First Quarter Storm

1654:, where they built a barricade to stop the riot police and armed soldiers from the Palace. As students from nearby dormitories joined them, protesters grew in numbers. Everything was improvised and they did not have any organized plan. The protestors fought the armed forces and defended themselves with sticks and pillboxes. Eventually, the troops succeeded in separating the protestors, putting an end to the rally. Many were severely injured, and since police forces retaliated with live bullets, it led to bloodshed. Bullets were shot at the protesters, killing four students. The armed forces were claimed to attack unarmed students. It was a seesaw battle between the youth and the military. Students and military alternatively held Mendiola Bridge, until nine o'clock in the evening, when finally it finally fell to the military. While troops were able to disperse the militants, they failed to clear the streets of M. Aguila, 2013:

Philippines, explains that the rally was not Marcos-inspired, contrary to allegations sprung from rumors of American officials or allies being seen at the rally and the fact that the President himself was the most decorated veteran of the previous war. Their purpose, rather, was to "preserve the ideals and principles for which the people fought during the war," a statement inscribed on the large banner carried during the march. When the veterans' march was cast in a negative light by media the following morning, Medalla remarked in jest, "Was it because there was no violence in our rally?" On that note, Ben Florentino, head of the United Disabled Veterans Association of the Philippines, commented that if the 'young radical activists' had experienced the hardships of war as they had, then they would not be advocating violence.

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explains the persistent anti-American imperialist and anti-landlord tone in the programme, pronouncements and protest mass actions of the KM. This explains why it is for the scrapping of the parity, the abrogation of the Laurel-Langley, bases treaty, military assistance treaty, mutual defense treaty—in short, the elimination of RP-US 'special relations.' The KM stand on these and other important national issues have always been pursued by its members with a militance no other youth organization has equalled. That is why the military has long ago started a hate-KM campaign that has been equally militant, although oftentimes ridiculous and silly. Whenever violence erupts in a demonstration participated in by the KM, the military authorities are quick in pinpointing the KM as the instigator of violence.

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door of Malacañang Palace, they heard the sounds of glass breaking and pillboxes exploding. As the students' dialogue with the president was happening inside the Palace, the students outside the Palace were confronted with their own difficulties. Due to a loud call from someone outside the Palace to turn the lights on, the Palace did just that to accommodate the request, which led to a rock crashing to one of the lamps. Thinking that this was a rock thrown from inside the Palace and aimed at the students outside, the students threw rocks at the Palace in return.

2115:, an educator and an ardent defender of students, predicted then that the January 26 and 30 riots were 'mere portents of what is yet to come if the leadership does not meet the demands of our students,' - demands which are clean, honest competent leadership, reforms, social justice, elimination of poverty, quality and inexpensive education for all, and the right to participate in decision making. He commented on the violence, saying that it will continue until there is no proper understanding and open communication between government leaders and student groups. 957: 2017:

COMELEC Chairman Jamie N. Ferrer attributed the student demonstrations to the rampant corruption in the political system, while Civil Service Commissioner Abelardo Subido attributed them to the lack of dialogue between the youth and their elders, calling on parents to tell their children "what we need is a change through peaceful means to achieve economic independence." Although many veterans were gladdened by the spark of student activism, they denounced the emergence of some sectors seeking to harness student power for their own ends.

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demonstration. Furthermore, the Manila mayor's office announced that permits to demonstrate against the Manila Summit will not be issued. On the day before the beginning of the summit, as summiteers began to arrive, a group of students waved around name-calling placards, defending that they were not demonstrating, just picketing. They were taken by police and informed that they would be charged with demonstrating without a permit. On October 24, KM held a demonstration in front of

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are overlooked by due to the negative image of communism, brought about by the news of communist insurgents in other parts of the world and individual actions of KM members themselves, including the dissident movement in Negros, the capture of Leoncio Co and other youths in their alleged involvement in a Stalin university in Tarlak, and the rumored activism of founder Jose Maria Sison, alias Commander Guerrero, in the Huk movement in Central Luzon. As said by Astorga-Garcia:

6942: 969: 950: 2049: 1549: 1354: 1470:- they would be worthless now to this nation, as worthless . Our elders who take pride on their sheer age and their sense of caution should learn from the revolutionary and nationalist youth movement of 1896 and of today. The elders should not now assume the function of censors and the black judges who condemned patriots of the old democratic revolution as subversive heretics. 1496: 1684:, who was then Secretary of Justice, recalled in his memoir that at the time of the January 30 Malacañang attack, President Marcos nearly announced Martial Law. President Marcos suspected that a coup was being arranged against him as none of his generals are present, and he immediately evacuated Imelda and their children to a navy ship in Manila Bay. 2104:

violence was sparked by Malacañang guards, who threw pellets at the protesters from the inside, thus provoking demonstrators to retaliate and to ram a fire truck into the Malacañang No. 4 gate. These incidents of violence were heightened to bloodshed by the arrival of MetroCom as some groups, such as

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Even though the protest involved long walks from one assembly point to another, the organizations participating in the march multiplied. When the protesters reached the U.S. Embassy, where they again struggled with the police. The police were more aggressive this time, chasing the activists all over

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Four days after the SONA, to condemn "state fascism" and police brutality, protesters, mostly students, marched back to the Congress. The rally lasted until 5pm. As one of the leaders was saying the closing remarks with a microphone, shouts of "Malacañang! Malacañang!" were heard mainly from the side

