935:
1065:. As the novel's title implies, it is centered on the second triumvirate, but relates the period through the lens of Lepidus' life and experiences. According to Weigel, he becomes a kind of "a Don Quixote in a toga". The novel follows the standard portrayal of him as "cowardly, stupid, shying away from combat, dominated by women, and longing for someone to give him orders". A reviewer at the time of publication referred to Duggan's Lepidus as "the eternal conservative stuffed shirt without the moral strength to live by the traditional virtues he admires and pretends to possess." He is portrayed as a more competent figure in
619:, the Senate sent word that Lepidus' troops were no longer needed. Antony, however, marched towards Lepidus's province with his remaining forces. Lepidus continued to assure the Senate of his loyalty, but engaged in negotiations with Antony. When the two armies met, large portions of Lepidus's forces joined up with Antony. Lepidus negotiated an agreement with him, while claiming to the Senate that he had no choice. It is unclear whether Lepidus' troops forced him to join with Antony, whether that was always Lepidus's plan, or whether he arranged matters to gauge the situation and make the best deal.
56:
808:
1120:) is portrayed in the familiar way, as an inadequate rival for the powerhouses of Octavian and Antony. Much of his involvement in the second Triumvirate is barely mentioned in the series. No mention is made of his alliance with Antony and Caesar before the assassination. He is depicted as a general sent to defeat the weakened Antony after Mutina. His whole army immediately defects to his enemy. He appears sporadically as a barely-noticed participant in later discussions about future plans.
559:
644:
633:
775:, but also agreed to hand over seven of his legions to Octavian and Antony to continue the struggle against Brutus and Cassius, who controlled the eastern part of Roman territory. In the event of a defeat, Lepidus' territories would provide a fall-back position. Lepidus was to become consul and was confirmed as Pontifex Maximus. He would assume control of Rome while they were away.
995:
Léonie Hayne says that he acted "skillfully and consistently in support of Antony and (indirectly) of the
Caesarian faction". She also argues that his power bid over Sicily was logical and justifiable. Alain Gowing has also argued that his actions in Sicily, though "futile", were no more than an "attempt to regain a position from which he had been unfairly thrust".
950:
Lepidus's biographer
Richard D. Weigel says that he has been typically caricatured by both ancient and modern historians as "weak, indecisive, fickle, disloyal and incompetent". Cicero condemned Lepidus for "wickedness and sheer folly" after Lepidus allowed his forces to join with Mark Antony's after
913:
Spending the rest of his life in relative obscurity, Lepidus was apparently obliged to return to Rome periodically to participate in Senate business. Octavian, now known as "Augustus", is said to have belittled him by always asking for his vote last. Lepidus died peacefully in late 13 BC, upon which
994:
called him "a flimsy character...perfidious and despised". Weigel argues that these views are coloured by evidence that was in large part politically motivated, and that
Lepidus's career was no more perfidious or inconsistent than that of the other major players in the power struggles at the time.
782:
Lepidus had in fact already reached the peak of his power. By becoming pontifex maximus and triumvir he had gained a level of recognition that would preserve his name and save a very small niche for him in the history of western civilization. However, in agreeing to yield seven of his legions and
878:
and a dispute arose over whether he or
Octavian had authority on the island. Lepidus had been the first to land troops in Sicily and had captured several of the main towns. However, he felt that Octavian was treating him as a subordinate, instead of an equal. He asserted that Sicily should be
839:, Mark Antony's brother. Lucius, with superior forces, easily took the city. Lepidus was forced to flee to Octavian's camp. Lucius soon withdrew from Rome and Octavian retook the city. After this event, Lepidus was given six of Antony's legions to govern Africa. In 37 BC the treaty of
734:). The Senate instructed Octavian to hand over control of the troops to Decimus Brutus, but he refused. Antony and Lepidus met with Octavian on an island in a river, possibly near Mutina, but more likely near Bologna. Their armies lined along opposite banks. They formed the
986:
he is portrayed as extremely gullible, asking Antony silly questions about Egypt while very drunk. Antony taunts him with an elaborately nonsensical description of a Nile crocodile. After
Lepidus's fall from power, he is referred to as the "poor third" and "fool Lepidius".
