:
919:
Authorized by MARCORPS dispatch 161921, April 1947. Taken from the April 1947 Muster Rolls for Headquarters Squadron, MAG-22
261:. On 1 March 1942, MAG-21's Midway detachment was commissioned as Marine Aircraft Group 22, initially composed of VMF-221,
2154:
339:, flew to attack the approaching Japanese Naval Striking Force. Through their efforts, the squadron was able to damage the
2832:
2755:
2673:
2448:
2184:
880:
2678:
2341:
2204:
1310:"BENIS M. FRANK, HENRY I. SHAW, JR, Victory and Occupation: Volume V - History of the U.S. Marine Corps in WWII, p.887"
2593:
2091:
2069:
1967:
2129:
312:
189:
79:
2147:
1960:
United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History - Volume One - The Fighter Squadrons
340:
613:. After completing this course, these five officers became the nucleus who established the navigation school at
463:
27 May to conduct interdiction missions against Japanese bases and shipping in the islands. The squadron hosted
2334:
2045:
1999:
703:
514:
348:
573:
Pilots of VMF(N)-533 pose in front of one of their Grumman F6F-5N Hellcat aircraft on Okinawa, Japan, in 1945.
2527:
2317:
1110:"Richard Eugene Fleming | World War II | U.S. Marine Corps Reserve | Medal of Honor Recipient"
709:
548:. Having finished this chore, and nursing a windshield shattered by a 12.7mm bullet, he looked up to find a
497:
VMF-422 launched additional strike missions against the island during March, April, and on 16 October 1944.
280:
The first enemy plane shot down by a MAG-22 aircraft occurred on 10 March 1942, when a 4-plane section from
2761:
2413:
2397:
2381:
2351:
2329:
288:
45 miles from Midway Atoll. Upon their return, the Marine Aircraft Group commander presented a bottle of
2723:
2356:
668:
2170:
903:
359:. Fleming's rear gunner and radioman, Private First Class George A. Toms, was posthumously awarded the
166:
61:
2733:
2693:
2453:
2307:
579:
351:
with 6 near misses, causing topside damage to the ship. As Captain Fleming pressed his attack on the
238:
147:
2010:
2683:
518:
422:
246:
352:
336:
2779:
2473:
2244:
332:
173:
2458:
2037:
582:, who was the only Marine night ace of the war. For his service, he received the Navy Cross,
327:
Meanwhile, VMSB-241, also split into two sections led by Major Benjamin W. Norris and Major
8:
2767:
569:
549:
545:
445:, the group served a variety of missions across the many Atolls of the Marshall Islands.
442:
390:
328:
258:
2034:
U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle – Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War
2346:
1982:
729:
672:
438:
344:
2059:
2738:
2109:
2087:
2065:
2041:
1995:
1963:
1109:
819:
464:
425:) at Eniwetok Atoll, arriving on Engebi island 19 February. At that time composed of
293:
272:
185:
115:
180:
as Marine Aircraft Group 22 (MAG-22). Squadrons from MAG-22, were decimated at the
2744:
2588:
181:
105:
2803:
2101:
2079:
289:
2773:
2468:
2055:
657:
630:
356:
2134:
1123:
2848:
2808:
2703:
2139:
1071:
1005:
899:
661:
644:
located at MCAS Cherry Point. The Airborne Operation School consisted of the
285:
51:
2086:. Annapolis, MD: The Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America.
1935:
1921:
1907:
1893:
1879:
1865:
1851:
1837:
1823:
1809:
1795:
1781:
1767:
1753:
1739:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1641:
1627:
1613:
1599:
1585:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1529:
1515:
1501:
1487:
1473:
1459:
1445:
1431:
1417:
1403:
1389:
1375:
1361:
1347:
1333:
1271:
1197:
1019:
991:
977:
292:
to the pilots for their efforts, and were later formally awarded by Admiral
559:
434:
308:
242:
177:
151:
100:
448:
413:
614:
583:
2708:
2027:. Annapolis, MD: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America.
1979:
Devilbirds – The Story of United States Marine Aviation in World War II
1033:
637:
622:
536:
618:
606:
460:
386:
249:(MAG-21) Midway detachment. At that time, the detachment contained
610:
523:
266:
250:
169:
366:
257:
both of which had arrived on Christmas Day 1941 flying off of the
2813:
2018:. Washington D.C.: Historical Section, Headquarters Marine Corps.
