864:. Despite undergoing numerous trials and hearings, none of the officers implicated in the massacre were ever convicted, leading many Filipino Muslims to believe that the "Christian" government in Manila had little regard for them. This created a furor within the Muslim community in the Philippines, especially among the educated youth, and among Muslim intellectuals, who had no discernible interest in politics prior to the incident. Educated or not, the story of the Jabidah massacre led many Filipino Muslims to believe that all opportunities for integration and accommodation with the Christians were lost and further marginalised.
518:
644:
30:
46:
889:, it was taken for granted that Ferdinand Marcos and Fernando Lopez would be unanimously nominated as the respective presidential and vice presidential candidates of the Nacionalista party. Nevertheless, the party's ruling junta met in Makati a week earlier before the July 1969 Nacionalista Party National Convention at the Manila Pavilion, in order to assure that the nomination would be unanimous. The duo went against the Liberal Party's candidates, Sergio Osmena, Jr and Genaro Magsaysay.
530:
511:
807:
too late by congress to be useful to Marcos's publicity efforts, and at any rate, did not succeed in raising significant new funds. So it was foreign loans that funded the 70% increase in infrastructure spending from 1966 to 1970 (compared to the
Macapagal administration's spending from 1961 to 1965) which included the
920:. The stabilization plan involved in the agreement included numerous macroeconomic interventions, such as significantly devaluating the Philippine Peso. However, the inflationary effect these interventions had on the local economy brought about the social unrest which motivated the proclamation of Martial Law in 1972.
915:
Rapid campaign spending was so massive that it would be responsible for the
Balance of Payments Crisis of 1970. Marcos was reported to have spent PhP 100 for every PhP 1 that Osmena spent, using up PhP 24 Million in Cebu alone. By the following year, however, the government would be unable to pay its
791:
unit. Despite opposition to the new plan, the Marcos government gained
Congressional approval and Philippine troops were sent from the middle of 1966 as the Philippines Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). PHILCAG reached a strength of some 1,600 troops in 1968 and between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 Filipino
723:
In an effort to strengthen the influence of the Office of the
President and simultaneously weaken the strong patronage bonds which rural Filipinos had with their local leaders, Marcos created the Presidential Arm on Community Development (PACD), which would initiate development projects at the barrio
806:
With an eye towards becoming the first president of the third republic to be reelected to a second term, the Marcos administration began taking up massive foreign loans to fund "rice, roads, and schoolbuildings" - the lynchpin slogan of his reelection campaign. The
Omnibus Tax Law of 1969 was passed
770:
One of Marcos's earliest initiatives upon becoming president was to significantly expand the
Philippine Military. In an unprecedented move, Marcos chose to concurrently serve as his own Defense Secretary, allowing him to have a direct hand in running the Military. He also significantly increased the
596:
Before Marcos's
Presidency, the Philippines was the second largest economy in Asia, behind only Japan. He pursued an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign loans, making him very popular throughout almost all of his first term and eventually making him the first and only
624:
An acknowledged "master of populist imagery", Marcos projected a persona of youth and virility, having himself photographed by rice farmers in their fields. He also cast himself as a war hero, claiming to be the "most decorated war hero of the
Philippines" on the strength of 27 supposed war medals
605:
Ferdinand Marcos always had the ambition to be the
President of the Philippines. In his campaign for the 1949 elections, he declared that if he would be elected as congressman, he promise to have an Ilocano president in 20 years' time. Marcos slowly ascended into power and then attempted to run as
904:." Time and Newsweek would eventually call the 1969 election the "dirtiest, most violent and most corrupt" in Philippine modern history, with the term "Three Gs", meaning "guns, goons, and gold" coined to describe administration's election tactics of vote-buying, terrorism and ballot snatching.
818:
This began a pattern of loan-funded spending which the Marcos administration would continue until the
Marcoses were deposed in 1986, resulting in economic instability still being felt today, and of debts that experts say the Philippines will have to keep paying well into 2025. The grandest
911:
The most infamous incidents of violence took place in Batanes, where Philippine Constabulary officers, paramilitary groups and hired guns essentially took over the island, and motorcycle-riding thugs rode around terrorizing voters and Comelec officials, and beating up opposition leaders.