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The protest was primarily organized by the National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP), and was meant to coincide with the first State of the Nation Address of Marcos' second term. It included "moderate" groups such as the NUSP, who wanted Marcos to promise he would not seek power beyond the

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Now is the time for all troublemakers to come to the aid of the country. For the only chance for exploiters to triumph is for revolutionaries to do nothing We must make trouble in the constitutional convention, trouble for vested interest, trouble for the profligate rich, trouble for the denizens of

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However, the group justifies this violence by considering it as an objective reality while maintaining their position that, while KM has taken part in numerous demonstrations that had led to violence, the riots have been incited by the police and not their members. The KM was more concerned with the

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that have long hindered radical change. He also stressed that while it seems to be clear to all that change was needed, no one seemed to know what change was needed. He also noted the slight difference in tone regarding communism, as people seemed to be more understanding of their cause. He had also

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Marcos said that he was not interested in a third term and Jopson demanded that he put that down in writing, which led to Marcos lash out at him by calling him as merely the son of a grocer. The President did not agree to their terms and their meeting ended at around 6pm. As they headed to the front

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The protest was largely peaceful until the end of the planned program, when a disagreement broke out between the moderate and the radical groups for control over the protest stage. This disagreement was ongoing when Marcos, having finished his speech, walked out of the legislative building. He and

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While the period from January to March 1970 was one of significant social unrest in the Philippines and there is no definitive record of all protests or demonstrations in the country, seven protests in the area of Metropolitan Manila have come to be considered the historically notable demonstrations

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The media reports of the time classified the various civil society groups opposing Marcos into two categories. The "Moderates", which included church groups, civil libertarians, and nationalist politicians, were those who wanted to create change through political reforms. The "radicals", including a

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When the news of the January 30 riots broke out, spectators, especially parents of the students participating in the demonstration, were appalled by the military behavior in these riots, questioning the need for armed military men at Mendiola. Participating groups of the said riots claimed that the

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Florentino and Medalla further stressed that veterans were the first group to stage demonstrations for the sake of demanding legitimate reforms from the government. They also felt the need to call for reforms but believed that these should be achieved peacefully and undergoing democratic processes.

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The March 17 demonstration is generally acknowledged as the last of the major events of the First Quarter Storm, because the demonstrations had largely been led by student groups, who had at that point reached the end of the Philippines' school semester. Many of the students left Manila to go home

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The MDP-organized protest on February 18, 1970, was dubbed the "People's Congress," and involved about five thousand protesters who gathered at Plaza Miranda. At some point during this gathering, a group of protesters left the Plaza Miranda venue to stage a demonstration at the U.S. Embassy, which

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Since KM was founded under the aspiration of resuming and completing the Philippine Revolution of 1896, now fighting "a new type of colonialism," it sought to inspire nationalism once more in a time wherein it was considered as a dangerous concept. The organization's positive aspirations, however,

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In the aftermath of these events, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the

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A bipartisan bill was passed identifying 6 demonstrators killed by law enforcers during the January 30 incident (including 2 who died of gunshot wounds days after the incident). The bill ordered the Department of Social Welfare to administer assistance to the families of the victims. Marcos signed

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The Senate convened a special committee to investigate the violence that had occurred at the January 1970 rallies. The committee released its findings on March 12, 1970. The committee said that the demonstrators did not have any firearms and questioned the military's decision to fire its weapons.

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On the evening of June 12, 1970, media reported that the 72nd anniversary of the declaration of Philippine independence would be celebrated differently from previous years. It was reported that there would not be a grand, colorful parade, in line with the Marcos administration's policy of fiscal

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The KM aims to break this monopoly of power by allying with workers, peasants, progressive intellectuals, professionals and the nationalist bourgeoisie in an effort to arouse and mobilize the masses towards the attainment of national freedom and democracy. This outlook, more than anything else,

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on November 30, 1964, intended to be a nationwide "extension" of the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP), which is also an organization of student activists founded by Sison in 1959 that moved towards "academic freedom in the University against the combined

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The convention must be scuttled or wrecked if it is dominated by the very same interests against which stands the very spirit of change inherent in convening a constitutional convention. For conceived in greed, born in mischief and nurtured in iniquity, the spirit of wanton capitalism has never

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The demonstrations that took place during the first quarter storm are historically remembered as the first stirrings of the social unrest which would eventually lead to Martial Law - what Petronilo Daroy referred to as "a torrent of mass protest actions against everything that was construed as

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Violent dispersals of various FQS protests were among the first watershed events in which large numbers of Filipino students of the 1970s were radicalized against the Marcos administration. Due to these dispersals, many students who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for

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This second March was longer than the March 3 event. Since the protest focused on the issue of poverty, the march's route took it through the poor ghettos of Manila. Finding police already positioned at the Embassy when they arrived, and wanting to avoid a confrontation, the activists instead

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Protesters claimed that Malacañang guards started the violence by throwing pellets at them from inside, which led them to take over a fire truck and smashed it into Malacañang's Gate 4. Once the gate broke and gave way, bold protestors charged into the Palace grounds tossing rocks, pillboxes,

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The rally held against the Manila Summit Conference on October 24 to 25, 1966, was among those that ended in violence. The media and government officials reminded the public to be polite to the country's visitors and display 'traditional Filipino hospitality,' expecting the KM to stage a

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Marcos would eventually surprised his critics by endorsing the move, but later historians would note that the resulting Constitutional Convention laid the foundation for the legal justifications Marcos used to extend his term past the two four-year terms allowable under the 1935 Constitution.

