282:
liberal and conservatives in
Guatemala City, that realized that they were forced to negotiate with Carrera, otherwise they were going to have to battle on two fronts -Quetzaltenango and Jalapa. Carrera went back to the Quetzaltenango area, while Zavala remained in Suchitepéquez as a tactical maneuver. Carrera received a visit from a Cabinet member of Paredes and told him that he had control of the native population and that he assured Paredes that he will keep them appeased. When the emissary returned to Guatemala City, he told the president everything Carrera said, and added that the native forces were formidable.
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about 50 metres (160 ft) above the level of the river. A meadow 300 metres (980 ft) deep lay between the hill and the river, and boarding the meadow was a sugar cane plantation. Carrera divided his army in three sections: the left wing was led by Cerna and
Solares; the right wing led by Bolaños. He personally led the central battalion, where he placed his artillery. Five hundred men stayed in
270:, where he met with the native leaders and told them that they had to remain united to prevail; the leaders agreed and slowly the segregated native communities started developing a new Indian identity under Carrera's leadership. In the meantime, on the eastern part of Guatemala, the Jalapa region became increasingly dangerous; former president
301:
issued a note to the rest of liberal leaders in
Central America in which he attacked the immorality and viciousness of the savage Rafael Carrera. Guzmán and Agustín Reyes invaded Guatemala later that year, and Carrera -now Army Commander in Chief- and his officer went after them; the rebels were able to escape and head to
293:
his native allies had occupied
Quetzaltenango; Carrera appointed Ignacio Yrigoyen as Corregidor and convinced him that he should work with the k'iche', mam, q'anjobal and mam leaders to keep the region under control. On his way out, Yrigoyen murmured to a friend: Now he is the King of the Indians, indeed!
305:
who had been left with very little protection from a small garrison. Guzmán and Reyes started a fire in
Carrera's house, and then went to the National Palace to take over the government, but they were received with gunfire and a cannon that decimated their forces and wounded Guzman, who died shortly
292:
to meet with another group of
Paredes emissaries; they agreed that Los Altos would rejoin Guatemala, and that the latter would help Guzmán defeat his hated enemy and also build a port on the Pacific Ocean. Guzmán was sure of victory this time, but his plan evaporated when, in his absence, Carrera and
380:
On 28 January 1851, Vasconcelos sent a letter to the
Guatemalan Ministry of Foreign Relations, in which he demanded that the Guatemalan president relinquish power, so that the alliance could designate a new head of state loyal to the liberals and that Rafael Carrera be exiled, escorted to any of the
300:
convinced president
Paredes to deal with Carrera; Guzmán could only get a temporary truce from the revolt leaders León Raymundo, Roberto Reyes and Agustín Pérez; however, the truce was short lived, as the rebels sacked Jalapa on June 3 and 4. Guzman then left for El Salvador, where after a while he
281:
had been appointed as
Corregidor in Suchitepéquez, Carrera and his hundred jacalteco bodyguards crossed a dangerous jungle infested with jaguars to meet his former friend. When they met, Zavala not only did not capture him, but agreed to serve under his orders, thus sending a strong message to both
334:
did it through a liberal newspaper that had been established with that specific goal; Vasconcelos gave support during a whole year to a rebel faction "La Montaña", in eastern
Guatemala, providing and distributing money and weapons. By late 1850, Vasconcelos was getting impatient due to the slowness
228:
had brought the country back from excessive conservatism to a traditional climate; however, in 1848, the liberals were able to force Rafael Carrera to leave office, after the country had been in turmoil for several months. Carrera resigned at his own free will and left for México. The new liberal
408:
Carrera's strategy was to feign a retreat, forcing the enemy forces to follow the "retreating" troops to a place he had previously chosen; on February 1, 1851, both armies were facing each other with only the San José river between them. Carrera had fortified the foothills of La Arada, its summit
444:
After his victory in La Arada, Carrera was named president of Guatemala, and even President for Life in 1854. Paredes was a loyal member of his army then. In 1856, President Carrera sent general Paredes to Nicaragua in 1856 to participate in the National War of Nicaragua against
253:
and the rebel guerrilla army of Vicente and Serapio Cruz who were declared enemies of general Carrera. The interim government was led by Guzmán himself and had Florencio Molina and priest Fernando Davila as his Cabinet members. On 5 September 1848, the
416:
Carreras strategy work to perfection: The final count of the Allied losses were 528 dead, 200 prisoners, 1,000 rifles, 13,000 rounds of ammunition, many pack animals and baggage, 11 drums and seven artillery pieces. Vasconcelos sought refuge in
381:
Guatemalan southern ports by a Salvadorean regiment. The Guatemalan government did not accept the terms and the Allied army entered Guatemalan territory at three different places. On 29 January, a 500-man contingent entered through Piñuelas,
373:, Honduras, where they signed an alliance against Guatemala. The Salvadorean army had 4,000 men, properly trained and armed and supported by artillery; the Honduran army numbered 2,000 men. The coalition army was stationed in
389:, led by General Vicente Baquero, but the majority of the invading force marched from Metapán. The Allied army was composed of 4,500 men led by Vasconcelos, as Commander in Chief. Other commanders were general
335:
of the progress of the war with Guatemala and decided to plan an open attack. Under that circumstance, the Salvadorean head of state started a campaign against the conservative Guatemalan regime, inviting
229:
regime allied itself with the Aycinena family and swiftly passed a law where they emphatically ordered to execute Carrera if he dared to return to Guatemalan soil. On his absence, the liberal
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Meanwhile, in Guatemala, where the invasion plans were perfectly well-known, President Paredes started taking precautions to face the situation, while the Guatemalan Archbishop,
355:
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After Rafael Carrera returned from exile in 1849, Vasconcelos granted asylum to the Guatemalan liberals, who harassed the Guatemalan government in several different forms:
957:: "In the Conservative regime of Guatemala, the Catholic Church was entangled with the Government and the leaders of both were relatives, mostly of the Aycinena family."
