Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality

2084: 1868: 521: 1628:" Based on participant observation in Facebook community groups and Twitter accounts, as well as key informant interviews with 20 "disinformation architects," conducted from December 2016 to December 2017, the study described a "professionalized and hierarchized group of political operators who design disinformation campaigns, mobilize click armies, and execute innovative "digital black ops" and "signal scrambling" techniques for any interested political client." This network had "ad and PR strategists at the top." 1940: 49: 6742: 818:

release from the 14th Infantry to rejoin his guerrilla group was disapproved. This was precisely because the "Ang Manga Maharlika" was not among the units recognized by the higher headquarters of the military. This was reiterated by Major R.G. Langham on behalf of the Regimental Commander of the 5th Cavalry. In a May 1945 memorandum, Langham wrote to the Commanding General for Ang Mga Maharlika not to be "recommended for recognition because of the limited military value of their duties."

2120: 7451: 533: 1393:(BSP) introduced a five peso coin in line with the new 'Ang Bagong Lipunan' series issued in commemoration of Marcos's declaration of Martial Law. The obverse bears the inscription 'Ang Bagong Lipunan,' year of minting, and a profile of Marcos, who was the president throughout the circulation of the coins, faced to the left. Marcos himself approved the coins with his own face. The denomination, the inscription 'Republika ng Pilipinas', and the official 2156: 1976: 2048: 2192: 1904: 1382: 2012: 1177:

of September 19, 1972, the Philippine Council had set their threat assessment at "between 'normal' and 'Internal Defense Condition 1'" on a scale where 3 was the highest Defense condition. One of the generals serving under General Fabian Ver of the National Intelligence and Security Authority later recalled that "even when Martial Law was declared, the communists were not a real threat. The military could handle them."

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the advances of the Japanese, he would have likely been bestowed with the Medal of Honor, as was the case with Jose Calugas, whose actions in 1942 impeded Japanese forces by two days. Indeed, as of August 2021, searching through the list of recipients of the Medal of Honor, Purple Heart, and Silver Star yields no result for Ferdinand Marcos.

639:, Marcos's intent was to project an image of himself "the only patron, the king" of Philippine society, which he still saw as a society of tribes." Cristobal furthers that "Marcos and the First Lady wanted more than anything else to be king and queen. They wished to shape the kingdom in their own image; Marcos wanted to be able to say, ' 1122:

mutual defense treaty, military assistance agreement, a US military advisory group, and the presence of bases where the US military could conduct "unhampered US military operations" for 99 years (later reduced to 50). Filipino presidents were very politically dependent on US Support, and this did not change until the end of the

1173:(NPA). Although the NPA was only a small force at the time, the AFP hyped up its formation, partly because doing so was good for building up the AFP budget. As a result, notes Security Specialist Richard J. Kessler, "the AFP mythologized the group, investing it with a revolutionary aura that ony attracted more supporters." 1096:(completed in 1981). The "designer hospitals" were particularly criticized as wrongly prioritized healthcare projects, draining public funds for the benefit of only a handful of patients, while underfunded basic health institutions, such as the Quezon Institute for Tuberculosis Patients, were overflowing and underfunded. 1324:

leaders, was intended to help lend legitimacy to the legitimacy of Marcos's authoritarian rule. Three volumes from the project, which was never completed, were eventually published – with Volume 1 and 2 published in several separate parts in 1976, 1977, and 1980, and a "compressed" volume published under the title "

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The Philippine education system underwent a major period of restructuring in after the declaration of Martial Law in 1972, in which the teaching of civics and history was reoriented so that it would reflect values which supported the Bagong Lipunan and its ideology of constitutional authoritarianism.

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Even in the days immediately before Marcos's declaration of Martial Law on September 23, 1972, the Philippine National Security Council did not consider the two communist movements to represent a sizable threat. At around that time, the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations received notice that as

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was produced to feature his "war exploits". Communications from American military officers detailed their disapproval in recognizing the guerrilla unit. A memorandum sent to the Adjutant General, Lt. Col. Parker Calvert relayed the order of Col. Russell Volckmann to inform Marcos that his request for

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Various Marcos supporters, most notably his immediate family, have also denied the negative economic impacts of authoritarian rule, and of Marcos's policies specifically, portraying the initial gains in the period immediately following the declaration of Martial Law as proof of a Philippine economic

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By the time Marcos became president in 1965, the PKP was a weakened organization, and the Hukbalahap reduced to "what amounted to banditry." But Marcos immediately made noise about the supposed "communist threat" – drawing on images of the bloody Huk encounters of the 1950s, and courting the Johnson

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Generally recognized as a "master of populist imagery," Marcos actively sought to create a "macho" image, associating his public image with symbols of masculinity, indirectly through stories of wartime escapades and by making sure he was photographed joining farmers in planting their rice crops; and

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after the fall of Bataan. According to Marcos's claim, this force had a strength of 9,000 men. His account of events was later cast into doubt after a United States military investigation that exposed many of his claims as either false or inaccurate. Meanwhile, Marcos claimed that he was able to get

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as propaganda tools; creating an entire propaganda framework around a "new society" in which he would rule under a system of "constitutional authoritarianism"; the perpetuation of hagiographical books and films; the perpetuation of propaganda narratives about Marcos's activities during World War II,

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One of the revelations from the Ong and Cabañes's 2018 study was that techniques for "personal branding" were used to "tell a revisionist account of the 20-year Marcos regime as 'the golden age of the Philippines,'" using such tools as YouTube videos "in a bid to restore the political luster of the

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and was tasked with demobilizing Japan and framing its constitution, allowing little to no time to meet Marcos. No archival sources or published works related to MacArthur allude to him personally pinning the medal on Marcos as well. Jose further said that if Marcos did indeed single-handedly delay

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for 3 months was highly improbable. Marcos claimed he received the medal from MacArthur in 1945, but the latter, following his retreat to Bataan, then to Australia, was only able to return to the Philippines in 1944, when his troops landed in Leyte. The following year, after the surrender of Japan,

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channel Pinoy Monkey Pride. A 2018 study later discovered that these efforts at historical distortion were linked to a "professionalized and hierarchized group of political operators," with advertising and Public Relations executives at the top, "who design disinformation campaigns, mobilize click

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Taking off from his early efforts to portray himself as a virile, macho figure, Marcos later associated himself with idealized images of the leaders of precolonial Philippine settlements – the "Apo", "Datu", "Rajah" ,and "Lakan". He furthered this image of himself as the strong masculine leader by

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Noted as an early effort to lay down the justifications for martial law, "Today's Revolution: Democracy" portrayed Marcos as heroically trying to create a viable economy despite opposition from his supposed enemies: communists, oligarch families and elitist politicians despite the fact that Marcos

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With its close ties to the US, the Philippines was ideologically caught up in the anticommunist scare perpetuated by the US during the Cold War. The government was not yet strongly-established, and it was "fearful of being swept away by 's rising tide", so in 1957, it passed Republic Act No. 1700,

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In the 1970s, the Marcos administration embarked on a project to publish multi-volume "new history of the Filipino people" called "Tadhana" (Destiny) which, along with the ideology of constitutional authoritarianism and Marcos's efforts to cast himself in the vein of the archipelago's precolonial

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The 2018 study of Networked Disinformation by Ong and Cabañes has identified "Golden age" propaganda as one of the tactics used by professional propagandists to further the political comeback of the Marcos siblings during the mid-2010s. Investigative journalists and media organizations have also

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During martial law, in another blow to press freedom, Marcos ordered shut down 7 major English and 3 Filipino newspapers, 1 English-Filipino newspaper, 11 English weekly magazines, 1 Spanish daily, 4 Chinese newspapers, 3 business publications, 1 news service, 7 television stations, 66 community

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In an effort to strengthen the influence of the Office of the President and simultaneously weaken the strong patronage bonds which rural Filipinos had with their local leaders, Marcos created the "Presidential Arm on Community Development" (PACD), which would initiate development projects at the

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Marcos was not on General Douglas MacArthur's "List of Recipients of Awards and Decorations" issued from December 7, 1941, to June 30, 1945, that was compiled in Tokyo, nor on General Jonathan Wainwright's list of 120 Americans and Filipinos who were awarded during the Bataan campaign by the War

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Once he achieved government authority, he used it to reward his supporters while limiting the power of other social groups and institutions. He styled himself as the Ilocos region's ticket to political prominence. In his first campaign, running for congressman of his family's already-established

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When Marcos became president in 1965, Philippine policy and politics functioned under a post–World War II geopolitical framework. After gaining independence from the US after the war, the Philippines had retained strong economic, political and military ties to the United States, manifested in a

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is "Marcos loyalist," the term "cult of personality" around Ferdinand Marcos is often used not to refer to people specifically, but in a broader sense to the mechanism, including the techniques and structures, used to create a heroic or idealized image of Marcos as a ruler. Meanwhile, the term

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Marcos took control of the mass media to silence public criticism during what was considered the "dark days of martial law." Upon declaring martial law, Marcos arrested journalists and took control of media outlets. This allowed him to dictate what information and opinions were published or

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Marcos also associated himself and his wife Imelda with the Filipino creation myth of "Malakas and Maganda." One often-cited instance of this was an Evan Cosayco painting the couple commissioned in which Marcos was portrayed as the muscular Adam-figure Malakas ("malakas" means strong in the

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The study examined 119 claims about the Marcoses which had been debunked by various news organizations. The study found that 21% of these were "distributed via social media" and "not attributable to pro-Marcos books"; 20% of them came from a person quoted by Media, which cannot traced to a

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According to journalism professor Luis Teodoro, the martial law period savaged the Bill of Rights and institutions of liberal democracy, such as the press. Challenges to the dictatorship in the media would come from the underground press and, later on, from the above-ground mosquito press.

