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376:, which presented a unified view of chemistry as a field. This work proved pivotal in the progression of chemistry, as it presented the idea of conservation of mass as well as a list of elements and a new system for chemical nomenclature. Paulze contributed thirteen drawings that showed all the laboratory instrumentation and equipment used by the Lavoisiers in their experiments. She also kept strict records of the procedures followed, lending validity to the findings Lavoisier published.
296:, where he was first married. By the time he had met the widowed Anne-Marie Lavoisier, he had become one of the most well-known physicists at the time. However, the marriage between the two was difficult and short-lived; they separated after three years. Paulze insisted throughout her life that she retain her first husband's last name, demonstrating her undying devotion to him. Rumford had moved to Paris where he continued his work until his death in 1814. He was buried at
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document and illustrate her husband's experiments and publications (she even depicted herself as a participant in two drawings of her husband's experiments) but also, for example, to paint a portrait of
Benjamin Franklin, one of the many scientific thinkers that she hosted in her salons. Later Paulze's ties with David were severed due to the radical politics of the latter in the context of the French Revolution.
343:(a fire-like element which is gained or released during a material's combustion) was used to describe the apparent property changes that substances exhibited when burned. Paulze, being a master in the English, Latin, and French language, was able to translate various works about phlogiston into French for her husband to read. Perhaps her most important translation was that of
355:, and others for Lavoisier's personal use. This was an invaluable service to Lavoisier, who relied on Paulze's translation of foreign works to keep abreast of current developments in chemistry. In the case of phlogiston, it was Paulze's translation that convinced him the idea was incorrect, ultimately leading to his studies of combustion and his discovery of oxygen gas.
193:, who was Lavoisier's accuser and a former member of the Ferme-Générale. She told of her husband's accomplishments as a scientist and his importance to the nation of France. Despite her efforts, Lavoisier was tried, convicted of treason, and executed on 8 May 1794 in Paris, at the age of 50. Jacques Paulze was also executed on the same day.
347:'s 'Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids', which she both translated and critiqued, adding footnotes as she went along and pointing out errors in the chemistry made throughout the paper. Despite her contributions, she was not attributed as a translator in the original work but in later editions. She also translated works by
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of metals, the action of acids, and the composition of water. In the original copy, Paulze wrote the preface and attacked revolutionaries and
Lavoisier's contemporaries, whom she believed to be responsible for his death. This preface, however, was not included in the final publication. Nevertheless,
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and
Philippe Gingembre, both of whom were Lavoisier's colleagues at the time. The Lavoisiers spent most of their time together in the laboratory, working as a team conducting research on many fronts. She also assisted him by translating documents about chemistry from English to French. In fact, the
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Paulze began receiving artistic instruction from the painter
Jacques-Louis David in later 1785 or early 1786. Not long after, probably sometime in 1787, David painted a full-length double portrait of Paulze and her husband, foregrounding the former. Paulze's artistic training enabled her not only to
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After her husband's death, Paulze became bitter. She was bankrupt following the new government's confiscation of her money and property (which were eventually returned). In addition, the new government seized all of
Lavoisier's notebooks and laboratory equipment. Despite these obstacles, Marie-Anne
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allowed her to accurately and precisely draw experimental apparatuses, which ultimately helped many of
Lavoisier's contemporaries to understand his methods and results. Furthermore, she served as the editor of his reports. Together, the Lavoisiers rebuilt the field of chemistry, which had its
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proposal from the 50-year-old Count d'Amerval. Jacques Paulze tried to object to the union, but received threats about losing his job with the Ferme Générale. To indirectly thwart the marriage, Jacques Paulze made an offer to one of his colleagues to ask for his daughter's hand instead. This
67:. She acted as his laboratory companion, using her linguistic skills to write up his work and bring it to an international audience. She also played a pivotal role in the translation of several scientific works, and was instrumental to the standardization of the
201:, a compilation of his papers and those of his colleagues demonstrating the principles of the new chemistry. The first volume contained work on heat and the formation of liquids, while the second dealt with the ideas of combustion, air,
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who paid the French monarchy for the privilege of collecting certain taxes. Her mother, Claudine
Thoynet Paulze, died in 1761, leaving behind Marie-Anne, then aged 3, and two other sons. After her mother's death Paulze was placed in a
648:
Bret, Patrice; Kawashima, Keiko (2019). "Madame
Lavoisier's Diffusion and Defense of Oxygen Against Phlogiston: Her Translations of Richard Kirwan's Essays". In Lykknes, Annette; Van Tiggelen, Brigitte (eds.).