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as part of the Allied Army Central and commander of the Guatemalan expedition. He led his troops through Nicaraguan territory and then joined the column under colonel
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was ineffective in quelling uprisings in eastern Guatemala and short-term governments failed to restore order. But Mariano Paredes was unable to control Guatemala.
421:, while two Generals mounted on the same horse were seen crossing the Honduran border. Carrera regrouped his army and crossed the Salvadorean border, occupying
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Weaver, Frederic S. (March 1999). "Reform and (Counter) Revolution in Post-Independence Guatemala: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Postmodern Controversies".
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and died without being able to complete his mission; Zavala took over and eventually helped the Allied Central American Army defect Walker.
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405:. Guatemala was able to recruit 2,000 men, led by Lieutenant General Carrera as Commander in Chief and several colonels.
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and rebel leader Vicente Cruz were both murdered there after trying to take over the Corregidor office in 1849.
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to defend the city and to aid in a possible retreat, leaving only 1,500 Guatemalans against an enemy of 4,500.
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was an independent state once again on 26 August 1848; the new state had the support of Vasconcelos' regime in
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The flag shown for Guatemala corresponds to the time Paredes lived: this flag was official from 1843 to 1851.
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Miceli, Keith (1974). "Rafael Carrera: Defender and Promoter of Peasant Interests in Guatemala, 1837-1848".
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Invención criolla, sueño ladino, pesadilla indigena, Los Altos de Guatemala: de región a Estado, 1740-1871
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Kortheuer, Dennis (1994). "Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala: 1821-1871".
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with whom he went to Cojutepeque, achieving a landslide victory. However, there he got ill with
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from January 1, 1849 to November 6, 1851 as a compromise chief of state. Paredes, an army
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La patria del criollo; ensayo de interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca
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In the meantime, Carrera decided to return to Guatemala and did so entering by
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758:(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.
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Guzmán then left for Jalapa, where he stroke a deal with the rebels, while
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Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871
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745:(1959). "El capítulo de las efemérides: José Milla y Rafael Carrera".
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altenses chose a formal government led by Fernando Antonio Martínez.
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Proclamation Coin 1847 of the independent Republic of Guatemala
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Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan
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who took over the city after Mariano Paredes was called to
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Stephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854).
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to take over the Presidential office- declared that
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La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala
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870:(in Spanish). Guatemala: CIRMA. Archived from
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727:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter.
358:, ordered peace prayers in the archdiocese.
921:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
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780:(in Spanish). México: Ediciones en Marcha.
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343:to participate in the alliance; only the
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754:Hernández de León, Federico (1930).
1071:Federal Republic of Central America
814:Museo Militar de Guatemala (n.d.).
723:González Davison, Fernando (2008).
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1098:direct central rule, 1826–27
1081:direct central rule, 1823–24
706:Central America since independence
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776:Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990).
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288:, the altense leader, went to
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859:: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.
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915:Woodward, Ralph Lee (1993).
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277:Upon learning that officer
18:Mariano Paredes (Guatemala)
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749:(in Spanish). Guatemala.
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332:José Francisco Barrundia
262:Return of Rafael Carrera
1531:Presidents of Guatemala
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356:Francisco García Peláez
1012:President of Guatemala
771:(1). Academic OneFile.
495:Hernández de León 1930
441:
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188:, came to power after
182:President of Guatemala
46:President of Guatemala
27:President of Guatemala
1180:Republic of Guatemala
1003:José Bernardo Escobar
675:González Davison 2008
663:González Davison 2008
651:González Davison 2008
639:González Davison 2008
615:González Davison 2008
600:González Davison 2008
585:González Davison 2008
573:González Davison 2008
558:González Davison 2008
543:González Davison 2008
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519:González Davison 2008
440:, American filibuster
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399:José Trinidad Cabañas
391:José Santos Guardiola
326:Vicente Cerna y Cerna
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69:José Bernardo Escobar
979:at Wikimedia Commons
836:: CS1 maint: year (
363:Doroteo Vasconcelos
361:On 4 January 1851,
322:Doroteo Vasconcelos
298:Luis Batres Juarros
212:Doroteo Vasconcelos
1074:(1823–1839);
995:Political offices
826:on 12 August 2014.
677:, p. 311-328.
653:, p. 316-317.
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451:José Víctor Zavala
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310:Battle of La Arada
279:José Víctor Zavala
272:Mariano Rivera Paz
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251:El Salvador
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1272:M. Estrada
1185:Presidents
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1018:(Interim)
878:2015-01-25
461:References
411:Chiquimula
397:, general
393:, general
371:Ocotepeque
367:Juan Lindo
351:accepted.
349:Juan Lindo
320:See also:
206:See also:
196:Presidency
149:Allegiance
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1092:Barrundia
1016:1849-1851
1006:(Interim)
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134:Residence
103:Guatemala
54:In office
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