613:
during Macapagal's term. Marcos found his ambitions to run for president blocked for a second time when Macapagal decided to run for a second term, so Marcos jumped from the LP to the Nacionalista Party (NP), eventually becoming the NP's candidate for president, winning against
628:
Marcos won the election with 51.94% of the vote, Macapagal having garnered 42.88% while Raul Manglapus of the Party for Philippine Progress got 5.17%. About 0.01%. of the votes went to nine other candidates who ran for the post under various independent parties.
757:
During this first term, Marcos also began systematically cultivating a group entrepreneurs and industrialists loyal to him, rather than the Philippines' ruling class of landowners, making these cronies richer and more powerful through what would later be called
771:
budget of the armed forces, tapping them in civil projects such as the construction of schools. Generals loyal to Marcos were allowed to stay in their positions past their retirement age, or were rewarded with civilian government posts, leading Senator
845:
In March 1968 a Muslim man named Jibin Arula was fished out of the waters of Manila Bay, having been shot. He was brought to then-Cavite Governor Delfin N. Montano, to whom he recounted the story of the Jabidah Massacre, saying that numerous
597:
President of the Third Philippine republic to win a second term, although it would also trigger an inflationary crisis which would lead to social unrest in his second term, and would eventually lead to his declaration of Martial Law in 1972.
815:, and the construction of 58, 745 pre-fabricated and 38,705 regular schoolbuildings. The first Marcos administration's budget deficit was thus 72% higher than the Philippine government's annual deficit from 1961 to 1965.
584:
on December 30, 1965. His inauguration marked the beginning of his two-decade long stay in power, even though the 1935 Philippine Constitution had set a limit of only two four-year terms of office. Marcos had won the
907:
Marcos used the military and the government bureaucracy for his campaign, and also went on a campaign spending spree, initiating US$ 50 million worth in infrastructure projects meant to impress the electorate.
739:- although the IRRI program that developed the variety had started as early as 1962, during the Macapagal administration, and was the product of an International consortium, not the Philippine government.
892:
With his popularity already beefed up by debt-funded spending, Marcos's popularity made it very likely that he would win the election, but he decided, as National Artist for Literature
686:
marked the beginning of the first four-year term of Ferdinand Marcos as President and second four-year term of Fernando Lopez as Vice President. The oath of office was administered by
964:
294:
1371:
871:
in 1968, the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO) in 1969, and the consolidation of these various forces into the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in October 1972.
787:, Marcos reversed his pre-presidency position of not sending Philippine forces to Vietnam War, and consented to a limited involvement, asking Congress to approve sending a
289:
1320:
249:
482:
299:
17:
1687:
Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability
687:
1182:
329:
1271:
115:
1930:
561:
638:
186:
1501:
860:
Although the lack of living witnesses other than Arula severely hampered the probes on the incident, it became a major flashpoint that ignited the
457:
1920:
668:
1294:
1534:
1167:
244:
140:
1656:
1727:
748:
309:
120:
880:
304:
199:
1265:
1473:
422:
176:
1375:
727:
Marcos also took credit for the dramatic increase in rice production caused by the 1968 introduction of a new "miracle rice" variety,
281:
110:
956:
1910:
1713:
Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar
1905:
415:
349:
206:
1209:
1027:
886:
762:", which funnelled foreign assistance and "soft loans" to their businesses on the pretense of spurring industrial development.
554:
334:
171:
1737:
1695:
1668:
1641:
1614:
1587:
1400:
1143:
732:
586:
578:
344:
194:
166:
1657:
Macapado Abaton Muslim; Philippines. Office of the President; Mindanao State University. College of Public Affairs (1994).
683:
339:
85:
1243:
861:
820:
231:
1925:
1875:
1846:
1809:
1456:
932:
615:
547:
1229:
1186:
851:
702:
1804:. Foundation for Worldwide People Power (Manila, Philippines). Pasig: Foundation for Worldwide People's Power.
868:
827:, with grand public infrastructures projects prioritized for public funding because of their propaganda value.
103:
823:
complex, also marked the beginning of what critics would call Ferdinand Marcos and First Lady Imelda Marcos's
1542:
989:
Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines".
1053:
80:
924:
581:
517:
1729:
States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines
917:
752:
472:
125:
1511:
1606:
A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines: 1965–2000
452:
321:
276:
1915:
610:
534:
1477:
462:
95:
923:
The 1969 elections were held on November 11, and Marcos won an unprecedented second full term as
354:
266:
1754:
897:
808:
625:
and decorations which were later revealed to be mostly propaganda, being inaccurate or untrue.