874:, Lepidus raised a large army of 14 legions to help subdue Sextus Pompey. However, this was to lead to an ill-judged political move that gave Octavian the excuse he needed to remove Lepidus from power. After the defeat of Sextus Pompey, Lepidus had stationed his legions in
587:
tried to take advantage of the turmoil to threaten Spain. Lepidus was sent to negotiate with him. Lepidus successfully negotiated an agreement with Sextus that maintained the peace. The Senate voted him a public thanksgiving festival. Lepidus thereafter administered both
344:
Though he was an able military commander and proved a useful partisan of Caesar, Lepidus has always been portrayed as the least influential member of the
Triumvirate. He typically appears as a marginalised figure in depictions of the events of the era, most notably in
967:, was the real power. Dio wrote, "She, the mother-in‑law of Octavian and wife of Antony, had no respect for Lepidus because of his slothfulness, and managed affairs herself, so that neither the senate nor the people transacted any business contrary to her pleasure".
1046:, in which he attempts to save Cicero's life, and is portrayed as a conflicted figure, who respects traditional Roman values, but is unable to resist the will of his colleagues. Cicero rejects compromise, but Lepidus is too weak to do so.
494:. Lepidus refused to support Cassius, who had created opposition to Caesar's regime by his corruption and avarice. He negotiated a deal with the rebel leader, the quaestor Marcellus, and helped to defeat an attack by the Mauretanian king
498:. Cassius and his supporters were allowed to leave and order was restored. Caesar and the Senate were sufficiently impressed by Lepidus's judicious mixture of negotiation and surgical military action that they granted him a
883:. After negotiation, he suggested an alternative: Octavian could have Sicily and Africa, if he agreed to give Lepidus back his old territories in Spain and Gaul, which should legally have been his according to the
574:. Lepidus and Antony both spoke in the Senate the following day, accepting an amnesty for the assassins in return for preservation of their offices and Caesar's reforms. Lepidus also obtained the post of
542:). Caesar had dined at Lepidus's house the night before his murder. One of the ringleaders of the conspiracy, Gaius Cassius Longinus, had argued for the killing of Lepidus and Mark Antony as well, but
430:
887:. Octavian accused Lepidus of attempting to usurp power and fomenting rebellion. Humiliatingly, Lepidus' legions in Sicily defected to Octavian and Lepidus himself was forced to submit to him.
748:
of 43. With the triumvirs in possession of overwhelming numerical superiority, Decimus Brutus' remaining forces melted away, leaving the triumvirs in complete control of the western provinces.
473:, a position that Caesar used to get himself elected as consul, resigning the dictatorship after eleven days. Lepidus was rewarded with the position of propraetor in the Spanish province of
527:
to keep order in Rome, after Antony's inflammatory actions led to disturbances in 47. Lepidus appears to have been genuinely shocked when Antony provocatively offered Caesar a crown at the
1209:
349:'s plays. While some scholars have endorsed this view, others argue that the evidence is insufficient to discount the distorting effects of propaganda by his opponents, principally
791:
that led to the death of Cicero and other die-hard opponents of Caesar's faction. Later historians were particularly critical of him for agreeing to the death of his brother
906:. The younger Lepidus was executed, but the former triumvir himself was left unmolested. His wife Junia was, however, implicated. Lepidus had to plead with his former enemy
730:, Caesar's great-nephew, who had been adopted by Caesar in Caesar's will. Octavian was the only surviving commander of the forces that had defeated Antony at Mutina (modern
1781:
778:
According to
Lepidus's biographer Richard D. Weigel, Lepidus' willingness to give up his legions inevitably consigned him to a subsidiary role in the triumvirate.