1141:, also called the Huks. The campaign against the PKP and the Huks was bloody, but it had basically ended by 1954. Throughout the 1960s, the remnants of the PKP pursued "a course of peaceful action" while working to rebuild their organization, but, this was later challenged by a youth-based 849:

Colonel Manriquez and Adjutant Captain Rivera who were the commanders of the 14th Infantry, whom Marcos claimed to have served under, attested that Marcos was not a soldier, but was a noncombatant and a Civil Affairs officer. Marcos only received campaign ribbons given to all combatant and

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Most of these infrastructure projects and monuments were paid for using foreign currency loans and at great taxpayer cost. This greatly increased the Philippines's foreign deficit – from $ 360 million when Marcos became president, to around $ 28.3 billion when he was overthrown.

2238:." The joint DIA-CIA study noted as well that the Philippine military has been "plagued continuously by serious deficiencies in their supply and maintenance system, including an ineffective accounting system, haphazard distribution, inadequate storage facilities, and poor maintenance." 1471:

Towards the end of his 21-year administration, Marcos's health began to degrade. But because he had built his image around the mythical Filipino Adam-figure "Malakas," his administration continued to portray him as a "Filipino superman," going to great lengths to conceal his illnesses.

2258:, who is said to have ruled over a kingdom called Maharlika before Spain colonized the Philippines. However, there are no historical documents that will substantiate that a royal family called Tallano ruled over a kingdom called Maharlika or that Marcos lawyered for such a family. 1480:

The Marcos administration also attempted to control media coverage of the Ninoy Aquino assassination, pushing the idea that Aquino's assassin Rolando Galman did so as part of a communist conspiracy, and attempting to ridicule any of those who were calling Aquino a hero or martyr.

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Although there is a perception that disinformation about the Marcos regime comes mostly from "propaganda books" written by Marcos allies, a 2020 study noted that an estimated 72% of confirmed Marcos disinformation originated directly from social media, rather than print sources.

1501:." This is a post-colonial mindset makes a presumption that the Philippines was not respected among the community of nations, and portray Marcos as a foreign policy genius. However, one can clearly look at the relations of Marcos and the various US presidency, especially with 1353:

Baruma further cited Cristobal, saying "…what Marcos and the First Lady wanted more than anything else was to be king and queen. They wished to shape the kingdom in their own image; like the Sun King, Louis XIV, Marcos wanted to be able to say, 'L'état c'est moi.'"

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The dictatorship also exercised blanket censorship through Letter of Instruction No. 1 and the Department of Public Information's Order No. 1, issued on September 25, 1972. Only news outlets owned by Marcos's cronies were allowed to resume operations, such as the

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With the popularization of social media during the 2010s, several bloggers and content creators have made videos and articles supposedly debunking the corruption and atrocities of Marcos. Notable examples include the political blog Get Real Philippines and

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In 1962, Marcos would claim to be the "most decorated war hero of the Philippines" by garnering almost every medal and decoration that the Filipino and American governments could give to a soldier. Among his 27 supposed war medals and decorations were the

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was the use of hagiographies, so much so that it was dubbed a "battle of books and film." Marcos was the first to use this tactic with the book "For Every Tear a Victory: The Story of Ferdinand E. Marcos," which was quickly followed by a film adaptation

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The propagation of "Golden age" propaganda has led numerous groups of economists, historians, and other academics to debunk it, but some reports have noted that the use of "deceptive nostalgia" as propaganda has been effective in misleading the public.

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Marcos sees the Philippines as a society of tribes. And he sees himself as the great tribal chief, the "datu" of pre-Spanish times. He destroyed much of the old network of family and regional loyalties to become the one and only patron, the king of

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found records that Marcos was on the list of those that were released due to either "having severe health problems and those whose families have cooperated with the Japanese military authorities." Since Marcos's name did not appear in the 1942

1763:"could be described as militarily weak, with small numbers of major weapon systems." Tan, a strategic analyst who specializes in defense and security studies, cites "The Military Balance 1974–75" for a snapshot of military capabilities of 1275:

Marcos's order to take over newspapers, magazines, radio and television facilities under Letter of Instruction No. 1 was done with the express purpose of preventing the undermining of the people's faith and confidence in the regime.

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There are social media posts that falsely claim that Marcos and an associate were paid 640,000 metric tons in gold by a client in 1949, supposedly making them the richest men in the world. The gold was supposedly paid to Marcos by the

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Marcos projected himself to the Philippine public as having spent a lot on construction projects. This focus on infrastructure, which critics saw as a propaganda technique, eventually earned the colloquial label "edifice complex".

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Marcos continued using communism as bogeyman after 1968, as the PKP faded into obscurity and the nascent CPP became more prominent. The Armed Forces of the Philippines did likewise in 1969, when the CPP allied with Huk commander

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as Marcos stand-in Bob Reynolds, who leads a group of guerrillas called Ang Mga Maharlika against the Japanese. It was completed in 1970 but was not released in theaters due to Marcos' love-affair with the film's lead actress

1201:, it was also an effort to capture the discourse of "Unfinished Revolution" which was the catchphrase of the activist youth of the period, attempting to project Marcos as the rightful heir to the Philippine Revolution. 659:

which have since been proven false by historical documents; the creation of myths and stories around himself and his family; and portrayals of himself in coinage and even a Mount Rushmore type monument; among others."

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Marcos said that there was a need to "reform society" by placing it under the control of a "benevolent dictator" in a "constitutional authority" which could guide the undisciplined populace through a period of chaos.

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This article is about self-aggrandizing propaganda perpetuated by Marcos, his family, or his followers during his lifetime. For historical distortion, denialism, and negationism after the events of Marcos's life, see

1149:, who joined the PKP in 1962. Clashing with the PKP party leaders's view that armed struggle was an exercise in futility, Sison and his group were expelled from the PKP in 1967, and on December 26, 1968, founded the 764:

He also established a small group of supporters in the business sector, whom he would later enable to establish monopolies in key economic sectors, wresting control from the political families which held them prior.

687:" have been used to refer to the Marcos family's propaganda after their return to Philippine politics, specifically to those materials intended to distort or reframe the historical facts of Marcos's life and rule. 708:

As with most Philippine politicians of his era Ferdinand Marcos achieved success largely by taking advantage of the client-patron relationships which dominated Philippine politics after Philippine independence.

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broadcast. Through the crony press, the Marcos dictatorship suppressed negative news and exaggerated positive news, thus creating a perception of progress and relative calm in the earlier part of martial law.

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Historiographers agree that the publication of Tadhana did contribute to the growth of the discourse of Philippine history, but that the project was ultimately flawed due to its explicitly political nature.

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known as the "Anti-Subversion Act of 1957", which made mere membership in any communist party illegal. The Philippines would take three and a half decades to repeal it, through Republic Act 7636, in 1992.

2234:(CIA), America's security establishment also said that the "Philippines has little capability to provide material for its armed forces…. All other military material is imported primarily through the US 1578:

After Ferdinand Marcos's death, the remaining members of the Marcos family returned to the Philippines and re-entered politics and public life. They and their followers have been noted for instances of

924:. There are accounts of Marcos being a member of Presidential Security Group. It was Laurel who single-handedly penned the reversal of the conviction of the young Marcos's case over the murder of 841:

Researchers later found that stories about the wartime exploits of Marcos were mostly propaganda, being inaccurate or untrue. The following discredit the claims made about his supposed exploits:

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or trivializing of the human rights violations and economic plunder that took place during the Marcos administration, as well as the role played by the Marcos children in the administration.

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or trivializing of the human rights violations and economic plunder that took place during the Marcos administration, as well as the role played by the Marcos children in the administration.

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President Marcos supported the ideology of "constitutional authoritarianism" with various exercises in social engineering, united under the banner of the "bagong lipunan" or "new society."

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McCallus, J. P. (1989): "The Myths of the New Filipino: Philippine government propaganda during the Early Years of Martial Law." Philippine Quarterly of. Culture and Society 17(2): 129–48.

7241: 3387:, Colonial Name, Colonial Mentality and Ethnocentrism, Part One of Four, "Kasama" Vol. 17 No. 3 / July–August–September 2003 / Solidarity Philippines Australia Network, cpcabrisbance.org 3362: 2379:

Mark M. Turner (1990) Authoritarian rule and the dilemma of legitimacy: The case of President Marcos of the Philippines, The Pacific Review, 3:4, 349–362, DOI: 10.1080/09512749008718886

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Jose Abueva, "Ideology and Practice in the 'New Society'", in Marcos and Martial Law in the Philippines, edited by David Rosenberg (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979), pp.35-—36

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preexisting text; and about 31% were about recent events. Only about 15% could be traced to text in various propaganda books, while a remaining 13% consisted of "general claims."

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Among Marcos's rationalizations for the declaration of martial law were the linked ideologies of the "Bagong Lipunan" ("new society") and of "constitutional authoritarianism."

984:". The film chronicles the life of the Ferdinand Marcos and his family while living in Malacanang Palace. Another film that Marcos commissioned before the 1969 elections is 3613: 7236: 4958: 4776: 4291: 3130: 292: 4372: 2245:

also said US military presence, particularly in Clark and Subic, and the assistance resulting from that presence represented the "biggest weapons in Marcos's arsenal".