1390:
792:
soldiers served in South Vietnam, mainly being involved in civilian infrastructure projects.
496:
239:
216:
145:
1862:
Dohner, Robert; Intal, Ponciano (1989). "Debt Crisis and Adjustment in the Philippines". In
1685:
1486:
609:
At the time of the 1965 elections, Marcos was a member of the Liberal Party (LP), becoming
854:(AFP) on March 18, 1968. This became the subject of a senate exposé by opposition Senator
736:
445:
8:
211:
130:
1161:
855:
772:
675:
643:
590:
477:
261:
1230:"US Department of Defense official database of Distinguished Service Cross recipients"
1079:
29:
1881:
1871:
1842:
1835:
1815:
1805:
1733:
1691:
1664:
1637:
1610:
1583:
1452:
1442:
1396:
1149:
1139:
812:
784:
90:
1663:. Office of the President and College of Public Affairs, Mindanao State University.
1417:
916:
debts, and would decide to enter into a debt rescheduling arrangement plan with the
836:
574:
62:
690:
1658:
1631:
1604:
1577:
1557:
1446:
1214:
824:
801:
788:
706:
618:
502:
427:
389:
377:
1660:
The Moro armed struggle in the Philippines: the nonviolent autonomy alternative
1559:
Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A Historic of the Bangsa Moro in the Philippines
1136:
The conjugal dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos: revised and annotated
928:
694:
371:
1899:
1863:
1392:
The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II
1374:. Office of the President of the Philippines. August 20, 2012. Archived from
1251:
1153:
840:
698:
693:. Marcos swore his oath on two closed family Bibles, one owned by his father
660:
432:
383:
364:
150:
45:
1885:
1819:
1771:
893:
759:
664:
656:
437:
407:
401:
135:
1837:
Impossible Dream: The Marcoses, the Aquinos, and the Unfinished Revolution
1236:
847:
651:
Upon winning the election, Marcos appointed a cabinet composed mostly of
467:
395:
271:
221:
1451:(8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc. pp. 508–510.
1499:
652:
639:
List of cabinets of the Philippines § Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986)
1321:"Bible in Bongbong's inauguration same one used by Marcos Sr. in 1965"
1121:
Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn
1244:"Results of the Past Presidential & Vice-Presidential Elections"
775:
to accuse Marcos in 1968 of trying to establish "a garrison state."
667:, and National Economic and Development Authority Director General
256:
1011:
Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines".
724:
level without going through the Barrio and Municipal governments.
1506:
1372:"PHL marks 29th anniversary of Aquino's assassination on Tuesday"
1119:
Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".
606:
president in 1961, but he lost to Macapagal in the nominations.
1539:
Delivered at the Legislative Building, Manila, on 28 March 1968
819:
infrastructure projects of Marcos's first term, especially the
679:
1704:
712:
1752:
1532:
674:
Marcos was inaugurated on Thursday, December 30, 1965 at the
510:
1579:
Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics
1500:
Marites Dañguilan Vitug; Glenda M. Gloria (March 18, 2013).
1855:
1472:
Larsen, Stanley Robert; Collins, James Lawton Jr. (2005) .
850:
army recruits had been executed en-masse by members of the
1295:"Presidential inaugurations: Traditions, rituals, trivia"
728:
718:
1764:
1267:
Inaugural Address of President Marcos, December 30, 1965
795:
765:
1555:
1352:. International Rice Research Institute. November 2016
1345:
830:
742:
688:
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
1210:"Marcos Was More Than Just Another Deposed Dictator"
778:
655:
and intellectuals, most notably Executive Secretary
1650:
1633:
The contemporary Muslim movement in the Philippines
1364:
1272:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
1138:(Revised ed.). Quezon City. pp. 246–254.
1834:
1802:Dead aim: how Marcos ambushed Philippine democracy
783:Under intense pressure from the administration of
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1897:
1629:
1602:
1533:Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. (March 28, 1968).
950:
948:
1795:
1793:
1575:
1201:
1006:
1004:
957:"The economic decline that led to Marcos' fall"
701:. One of the Bibles would later be used in the
1388:
1097:
984:
982:
1868:Developing country debt and the world economy
1753:Patrick Patino & Djorina Velasco (2004).