615:, called on Lepidus to support Brutus – one of Caesar's killers. Lepidus prevaricated, recommending negotiation with Antony. After Antony's defeat at the
871:
771:. The triumvirate's legal lifespan was for five years. At the beginning Lepidus was confirmed in possession of both the provinces of Hispania, along with
963:, while Mark Antony and Octavian were away from Rome fighting Brutus and Cassius, Lepidus was nominally in control of the city, but Mark Antony's wife,
1763:
17:
562:
Narbonese Gaul ("Narbonensis") and
Cisalpine Gaul ("Gallia Cisalpina"). After Munda, Antony retreated towards Lepidus's territory to join up with him.
2024:
1772:
1745:
1835:
980:
in which Antony describes him as "a slight, unmeritable man, meant to be sent on errands", comparable to a donkey required to bear burdens. In
1289:
Lepidus was probably sitting next to Caesar at the time. According to Cicero, he groaned, turned away, and had tears in his eyes. See Weigel,
538:
for the second time. The brief alliance in power of Caesar and
Lepidus came to a sudden end when Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 (the
823:, during which he remained in Rome, Antony and Octavian took over most of Lepidus' territories, but granted him rights in the provinces of
1027:
portrays him in a similar light, warning Caesar, and later working closely with Antony, who refers to him as "sage et prudent Lépide". In
1701:
831:
as proconsul. For a while he managed to distance himself from the frequent quarrels between his colleagues Antony and
Octavian. When the
955:. Cicero also privately suggested that Lepidus' wife, Junia, had been unfaithful to him. Decimus Brutus called him a "weathercock", and
2009:
1898:
1826:
1808:
1250:
Lawyers in Roman Transitional Politics: A Study of the Roman Jurists in Their Political Setting in the Late Republic and Triumvirate
1853:
1633:
836:
31:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1844:
362:
194:
1994:
1146:
783:
allow Octavian and Antony the glory of defeating Brutus and Cassius, he had consigned himself to a minor role in the future.
2039:
2029:
1889:
397:
2034:
1817:
520:
2019:
2014:
1790:
1736:
1258:
1248:
1195:
1019:
depicts Lepidus as Caesar's loyal ally, warning him against conspiracies and later planning revenge on his killers.
1907:
1615:
1570:
1916:
1694:
792:
370:
934:
1989:
1039:
2004:
899:
608:
566:
As soon as Lepidus learned of Caesar's murder, he acted decisively to maintain order by moving troops to the
413:
180:
1457:
1637:
366:
1687:
1659:
1177:, vol I, pp. 539–555 ("Caesar", No. 18); pp. 424–431 ("Augustus"); pp. 584, 585 ("Calvinus", No. 4).
1597:
1113:
1086:
487:
38:
1999:
1625:
1601:
1091:
851:
760:
1984:
1979:
1952:
1754:
1559:
409:
523:"), effectively his deputy. Caesar appears to have had greater confidence in Lepidus than in
55:
1020:
433:
One of the coins minted by Lepidus, celebrating his family's achievements. This depicts the
1799:
982:
976:
393:
385:
in 78–77 (he was defeated just outside of Rome and fled to Sardinia where he died in 77).
8:
1100:
956:
880:
570:. He proposed using his army to punish Caesar's killers, but was dissuaded by Antony and
442:
346:
902:
became involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Octavian, but the plot was discovered by
850:, possibly in order to build up a network of clients. He appears to have encouraged the
534:
When in February 44 Caesar was elected dictator for life by the Senate, he made Lepidus
457:, overseeing the minting of coins, from c. 62 to 58 BC. Lepidus soon became one of
1229:
1035:
his is a non-speaking role, simply presented as one of Caesar's entourage of officers.