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The Veterans Federation of the Philippines arranged a "March for Democracy" where the veterans strode around Intramuros, Rizal Park, Luneta grandstand, and then to the Sunken Garden, where speeches and a pledging ceremony were held. Col. Simeon Medalla, head of the Veterans Federation of the

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This rally was nearly called off when some conservative MDP leaders initially agreed to have a discussion with the President Marcos that evening, about concessions he was supposedly willing to offer if the leaders would call off the rally. However, KM leaders insisted on proceeding and made

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While this was happening, different student leaders were already in Malacañang having a meeting with Ferdinand Marcos to make the following demands: "the holding of a nonpartisan constitutional convention; the commitment that Marcos, a two-term president, would not suddenly change the rules

1130:(IMF) for help, and the IMF offered a debt restructuring deal. New policies, including a greater emphasis on exports and the relaxation of controls of the peso, were put in place. The Peso was allowed to float to a lower market value, resulting in drastic inflation, and social unrest. 1673:

wrote that Marcos was right for "taking the hard line" in dealing with the demonstrators while an independent Chinese newspaper in Hong Kong thought otherwise. Both publications believed that the charge regarding the involvement of Chinese communists in the violence was exaggerated.

1048:, mostly organized by students and supported by workers, peasants, and members of the urban poor, from January 26 to March 17, 1970. Protesters at these events raised issues related to social problems, authoritarianism, alleged election fraud, and corruption at the hand of Marcos. 1615:, with the Philippine flag raised, and decided to march directly to Malacañang and protest in front of Marcos' doorsteps, hearing gunfire as they slowly closed by the Palace. Some of the more militant rallyists were charging the metal fence that separates them from the Palace. 2034:

at eight o'clock in the morning. Furthermore, rather than tedious speeches in the middle of the day, the President would read a loyalty pledge to the Republic and the flag at seven o'clock in the morning, a time when demonstrators against the current regime could be avoided.

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With the Constitutional Convention occupying their attention from 1971 to 1973, statesmen and politicians opposed to the increasingly more-authoritarian administration of Ferdinand Marcos mostly focused their efforts on political efforts from within the halls of power.

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the bill into law on September 30, 1971. Some of the PHP 500,000 compensation fund was distributed to claimants, though in 1977, during martial law, Marcos declared the compensation fund dormant and PHP 272,000 of the unclaimed amount reverted to the general fund.

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or MCCCL, led by Senator Jose W. Diokno. The MCCCL's rallies are particularly remembered for their diversity, attracting participants from both the moderate and radical camps; and for their scale, with the biggest one attended by as many as 50,000 people.

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The nation was experiencing a crisis as the government was falling into debt, inflation was uncontrolled and the value of the peso continued to drop. The slight increase of the minimum wage was countered by continuous price increases and unemployment.

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Marcos saw the January 30 protest and siege in Malacañang not only as a personal assault but also as an assault to the presidency itself. He thought of the protests as an insurrection, and only a part of a plot to overthrow the government by force.

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the First Lady Imelda Marcos were greeted by an agitated crowd that jeered and hurled at them with pebbles, paper balls, and effigies, one resembling a crocodile (a representation of greed) and another a coffin (symbolizing the death of democracy).

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MDP militants planned what they dubbed a second "People's Congress" on February 26, 1970, despite not being granted a permit to rally. The radicals insisted on their right to assembly, insisting that the rally would go on with or without a permit.

1478:, for example, according to Cesar Bercades, president of its student council, the demonstrations there resulted in the damage of school property amounting to P56,920.34 and the dismissal of eight students from the university and all schools." 1831:

According to reports, this march ended in one-sided battles between gun-toting police riot squads and stone-hurling demonstrators, seems to give people an endless number of reasons to hold mass gatherings of students, farmers, and laborers.

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forbidding a president from seeking a third term; the resignation of the Manila Police District top brass; and the disbandment of paramilitary units in Central Luzon." Since half past three in the afternoon, Portia Ilagan of

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machinations of the state and the church." The KM advocated for liberation from American imperialism, which "made the suffering of people more complex and more severe." Their first demonstration, which took place at the

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The next day, the American ambassador sent a note to the government protesting the "wanton vandalism" that took place the night before, and the Philippine government replied with a note of apology within three hours.

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Chanting "Makibaka! Huwag matakot!," some of them broke off from the crowd and marched toward the U.S. Embassy. This group attacked the embassy with rocks and pillboxes as a way of expressing their denunciation of

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in 1967, citing rising discontent over wide inequalities in society. On March 16 of that year, the Philippine Congress constituted itself into a Constituent Assembly and passed Resolution No. 2, which called for a

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Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government.

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The Manila police and MetroCom attacked the rallyists even before they settled down at Plaza Miranda, causing the militants to disperse. So the activists reassembled at the Sunken Garden outside the walls of

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The protesters sat on the streets, climbed trees, and stood on the roofs of low buildings to spend hours listening to speakers discuss and oppose the concepts of imperialism, feudalism, and fascism.