656:. During this time Marine Navigators trained in such aircraft as
510:
506:
430:
426:
281:
262:
254:
716:
27:
640:, the Aerial Navigation School was reactivated as part of the
2750:
193:
1178:
417:
Map of MAG-22 Operations in the Marshall Island Campaign.
2210:
Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps
1090:
1078:
922:
452:
VMF-113 pilots pose for a photo on Engebi Island, 1944.
1290:
1278:
1240:
1228:
1204:
1166:
539:
action of First Lieutenant John W. Leaper of VMF-314:
1216:
946:
370:
Captain Richard E. Fleming, Medal of Honor recipient.
1142:
934:
1154:
1130:
1052:
1252:
958:
886:List of United States Marine Corps aircraft groups
600:
2375:United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory
220:Marine Corps Detachment Goodfellow Air Force Base
2846:
2061:History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II
1628:"Walter Swansberger (Swanberger) - Recipient -"
480:The air-to-air kills were credited as follows:
223:Marine Corps Detachment Randolph Air Force Base
217:Marine Corps Detachment Lackland Air Force Base
2169:
2025:U.S. Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present
2155:
717:MAG-22 Battle of Midway Navy Cross Recipients
184:and, after reconstituting, fought during the
21:Marine Aviation and Training Support Group 22
505:On 25 May 1945, MAG-22 (now reinforced with
2258:Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee
2135:Documentary detailing MAG-22's WWII service
2855:United States Marine Corps aircraft groups
2243:
2162:
2148:
1992:Night Wings, USMC Night Fighters 1942-1953
1962:. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company.
848:Second Lieutenant Albert W. Tweedy, Jr. †
795:Second Lieutenant Walter W. Swansberger †
237:In early January 1942, Lieutenant Colonel
2064:. Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press.
636:In March 1952 after the beginning of the
163:Marine Aviation Training Support Group 22
2200:Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps
845:First Lieutenant Harold G. Schlendering
792:Second Lieutenant William B. Sandoval †
568:
447:
412:
365:
271:
2364:Marine Corps Combat Development Command
2100:
2078:
2054:
2031:
1976:
1957:
1296:
1284:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1184:
1172:
1096:
1084:
952:
940:
928:
789:Second Lieutenant David W. Pinkerton †
786:Second Lieutenant Martin E. Mahannah †
625:. A year later the school was moved to
347:. Captain Tyler's attack bracketed the
176:that was originally established during
2860:Military units and formations in Texas
2847:
2022:
1148:
898:This article incorporates text in the
863:Second Lieutenant Bruno P. Hagedorn†
851:Second Lieutenant Thomas J. Gratzek †
798:Second Lieutenant Clayton M. Canfield
780:Second Lieutenant Elwood Q. Lindsay †
2143:
2008:
1160:
1136:
1058:
964:
771:Second Lieutenant Thomas W. Benson †
627:Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point
471:
214:Marine Corps Detachment Fort Huachuca
2108:. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing.
1989:
1258:
854:Second Lieutenant Maurice A. Ward †
500:
318:
208:
2106:SBD Dauntless Units of World War II
1824:"Harold Schlendering - Recipient -"
881:United States Marine Corps Aviation
842:First Lieutenant Daniel T. Iverson
839:First Lieutenant Sumner H. Whitten
833:First Lieutenant Robert W. Vaupell
774:Second Lieutenant John M. Butler †
765:First Lieutenant Robert W. Vaupell
408:
13:
2679:Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps
2205:Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
869:Technical Sergeant Clyde H. Stamps
866:Second Lieutenant Jesse D. Rollow
857:Second Lieutenant Thomas F. Moore
783:Second Lieutenant John D. Lucas †
777:Second Lieutenant Eugene Madole †
14:
2871:
2219:Marine Corps three-star generals
2123:
809:Major Lofton R. Henderson † (CO)
768:First Lieutenant Charles M. Kunz
678:
654:Electronic Countermeasures School
89:Foreign Legion of Marine Aviation
2828:
2827:
2787:History of Hispanics in the USMC
2369:Training & Education Command
2303:Organization of the Marine Corps
2284:
1994:. Squadron/Series Publications.