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The Marcos administration also produced an array of propaganda materials – including speeches, books, lectures, slogans, and numerous propaganda songs – to promote it.

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Marcos's claim of having received the Order of the Purple Heart has also been shown to have been false. His name does not appear on the official roster of recipients.

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and corruption during the term of Ferdinand Marcos" and launching "digital black ops that targeted prominent critics" of the Marcoses, particularly vice president

3826: 2820: 252: 6249: 4691: 643:.'" In some extreme cases where Marcos encouraged the formation of cults so that they could serve as a political weapon, Marcos came to be thought of as a God. 5150: 1362:"Today's Revolution:Democracy" was later followed by several books published under Marcos's name from 1970 to 1983, which are believed to have been written by 969:

argued that Marcos use the film to establish the idea that he is destined to lead the Philippines. Diosdado Macapagal countered with his own propaganda film, "

485: 302: 5379: 3852: 6619: 6493: 739: 7271: 6466: 332: 6331: 6280: 7362: 7326: 7005: 3531: 2807:

Cimatu, Frank; Santos-Doctor, Joya (January 1, 2003). "Philippines's 'Ozymandias's still haunts". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 27, 2015.

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Marcos's purpose in rewriting Philippine history is expounded upon by his primary speechwriter, Adrian Cristobal, as quoted by journalist Ian Baruma:

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list of ailing prisoners that were released by the Japanese, Sharkey believed that Marcos may have been freed due to his connections with his father.

7015: 5745: 5577: 1678: 189: 5349: 4983: 635:, and persist today in the efforts to revise the way Marcos is portrayed in Philippine history. According to members of his administration, such as 7051: 4542: 3354: 1596: 1541: 460: 161: 32: 6188: 6004: 5679:

Curaming, Rommel A. (2018). "Official History Reconsidered: The Tadhana Project in the Philippines". In Bevernage, Berber; Wouters, Nico (eds.).

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1971 saw the publication of "Today's Revolution: Democracy," purportedly written by Marcos himself but later revealed to have been written by a

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records showed that most of Marcos's medals were fraudulent. According to Dr. Ricardo T. Jose, former chair of the department of history of the

7125: 5810: 5049: 3336: 2283: 1644: 247: 143: 6691: 6546: 3429: 1740: 1158: 1153:(CPP) along Maoist lines. While the PKP sought to marginalize this new group, it soon became the leading communist party in the Philippines. 312: 123: 4349: 1260:

On the morning of September 23, 1972, Marcos's soldiers arrested journalists and raided and padlocked media outlets across the Philippines.

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After Ferdinand Marcos's death in 1989, propaganda efforts have been made to whitewash his place in Philippine history and facilitate the

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The bust was destroyed on December 29, 2002, by suspected treasure hunters who thought that the bust contained parts of the rumored

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In addition, it attempted to synchronize the educational curriculum with the administration's economic strategy of labor export.

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more directly by casting himself in masculine roles in commissioned works of art, including poems, paintings, and photographs.

887: 589: 557: 337: 174: 6437: 5776: 3668: 3578:"The Marcos Mystery: Did the Philippine Leader Really Win the U.S. Medals for Valor?He Exploits Honors He May Not Have Earned" 2707: 7291: 7036: 6684: 5786: 5721: 5696: 5126: 5025: 4966: 4955: 4847: 4820: 4732: 4518: 4414: 4380: 4271: 3643: 3312: 3284: 3220: 3185: 3114: 2657: 2568: 2313: 977: 951: 945: 593: 347: 197: 169: 1570:

armies, and execute innovative "digital black ops" and "signal scrambling" techniques for any interested political client."

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The 1976 Tondo evictions which were part of the "Tondo Urban Renewal Project" and the deaths of construction workers at the

6360: 5409: 5298: 3210: 961:(Written by Destiny)." One of the highlights of the film was that it portrayed Ferdinand Marcos's alibi for the murder of 7130: 6791: 6212: 5931: 4695: 4232: 2842: 2303: 1621: 1134: 910: 774: 342: 88: 5436: 2863: 1626:

Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines.

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and it was clear that Marcos deferred to Washington during the latter part of his presidency. It was CIA Director Adm.

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for 20 years, in a way that political scientists have compared to other authoritarian and totalitarian leaders such as

234: 1550:'s return to power – an act which human rights advocates and historiographers refer to as historical distortionism or 1385:

Marcos maintained his cult of personality through the issuance of a five peso coin that was in circulation until 1998.

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Navera, G.S. (2019). "Metaphorizing Martial Law: Constitutional Authoritarianism in Marcos's Rhetoric (1972–1985)".

7338: 7333: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7201: 7191: 7181: 7109: 6769: 5387: 2308: 1025:), and Imelda was portrayed as the pure and beautiful Eve-figure Maganda ("maganda" means "beautiful" in Tagalog). 835: 613: 627:

used, either by himself or by others, to mythologize Ferdinand Marcos, began with local political machinations in

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Galam, Roderick G. (2008). "Narrating the Dictator(ship) Social Memory, Marcos, and Ilokano Literature after the

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On a more personal level, Marcos established relationships with the graduate officers and junior officers of the

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was alarmed enough to file a 1968 bill calling for the equal representation of all regions in the armed forces.

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Curaming, Rommel A. Power and Knowledge in Southeast Asia: State and Scholars in Indonesia and the Philippines

2502: 1085: 647: 106: 6968: 5954:"How Marcos suppressed the truth behind Ninoy Aquino's assassination – Diktadura – The Marcos Regime Research" 5462: 3877:

Rafael, Vicente L. (1990). "Patronage and Pornography: Ideology and Spectatorship in the Early Marcos Years".

3539: 3156: 7476: 6980: 6756: 6115:"Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 22 November – 5 December 1975" 5487: 4000: 2606:

Lico, Gerard (2003). Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. University of Hawaii Press.

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Raymond, Walter John (1992) Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms.

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Agustin, Carlos L., Commodore (2012). "A Brief Historical Overview of the Armed Forces of the Philippines".

3558: 2821:"Philippine government faces backlash amid claims it is trying to whitewash history of late dictator Marcos" 2470: 83: 6687: 6158: 5876: 5850: 5753: 3409:

Maj. R.G. Langham. "Recognition of Guerrilla Unit." In National Historical Commission of the Philippines. "

2293: 1611: 1420: 1116: 720:"This is only a first step. Elect me a congressman now, and I pledge you an Ilocano president in 20 years." 585: 520: 5585: 5357: 4150:"Marcos Dies in Bitter Exile in Honolulu at 72: Deposed Philippine Ruler Had Kidney, Heart, Lung Ailments" 3027:

Pangalangan, Raphael Lorenzo A.; Fernandez, Gemmo Bautista; Tugade, Ruby Rosselle L. (December 18, 2018).

7135: 7094: 4991: 4891: 4056: 2231: 2227: 1390: 1194: 735: 475: 128: 6588: 4513:. Pasig, Philippines: International Center for Innovation, Transformation and Excellence in Governance. 3853:"Why Philippine Cinema Flourished During Martial Law: Oppression Gives Life To The Arts, Say Filmmakers" 7046: 6655: 6114: 4149: 2338: 1815: 1640: 1607: 455: 324: 279: 6529: 4210: 2747: 2725: 1280:

newspapers, and 292 radio stations around the country. Journalists were jailed, tortured, killed, or "

640: 7496: 7481: 7454: 7383: 6806: 4179: 1827: 1799: 1684:"golden age" while downplaying the series of economic collapses that began in the mid to late 1970s. 1398: 1294: 663: 537: 1712:" at that time. While Marcos did invest heavily in the military during his term, other countries in 5324: 3178:

Security challenges and military politics in East Asia: from state building to post-democratization

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was not a regional military power during the Marcos years but neither was it the weakest, with the

1498: 1432: 1416: 1410: 965:; the film showed how Ferdinand was supposedly studying for his law classes at the time. Historian 465: 4341: 2941:

The ABC of sycophancy: structural conditions for the emergence of dictators's cults of personality

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was known to have collaborated with Japanese authorities, and at the end of the war was caught by

98: 7020: 6974: 6811: 5273:"Underground press during martial law: Piercing the veil of darkness imposed by the dictatorship" 3028: 2592: 1215: 1069: 743: 357: 269: 6864: 6524: 6522: 1580: 1551: 1494: 684: 667: 5101:

Abueva, Jose (1979). "Ideology and Practice in the 'New Society'". In Rosenberg, David (ed.).

4839:

The Philippines reader: a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance

3276: 2536: 1767:

states in 1974 that shows the Philippines trailing Thailand in personnel, 274,000 to 396,000.

1056:

The earliest examples of the Marcos era edifice complex projects include the buildings of the

779:

One early propaganda technique used by Marcos was to exaggerate his wartime activities during

7369: 6918: 6913: 6648: 5775:

Curaming, Rommel Argamosa (October 10, 2019). "2. Genesis of Tadhana Project (Footnote 47)".

5631: 3384: 3100: 624: 499: 242: 219: 148: 7411: 6519: 2537:"Cults Began as Political Weapon, Ended Up Deifying Ferdinand Marcos With AM-Marcos Funeral" 2367:

Root, Hilton L., Three Asian Dictators: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (January 16, 2016).

7404: 6990: 6886: 6869: 6844: 6720: 4616:

Sen, Rabindra (June 2005). "Philippines – U.S. Special Relationship: Cold War and Beyond".