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To clarify, he explained that the word 'trouble' was used not in its literal sense, but rather that the youth should get involved in the coming convention, which they have been striving to do.

1532:(MetroCom) - to disperse the crowd. This led to hours of bloody confrontation between the protesters and the police, ending with at least two students confirmed dead and several more injured. 201: 6732: 2118:

These encounters exhibited the then growing prevalence of student activism, parallel to demonstrations in other countries wherein students played a large role such as the toppling of the

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from other rallyists. Doors were opened to these rallyists, and through gestures from people at second-floor windows, they were warned about the presence of armed forces in the streets.

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The first First Quarter Storm rally held on January 26, 1970, coincided with the State of the Nation Address where Marcos was expected to talk about the 1971 Constitutional Convention.

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In general, during 1968, there have been many local student demonstrations trying to address internal issues, "ranging from stinking toilets to increased tuition fees." "At the

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The other broad category of student groups who participated in the first quarter storm were those who wanted broader, more systemic political reforms, usually as part of the

2896: 6727: 4239: 1635:. The Presidential Guard Battalion then came out in full force with their guns. The protestors drew back but not before inflaming the fire truck and a government car. 728: 6080: 2397: 1992:

The First Quarter Storm was followed by a year of demonstrations, varying from picketing, long marches, live theater, people's tribunal, and parliament of the streets.

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Militants organized a second "People’s March" on March 17, in what would come to be recognized as the last major demonstration during the First Quarter Storm proper.

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two terms allowed him by the 1935 Philippine Constitution; and more "radical" groups such as the Kabataang Makabayan, who wanted greater systemic political reforms.

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The protest of March 3, 1970, was organized by the MDP students and urban groups in support of jeepney drivers who held a citywide strike on that date to protest "

3647: 688: 1466:- had merely concentrated on stale academic studies, and pursued successful professional careers and married well - in the accomplished style of Señor Pasta in 5755: 5599: 5421: 921: 738: 1611:. This led to many people getting pushed by a wave of protesters as they sang protest songs and chanted "Makibaka, huwag matakot!" They began to move towards 6977: 5478: 6762: 3592: 1873:

proceeded to Mendiola, where they made bonfires in the middle of the road. But the police followed them to Mendiola, dispersing the activists by releasing

768: 2436: 1980:, Fred Reyes remarked that these bloody demonstrations may be the signs of an upcoming revolution, shying away from 'traditional Filipino values' such as 1897:

rallies led by Senator Jose W. Diokno continued in the period between the dissipation of the First Quarter Storm and the 1972 declaration of Martial Law.

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had taken its toll and triggered growing public unrest. During the campaign, Marcos spent $ 50 million worth in debt-funded infrastructure, triggering a

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Daroy, Petronilo Bn. (1988). "On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution". In Javate -de Dios, Aurora; Daroy, Petronilo Bn.; Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna (eds.).

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to talk about the events of the October 24 movement. Sison highlighted the parallels between the state at current time and the state during the 1896

1113: 1095: 625: 6542: 6007: 5852: 1305:. These groups were branded "radicals" by the media, although the Marcos administration extended that term to "moderate" protest groups as well. 1091: 896: 597: 1504: 422: 1744:, and accusing the US of being fascist and of supporting Marcos. This continued for hours, lasting until the evening before the police arrived. 1118:

Marcos won the November 1969 election by a landslide, and was inaugurated on December 30 of that year. But Marcos's massive spending during the

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Ferdinand Marcos was re-elected for a second term as president on November 11, 1969. This made him the first and last Filipino president of the

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on February 12, 1970. With ten to fifty thousand people present, it became known for being the largest rally to take place in Plaza Miranda.

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which resulted in a violent dispersal. One student had died, several were injured, and seven were arrested, charged with breach of the peace.

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on January 25, 1965, was held to this effect. The KM had since been active in various rallies and demonstrations such as those condemning the

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The beginning of what is now known as the "First Quarter Storm" was marked by a demonstration on January 26, 1970, at the opening of the

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Protesters ran towards Arguelles Street to evade the explosions in front of the Palace. Student protesters were steadily driven out of

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The two escaped to the presidential limousine, leaving the police - consisting of the Manila Police District (MPD) and elements of the

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Talitha Espiritu Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017.

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the delegates to the convention must be made ineligible to run for any public office in the elections immediately after the convention

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to accuse Marcos of wanting to stay in power even beyond the two term maximum set for the presidency by the 1935 constitution.

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Student demonstrators, for example, made a manifesto for the constitutional convention, containing the following provisions:

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Bonner, Raymond. Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy. New York, NY: Times Books, 1987.

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Torrevillas-Suarez, Domini. "Violence in the Streets: The Battle of Mendiola." Philippine Panorama, February 15, 1970, 4-6.

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public officials who will run as candidates should be made to resign or forfeit their seats upon filing of candidacy

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A few days before the rally on January 26, Manuel F. Martinez, former Dawn (the weekly student newspaper of the

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This brought into question the necessity of arms in instilling the change that these students were demanding.

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Toward a people's literature : essays in the dialetics of praxis and contradiction in Philippine writing

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of the time, even being branded the "7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm" in some media accounts.

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legislative reforms) became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change.