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by French revolutionaries. Paulze's father, another prominent Ferme-Générale member, was arrested on similar grounds. On 28 November 1793 Lavoisier surrendered to revolutionaries and was imprisoned at
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Paulze accompanied
Lavoisier in his lab during the day, making entries into his lab notebooks and sketching diagrams of his experimental designs. The training she had received from the painter
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administrator, leading the couple to settle down at the
Arsenal in Paris. Here, Lavoisier's interest in chemistry blossomed after having previously trained at the chemical laboratory of
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majority of the research effort put forth in the laboratory was actually a joint effort between Paulze and her husband, with Paulze mainly playing the role of laboratory assistant.
153:, and, with the financial security provided by both his and Paulze's family, as well as his various titles and other business ventures, he was able to construct a state-of-the-art
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Madame Lavoisier while assisting her husband on his scientific research of human respiration; she is visible at the table on the far right. Etching by Mme Paulze Lavoisier.
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Borgias, Adriane P. "Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze Lavoisier." Women in Chemistry and Physics, A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. Eds. Louise S. Grinstein, Rose K Rose, and
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Crawford, Franklin. "CU’s great treasure of science: Lavoisier collection is Mme. Lavoisier’s Achievement." Cornell Chronicle . 30 Jan. 2007. 12 Apr. 2007.
113:. Lavoisier accepted the proposition, and he and Marie-Anne were married on 16 December 1771. Lavoisier was about 28, while Marie-Anne was about 13.
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Before her death, Paulze was able to recover nearly all of Lavoisier's notebooks and chemical apparatuses, most of which survive in a collection at
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laboratory. Paulze soon became interested in his scientific research and began to participate in her husband's laboratory work actively.
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Her father, Jacques Paulze, worked primarily as a parliamentary lawyer and financier. Most of his income came from running the
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223209/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/14858405/944536095/name/%EE%80%80lavoisier%EE%80%81.pdf
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Vidal, Mary (2003). "The 'Other Atelier': Jacques-Louis David's Female Students". In Hyde, Melissa and Jennifer Milam (ed.).
182:. Throughout his imprisonment, Paulze visited Lavoisier regularly and fought for his release. She presented his case before
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383:, the largest of its kind outside of Europe. The year she died, a book was published, showing that Marie-Anne had a rich
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63:– 10 February 1836) was a French chemist and noblewoman. Madame Lavoisier's first husband was the chemist and nobleman
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Marie died very suddenly in her home in Paris on 10 February 1836, at the age of 78. She is buried in the cemetery of
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796:." Women in Chemistry. Massachusetts: American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation, 1998: 17–22.
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789:(Jan–Feb, 2002) pp. 22–24. Bell, Madison Smartt. Lavoisier in the Year One. New York: Atlas Books, 2005.
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In 1793 Lavoisier, due to his prominent position in the Ferme-Générale, was branded a traitor during the
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The History of Concord: From Its First Grant in 1725 to the Organization of the City Government in 1853
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in 1804, following a four-year courtship and engagement; she was his second wife. Thompson was born in
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Catalogue de livres faisant partie de la bibliotheque de feu Madame. Lavoisier, comtesse de Rumford
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in 1789, all the while continuing his scientific experiments. In 1791 he was elevated to
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Paulze was also instrumental in the 1789 publication of Lavoisier's groundbreaking
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where she received her formal education. She was for a time a pupil of the artist,
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Bell, Madison Smartt. Lavoisier in the Year One. New York: Atlas Books, 2005.
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Women in Their Element: Selected Women's Contributions To The Periodic System
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Lavoisier continued to work for the Ferme-Générale but in 1775 was appointed
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Memoir of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, with Notices of his Daughter
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Lavoisier in the year one: the birth of new science in an age of revolution
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As her interest developed, she received formal training in the field from
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roots in alchemy and at the time was a convoluted science dominated by
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Women, Art and the Politics of Identity in Eighteenth-Century Europe
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her efforts secured her husband's legacy in the field of chemistry.
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International Women in Science a Biographical Dictionary to 1950
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The transcript page includes Marie Lavoisier's engraving of a
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Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry.
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Kawashima, Keiko "Paulze-Lavoisier, Marie-Anne-Pierrette",
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library with books which included versions of The Bible,
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Fifteen engravings by Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, from
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organized the publication of Lavoisier's final memoirs,
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Detail of portrait of Marie-Anne Paulze with husband
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240:in 1753 and was a veteran, as a loyalist, of the
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558:(1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p.
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765:. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1993: 314–319.
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612:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 167–168.
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807:John H. Lienhard (2002). "Marie Lavoisier".
637:. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 43.
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100:. At the age of thirteen, Paulze received a
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532:"Madame Lavoisier's Translation of Oxygen"
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