1803: 1795: 1455: 1281: 1170: 1073: 678:

While the widely used term for a supporter of Ferdinand Marcos or the other members of the

6541: 6539: 6467:"'DECEPTIVE NOSTALGIA': UP history profs warn public vs. 'golden age' claims under Marcos" 5778:

Power and knowledge in Southeast Asia: state and scholars in Indonesia and the Philippines

5714:

Power and knowledge in Southeast Asia: state and scholars in Indonesia and the Philippines

4464: 3774: 1077: 803:

to recognize 3,500 individual claims of soldiers then under his command. Marcos also used

448: 8: 7099: 6903: 3582: 2242: 1807: 1617: 1451: 1440: 1198: 957: 896: 581: 214: 133: 5246: 4663:"Speech of President Ramos at the Signing of the Bill repealing the Anti-Subversion Law" 4033: 7491: 7433: 7418: 7160: 7041: 7000: 6943: 6796: 6536: 5804: 5530: 5043: 4903: 4641: 4536: 4131: 3910: 3902: 3453: 3434: 3330: 3106: 3056: 2921: 2790: 2645: 2557: 1814:

at the time, had 85 planes, with "most of the combat aircraft consisted of US-supplied

1524:

Interestingly, Marcos in 1988 published his own account of the EDSA Revolution titled "

1315:

glamorizing the early historical Barangay settlements and the Maharlika warrior class.

1100: 1061: 991: 920:

Ferdinand Marcos in turn had strong affiliations with the Japanese-sponsored President

862: 747: 480: 264: 5608: 3029:"Marcosian Atrocities: Historical Revisionism and the Legal Constraints on Forgetting" 6953: 6876: 6501: 5792: 5782: 5727: 5717: 5692: 5534: 5132: 5122: 5031: 5021: 4962: 4907: 4853: 4843: 4837: 4816: 4784: 4645: 4633: 4524: 4514: 4420: 4410: 4267: 4191: 4123: 4068: 3914: 3894: 3318: 3308: 3280: 3249: 3216: 3191: 3181: 3110: 3060: 3048: 2913: 2794: 2782: 2681: 2663: 2653: 2574: 2564: 2510: 2415: 2333: 1791: 1298: 966: 874: 827: 703: 93: 6589:"Posts make false claim about how ex-Philippine dictator Marcos acquired his wealth" 5070:"Education in the 'New Society' and the Philippine Labour Export Policy (1972–1986)" 4310: 654:; using martial law to take control of mass media and silence criticism; the use of 646:

These propaganda narratives and techniques include: using red scare tactics such as

7376: 6948: 6849: 6671: 5824: 5684: 5522: 5170:"Statement: Treacherous burial mocks struggle for press freedom during Martial Law" 5081: 4895: 4625: 3886: 3676: 3040: 2954: 2944: 2774: 2288: 2268: 1529: 1367: 1166: 1146: 1022: 985: 962: 925: 800: 791: 650:

to portray activists as communists and to exaggerate the threat represented by the

636: 577: 65: 4057:"Appendix 5.1: Letter from Luis Nepomuceno to Imelda Marcos on the Film Maharlika" 3477: 1268:, Amando Doronila, and other members of the media were rounded up and detained in 738:

early on. When he became president, Marcos appointed mostly Ilocano commanders to

7140: 7079: 6859: 6730: 6716: 5882: 5688: 4810: 3270: 3243: 3161: 2901: 2763:"Patronage and Pornography: Ideology and Spectatorship in the Early Marcos Years" 2323: 2278: 1819: 1624:

released a study of organized disinformation efforts in the Philippines, titled "

1514: 1043: 990:. The film is loosely based on Marcos' exaggerated wartime exploits. It features 858: 723: 655: 505: 430: 392: 380: 6741: 6332:"Propaganda web: Pro-Marcos literature, sites, and online disinformation linked" 3748: 3721: 1554:(often wrongly using the academically imprecise term "historical revisionism"). 1532:

and Washington on critical decisions that came about in the early part of 1986.

631:

while Ferdinand was still the young son of politician and Japanese collaborator

7440: 7397: 6706: 6571: 5952:

Marcos Regime Research (MRR) program, UP Third World Studies Center (UP TWSC).

4812:

Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism

3305:

The conjugal dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos: revised and annotated

3245:

Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in the Philippine History

3202: 3102:

Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism

1764: 1415:

Among the most prominent symbols of Marcos's rule over the Philippines was the

1081: 921: 906: 831: 759: 632: 605: 374: 6640: 6281:"Ad, PR execs are 'chief architects' of disinformation in Philippines — study" 5796: 5731: 5526: 3890: 3452:. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. June 8, 2017. Archived from 3212:

Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present

3044: 2778: 932:

also wrote that Ferdinand Marcos was not a guerrilla leader of a group called

7470: 7390: 7104: 7084: 6995: 6839: 6675: 6505: 5136: 5086: 5069: 5035: 4926: 4924: 4788: 4637: 4629: 4528: 4195: 4127: 4072: 3898: 3322: 3195: 3052: 2917: 2786: 2667: 2514: 2328: 2089: 1733: 1547: 1506: 1502: 1444: 1424: 1209: 929: 809: 679: 435: 386: 367: 153: 48: 6620:"False: Filipino 'royal family' ruled over pre-colonial 'Maharlika kingdom'" 6494:"30 Years After Revolution, Some Filipinos Yearn for 'Golden Age' of Marcos" 4857: 4726:"Jose Maria Sison and the Philippine Revolution: A Critique of an Interface" 4424: 4109: 4107: 2578: 1126:

in 1989, and the termination of the 1947 US Military Bases Treaty, in 1992.

6958: 6724: 5151:"Listen to 'Bagong Silang,' the Most Famous of Marcos-Era Propaganda Songs" 2255: 1648: 1490: 1397:

are all on the reverse. The coin along with the other denominations of the

1394: 850:

noncombatant participants "in the defense of Bataan and in the resistance."

780: 670:

commonly referred to using the more popular term "historical revisionism."

628: 440: 410: 404: 138: 6438:"VERA FILES FACT SHEET: Must reads on the Philippine economy under Marcos" 4921: 4899: 2843:"Philippines Can Give Hero's Burial to Ferdinand Marcos, High Court Rules" 2368: 1255: 1227: 7155: 7150: 7066: 7056: 6834: 6786: 6712: 4104: 3020: 2125: 1760: 1729: 1725: 1701: 1510: 1475: 1363: 1265: 1261: 1186: 1034:

barrio level without going through the Barrio and Municipal governments.

996: 914: 696: 617: 470: 398: 274: 224: 6061:"Historical Distortionism is the Destruction of the Nation's Foundation" 4135: 3977: 3953: 2925: 1509:

himself who suggested that Marcos should hold a snap election, and Sen.

656:

foreign-funded government development projects and construction projects

4233:"Painting the Marcos Myth with Ferdinand as Malakas, Imelda as Maganda" 2949: 2348: 1834:

Comparative military capabilities of the southeast Asian states (1974)

1269: 1138: 6306:"Chief disinformation architects in the PH: Not exactly who you think" 4877: 4494:

Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Bandits, outlaws, and Robin Hoods".

3906: 3709:

Why Ferdinand E. Marcos should not be Buried at Libingan ng mga Bayani

3411:

Why Ferdinand E. Marcos should not be Buried at Libingan ng mga Bayani

3398:

Why Ferdinand E. Marcos should not be Buried at Libingan ng mga Bayani

2959: 1528:." Marcos himself would write that he would consult the US Ambassador 928:. American guerrillas who operated in the Ilocos region, the likes of 5646: 5410:"FALSE: Filipinos 'free to roam, can watch news's during Martial Law" 4496:

Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn

4407:

Some are smarter than others: the history of Marcos' crony capitalism

3939:

Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn

3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 2161: 1981: 1811: 1787: 1756: 1748: 1620:

School of Media and Communication and Dr. Jonathan Corpus Ong of the

1584: 1558: 1112: 662:

Since Ferdinand Marcos's death, propaganda efforts have been made to

601: 6361:"How Did the Declaration of Martial Law in 1972 Impact the Economy?" 4333: 4292:"Masagana 99, Nutribun, and Imelda's 'edifice complex' of hospitals" 1535: 6928: 4952:

Dictatorship & martial law: Philippine authoritarianism in 1972

4556: 3735: 3209:

Cull, Nicholas John; Culbert, David Holbrook; Welch, David (2003).

3075:"Against Rewriting History: Inquirer on the Marcoses's Revisionism" 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2343: 2318: 2248: 2197: 2053: 1945: 1783: 1775: 1752: 1744: 1721: 1717: 1688:

agreed that "Golden age" propaganda as intentional disinformation.

1381: 1123: 973:(World of the Oppressed)," but it was Marcos who won the election. 259: 6383: 3081: 2887:"Martial law and historical revisionism: A holistic understanding" 2382: 1497:

to portray Marcos as "the only President who stood up against the

1335: 6392:"The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years'" 6139: 6037: 4114:

Tolentino, Rolando B. (2000). "National Bodies and Sexualities".

1873: 1695: 1601: 1566: 1428: 597: 6033:"Networked propaganda: False narratives from the Marcos arsenal" 5951: 5063: 5061: 5059: 4975: 4932:"September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy" 3937:

Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".