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January 26, 1970 - Protesters crowd Marcos and company as they enter his limousine. From Manila Bulletin.

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Catarroja, Sebastian (April 26, 1970). "Vets stand up to be counted: 'Silent Majority' breaks silence".

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Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-colonial Trajectories

891: 760: 715: 1956:; and eventually, allegations of cheating during the 1986 Snap Elections which led to the non-violent 1816:"(bribe)-collecting traffic policemen. Dubbed the "Peoples’ March," it involved a protest march from 1078:; and eventually, allegations of cheating during the 1986 Snap Elections which led to the non-violent 6945: 6874: 6297: 5875: 5699: 5622: 5108: 3582: 2560:

Policing America's empire: the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state

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noted that despite the government's accusations, no communists were produced from the riot groups.

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U.G. an underground tale : the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation

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Reyes, Gracianus R. (February 15, 1970). "The bugaboo of Communism and student demonstrations".

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Lacaba, Jose F. (February 7, 1970) The January 26 Confrontation: A Highly Personal Account. The

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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Reyes, Fred J. (January 11, 1970). "Students, faculty hold seminar for better campus harmony".

2212: 1851:," (Tagalog "Deliverance to Immortality") which was read at Sta Brigida's funeral on March 10. 1262: 1034: 4172: 3115: 2605: 6997: 6860: 6409: 6404: 6139: 5972: 5572: 5464: 4601: 4495: 4182: 4109: 3855: 3557: 3524: 3447: 3385: 3064:

U. G. An Underground Tale: The Journey of Edgar Jopson and the First Quarter Storm Generation

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In the name of civil society: from free election movements to people power in the Philippines

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U.G. an Underground Tale: The Journey of Edgar Jopson and the First Quarter Storm Generation

2504: 6895: 6481: 6377: 6360: 6335: 6211: 6031: 5692: 5643: 4345: 3880: 3682: 3529: 3482: 3457: 2222: 2199: 2183: 2031: 1957: 1741: 1730: 1079: 5228: 4000: 2318:"50 years later, First Quarter Storm survivors recall those first three months of the 70s" 1495: 884: 8: 6972: 6590: 6025: 5769: 5671: 5432: 5023: 4946: 4616: 4586: 4335: 4012: 3745: 3632: 2195: 1407: 1313: 569: 238: 77: 6924: 6909: 6651: 6532: 6491: 6434: 6287: 5989: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5727: 5265: 4971: 4910: 4611: 4606: 4485: 4435: 4385: 4314: 4281: 4251: 4137: 4089: 4084: 4079: 3875: 3697: 3667: 3657: 2708:

A Garrison State in the Make and other speeches by Senator Benigno 'Ninoy' S. Aquino Jr

1933:, became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change. 1844: 1807: 1647: 1463: 1154: 1150: 916: 700: 4217: 3898: 3587: 1033:

which took place during the "first quarter of the year 1970". It included a series of

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Torrevillas-Suarez, Domini (March 29, 1970). "Finishing the Unfinished Revolution".

1257:

the Young Christian Socialists Movement (CSM), communitarian-socialist organization.

1134: 378: 125:

Violent dispersal of protesters by government forces; radicalization of opposition;

6867: 6439: 6340: 6162: 5925: 5808: 5762: 5664: 5636: 5368: 5028: 4991: 4900: 4839: 4818: 4772: 4724: 4681: 4620: 4513: 4394: 4330: 4296: 4232: 4167: 4104: 4099: 4074: 4037: 3939: 3934: 3893: 3778: 3487: 3366:

Astorga-Garcia, Milla (February 22, 1970). "Left to Right: The Student Activists".

3178:(2nd print. ed.). Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. 2232: 2127: 2112: 1789: 1632: 1411: 1158: 1045: 501: 444: 296: 103:

call for systemic change in the government (non-partisan constitutional convention)

63: 3407: 1786:, hitting the students and professors, and ransacking the offices and classrooms. 1757: 1751: 1227:

the non-partisan composition of poll inspectors and provincial board of canvassers

6631: 6570: 6350: 6221: 6207: 5741: 5396: 5006: 4936: 4921: 4827: 4791: 4784: 4699: 4676: 4630: 4591: 4581: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4475: 4460: 4380: 4350: 4340: 4276: 4271: 4246: 4192: 4177: 4157: 3980: 3860: 3850: 3845: 3725: 3672: 3572: 3519: 3492: 2108:, claim that the armed forces attacked the students, who were virtually unarmed. 1937: 1890: 1817: 1799: 1651: 1056: 941: 866: 828: 816: 389: 330: 115:

demonstrations, protests, and marches by students, labor unions, and civic groups

6232: 4162: 1427:—events which they believe contribute to the feudalistic nature of the country. 1133:

Marcos's spending during the campaign led to opposition figures such as Senator

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Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People: A Timeline of Philippine History

2676:

Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage: The First Quarter Storm & Related Events

2026:

restraint, but instead there would be a simple, public "military show" by the

1326:

the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP),

6961: 6881: 6595: 6575: 6486: 6330: 6166: 5678: 5533: 5439: 5203: 5160: 5058: 5053: 5048: 4976: 4941: 4747: 4742: 4686: 4666: 4635: 4576: 4571: 4551: 4445: 4420: 4324: 4266: 4207: 4119: 4069: 4064: 3929: 3919: 3797: 3783: 3750: 3730: 3702: 3687: 3677: 3602: 3477: 2131: 1941: 1940:; the August 1971 suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the wake of the 1821: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1424: 1237:(COMELEC) must regulate the election propaganda and expense of the candidates 1060: 1059:; the August 1971 suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the wake of the 871: 822: 803: 589: 484: 308: 3294: 3193: 2839: 1886:

to the provinces for summer vacation, leading to a lull in protest actions.