1670:"Lofton Henderson - Recipient -"
1642:"Clayton Canfield - Recipient -"
1614:"William Sandoval - Recipient -"
1418:"Francis McCarthy - Recipient -"
992:"Francis McCarthy - Recipient -"
836:First Lieutenant Robert J. Bear
812:Major Benjamin W. Norris † (CO)
313:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
190:Naval Air Station Corpus Christi
80:Naval Air Station Corpus Christi
26:
2543:Criminal Investigation Division
2265:Senate Armed Services Committee
2215:Marine Corps four-star generals
1928:
1914:
1900:
1886:
1872:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1788:
1774:
1760:
1746:
1740:"Leon Williamson - Recipient -"
1732:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1684:"Benjamin Norris - Recipient -"
1676:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1600:"David Pinkerton - Recipient -"
1592:
1586:"Martin Mahannah - Recipient -"
1578:
1564:
1550:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1494:
1480:
1466:
1460:"Herbert Merrill - Recipient -"
1452:
1438:
1424:
1410:
1404:"Daniel Hennessy - Recipient -"
1396:
1382:
1368:
1362:"William Humberd - Recipient -"
1354:
1340:
1326:
1302:
1264:
1190:
1116:
1102:
1064:
1026:
860:Second Lieutenant Bruce H. Ek †
738:Captain William C. Humberd (XO)
601:Marine Aerial Navigation School
341:Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi
2335:III Marine Expeditionary Force
2253:House Armed Services Committee
2195:Commandant of the Marine Corps
1908:"Bruno Hagedorn - Recipient -"
1852:"Thomas Gratzek - Recipient -"
1810:"Daniel Iverson - Recipient -"
1796:"Sumner Whitten - Recipient -"
1768:"Robert Vaupell - Recipient -"
1712:"Armond Delalio - Recipient -"
1698:"Marshall Tyler - Recipient -"
1558:"Elwood Lindsay - Recipient -"
1488:"Robert Vaupell - Recipient -"
1348:"Kirk Armistead - Recipient -"
1012:
1006:"Charles Somers - Recipient -"
998:
984:
970:
913:
815:Captain Marshall A. Tyler (XO)
801:Second Lieutenant Roy A. Corry
750:Captain Francis P. McCarthy †
704:Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
685:Commandant of the Marine Corps
515:Tactical Air Force, Tenth Army
1:
2318:II Marine Expeditionary Force
1946:
1838:"Albert Tweedy - Recipient -"
1754:"Elmer Glidden - Recipient -"
1726:"Richard Blain - Recipient -"
1544:"Eugene Madole - Recipient -"
1516:"Thomas Benson - Recipient -"
1390:"Robert Curtin - Recipient -"
1020:"Robert Dickey - Recipient -"
747:Captain Daniel J. Hennessy †
710:Navy Occupation Service Medal
493:Master Sergeant Peter Tunno .
491:Lieutenant Bernard A. Nelson
276:Pilots of VMSB-241 on Midway.
41:1 March 1942 – 30 April 1947
2792:History of women in the USMC
2762:Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
2553:Chaplain of the Marine Corps
2414:Marine Air-Ground Task Force
2398:Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
2382:Marine Corps Systems Command
2330:I Marine Expeditionary Force
1958:Crowder, Michael J. (2000).
1936:"Clyde Stamps - Recipient -"
1922:"Jesse Rollow - Recipient -"
1880:"Thomas Moore - Recipient -"
1866:"Maurice Ward - Recipient -"
1502:"Charles Kunz - Recipient -"
1474:"Philip White - Recipient -"
1272:"Robert Baird - Recipient -"
978:"James Neefus - Recipient -"
487:Lieutenant Joe V. Schellack
7:
2190:Under Secretary of the Navy
2130:MATSG-22's official website
2032:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
1782:"Robert Bear - Recipient -"
1530:"John Butler - Recipient -"
1446:"Marion Carl - Recipient -"
1376:"John Alvord - Recipient -"
1334:"Floyd Parks - Recipient -"
1198:"John Leaper - Recipient -"
1124:"George Toms - Recipient -"
1038:Exhausting & Dirty Work
874:
827:Captain Leon M. Williamson
759:Captain Herbert T. Merrill
735:Captain Kirk Armistead (CO)
669:Naval Air Station Pensacola
489:Lieutenant Emmet O. Anglin
10:
2876:
2171:United States Marine Corps
1572:"John Lucas - Recipient -"
1432:"John Carey - Recipient -"
904:United States Marine Corps
698:Presidential Unit Citation
588:Distinguished Flying Cross
395:Presidential Unit Citation
375:Presidential Unit Citation
361:Distinguished Flying Cross
227:
199:
167:United States Marine Corps
62:United States Marine Corps
2822:
2734:Marine Corps War Memorial
2649:
2606:
2584:Officer Candidates School
2566:
2510:
2501:
2454:Marine expeditionary unit
2406:
2390:
2308:Headquarters Marine Corps
2293:
2282:
2177:
2009:Heinl, Robert D. (1948).