3272:

Closer than brothers: manhood at the Philippine Military Academy

2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2485: 6241: 6227:"EDSA People Power: Inadequate Challenge to Marcos Revisionism" 6135:"PCGG welcomes Singapore court decision on Marcos' Swiss funds" 6087:"Revisionism, denialism: Academics explain views on Marcos era" 4439:"Edifice Complex: Building on the Backs of the Filipino People" 3474:

Bulatlat piece questioning the Marcos exploits during the war:

2975:"EDSA People Power: Inadequate Challenge to Marcos Revisionism" 1909: 1436: 1157:

administration's political support in light of the Us's recent

1142: 917:. His remains were also displayed in public by the guerrillas. 882: 6566: 6564: 4263:

The Edifice Complex: How the Rich and Powerful Shape the World

4055:

Studies, Kasarinlan Philippine Journal of Third World (2013).

3692:

Eminent Filipino war historian slams Marcos burial as a "hero"

2593:

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064227808532787

1654: 1639:" ("Bury now") campaign designed to create public support for 1145:

group within the organization created by university professor

950:

A notable propaganda technique used by both candidates in the

6709:

and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)

6530:"Was the Philippines a regional military power under Marcos?" 6229:. Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. March 10, 2016 5655:"Historians and the distortions of 'that Martial Law thingy'" 5056: 4768: 4290:

Lapeña, Carmela G.; Arquiza, Yasmin D. (September 20, 2012).

4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 3760: 2609: 1443:, its construction was noted for having displaced indigenous 795: 513: 6109: 6107: 5011: 5009: 4775:

Richburg, Keith B.; Branigin, William (September 29, 1989).

3450:"PCIJ findings: What's flawed, fuzzy with drug war numbers?" 2640: 2638: 2373: 1373:

One final book would be published after his death, in 1990.

1326:

Tadhana: The Formation of the National Community (1565–1896)

1180: 1133:

The Anti-Subversion Act was originally meant to counter the

1028: 6561: 6354: 6352: 5980:"Laxalt says C.I.A. Chief suggested Marcos call early vote" 5681:

The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945

5672: 4725: 2017: 1779: 1713: 1709: 1708:

saying it "was one of the most well-equipped militaries in

1590: 1103:

are also associated with the "edifice complex" phenomenon.

1006: 726:

became the first Ilocano president 17 years before Marcos.

609: 7011:

Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship

7006:

Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship

5195:"Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law" 4883:

Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints

4603:"Look Back: When the Senate Said 'No' To US Bases Renewal" 4557:"Formal Democracy and its Alternatives in the Philippines" 4184:

Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints

4164: 3792: 3026: 2893: 2361: 1318: 6104: 5971: 5006: 4982:

Beltran, J. C. A.; Chingkaw, Sean S. (October 20, 2016).

4202: 3067: 2932: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2635: 1461: 869:, Marcos's claims in his self-commissioned autobiography 6547:"FALSE: Military under Marcos was most advanced in Asia" 6349: 5897: 5143: 5110: 3982:(Action, War), Roadshow Films International, Solar Films 3514:"U.s. Army Years Ago Labeled Marcos' Wwii Tales As Lies" 3298: 3296: 2456: 2454: 2452: 6325: 6323: 6129: 6127: 6005:"Folder Title:CO 125 (Philippines) 589090 (1) Box: 153" 4871: 4869: 4867: 4692:"A Short History of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas" 2550: 2548: 2546: 1256:

Shutdown of media outlets and the attack on journalists

27:

Overview of the cult of personality of Ferdinand Marcos

6152: 6150: 6052: 5932:"When Ferdinand Marcos hid his illness from Filipinos" 5868: 5849:

Cimatu, Frank; Santos-Doctor, Joya (January 1, 2003).

5221:"Balikwas: Literature and the media under Martial Law" 2874: 2391:"Strongmen Hitler, Stalin, Marcos – a character study" 1476:

Suppressing coverage of the Ninoy Aquino assassination

1037: 6410:"Martial law: costly lessons in economic development" 6187:

Ong, Jonathan Corpus; Cabañes, Jason Vincent (2018).

6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6159:"Marcos on dad's regime: What am I to apologize for?" 6120:. Amnesty International Publications. September 1976. 5632:"Colonial Name, Colonial Mentality and Ethnocentrism" 5629: 5299:"Story of Marcos-era mosquito press relevant as ever" 4878:"Producing Ferdinand E. Marcos, the Scholarly Author" 4224: 4061:

Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies

3293: 3234: 3232: 2858: 2856: 2585: 2449: 1526:

A Trilogy on the Transformation of Philippine Society

1003:

to negative reviews and poor box office performance.

690: 6320: 6278: 6124: 5513:

San Juan, E. (May 1, 1978). "Marcos and the Media".

5437:"Palace fighting 'disinformation' about Marcos rule" 4864: 4255: 4253: 3707:

National Historical Commission of the Philippines. "

3396:

National Historical Commission of the Philippines. "

3157:"Marcos Was More Than Just Another Deposed Dictator" 2543: 1741:

Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore

1728:

in terms of military capabilities at that time. The

1672: 1643:

using "diversionary tactics to elude allegations of

1376: 939: 786:

Marcos claimed to have led a guerrilla force called

7363:

Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)

6401: 6147: 5848: 5750:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

5683:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 237–253. 5578:"The role of the barangay in Marcos' "new society"" 5105:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 35–36. 4667:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