1721:

February 18: First "People's Congress" and demonstration at the U.S. Embassy

1642:

January 30, 1970 - Demonstrators ramming a fire truck into Malacanang Gate 4

1455: 1375:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

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the age requirement of delegates should be lowered from 25 to 21 years old.

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Mañalac, Gabby (February 20, 1970). "SOFT CELL: The Understanding Gap".

5960: 5538: 5193: 4981: 4931: 4729: 4465: 4022: 3829: 3225:"Marcos and the First Quarter Storm Part II: Of Pillboxes and Firearms" 1776: 1490: 341: 5124:

Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.

1999:, which was used as justification for the declaration of Martial Law. 1275:

failed to bend human institutions to the service of injustice and sin.

6120: 5821: 5734: 4470: 4450: 4261: 3995: 3888: 2961:

Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn

2754:

Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn

2166: 1820:

on the boundary of Quezon City and the City of Manila, and passed by

2606:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia" 6419: 6042: 5828: 5814: 5403: 5389: 5375: 3805: 3462: 1874: 1714:

assurances that provocateurs would be kept out of the proceedings.

695: 2692:

Reyes, Fred J. (February 8, 1970). "The Day the Students Rioted".

82:

Philippine government support of the American intervention in the

2959:

Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Chapter 11: Tyranny Descends".

2119: 2098: 1224:

the non-partisan election of delegates to the national convention

1038: 3159:

Reyes, Fred J. (March 15, 1970). "Demonstrations here to stay".

2981:

Not On Our Watch: The Martial Law Really Happened, We Were There

2752:

Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".

2506:

Resisting dictatorship: repression and protest in Southeast Asia

2030:, the Marine Drum and Bugle Corps, and the Blue Diamonds of the 5685: 5650: 5223: 2479:

A changeless land: continuity and change in Philippine politics

2207: 2179: 2020: 1936:

Similar watershed events would later include the February 1971

1055:

Similar watershed events would later include the February 1971

55: 4852:

Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution

6200:

and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)

5706: 5164: 1669:

Reactions in the international media were mixed: Singapore's

949: 127:

used by Marcos as justification for establishing dictatorship

1923: 5208: 1247:

Student groups considered "moderate" at the time included:

16:

1970 protests against Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos

6502:

Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship

6497:

Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship

3613:

Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship

3608:

Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship

3342:"Official Week in Review: June 12 – June 18, 1970 | GOVPH" 2822:

Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power

2198:, violent student protests in 1968 Mexico just before the 2137: 1513:, during which President Ferdinand Marcos gave his fifth 1332:

the Student Power Assembly of the Philippines (SPAP), and

1251:

the National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP),

1180:

Constitutional Convention to change the 1935 Constitution

5458:

The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

3242: 2714: 2678:. Manila: Salinlahi Pub. House. pp. 11–45, 157–178. 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 1843:, was caught and tortured to death by the police. Poet 1198:

number of labor and student groups associated with the

5756:

A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution

2769:"G.R. No. L-32432 – Manuel B. Imbong vs. Jaime Ferrer" 2710:. Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. Foundation. 1985. p. 11. 1687: 1205: 97:

remove internal issues in schools (e.g. tuition hikes)

5479:

Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years

3011:"WHY OR WHY NOT: Battle of Mendiola: A Personal View" 1752:

February 26: "Second People's Congress" demonstration

1290: 1161:

himself described the country as a 'social volcano.'

3223:

Reyes, Miguel Paolo; Ariate, Joel (March 11, 2020).

2941: 2939: 2529: 2482:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 63. 2340: 2309: 1491:

January 26: 1970 State of the Nation Address protest

1169:

Various parties had begun campaigning to initiate a

6854:

Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)