1977:DeChant, John A. (1947).
1656:"Roy Corry - Recipient -"
1072:"Ira Kimes - Recipient -"
824:Captain Richard L. Blain
744:Captain Robert E. Curtin
741:Captain John R. Alvord †
691:
642:Airborne Operation School
232:
141:
137:Col Jayson M. Tiger, USMC
131:
126:
111:Marshall Islands Campaign
93:
85:
75:
67:
57:
47:
43:15 January 1982 – present
37:
25:
20:
2684:Eagle, Globe, and Anchor
2558:Associated organizations
1990:Doll, Thomas E. (2000).
1894:"Bruce Ek - Recipient -"
891:
762:Captain Philip R. White
706:with three bronzes stars
646:Aerial Navigation School
247:Marine Aircraft Group 21
2548:Judge Advocate Division
756:Captain Marion E. Carl
485:Captain Frank C. Drury
353:Japanese cruiser Mikuma
337:Douglas SBD-2 Dauntless
245:to take command of the
2474:Marine Raider Regiment
2023:Mersky, Peter (1983).
830:Captain Elmer Glidden
753:Captain John F. Carey
574:
556:
453:
418:
406:
382:
371:
333:Vought SB2U Vindicator
305:
277:
196:was renamed MATSG-22.
2636:Vehicles and aircraft
2459:Marine Security Guard
2342:Marine Forces Reserve
2325:Marine Forces Pacific
2313:Marine Forces Command
2270:Seapower subcommittee
2185:Secretary of the Navy
2038:Westport, Connecticut
1983:Harper & Brothers
700:with two silver bands
650:Radio Operator School
572:
541:
451:
416:
399:
377:
369:
298:
275:
2724:White House Sentries
2719:Silent Drill Platoon
2699:Drum and Bugle Corps
2641:Individual equipment
2594:Martial Arts Program
459:VMF-422 was sent to
391:Mitsubishi A6M Zeros
389:dive-bombers and 18
2084:The Wildcat in WWII
2040:: Greenwood Press.
1187:, pp. 407–408.
667:After two years at
513:) was added to the
483:Major Everton (CO)
443:Grumman F6F Hellcat
329:Lofton R. Henderson
259:USS Saratoga (CV-3)
2739:Marine Detachments
2669:Acronyms and terms
2579:School of Infantry
2533:Historical Marines
2464:Special Operations
2347:Fleet Marine Force
673:Fleet Marine Force
575:
517:(TAF), as part of
472:Combat over Ponape
454:
439:Vought F4U Corsair
419:
372:
345:Richard E. Fleming
278:
239:William J. Wallace
148:William J. Wallace
2842:
2841:
2602:
2601:
2538:Marine Astronauts
2280:
2279:
2115:978-1-85532-732-0
1099:, pp. 35–36.
1087:, pp. 85–86.
1034:"James L. Neefus"
931:, pp. 37–38.
820:Armond H. DeLalio
683:In May 2000, the
530:Of note were the
501:Battle of Okinawa
465:Charles Lindbergh
319:Defense of Midway
294:Chester W. Nimitz
209:Subordinate units
186:Battle of Okinawa
157:
156:
116:Battle of Okinawa
32:MATSG-22 insignia
2867:
2831:
2830:
2768:Rifleman's Creed
2589:The Basic School
2574:Recruit Training
2508:
2507:
2288:
2287:
2241:
2240:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2119:
2102:Tillman, Barrett
2097:
2080:Tillman, Barrett
2075:
2051:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2012:Marine at Midway
2005:
1986:
1973:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1322:on 14 July 2014.