4584:"REAGAN AND THE PHILIPPINES: Setting Marcos Adrift" 3773:Ariarte, Joel; Reyes, Miguel Paulo (July 3, 2016). 3003:"Filipinos urged to 'fight historical revisionism'" 2815: 2813: 1798:had 36 aircraft units in 1974, putting at par with 1272:together with members of the political opposition. 6572:"MILITARY BALANCE 1974–1975 – Stanford University" 6169: 5705: 5074:Journal of International and Comparative Education 4945: 4943: 4941: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3683: 3229: 2853: 2556: 2388: 1304: 1011: 596:, but also to more contemporary dictators such as 6389: 6250:"UP faculty vows to fight historical revisionism" 4250: 4180:"Philippine Commonwealth and Cult of Masculinity" 3711:." 5–6. July 12, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 3430:"Marcos's wartime role discredited in U.S. files" 2748:"The art of deception | 31 years of amnesia" 2708:"Marcos's Wartime Role Discredited in U.S. Files" 2652:. Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply. 1679:Economy of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos 1536:Distortionism and propaganda after Marcos's death 1287: 1204: 768: 7468: 7095:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal 6247: 6213:"Fake news production and social media 'trolls'" 5906:"Marcos family not keen on busted bust's repair" 5325:"In Focus: Memoirs Of The 1972 ABS-CBN Shutdown" 4802: 4774: 4308: 3614:"Historian: Marcos' war exploits 'full of lies'" 3428:Gerth, Jeff; Brinkley, Joel (January 23, 1986). 3423: 3421: 3419: 3400:." 8–9. July 12, 2016. RetrievedAugust 26, 2021. 3385:Filipino nationalism is a contradiction in terms 3268: 3208: 3033:Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 2810: 2801: 2706:Gerth, Jeff; Brinkley, Joel (January 23, 1986). 2389:Bautista Maximiano, Jose Mario (July 17, 2018). 1739:According to a 2004 paper by Andrew Tan for the 1597:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 1542:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 1401:were demonetized by the BSP on January 2, 1998. 1210:An ideology of "constitutional authoritarianism" 1106: 1064:(conceived in 1969). Later examples include the 33:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 6670: 6390:Guido, Edson Joseph; de los Reyes, Che (2017), 6248:Hernando-Malipot, Merlina (September 7, 2018). 5018:Music as a platform for political communication 4981: 4938: 4719: 4717: 4511:Transformation: a security sector reform reader 4364: 3921: 3571: 3569: 3413:." 9. July 12, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 2967: 1667: 1357: 1195:friends with oligarchs and allied with elitists 4949: 4723: 4400: 4398: 4285: 4283: 4087:"Manila Standard - Google News Archive Search" 3818: 3689: 3597: 2424: 2284:Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan 1309: 746:came from the Ilocos region and House Speaker 6656: 6219: 6156: 5997: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4498:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited. 4339: 4302: 4289: 3941:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited. 3600:"Marcos medals: Only 2 of 33 given in battle" 3552: 3500:"Marcos medals: Only 2 of 33 given in battle" 3427: 3416: 3348: 3346: 2705: 1228:Social engineering under the "Bagong Lipunan" 729: 558: 6733:, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives) 6084: 4714: 4541:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4211:"The art of deception – 31 years of amnesia" 3772: 3566: 3475: 2836: 2834: 2726:"File No. 60: Debunking the Marcos war myth" 2460: 936:, but a Japanese collaborator propagandist. 913:and was tied to four water buffalos and was 6085:Subingsubing, Krixia (September 22, 2020). 5842: 5606: 5555:Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility 5167: 4764:. FILIPINOS FOR A BETTER PHILIPPINES , INC. 4618:Jadavpur Journal of International Relations 4549: 4395: 4280: 3766: 3694:, Raissa Robles: Inside Politics and Beyond 3661: 2980:Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility 2602: 2600: 2559:Rebellion and repression in the Philippines 1655:Spread of disinformation using social media 753: 712: 666:his place in Philippine history, an act of 7327:Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign 7090:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family 6899:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis 6807:President of the Senate of the Philippines 6663: 6649: 6279:Gaea Katreena Cabico (February 12, 2018). 6186: 5851:"Philippines's 'Ozymandias's still haunts" 5809:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5048:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4746: 4686: 4684: 4601:Francisco, Katerina (September 16, 2016). 4001:"Guerilla Strike Force aka Maharlika 1970" 3879:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3644:"Marcos' World War II 'medals's explained" 3343: 3335:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2767:Comparative Studies in Society and History 2528: 1454:, although early speculation was that the 1066:Philippine International Convention Center 1058:Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex 565: 551: 6207: 6205: 6203: 5103:Marcos and Martial Law in the Philippines 5085: 4842:(1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. 4600: 4502: 4462: 4456: 4113: 3591: 3575: 3302: 3262: 2958: 2948: 2831: 1029:Presidential Arm on Community Development 742:, such that 18 out of 22 generals of the 6969:Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan 6802:2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959) 6359:Macaraeg, Pauline (September 21, 2020). 6358: 5774: 5711: 5678: 5652: 5576:Pante, Michael D. (September 21, 2018). 5548:Pinlac, Melanie Y. (September 1, 2007). 5512: 5488:"Writers, journalists as freedom heroes" 5460: 5168:Productions, Kodao (November 22, 2016). 5116: 5015: 4835: 4657: 4655: 3355:"Maharlika and the ancient class system" 2840: 2597: 2534: 2461:de Ynchausti, Nik (September 23, 2016). 1591:Distortionism and disinformation efforts 1466: 1458:was behind the bombing of the monument. 1380: 1242: 1090:National Kidney and Transplant Institute 1007:First two presidential terms (1965–1972) 846:Department shortly before his surrender. 7075:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family 6058: 5903: 5623: 5600: 5463:"Marcos atrocities: the pain continues" 5296: 5271:Olea, Ronalyn V. (September 28, 2012). 5244: 4777:"FERDINAND MARCOS DIES IN HAWAII AT 72" 4681: 4508: 4487: 4404: 4370: 4342:"Edifice complex | 31 years of amnesia" 4230: 4054: 3824: 3798: 3636: 3131:"FERDINAND MARCOS DIES IN HAWAII AT 72" 2554: 2535:Guerrero, Eileen (September 10, 1993). 2226:In a joint 1973 study conducted by the 1573: 1092:(conceived in 1981), and Terminal 1 of 14: 7469: 6850:Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre 6614: 6612: 6610: 6491: 6461: 6459: 6432: 6430: 6407: 6329: 6200: 6190:Architects of Networked Disinformation 5904:Arzadon, Cristina (January 18, 2003). 5874: 5547: 5380:"Letter of Instruction No. 1, s. 1972" 5219:Lapeña, Carmela (September 20, 2012). 5218: 5100: 4808: 4759: 4581: 4575: 4309:Eduardo C. Tadem (November 24, 2016). 4259: 3975: 3951: 3876: 3801:"Dr. Jose P. Laurel: Beyond prejudice" 3733:Congressional Medal of Honor Society. 3720:Congressional Medal of Honor Society. 3352: 3098: 2864:"A Manual for Historical Revisionists" 2760: 2644: 2622: 2500: 2463:"Why has Marcos' propaganda lived on?" 2369:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2716732 2249:"Tallano gold" social media propaganda 1557:At first, this mostly involved simple 1462:During the Fourth Republic (1981–1986) 1419:of himself constructed in 1978 by the 888:Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces 7344:Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign 6644: 5875:Dumlao, Artemio (December 30, 2002). 5746:"Presidential Communications Reforms" 5609:"King Philipp II and the Philippines" 5575: 5461:Gonzales, Iris (September 24, 2012). 5434: 5322: 4956:University of the Philippines Diliman 4875: 4733:University of the Philippines Diliman 4652: 4493: 4475:from the original on November 9, 2009 4321:from the original on November 8, 2017 4231:Sumayao, Marco (September 24, 2018). 4177: 3936: 3703: 3701: 3675:Department of History. Archived from 3532:"Marcos Fake Medals Redux (Part III)" 3365:from the original on January 19, 2009 3238: 2938: 2899: 2841:Villamor, Felipe (November 8, 2016). 1336:Propaganda as "The King of Maharlika" 999:. It was finally released in 1987 as 976:Marcos repeated this strategy in the 952:1965 Philippine presidential election 946:1965 Philippine presidential election 6371:from the original on October 4, 2020 6330:Berdos, Enrico (December 11, 2020). 6059:De Vega, Jose Mario (May 27, 2021). 5977: 5653:Abinales, Patricio (June 11, 2016). 5386:. September 22, 1972. Archived from 5270: 5245:Teodoro, Luis (September 21, 2015). 5067: 5016:Onyebadi, Uche (February 14, 2017). 4594: 4465:"The World Bank and the Philippines" 3958:(Drama), United Brothers Productions 3850: 3377: 2939:Popan, Adrian Teodor (August 2015). 2563:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1696:"Regional military power" propaganda 1641:a hero's burial for Ferdinand Marcos 1602:Organized "networked disinformation" 1484: 6607: 6492:Whaley, Floyd (February 23, 2016). 6456: 6427: 6408:Galang, Ping (September 21, 2009). 4696:Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 4615: 4463:Toussaint, Eric (October 7, 2014). 3799:Samonte, Mauro Gia (June 9, 2019). 3749:National Purple Heart Hall of Honor 3557:. Asian Journal USA. Archived from 3555:"MARCOS FAKE MEDALS REDUX (Part I)" 3248:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 3175: 1736:for its own external defense then. 1635:It also revealed the existence of " 1622:University of Massachusetts Amherst 1038:Construction projects as propaganda 775:Military career of Ferdinand Marcos 343:Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. 24: 6882:Communist Party of the Philippines 6692:10th First Lady of the Philippines 6012:Ronald Reagan Presidential Library 5712:Curaming, Rommel Argamosa (2019). 5435:Dizon, Nikko (February 28, 2016). 4582:Karnow, Stanley (March 19, 1989). 4352:from the original on March 4, 2017 4260:Sudjic, Deyan (November 3, 2015). 3825:Sharkey, John (January 24, 1986). 3698: 3546: 3275:. Yale University Press. pp. 2503:"Who Can Redeem Mother Filipinas?" 2314:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality 2274:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos 1774:was also behind the militaries of 1616:In 2018, Dr. Jason Cabañes of the 1519:Cut. Cut clean. The time has come. 1404: 1151:Communist Party of the Philippines 718:bailiwick Ilocos Norte, he stated 691:Early political career (1949–1965) 652:Communist Party of the Philippines 25: 7508: 7037:1st district of Leyte (1995–1998) 6157:Ayee Macaraig (August 26, 2015). 4876:Reyes, Miguel Paolo (June 2018). 3598:Bondoc, Jarius (April 29, 2011). 3478:"The Real Heroes of Bessang Pass" 3353:Morrow, Paul (January 16, 2009). 3307:(Revised ed.). Quezon City. 2761:Rafael, Vicente L. (April 1990). 