1683:
1571:
1569:
1485:. U.S. Department of the Army. Archived from
1471:
1222:
1183:"Marcos medals: Only 2 of 33 given in battle"
1174:
1123:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
945:
927:. His running mate, incumbent Vice President
874:
632:
555:
1790:
1596:
1435:
1389:McMahon, Robert J.; Mcmahon, Robert (1999).
1001:
881:Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969
867:This eventually led to the formation of the
1861:
1409:
1382:
979:
713:Agricultural and rural development projects
1826:
1566:
1166:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
621:in the NP nominations for the presidency.
562:
548:
1931:1969 disestablishments in the Philippines
1719:
1677:
1623:
1441:
1293:Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (June 21, 2022).
1133:
1127:
1071:
931:was also elected to a third full term as
749:Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)
600:
577:was inaugurated to his first term as the
1870:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1799:
1338:
1208:Reaves, Joseph A. (September 29, 1989).
887:Philippine Presidential election of 1969
647:Marcos presidential inauguration in 1965
642:
587:Philippine presidential election of 1965
28:
1502:"Jabidah and Merdeka: The inside story"
988:
14:
1921:1965 establishments in the Philippines
1898:
1832:
1755:"Election Violence in the Philippines"
1292:
1207:
1180:
1054:"Doy on Macoy / Yorac in this corner!"
1025:
954:
18:First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos
1725:
1710:
1690:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5–.
1118:
1026:Pacete, Ver F. (September 20, 2018).
1010:
733:International Rice Research Institute
1715:. Lexington Books. pp. 267–268.
1526:
1318:
1028:"Pacete: Marcos and his Martial Law"
796:Loans for Infrastructure Development
766:Expansion of the Philippine Military
1415:
1319:Bajo, Anna Felicia (July 1, 2022).
1051:
1013:DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05
831:Jabidah exposé and Muslim reactions
340:Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
24:
1535:"Jabidah! Special Forces of Evil?"
1346:"IR8: Rice that Changed the World"
1077:
955:Galang, Ping (February 21, 2011).
862:Moro insurgency in the Philippines
821:Cultural Center of the Philippines
743:Formation of Industrial Monopolies
25:
1942:
1726:Parsa, Misagh (August 17, 2000).
1630:Cesar Adib Majul (October 1985).
1248:The Philippine Presidency Project
1181:Bondoc, Jarius (April 28, 2011).
991:Journal of Philippine Development
967:from the original on May 29, 2018
933:Vice President of the Philippines
779:Sending troops to the Vietnam War
589:against the incumbent president,
1772:"Editorial: Protecting the vote"
1684:Paul J. Smith (March 26, 2015).
1416:Tan, Michael L. (June 3, 2005).
529:
528:
516:
509:
53:This article is part of a series
44:
1911:Presidencies of the Philippines
1746:
1609:. Gregorian Biblical BookShop.
1556:Nasser A. Marohomsalic (2001).
1549:
1493:
1479:Allied Participation in Vietnam
1465:
1312:
1286:
1258:
1185:. Global Balita. Archived from
852:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1906:Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos
1732:. Cambridge University Press.
1474:"Chapter III: The Philippines"
1448:History of the Filipino People
1045:
1019:
869:Mindanao Independence Movement
697:and another given by his wife
438:Tallano gold conspiracy theory
13:
1:
1543:Government of the Philippines
1395:. Columbia University Press.
938:
1800:Conrado., De Quiros (1997).
925:President of the Philippines
582:president of the Philippines
330:1981 election and referendum
7:
1582:. Oxford University Press.
1134:Primitivo, Mijares (2017).
918:International Monetary Fund
885:When the time came for the
753:Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos
473:Marcos Japanese ODA scandal
10:
1947:
1078:Pe, Roger (July 3, 2016).
878:
875:Re-election Campaign, 1969
834:
799:
746:
716:
636:
633:Administration and cabinet
277:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
177:balance of payments crisis
1603:William Larousse (2001).
1422:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1084:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1926:1960s in the Philippines
1760:. FES Philippine Office.
1576:T. J. S. George (1980).
1833:Burton, Sandra (1989).