1321:
1315:. Archived from
1314:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:. RCM Collection
1030:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
982:
981:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
917:
409:Marshall Islands
182:Battle of Midway
165:(MATSG-22) is a
106:Battle of Midway
30:
18:
17:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2818:
2804:Honorary Marine
2797:Women's Reserve
2756:National Museum
2729:Service Numbers
2651:
2645:
2608:
2598:
2562:
2528:Notable Marines
2503:
2497:
2449:Marine aviation
2402:
2386:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2239:
2173:
2168:
2126:
2116:
2094:
2072:
2056:Sherrod, Robert
2048:
2015:
2002:
1970:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1299:, pp. 425.
1295:
1291:
1287:, pp. 413.
1283:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:, pp. 404.
1245:
1241:
1237:, pp. 147.
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:, pp. 406.
1209:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:, pp. 236.
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
989:
985:
976:
975:
971:
963:
959:
955:, pp. 435.
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
918:
914:
894:
877:
872:
719:
712:with Asia clasp
694:
681:
603:
503:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
481:
474:
411:
387:Aichi D3A "Val"
383:
376:
321:
235:
230:
211:
202:
160:
150:
143:
133:
122:
42:
33:
12:
11:
5:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2774:Semper Fidelis
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2652:and traditions
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2469:Marine Raiders
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2124:External links
2122:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2098:
2092:
2076:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2029:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1913:
1899:
1885:
1871:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1759:
1745:
1731:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1675:
1661:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1605:
1591:
1577:
1563:
1549:
1535:
1521:
1507:
1493:
1479:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1423:
1409:
1395:
1381:
1367:
1353:
1339:
1325:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1263:
1261:, pp. 46.
1251:
1239:
1227:
1225:, pp. 31.
1215:
1203:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1163:, pp. 42.
1153:
1151:, pp. 39.
1141:
1139:, pp. 58.
1129:
1115:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1063:
1061:, pp. 20.
1051:
1025:
1011:
997:
983:
969:
967:, pp. 19.
957:
945:
943:, pp. 79.
933:
921:
911:
910:
909:
908:
893:
890:
889:
888:
883:
876:
873:
871:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
816:
813:
810:
807:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:Floyd B. Parks
726:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
707:
701:
693:
690:
680:
679:2000 – present
677:
631:North Carolina
602:
599:
502:
499:
473:
470:
410:
407:
374:
373:
357:Medal of Honor
320:
317:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
210:
207:
201:
198:
158:
155:
154:
145:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2872:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Toys for Tots
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:Marines' Hymn
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Horse Marines
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:and equipment
2605:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Rank insignia
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2093:0-933852-32-0
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:0-89201-048-7
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1969:1-56311-926-9
1965:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1001:
993:
987:
979:
973:
966:
961:
954:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
900:public domain
896:
895:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
689:
686:
676:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
598:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
571:
567:
563:
561:
555:
554:
551:
547:
540:
538:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
498:
495:
494:
478:
469:
466:
462:
457:
450:
446:
444:
440:
437:, flying the
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
405:
404:
398:
396:
392:
388:
381:
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
316:
314:
310:
304:
303:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:Kawanishi H6K
283:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
206:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
159:Military unit
153:
149:
146:
140:
136:
130:
125:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
52:United States
50:
46:
40:
36:
29:
24:
19:
16:
2826:
2772:
2760:
2504:and training
2233:2010–present
2105:
2083:
2060:
2033:
2024:
2011:
1991:
1981:. New York:
1978:
1959:
1952:Bibliography
1930:
1916:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1860:
1846:
1832:
1818:
1804:
1790:
1776:
1762:
1748:
1734:
1720:
1706:
1692:
1678:
1664:
1650:
1636:
1622:
1608:
1594:
1580:
1566:
1552:
1538:
1524:
1510:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1440:
1426:
1412:
1398:
1384:
1370:
1356:
1342:
1328:
1317:the original
1304:
1297:Sherrod 1952
1292:
1285:Sherrod 1952
1280:
1266:
1254:
1247:Sherrod 1952
1242:
1235:Crowder 2000
1230:
1223:Crowder 2000
1218:
1211:Sherrod 1952
1206:
1192:
1185:Sherrod 1952
1180:
1173:Sherrod 1952
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1118:
1104:
1097:Tillman 1998
1092:
1085:Tillman 1983
1080:
1066:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1014:
1000:
986:
972:
960:
953:Rottman 2002
948:
941:Crowder 2000
936:
929:DeChant 1947
924:
915:
897:
804:
723:
682:
666:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
604:
595:
592:
580:Robert Baird
576:
564:
560:Shuri Castle
557:
543:
542:
531:
529:
522:
504:
496:
482:
479:
475:
458:
455:
420:
401:
400:
384:
378:
326:
322:
309:Ira L. Kimes
306:
300:
299:
279:
243:Midway Atoll
236:
203:
178:World War II
162:
161:
152:Ira L. Kimes
101:World War II
15:
2714:Color Guard
2694:Marine Band
2245:US Congress
1149:Mersky 1983
615:Camp Kearny
584:Silver Star
461:Roi-Namuron
331:flying the
241:arrived at
94:Engagements
86:Nickname(s)
76:Garrison/HQ
2849:Categories
2709:Marine One
2424:Battalions
2178:Leadership
2047:0313319065
2001:0897474198
1947:References
1161:Heinl 1948
1137:Heinl 1948
1059:Heinl 1948
965:Heinl 1948
805:VMSB – 241
638:Korean War
623:California
537:Navy Cross
435:VMF(N)-533
144:commanders
127:Commanders
2511:Personnel
2502:Personnel
2444:MEF/Corps
2439:Divisions
2429:Regiments
2407:Structure
2391:Auxiliary
2228:2000–2009
2223:1942–1959
1259:Doll 2000
1044:7 January
902:from the
724:VMF – 221
619:San Diego
607:Annapolis
546:Baka bomb
172:training
134:commander
2833:Category
2674:Birthday
2616:Uniforms
2607:Uniforms
2567:Training
2491:Division
2434:Brigades
2352:Atlantic
2296:commands
2104:(1998).
2082:(1983).
2058:(1952).
875:See also
818:Captain
652:and the
611:Maryland
524:kamikazi
511:VMTB-131
267:VMSB-241
251:VMSB-231
170:aviation
71:Training
2814:Gung ho
2664:Culture
2659:History
2650:History
2631:Weapons
2371:(TECOM)
2357:Pacific
532:Kikusiu
519:2nd MAW
507:VMF-314
431:VMF-422
427:VMF-113
423:4th MAW
290:bourbon
282:VMF-221
263:VMF-222
255:VMF-221
228:History
200:Mission
142:Notable
132:Current
48:Country
2626:Badges
2621:Awards
2294:Major
2112:
2090:
2068:
2044:
1998:
1966:
732:† (CO)
728:Major
692:Awards
662:R4D-6s
586:, and
433:, and
349:Mogami
307:Major
233:MAG-22
58:Branch
38:Active
2780:march
2751:Oorah
2486:Force
2481:Recon
2419:Bases
2016:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
892:Notes
658:C-54s
194:Texas
174:group
2689:Flag
2110:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2042:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1046:2022
550:Zeke
509:and
441:and
335:and
253:and
68:Role
2523:MOS
617:in
2851::
2036:.
1036:.
675:.
660:,
648:,
629:,
621:,
609:,
590:.
429:,
315:.
296:.
265:,
192:,
2747:"
2743:"
2163:e
2156:t
2149:v
2118:.
2096:.
2074:.
2050:.
2004:.
1985:.
1972:.
1938:.
1924:.
1910:.
1896:.
1882:.
1868:.
1854:.
1840:.
1826:.
1812:.
1798:.
1784:.
1770:.
1756:.
1742:.
1728:.
1714:.
1700:.
1686:.
1672:.
1658:.
1644:.
1630:.
1616:.
1602:.
1588:.
1574:.
1560:.
1546:.
1532:.
1518:.
1504:.
1490:.
1476:.
1462:.
1448:.
1434:.
1420:.
1406:.
1392:.
1378:.
1364:.
1350:.
1336:.
1274:.
1200:.
1126:.
1112:.
1074:.
1048:.
1022:.
1008:.
994:.
980:.
906:.
363:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