3346:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

2371:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

1995:These demonstrations contributed to the image of a 1308:Groups considered "radical" at the time included: 1202:, wanted broader, more systemic political reforms. 5134:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties 2879: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2287:"The 7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm" 2250: 2248: 1895:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties 1698:After the violence of the Battle of Mendiola, the 1284:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties 1212:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties 4766:Resistance during the Marcos administration years 3106:Hedman, Eva-Lotta E.; Sidel, John Thayer (2000). 2936: 2502: 2316:Dacanay, Barbara Mae Naredo (February 26, 2020). 2285:Dacanay, Barbara Mae Naredo (February 24, 2020). 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 1535: 1114:Economy of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos 1096:Second term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos 6959: 6586:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal 5853:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 3741:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal 3173: 2978: 2556: 2007: 1092:First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos 6161: 2952: 2740: 2367:"A History of the Philippine Political Protest" 2245: 1849:Enrique Sta. Brigida: Paghahatid sa Imortalidad 1505:1970 Marcos State of the Nation Address protest 5508:Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan 5119:Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan 3365: 2263: 2099:Demonstrations as 'portents of things to come' 1329:the Movement for Democratic Philippines (MDP), 1107: 26: 6147: 5883: 3393: 2963:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited. 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2760: 2756:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited. 2584: 2582: 2580: 2563:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 52. 2456: 2454: 1880: 1270:this detestable establishment and abominable 1153:remarked that the nation was turning into a ' 994: 6978:Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines 6224:, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives) 3268: 3200: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2021:1970 Philippine Independence Day celebration 1762:Philippine Constabulary Metropolitan Command 1530:Philippine Constabulary Metropolitan Command 1410:(KM) is a political organization founded by 1164: 1041:, and marches against the administration of 5714:Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin 3222: 3105: 1914: 1782:The police retaliated by breaking into the 6818:Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign 6581:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family 6390:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis 6298:President of the Senate of the Philippines 6154: 6140: 5890: 5876: 5411:Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree 5339:Presidential Commission on Good Government 5170:United Nationalist Democratic Organization 3736:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family 3573:Construction of "edifice complex" projects 3400: 3386: 3167: 2979:Castillo, Angie; Maglipon, Jo-Ann (2012). 2866:. Pasig: Anvil Publishing. pp. 20–46. 2824:(1st ed.). Metro Manila: Conspectus. 2786: 2593:. FILIPINOS FOR A BETTER PHILIPPINES, INC. 2577: 2536:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 70. 2451: 2038: 1889:However, numerous protests, including the 1282:Later "moderate" groups would include the 1001: 987: 3325: 2894: 2804: 2509:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. 2475: 2228:List of conflicts related to the Cold War 2086:Learn how and when to remove this message 1967: 1924:Radicalization of the moderate opposition 1586:Learn how and when to remove this message 1395:Learn how and when to remove this message 1337:Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino 1085: 6460:Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan 6293:2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959) 5777:Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow? 3274: 3249:Tan, Oscar Franklin (December 8, 2014). 3061: 2861: 2720: 2597: 2395: 1637: 1494: 1442:December of the same year, Sison was in 1126:. The Marcos administration ran to the 6566:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family 5144:Task Force Detainees of the Philippines 3721:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family 3623:Timeline of the People Power Revolution 3143: 3008: 2420: 2418: 2315: 2284: 2254: 2138:Kabataang Makabayan's stand on violence 2002: 1905: 1855:March 17: Second "People’s March" and " 1839:Enrique Sta. Brigida, a student of the 1481: 1254:the National Students League (NSL), and 6983:History of the Philippines (1965–1986) 6960: 6341:Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre 5848:Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2588: 2460: 2328:from the original on February 28, 2020 2297:from the original on February 28, 2020 1828:before ending up at the U.S. Embassy. 1343: 1029:, was a period of civil unrest in the 7023:Manila during the Marcos dictatorship 6835:Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign 6135: 5871: 5329:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 3381: 3321: 3319: 3307: 3251:"Why Ateneo is honoring Edgar Jopson" 3158: 3101: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3041:. Reader's Digest Association. 1998. 3033: 3031: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2958: 2927: 2895:Guillermo, Ramon (February 6, 2013). 2875: 2873: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2819: 2751: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2439:from the original on January 31, 2015 2427:"Remembering the First Quarter Storm" 2396:Enriquez, Marge (December 14, 2013). 1700:Movement for a Democratic Philippines 1605:University of the Philippines Diliman 5209:Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) 5139:National Movement for Free Elections 3009:Navarro, Nelson (January 27, 2013). 2766: 2415: 2042: 1794:from Welcome Rotonda to Plaza Lawton 1727:Embassy of the United States, Manila 1609:University of the Philippines Manila 1542: 1347: 1175:1935 Constitution of the Philippines 1025:), often shortened into the acronym 5291:Second Great Rectification Movement 5114:Justice for Aquino, Justice for All 3453:Philippines–United States relations 3248: 3209: 2721:Bautista, Andy (October 11, 2014). 2463:The Philippine Press Under Siege II 1929:legislative reforms), such as like 1688:February 12: Rally at Plaza Miranda 1193:"Moderate" and "radical" opposition 779:Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. 