1423:near the peak of Mt. Shontoug in 1377:The five peso Bagong Lipunan coin 940:Election propaganda book and film 7450: 7449: 6740: 6581: 6485: 6308:. Rappler.com. February 11, 2018 6298: 6272: 6078: 6025: 5945: 5924: 5817: 5768: 5738: 5569: 5541: 5506: 5480: 5454: 5428: 5402: 5372: 5342: 5316: 5290: 5264: 5238: 5212: 5187: 5161: 5094: 4950:Brillantes Jr., Alex B. (1987). 4340:Afinidad-Bernardo, Deni Rose M. 4208: 3827:"New Doubts on Marcos' War Role" 3502:. Global Balita. April 28, 2011. 2501:Buruma, Ian (January 16, 1986). 2309:North Korean cult of personality 2304:Xi Jinping's cult of personality 2241:A 2017 article published by the 2190: 2154: 2118: 2082: 2046: 2010: 1974: 1938: 1902: 1866: 683:"Marcos revisionism" or "Marcos 532: 531: 519: 512: 56:This article is part of a series 47: 7131:Fake war claims and fake medals 6336:ABS CBN News and Public Affairs 6065:Human Rights Online Philippines 5978:Mohr, Charles (July 18, 1986). 5297:Soriano, Jake (March 3, 2015). 4959:School of Public Administration 4829: 4762:Marcos Martial Law: Never Again 4609: 4431: 4371:Marcelo, Sam (April 13, 2012). 4142: 4079: 4048: 4018: 3993: 3976:Hopper, Jerry (April 9, 1987), 3969: 3952:Garcia, Eddie (July 27, 1969), 3945: 3870: 3844: 3754: 3742: 3727: 3714: 3690:Robles, Raissa (May 17, 2011), 3673:University of Wisconsin-Madison 3606: 3524: 3506: 3492: 3468: 3442: 3403: 3390: 3169: 3149: 3123: 2995: 2943:(Thesis). University of Texas. 2754: 2740: 2718: 2699: 2690: 2674: 1706:Armed Forces of the Philippines 1489:It is also common among Marcos 1439:. Controversial as a symbol of 1305:Rewriting of Philippine history 1181:"Today's Revolution: Democracy" 1137:(PKP) and its armed force, the 886:MacArthur was installed as the 881:medal for delaying Japanese at 857:In 1986, research by historian 813:, and in 1970, a film entitled 7487:Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos 6934:Integrated Reorganization Plan 6909:1971 constitutional convention 6766:St. Paul's College of Tacloban 6396:ABSCBN News and Public Affairs 5630:Nathan Gilbert Quimpo (2003). 4815:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3775:"File No. 60: A family affair" 3761:U.S. Military Awards for Valor 3538:. May 13, 2017. Archived from 2555:Kessler, Richard John (1989). 2432:"File No. 60: A family affair" 2408: 1417:30-metre (98 ft) concrete bust 1288:The crony press and censorship 1205:During Martial Law (1972–1981) 1135:Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas 1086:Lung Center of the Philippines 769:Exaggerations of WWII exploits 695: 673: 441:Tallano gold conspiracy theory 13: 1: 6981:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino 6770:Philippine Women's University 6757:University of the Philippines 5716:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 5611:. Literary Bridge Philippines 5119:New History of Southeast Asia 2355: 1732:also depended greatly on the 1513:during the last night of the 1319:The "Tadhana" History Project 1197:. Coming on the heels of the 1060:(conceived in 1966), and the 867:University of the Philippines 834:(allegedly pinned by General 826:(allegedly pinned by General 794:, "The Freeman") in northern 7161:Murder of Archimedes Trajano 6688:President of the Philippines 6549:. Rappler. November 17, 2020 5689:10.1057/978-1-349-95306-6_12 5350:"Declaration of Martial Law" 5323:Plaza, Gerry (May 7, 2020). 4954:. Quezon City, Philippines: 4836:Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987). 3763:. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 3751:. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 3739:. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 3724:. Retrieved August 26, 2021. 2650:Philippine political economy 2507:The New York Review of Books 2467:Esquire Magazine Philippines 2299:Stalin's cult of personality 2294:List of cults of personality 1668:Common propaganda narratives 1612:Fake news in the Philippines 1421:Philippine Tourism Authority 1358:Martial law propaganda books 1117:Communism in the Philippines 1094:Manila International Airport 586:President of the Philippines 333:1981 election and referendum 7: 7166:Manila Film Center disaster 5247:"Martial Law and the Media" 4984:"On the shadows of tyranny" 4892:Ateneo de Manila University 4563:(in Spanish). July 26, 2005 3669:"Alfred W. McCoy Biography" 3303:Primitivo, Mijares (2017). 2261: 2236:Military Assistance Program 2232:Central Intelligence Agency 2228:Defense Intelligence Agency 1391:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1080:(inaugurated in 1976), the 879:Distinguished Service Cross 824:Distinguished Service Cross 736:Philippine Military Academy 476:Marcos Japanese ODA scandal 10: 7513: 4809:Celoza, Albert F. (1997). 3099:Celoza, Albert F. (1997). 2728:. Vera Files. July 4, 2016 2339:Diehard Duterte Supporters 1848:Armored Personnel Carrier 1676: 1608:Burial of Ferdinand Marcos 1605: 1594: 1539: 1408: 1213: 1159:entry into the Vietnam war 1110: 1041: 943: 772: 757: 730:In the Philippine military 701: 280:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant 180:balance of payments crisis 29: 7428: 7354: 7174: 7118: 7065: 7029: 6892:Communist armed conflicts 6855:Establishment of the MNLF 6825: 6779: 6749: 6738: 6698: 6682: 5910:Philippine Daily Inquirer 5855:Philippine Daily Inquirer 5527:10.1080/03064227808532787 5068:Maca, Mark (April 2018). 4409:. Aletheia Publications. 4405:Manapat, Ricardo (1991). 4315:Philippine Daily Inquirer 4178:McCoy, Alfred W. (2000). 3891:10.1017/S0010417500016492 3269:McCoy, Alfred W. (1999). 3045:10.1163/15718158-01902003 2779:10.1017/S0010417500016492 1806:had 105 combat aircraft. 1399:Ang Bagong Lipunan Series 1088:(conceived in 1981), the 1084:(conceived in 1978), the 1072:(conceived in 1975), the 1068:(conceived in 1974), the 871:Marcos of the Philippines 5920:– via Google News. 5117:Ricklefs, M. C. (2010). 5087:10.14425/jice.2018.7.1.1 4630:10.1177/0973598405110005 4266:. The Penguin Press HC. 3383:Quimpo, Nathan Gilbert. 2591:San Juan Jr., E. (1978) 1499:United States of America 1435:on the tourist route to 1433:Aspiras-Palispis Highway 1411:Bust of Ferdinand Marcos 1295:Philippine Daily Express 754:Among the Marcos cronies 713:Among Ilocos politicians 7156:Affair with Dovie Beams 7021:People Power Revolution 6975:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa 6812:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 4760:Robles, Raissa (2016). 4724:Abinales, P.N. (n.d.). 4561:Transnational Institute 3180:. New York: Continuum. 1810:, which was fighting a 1673:"Golden Age" propaganda 1645:human rights violations 1389:From 1975 to 1982, the 1284:" by the dictatorship. 1216:Authoritarian democracy 1070:Philippine Heart Center 744:Philippine Constabulary 358:People Power Revolution 270:Chico River Dam Project 6865:1976 Tripoli Agreement 6577:. Stanford University. 5550:"Marcos and the Press" 5303:Yahoo News Philippines 5121:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3176:Woo, Jongseok (2011). 1581:historical revisionism 1495:historical revisionist 1386: 1349: 1264:, Teodoro Locsin Sr., 1169:to create the nascent 836:Jonathan M. Wainwright 685:Historical negationism 668:historical negationism 584:as a way of remaining 325:Third and fourth terms 7052:Historical distortion 6919:Proclamation No. 1081 6914:Plaza Miranda bombing 6705:Josefa Edralin & 6260:on September 24, 2018 5877:"Marcos bust blasted" 5825:"5 Piso, Philippines" 5390:on September 28, 2022 5157:. September 11, 2018. 4934:. September 21, 2016. 4900:10.1353/phs.2018.0017 3955:Pinagbuklod ng langit 3456:on September 21, 2014 3165:. September 29, 1989. 2827:. September 12, 2016. 2473:on September 27, 2016 1467:Concealing of illness 1384: 1344: 1328:" published in 1976. 1243:Control of mass media 1012:Early "Macho" persona 1001:Guerilla Strike Force 982:Pinagbuklod ng Langit 740:head the armed forces 625:propaganda techniques 500:Conjugal dictatorship 461:Historical distortion 426:Overseas landholdings 243:Proclamation No. 1081 220:Plaza Miranda bombing 7477:Cults of personality 7434:← Diosdado Macapagal 7151:Death of Alfie Anido 6991:Binondo Central Bank 6870:Pata Island massacre 6595:. September 21, 2021 6444:. September 21, 2017 6215:. February 12, 2018. 5958:diktadura.upd.edu.ph 5467:New Internationalist 5416:. September 22, 2018 4152:. September 29, 1989 4005:www.rarewarfilms.com 3561:on February 8, 2017. 3240:Scott, William Henry 3137:. September 29, 1989 2256:Tallano royal family 1796:Philippine Air Force 1574:Historical denialism 1552:historical denialism 1074:National Arts Center 149:Communist insurgency 7355:Cultural depictions 7146:Cult of personality 7126:Human rights abuses 7105:Golden Buddha theft 7100:Coco Levy Fund scam 6904:First Quarter Storm 6761:U.P. College of Law 6626:. February 15, 2019 6365:Esquire Philippines 5588:on November 4, 2021 5515:Index on Censorship 5155:Esquire Philippines 4702:on November 7, 2017 4669:. September 2, 1992 4346:The Philippine Star 4237:Esquire Philippines 3679:on August 28, 2011. 3602:. Phil Star Global. 3583:The Washington Post 3553:Maynigo, Benjamin. 3520:. January 23, 1986. 3135:The Washington Post 2646:Romero, Jose V. Jr. 1835: 1618:University of Leeds 1199:First Quarter Storm 1107:"Red scare" tactics 958:Iginuhit ng Tadhana 911:Filipino guerrillas 897:The Washington Post 582:cult of personality 248:Human rights abuses 215:First Quarter Storm 134:Coco Levy Fund scam 114:Cult of personality 7419:Martyr or Murderer 7412:Maid in Malacañang 7282:1984 parliamentary 7042:Operation Big Bird 7001:Escalante massacre 6944:Palimbang massacre 6797:Nacionalista Party 6532:. Philippine Star. 6498:The New York Times 6143:. January 4, 2015. 5984:The New York Times 5781:. Abingdon, Oxon. 5199:Martial Law Museum 4588:The New York Times 4443:Martial Law Museum 4373:"Power structures" 4116:Philippine Studies 4026:"MAHARLIKA (1969)" 3476:ARTURO P. GARCIA. 3435:The New York Times 3107:Praeger Publishers 3077:. January 8, 2019. 2950:10.15781/T2J960G15 2906:Philippine Studies 2847:The New York Times 2712:The New York Times 2625:Philippine Studies 1854:Combat Helicopter 1842:Military Manpower 1833: 1724:were ahead of the 1452:Yamashita treasure 1447:from their lands. 1441:self-glorification 1387: 1101:Manila Film Center 1062:San Juanico Bridge 980:through the film " 971:Daigdig ng Mga Api 877:pinned on him the 863:United States Army 799:the United States 481:Operation Big Bird 419:Unexplained wealth 265:Escalante Massacre 7464: 7463: 6986:1980s debt crisis 6964:Tictapul massacre 6954:Thrilla in Manila 6939:1973 constitution 6887:New People's Army 6877:ASEAN Declaration 6817:Marcos propaganda 5788:978-0-429-79630-2 5756:on March 25, 2018 5723:978-0-429-79630-2 5698:978-1-349-95305-9 5607:Wolfgang Bethge. 5494:. August 29, 2016 5174:Kodao Productions 5128:978-1-137-01554-9 5027:978-1-5225-1987-4 4968:978-971-8567-01-2 4849:978-0-89608-276-2 4822:978-0-275-94137-6 4520:978-971-93923-1-6 4416:978-971-91287-0-0 4311:"The Marcos debt" 4273:978-1-59420-068-7 3588:December 18, 1983 3542:on July 14, 2014. 3314:978-971-550-781-3 3286:978-0-300-07765-0 3222:978-1-57607-820-4 3187:978-1-4411-9927-0 3116:978-0-275-94137-6 2889:. April 30, 2016. 