902:leave nothing to chance
355:People Power Revolution
267:Chico River Dam Project
898:Philippines Free Press
809:North Luzon Expressway
659:, Education Secretary
648:
601:1965 Election Campaign
322:Third and fourth terms
34:
1711:Yegar, Moshe (2002).
1514:on September 13, 2015
773:Benigno S. Aquino Jr.
646:
497:Conjugal dictatorship
458:Historical distortion
423:Overseas landholdings
240:Proclamation No. 1081
217:Plaza Miranda bombing
32:
1562:. N.A. Marohomsalic.
1489:on October 29, 2013.
1378:on February 8, 2016.
1052:Benigno, Teodoro C.
663:, Finance Secretary
146:Communist insurgency
1778:. February 29, 2016
1274:. December 30, 1965
1254:on August 24, 2007.
1080:"Turncoatism in PH"
245:Human rights abuses
212:First Quarter Storm
131:Coco Levy Fund scam
111:Cult of personality
1443:Agoncillo, Teodoro
856:Benigno Aquino Jr.
676:Quirino Grandstand
649:
591:Diosdado Macapagal
478:Operation Big Bird
416:Unexplained wealth
262:Escalante Massacre
35:
1864:Sachs, Jeffrey D.
1739:978-0-521-77430-7
1697:978-1-317-45886-9
1670:978-971-11-1130-4
1643:978-0-933782-16-7
1616:978-88-7652-879-8
1589:978-0-19-580429-4
1418:"PH-Vietnam ties"
1402:978-0-231-10881-2
1145:978-971-550-781-3
813:Maharlika Highway
785:Lyndon B. Johnson
737:Los Baños, Laguna
572:
571:
91:Stonehill scandal
73:
72:
16:(Redirected from
1938:
1916:Ferdinand Marcos
1890:
1889:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1841:. Warner Books.
1840:
1830:
1824:
1823:
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1593:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1510:. Archived from
1497:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1439:
1433:
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1428:
1413:
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1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
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1262:
1256:
1255:
1250:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1189:on June 27, 2018
1178:
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1038:
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1008:
999:
998:
986:
977:
976:
974:
972:
952:
896:reported in the
837:Jabidah massacre
611:Senate President
575:Ferdinand Marcos
564:
557:
550:
537:
532:
531:
520:
513:
350:4th inauguration
335:3rd inauguration
207:2nd Inauguration
172:1st Inauguration
69:
68:
67:
65:
64:Ferdinand Marcos
57:
56:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
21:
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1644:
1636:. Mizan Press.
1628:
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1325:GMA News Online
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1215:Chicago Tribune
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843:
835:Main articles:
833:
825:Edifice complex
804:
802:Edifice complex
798:
789:combat engineer
781:
768:
755:
747:Main articles:
745:
721:
715:
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1299:INQUIRER.net
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1356:October 19,
1063:October 15,
1037:October 15,
705:of his son
653:technocrats
468:Solid North
305:Protest art
286:Resistance
272:Masagana 99
232:Martial law
222:Vietnam War
187:Second term
1900:Categories
1270:(Speech).
939:References
717:See also:
410:(daughter)
404:(daughter)
398:(daughter)
295:Indigenous
282:Journalism
159:First term
121:Monopolies
104:Presidency
81:Early life
1445:(1990) .
1162:cite book
1154:988749288
731:, by the
709:in 2022.
380:(brother)
290:Religious
1886:18351577
1820:39051509
1350:IRRI.org
1015:: 3, 19.
965:Archived
811:and the
535:Category
390:Bongbong
378:Pacifico
374:(father)
257:Rolex 12
200:campaign
141:Timeline
1866:(ed.).
1782:May 22,
1776:Sunstar
1507:Rappler
1427:May 28,
1330:June 6,
1304:June 6,
1278:June 2,
1193:May 29,
1089:May 29,
1032:Sunstar
971:May 29,
695:Mariano
490:Related
372:Mariano
300:Workers
250:Torture
126:Cronies
116:Economy
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446:Legacy
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365:Family
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402:Irene
392:(son)
55:about
1882:OCLC
1872:ISBN
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1806:ISBN
1784:2018
1734:ISBN
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1520:2015
1453:ISBN
1429:2018
1397:ISBN
1358:2017
1332:2023
1306:2023
1280:2023
1195:2018
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1150:OCLC
1140:ISBN
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1065:2021
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973:2018
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