840:
820:
735:
543:
453:
300:
149:
1254:
1233:
1191:
1142:
919:
918:
on 6 March 12 BC; afterwards, the chief priest's office was moved from the Regia to
807:
752:
491:
474:
91:
547:
1974:
1710:
1563:
1221:
1108:
1028:
952:
616:
576:
515:
434:
337:
321:
259:
224:
154:
139:
68:
1012:
429:
938:
Lepidus (right) browbeaten by Antony and Octavian. Illustration to Shakespeare's
859:
846:
During Lepidus' proconsulship of Africa, he promoted the distribution of land to
828:
959:
called him "the most fickle of mankind" and incapable of command. According to
907:
903:
772:
768:
652:: the division of Roman territory on the foundation of the Triumvirate (43 BC).
604:
593:
567:
470:
447:
312:
234:
1225:
890:
On 22 September 36 BC, Lepidus was stripped of all his offices except that of
1968:
1925:
1652:
1587:
1579:
1058:
923:
584:
571:
539:
499:
458:
389:
316:
170:
1727:
1117:
1078:
943:
858:. In result, the formally cursed area of the old city, destroyed after the
832:
788:
531:
festival, an act that helped to precipitate the conspiracy to kill Caesar.
405:
326:
296:
229:
144:
114:
95:
1011:, other Renaissance-era writers portrayed Lepidus in a more positive way.
835:
broke out in 41, Octavian tasked Lepidus with the defence of Rome against
558:
546:
had overruled him, saying the action was an execution and not a political
1066:
991:
971:
960:
816:
796:
524:
401:
308:
1359:
1057:
Lepidus appears in a number of novels. He is the principal character of
643:
528:
134:
65:
III v(ir) r(ei) p(ublicae) c(onstituendae) Lepidus pont(ifex) max(imus)
884:
744:
597:
483:
by the Senate in 52, being the last known Roman to hold this office.
382:
374:
159:
1679:
854:
of Thibilis in Numidia and to have demolished illicit extensions to
632:
1943:
1671:
1047:
855:
847:
727:
589:
479:
331:
304:
124:
60:
742:(Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate) by the
1485:, 14, 1971, pp. 116–17; "The Defeat of Lepidus in 36 B.C.",
1054:
refers to Lepidus as a pawn, merely used by Antony and Octavian.
1003:
Despite his role as "a slight, unmeritable man" in Shakespeare's
895:
824:
763:, this one was formally constituted. In effect, it sidelined the
462:
129:
67:, meaning "Triumvir for the regulation of the republic, Lepidus,
1096:
964:
875:
764:
756:
731:
612:
510:
506:
486:
In Spain, Lepidus was called upon to quell a rebellion against
466:
465:
in 49 BC, being placed in charge of Rome while Caesar defeated
373:(consul in 50). His father was the first leader of the revived
350:
1038:
Lepidus appears in several 18th century French plays, such as
63:
of 42 BC depicting Lepidus, aged about 57. The inscription is
30:"Marcus Aemilius Lepidus" redirects here. For other uses, see
495:
378:
101:
412:'s wife. Lepidus and Junia Secunda had at least one child,
280:
268:
365:(consul in 78 BC); his mother may have been a daughter of
843:
formally renewed the Triumvirate for another five years.
815:
After the pacification of the east and the defeat of the
740:
Triumvirs for Confirming the Republic with Consular Power
657:: the division of territory after the Battle of Philippi.
274:
1481:
Hayne, Léonie, "Lepidus' Role after the Ides of March",
1383:
1381:
1272:
1270:
1188:
Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic
1085:, he is a weasely politician. He is also mentioned in
1472:, Cambridge university Press, 2008, Act III, scene 5.
1378:
1175:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
283:
1267:
898:. After the defeat of Antony in 31 BC, Lepidus' son
277:
271:
265:
1427:
1425:
990:Modern writers have often been equally dismissive.
262:
1246:
1207:
1966:
1422:
1210:"The Five-Day Interregnum in the Roman Republic"
381:, and led an unsuccessful rebellion against the
767:and the Senate and signalled the death of the
553:
469:in Greece. He secured Caesar's appointment as
461:'s greatest supporters. He was appointed as a
315:. Lepidus had previously been a close ally of
1695:
799:hints that Lepidus helped Paullus to escape.