2825:The Straits Times 2659:978-971-691-889-2 2570:978-0-300-04406-5 2334:Cacique democracy 2224: 2223: 1485:Global Reputation 1456:New People's Army 1310:The "Apo" persona 1299:Roberto Benedicto 1171:New People's Army 1078:Los Baños, Laguna 875:Douglas MacArthur 828:Douglas MacArthur 704:Cacique democracy 641:L'État, c'est moi 575: 574: 94:Stonehill scandal 76: 75: 16:(Redirected from 7504: 7497:Authoritarianism 7482:Ferdinand Marcos 7453: 7452: 7441:Corazon Aquino → 7377:A Dangerous Life 6949:Green Revolution 6780:Political career 6744: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6616: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6473:. 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Archived from 3610: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3518:Orlando Sentinel 3510: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3425: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3359:Pilipino Express 3350: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3096: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2983:. March 10, 2016 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2952: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2872: 2871: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2817: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2620: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2562: 2552: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2498: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2469:. Archived from 2458: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2428: 2422: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2395:INQUIRER.net USA 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2289:Bagong Pagsilang 2269:Ferdinand Marcos 2196: 2194: 2193: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2016: 2014: 2013: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1857:Combat Aircraft 1836: 1832: 1632:Marcos family." 1530:Stephen Bosworth 1368:Adrian Cristobal 1167:Bernabe Buscayno 1147:Jose Maria Sison 1023:Tagalog language 963:Julio Nalundasan 926:Julio Nalundasan 894:John Sharkey of 807:as his personal 801:Adjutant General 637:Adrian Cristobal 578:Ferdinand Marcos 567: 560: 553: 540: 535: 534: 523: 516: 353:4th inauguration 338:3rd inauguration 210:2nd Inauguration 175:1st Inauguration 72: 71: 70: 68: 67:Ferdinand Marcos 60: 59: 51: 44: 43: 40: 39: 21: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7424: 7350: 7287:1984 plebiscite 7170: 7141:Edifice complex 7114: 7080:Marcos mansions 7061: 7030:Post-presidency 7025: 6860:Manili massacre 6827: 6821: 6792:Military career 6775: 6764: 6745: 6736: 6731:Pacifico Marcos 6694: 6678: 6669: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6537: 6528: 6527: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6471:GMA News Online 6465: 6464: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6414:GMA News Online 6406: 6402: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6357: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6328: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6254:Manila Bulletin 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6201: 6193: 6185: 6170: 6155: 6148: 6133: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5883:Philippine Star 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5802: 5801: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5724: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5651: 5647: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5582:CNN Philippines 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5546: 5542: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5360:on July 8, 2017 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5225:GMA News Online 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5166: 5162: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5129: 5115: 5111: 5099: 5095: 5066: 5057: 5041: 5040: 5028: 5020:. Hershey, PA. 5014: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4874: 4865: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4781:Washington Post 4773: 4769: 4758: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4653: 4614: 4610: 4599: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4534: 4533: 4521: 4507: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4417: 4403: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4303: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4209:Adel, Rosette. 4207: 4203: 4176: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4112: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4091:news.google.com 4085: 4084: 4080: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3946: 3935: 3922: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3851:Kravchuk, Max. 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3831:Washington Post 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3699: 3688: 3684: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3596: 3592: 3576:Sharkey, John. 3574: 3567: 3563:August 15, 2016 3551: 3547: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3344: 3328: 3327: 3315: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3188: 3174: 3170: 3162:Chicago Tribune 3155: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3097: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2937: 2933: 2902:1986 Revolution 2898: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2875: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2839: 2832: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2679: 2675: 2660: 2643: 2636: 2621: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2571: 2553: 2544: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2499: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2459: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2324:Bongbong Marcos 2279:Edifice complex 2264: 2251: 2243:Philippine Star 2191: 2189: 2155: 2153: 2119: 2117: 2083: 2081: 2047: 2045: 2011: 2009: 1975: 1973: 1939: 1937: 1903: 1901: 1867: 1865: 1851:155mm Howitzer 1820:attack aircraft 1792:combat aircraft 1765:Southeast Asian 1698: 1681: 1675: 1670: 1657: 1614: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1576: 1544: 1538: 1517:for Marcos to " 1515:EDSA Revolution 1487: 1478: 1469: 1464: 1413: 1407: 1405:The Marcos bust 1379: 1360: 1338: 1321: 1312: 1307: 1297:owned by crony 1290: 1258: 1245: 1230: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1183: 1119: 1109: 1046: 1044:Edifice complex 1040: 1031: 1014: 1009: 948: 942: 859:Alfred W. McCoy 777: 771: 762: 756: 732: 724:Elpidio Quirino 715: 706: 700: 693: 676: 571: 530: 517: 510: 506:Edifice complex 490: 445: 431:Marcos mansions 364: 363: 362: 328: 320: 319: 238: 230: 229: 193: 185: 184: 165: 103: 89:Military career 66: 64: 63: 62: 61: 57: 55: 54: 36: 28: 23: 22: 18:Marcos loyalist 15: 12: 11: 5: 7510: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7437: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7398:Here Lies Love 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7370:Kumander Dante 7366: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7336: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7110:BNPP kickbacks 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6728: 6710: 6707:Mariano Marcos 6702: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6645: 6638: 6637: 6606: 6580: 6560: 6535: 6518: 6484: 6455: 6426: 6400: 6382: 6348: 6319: 6297: 6271: 6240: 6218: 6199: 6168: 6146: 6123: 6103: 6077: 6051: 6024: 5996: 5970: 5944: 5923: 5896: 5867: 5841: 5816: 5787: 5767: 5737: 5722: 5704: 5697: 5671: 5645: 5622: 5599: 5568: 5540: 5505: 5479: 5453: 5427: 5401: 5371: 5341: 5315: 5289: 5263: 5237: 5211: 5186: 5160: 5142: 5127: 5109: 5093: 5055: 5026: 5005: 4974: 4967: 4937: 4920: 4863: 4848: 4828: 4821: 4801: 4767: 4745: 4713: 4680: 4651: 4608: 4593: 4574: 4548: 4519: 4501: 4486: 4455: 4430: 4415: 4394: 4383:on May 5, 2018 4363: 4332: 4301: 4279: 4272: 4249: 4223: 4201: 4190:(3): 315–346. 4163: 4141: 4103: 4078: 4047: 4017: 3992: 3968: 3944: 3920: 3885:(2): 282–304. 3869: 3843: 3817: 3791: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3726: 3713: 3697: 3682: 3660: 3635: 3624:on May 1, 2018 3605: 3590: 3565: 3545: 3523: 3505: 3491: 3467: 3441: 3415: 3402: 3389: 3376: 3342: 3313: 3292: 3285: 3261: 3254: 3228: 3221: 3201: 3186: 3168: 3148: 3122: 3115: 3080: 3066: 3039:(2): 140–190. 3019: 2994: 2966: 2931: 2912:(2): 151–182. 2892: 2873: 2852: 2830: 2809: 2800: 2773:(2): 282–304. 2753: 2739: 2717: 2698: 2689: 2673: 2658: 2634: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2569: 2542: 2527: 2484: 2448: 2423: 2407: 2381: 2372: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2250: 2247: 2230:(DIA) and the 2222: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1862: 1861: 1860:Missile Craft 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1822:," wrote Tan. 1697: 1694: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1656: 1653: 1603: 1600: 1595:Main article: 1592: 1589: 1575: 1572: 1540:Main article: 1537: 1534: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1409:Main article: 1406: 1403: 1378: 1375: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1337: 1334: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1289: 1286: 1266:Maximo Soliven 1257: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1229: 1226: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1182: 1179: 1108: 1105: 1082:Coconut Palace 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 978:1969 elections 967:Vicente Rafael 941: 938: 922:Jose P. Laurel 907:Mariano Marcos 903:Manila Tribune 855: 854: 851: 847: 832:Medal of Honor 773:Main article: 770: 767: 760:Marcos cronies 758:Main article: 755: 752: 748:Jose B. Laurel 731: 728: 714: 711: 702:Main article: 699: 694: 692: 689: 675: 672: 633:Mariano Marcos 606:Saddam Hussein 573: 572: 570: 569: 562: 555: 547: 544: 543: 542: 541: 525: 524: 509: 508: 503: 489: 488: 486:Marcos in film 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 415: 414: 408: 402: 396: 390: 384: 378: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 329: 322: 321: 318: 317: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 256: 255: 245: 239: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 206: 205: 194: 187: 186: 183: 182: 177: 172: 166: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 102: 101: 99:Prime Minister 96: 91: 86: 78: 77: 74: 73: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7509: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7457: 7456: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7405:The Kingmaker 7402: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7384:Batas Militar 7381: 7379: 7378: 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6264:September 24, 6259: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6233:September 23, 6228: 6222: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6028: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5937:September 26, 5933: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5610: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5146: 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