295:89 BC – late 13 or early 12 BC) was a
1702:
1688:
607:(northern Italy) by force and to displace
54:
1136:
603:When Antony attempted to take control of
1141:. Oxford University Press. p. 133.
933:
914:Augustus was elected to the position of
806:
726:Antony and Lepidus now had to deal with
557:
428:
32:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (disambiguation)
2025:Pontifices maximi of the Roman Republic
998:
14:
1967:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
583:At this point, Pompey's surviving son
513:in the East. Caesar also made Lepidus
195:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC)
1709:
1683:
1360:https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591370
622:
299:general and statesman who formed the
1044:Le Triumvirat, ou la mort de Cicéron
660:
1854:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
1394:
414:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger
24:
1872:P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus
1863:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
865:
795:, a supporter of Cicero. However,
25:
18:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)
2051:
2010:Magistri equitum (Roman Republic)
1544:
1332:, Routledge, London, 2001, p.165.
1220:. Cambridge University: 205–221.
802:
424:
1890:L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus
894:; Octavian then confined him to
642:
631:
258:
1535:Lepidus: the Tarnished Triumvir
1527:
1514:
1509:Lepidus: the Tarnished Triumvir
1501:
1492:
1475:
1462:
1451:
1446:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1438:
1433:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1417:Lepidus: the Tarnished Triumvir
1373:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1365:
1348:
1343:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1335:
1322:
1317:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1309:
1291:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1163:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1095:, told from the perspective of
951:Antony's initial defeat at the
371:Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus
1818:L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus
1296:
1283:
1240:
1201:
1180:
1168:
1155:
1130:
509:in 46 after the defeat of the
505:Lepidus was rewarded with the
311:during the final years of the
13:
1:
1123:
929:
900:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor
738:, legalized with the name of
477:. Lepidus was also nominated
292:
181:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor
1995:1st-century BC Roman consuls
1791:P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
1498:Quoted, Weigel, p. 135.
1330:Who's Who in the Roman World
970:Such views are reflected in
706: Rome's client kingdoms
686: Triumvirs collectively
445:as a child. He started his
419:
329:, and (presumably) the last
27:Roman politician and general
7:
2040:People of the War of Mutina
2030:Roman governors of Hispania
1524:, 13 August 13, 1958, p.25.
1419:, Routledge, 2002, preface.
1247:Bauman, Richard A. (1985).
1040:Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon
1007:and as a rambling drunk in
974:'s portrayal of Lepidus in
811:Aureus of Lepidus, c. 42 BC
787:Lepidus also agreed to the
554:Aftermath of Caesar's death
490:, governor of neighbouring
377:faction after the death of
367:Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
100:(modern San Felice Circeo,
10:
2056:
1917:Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius
1208:Koptev, Aleksandr (2016).
700: Brutus & Cassius
341:to hold military command.
36:
29:
2035:Roman Republican praetors
1836:P. Licinius Crassus Dives
1719:
1668:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1630:
1613:
1594:
1584:
1568:
1556:
1551:
1489:17, 1974, pp. 59–65.
1226:10.1017/S000983881600032X
1137:Treggiari, Susan (2019).
1106:In the BBC/HBO TV series
1061:'s 1958 historical novel
356:
247:
243:
217:
209:
204:
200:
190:
186:Aemilia Lepida (possibly)
176:
166:
120:
110:
84:
76:
53:
46:
2020:Moneyers of ancient Rome
2015:Correspondents of Cicero
1899:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
488:Quintus Cassius Longinus
184:Quintus Aemilius Lepidus
39:Lepidus (disambiguation)
1626:Lucius Munatius Plancus
1214:The Classical Quarterly
1139:Servilia and her Family
908:Lucius Saenius Balbinus
363:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
361:Lepidus was the son of
319:. He was also the last
254:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
48:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1638:P. Servilius Isauricus
947:
862:, was not built upon.
812:
785:
563:
438:
353:and, later, Augustus.
1990:1st-century BC clergy
1827:M. Cornelius Cethegus
1809:L. Caecilius Metellus
1468:Shakespeare, Wiliam,
1083:Let the Emperor Speak
937:
870:In 36 BC, during the
810:
780:
712: Ptolemaic Egypt
611:, the Senate, led by
580:, succeeding Caesar.
561:
432:
398:Marcus Junius Silanus
210:Years of service
2005:Ancient Roman exiles
1944:Imp. Caesar Augustus
1782:P. Cornelius Calussa
1470:Antony and Cleopatra
1415:Weigel, Richard D.,
1356:Lepidus reconsidered
1009:Antony and Cleopatra
999:Fictional depictions
983:Antony and Cleopatra
544:Marcus Junius Brutus
394:Marcus Junius Brutus
162:(43–40 and 38–36 BC)
37:For other uses, see
1935:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1845:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1755:A. Cornelius Cossus
1598:P. Ventidius Bassus
1458:Cassius Dio.48.4.1.
1354:Richard D. Weigel,
1017:Caius Julius Caesar
957:Velleius Paterculus
910:to grant her bail.
881:sphere of influence
694: Sextus Pompey
521:Master of the Horse
443:College of Pontiffs
441:Lepidus joined the
1908:Q. Mucius Scaevola
1881:P. Mucius Scaevola
1773:M. Fabius Ambustus
1552:Political offices
1520:Orville Prescott,
1071:The Scarlet Mantle
1021:Georges de Scudéry
948:
879:absorbed into his
821:Battle of Philippi
817:assassins' faction
813:
736:Second Triumvirate
623:Second Triumvirate
564:
454:triumvir monetalis
439:
369:. His brother was
301:Second Triumvirate
88:13 BC (aged c. 76)
1962:
1961:
1712:Pontifices maximi
1678:
1677:
1669:Succeeded by
1645:Religious titles
1631:Succeeded by
1611:
1585:Succeeded by
1560:Q. Fufius Calenus
1148:978-0-19-256465-8
1075:The Bloodied Toga
922:, located on the
753:First Triumvirate
718:
717:
492:Hispania Ulterior
475:Hispania Citerior
392:, half-sister of
251:
250:
16:(Redirected from
2047:
1926:C. Julius Caesar
1704:
1697:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1661:Pontifex maximus
1650:Preceded by
1605:
1595:Preceded by
1564:Publius Vatinius
1557:Preceded by
1549:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1455:
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1442:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1352:
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1339:
1333:
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1320:
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1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1205:
1199:
1190:, Abacus, 2004,
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1029:Pierre Corneille
1025:La Mort de César
953:Battle of Mutina
920:Augustus' palace
916:Pontifex Maximus
892:Pontifex Maximus
711:
705:
699:
693:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
646:
635:
617:Battle of Mutina
577:pontifex maximus
536:magister equitum
516:magister equitum
435:Basilica Aemilia
410:Cassius Longinus
388:Lepidus married
338:magister equitum
322:pontifex maximus
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
225:Battle of Mutina
205:Military service
155:Pontifex Maximus
140:Magister Equitum
105:
69:Pontifex maximus
66:
58:
44:
43:
21:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1800:Ti. Coruncanius
1715:
1708:
1674:
1665:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1634:Lucius Antonius
1622:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1435:, pp. 88–9
1430:
1423:
1414:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1375:pp. 59–62.
1370:
1366:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1206:
1202:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1063:Three's Company
1001:
932:
872:Sicilian revolt
868:
866:Fall from power
860:Third Punic War
837:Lucius Antonius
805:
728:Octavian Caesar
724:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:
713:
709:
707:
703:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
681:
677:
675:
671:
669:
665:
658:
653:
647:
638:
637:
636:
625:
556:
427:
422:
359:
261:
257:
239:
185:
183:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
106:
99:
98:
89:
72:
64:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Aemilii Lepidi
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:: Held by the
1949:12 BC – AD 375
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1612:
1602:Gaius Carrinas
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1545:External links
1543:
1540:
1539:
1526:
1522:New York Times
1513:
1500:
1491:
1474:
1461:
1450:
1437:
1421:
1393:
1377:
1364:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1200:
1186:Holland, Tom,
1179:
1167:
1154:
1147:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1033:Mort de Pompée
1015:'s Latin play
1000:
997:
931:
928:
904:Gaius Maecenas
867:
864:
804:
803:After Philippi
801:
793:Lucius Paullus
773:Narbonese Gaul
716:
715:
708:
702:
696:
690:
688:
682:
680: Octavian
676:
670:
664:
659:
648:
641:
640:
639:
630:
629:
628:
627:
626:
624:
621:
609:Decimus Brutus
605:Cisalpine Gaul
594:Narbonese Gaul
568:Campus Martius
555:
552:
448:cursus honorum
426:
425:Ally of Caesar
423:
421:
418:
396:and sister of
358:
355:
313:Roman Republic
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
238:
237:
235:Bellum Siculum
232:
227:
221:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
90:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
59:
51:
50:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2052:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:10s BC deaths
1983:
1981:
1980:80s BC births
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:Julius Caesar
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1621:42 BC
1619:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:Julius Caesar
1582:
1581:
1580:Julius Caesar
1575:46 BC
1573:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1487:Acta Classica
1484:
1483:Acta Classica
1478:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1260:9783406304859
1256:
1253:. Beck, C.H.
1252:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1196:0-349-11563-X
1193:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1099:'s secretary
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1087:Robert Harris
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Alfred Duggan
1055:
1053:
1052:Le Triumvirat
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:Caspar Brülow
1010:
1006:
1005:Julius Caesar
996:
993:
988:
985:
984:
979:
978:
977:Julius Caesar
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
945:
941:
940:Julius Caesar
936:
927:
925:
924:Palatine Hill
921:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
877:
873:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
800:
798:
794:
790:
789:proscriptions
784:
779:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
689:
674: Lepidus
663:
662:
656:
651:
645:
634:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
585:Sextus Pompey
581:
579:
578:
573:
572:Aulus Hirtius
569:
560:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:Ides of March
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Julius Caesar
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
436:
431:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Junia Secunda
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
348:
342:
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
324:
323:
318:
317:Julius Caesar
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
255:
246:
242:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
182:
179:
175:
172:
171:Junia Secunda
169:
165:
161:
157:(44–13/12 BC)
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
103:
97:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
62:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
19:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1728:Numa Marcius
1723:
1711:
1666:44–13/12 BC
1660:
1658:
1624:
1616:Roman consul
1614:
1607:
1606:
1578:
1571:Roman consul
1569:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1416:
1388:
1372:
1367:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1328:John Hazel,
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1249:
1242:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:pp. 9–10, 98
1162:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1118:Ronan Vibert
1107:
1105:
1090:
1082:
1079:Allan Massie
1074:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1002:
989:
981:
975:
969:
949:
944:H. C. Selous
939:
915:
912:
891:
889:
869:
852:Romanisation
845:
833:Perusine War
814:
786:
781:
777:
750:
743:
739:
725:
668: Antony
654:
649:
602:
582:
575:
565:
535:
533:
514:
504:
485:
478:
452:
446:
440:
406:Junia Tertia
387:
360:
343:
336:
330:
327:Roman Empire
320:
253:
252:
230:Perusine War
218:Battles/wars
96:Roman Empire
1764:S. Minucius
1737:C. Papirius
1608:as suffecti
1067:W. G. Hardy
992:Ronald Syme
972:Shakespeare
961:Cassius Dio
797:Cassius Dio
755:of Caesar,
751:Unlike the
548:coup d'état
525:Mark Antony
402:Junia Prima
347:Shakespeare
325:before the
309:Mark Antony
147:(46, 42 BC)
111:Nationality
1969:Categories
1124:References
930:Reputation
529:Lupercalia
507:consulship
303:alongside
152:(43–36 BC)
142:(46–44 BC)
137:(47–46 BC)
135:Propraetor
132:(49–47 BC)
1746:Q. Furius
1387:Holland,
1302:Holland,
1276:Holland,
1234:170900670
926:in Rome.
885:Lex Titia
745:Lex Titia
598:proconsul
511:Pompeians
420:Biography
383:optimates
375:populares
160:Proconsul
1953:emperors
1672:Augustus
1537:, p.133.
1533:Weigel,
1511:, p.112.
1507:Weigel,
1444:Weigel,
1431:Weigel,
1358:, 1974,
1293:, p. 40.
1161:Weigel,
1092:Dictator
1048:Voltaire
856:Carthage
848:veterans
841:Tarentum
769:Republic
590:Hispania
480:interrex
471:dictator
332:interrex
305:Octavian
213:48–36 BC
177:Children
150:Triumvir
125:Interrex
104:, Italy)
80:c. 89 BC
61:Denarius
1975:Lepidus
1448:, p.97.
1389:Rubicon
1371:Weigel
1341:Weigel
1315:Weigel
1304:Rubicon
1278:Rubicon
1114:Lepidus
896:Circeii
825:Numidia
819:in the
765:consuls
761:Crassus
500:triumph
463:praetor
130:Praetor
127:(52 BC)
92:Circeii
1895:103 BC
1886:114 BC
1877:130 BC
1868:132 BC
1859:141 BC
1850:150 BC
1841:180 BC
1832:212 BC
1823:213 BC
1814:221 BC
1805:243 BC
1796:254 BC
1787:304 BC
1778:332 BC
1769:390 BC
1760:420 BC
1751:431 BC
1742:449 BC
1733:509 BC
1724:715 BC
1623:With:
1577:With:
1391:, 360.
1306:, 347.
1280:, 346.
1257:
1232:
1198:, 316.
1194:
1145:
1097:Cicero
965:Fulvia
876:Sicily
829:Africa
759:, and
757:Pompey
732:Modena
714:
710:
704:
698:
692:
684:
678:
672:
666:
655:Bottom
613:Cicero
467:Pompey
357:Family
351:Cicero
191:Father
167:Spouse
145:Consul
121:Office
1940:12 BC
1931:44 BC
1922:63 BC
1913:81 BC
1904:89 BC
1230:S2CID
1077:. In
496:Bogud
379:Sulla
297:Roman
115:Roman
102:Lazio
1345:p.50
1319:p.43
1255:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1109:Rome
1101:Tiro
1073:and
827:and
592:and
404:and
335:and
307:and
85:Died
77:Born
1618:II
1222:doi
1081:'s
1069:'s
1050:'s
1042:'s
1031:'s
1023:'s
942:by
650:Top
596:as
451:as
1971::
1942::
1933::
1924::
1915::
1906::
1897::
1888::
1879::
1870::
1861::
1852::
1843::
1834::
1825::
1816::
1807::
1798::
1789::
1780::
1771::
1762::
1753::
1744::
1735::
1726::
1424:^
1396:^
1380:^
1269:^
1228:.
1218:66
1216:.
1212:.
1112:,
1103:.
1089:'
600:.
550:.
519:("
502:.
416:.
408:,
400:,
293:c.
291:;
94:,
71:".
1955:.
1703:e
1696:t
1689:v
1362:.
1263:.
1236:.
1224::
1151:.
1116:(
946:.
437:.
287:/
284:s
281:ə
278:d
275:ɪ
272:p
269:ɛ
266:l
263:ˈ
260:/
256:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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