13: 6373:Communist Party of the Philippines 6183:10th First Lady of the Philippines 5099:Concerned Women of the Philippines 4203:Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes 3409:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos 3316: 3096: 3080: 3028: 2997: 2967: 2870: 2846: 2682: 2628: 2616:from the original on June 26, 2017 2058:tone or style may not reflect the 1558:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 7034: 6528:1st district of Leyte (1995–1998) 5811:: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story 2603: 2424: 6941: 6940: 6231: 5899: 4806:Reform the Armed Forces Movement 4001:Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr. 3688:Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor 3568:1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid 3279:. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 2068:guide to writing better articles 2047: 1568:guide to writing better articles 1547: 1352: 1321:Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan 1297:National Democracy (Philippines) 968: 967: 955: 948: 492:This article is part of a series 483: 460: 449: 438: 427: 416: 405: 394: 383: 372: 361: 348: 335: 324: 313: 302: 289: 251: 225: 213: 178: 145: 100:address poverty, economic crisis 6622:Fake war claims and fake medals 5129:Movement for a Free Philippines 5079:Alliance of Makati Associations 4115:Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr. 3861:Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. 3810:Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr. 3535:Human rights in the Philippines 3505:1969 balance of payments crisis 3359: 3334: 3301: 3152: 3137: 3122: 3055: 2983:. Taguig: LEADS-CEGP 6972 Inc. 2921: 2888: 2700: 2591:Marcos Martial Law: Never Again 2550: 2523: 2461:Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). 2322:ABS CBN News and Public Affairs 2291:ABS CBN News and Public Affairs 1702:(MDP) organized a rally at the 1437:American involvement in Vietnam 7003:Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos 6425:Integrated Reorganization Plan 6400:1971 constitutional convention 6257:St. Paul's College of Tacloban 5658:Evolution of a Filipino Family 5513:Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na! 4823:Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr. 4376:Academics and cultural workers 4080:Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco 3438:Martial law in the Philippines 3114:. London: Routledge. pp. 2496: 2469: 2389: 2218:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 1784:Philippine College of Commerce 1766:Philippine College of Commerce 1601:Philippine College of Commerce 877:Tallano gold conspiracy theory 1: 6993:Rebellions in the Philippines 6472:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino 6261:Philippine Women's University 6248:University of the Philippines 4863:Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano 3598:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino 3588:Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz 2902:University of the Philippines 2530:Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. (2006). 2238: 2008:Veterans' March for Democracy 1976:In an editorial published in 1954:assassination of Ninoy Aquino 1076:assassination of Ninoy Aquino 7013:February 1970 events in Asia 6652:Murder of Archimedes Trajano 6179:President of the Philippines 5472:Some Are Smarter Than Others 5161:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino 4183:Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. 3668:Murder of Archimedes Trajano 2476:Timberman, David G. (1991). 2124:collapse of the Soviet Union 2122:regime in Indonesia and the 1944:bombing; the September 1972 1900: 1758:Intramuros § City walls 1454:If the brilliant students - 1377:Knowledge's inclusion policy 769:1981 election and referendum 7: 7008:January 1970 events in Asia 6988:Protests in the Philippines 6657:Manila Film Center disaster 5383:Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo 5104:Free Legal Assistance Group 4240:Religious sector opposition 4075:Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr. 4049:Political sector opposition 3991:Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga 3275:Pimentel, Benjamin (2006). 3066:. Pasig: Anvil Publishing. 3062:Pimentel, Benjamin (2006). 2862:Pimentel, Benjamin (2006). 2156: 2028:Philippine Military Academy 1515:State of the Nation Address 1444:Ateneo de Manila University 1303:National Democracy movement 1200:National Democracy movement 1128:International Monetary Fund 1108:Inflation and social unrest 1104:to win a second full term. 912:Marcos Japanese ODA scandal 206:Various labor organizations 10: 7039: 5334:Philippine National Police 5324:Commission on Human Rights 5296:Burial of Ferdinand Marcos 5094:Bagong Alyansang Makabayan 5089:August Twenty One Movement 4007:Business sector opposition 3966:Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. 3876:Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez 3866:María Imelda "Imee" Marcos 3756:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant 3422:Batas Militar sa Pilipinas 3255:Philippine Daily InquirerO 2503:Boudreau, Vincent (2004). 1946:declaration of Martial Law 1881:Dissipation after March 17 1862: 1797: 1755: 1724: 1691: 1502: 1294: 1209: 1151:Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. 1124:balance of payments crisis 1120:1969 presidential campaign 1111: 1089: 1068:declaration of Martial Law 716:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant 616:balance of payments crisis 7018:March 1970 events in Asia 6919: 6845: 6665: 6609: 6556: 6520: 6383:Communist armed conflicts 6346:Establishment of the MNLF 6316: 6270: 6240: 6229: 6189: 6173: 6106: 6089: 6081:2019 ("Red October" plot) 6058: 5916: 5838: 5786: 5700:The Last Journey of Ninoy 5598: 5565: 5556: 5526: 5495: 5449: 5420: 5358: 5351: 5304: 5281:Anti-Aquino coup attempts 5253: 5246: 5182: 5066: 5015: 4888: 4819:Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan 4755: 4645: 4509:Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas 4368: 4163:Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III 3948: 3907: 3792: 3771: 3764: 3711: 3673:Murder of Macli-ing Dulag 3631: 3583:Interim Batasang Pambansa 3543: 3428: 3419: 3368:The Sunday Times Magazine 3174:San Juan, E. Jr. (2005). 2557:McCoy, Alfred W. (2009). 2432:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2402:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2178:, general strike in 1968 1950:murder of Macli-ing Dulag 1841:Lyceum of the Philippines 1621:Philippine Normal College 1206:The "moderate" opposition 1171:constitutional convention 1165:Constitutional Convention 1102:Third Philippine Republic 1072:murder of Macli-ing Dulag 284: 279: 137: 132: 121: 109: 91: 71: 50: 42: 23: 5486:Waltzing with a Dictator 4023:Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr. 3986:Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas 3981:Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel 3976:José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno 3971:Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino 2723:"Chartering change (II)" 2674:Lacaba, Jose F. (1982). 1915:Compensation for victims 1421:Laurel-Langley agreement 1291:The "radical" opposition 1023:Sigwa ng Unang Sangkapat 28:Sigwa ng Unang Sangkapat 6968:1970 in the Philippines 6647:Affair with Dovie Beams 6512:People Power Revolution 6466:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa 6303:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan 6110:No sign for successful 5566:Monuments and memorials 5503:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa 5424:during the dictatorship 4329:The Magnificent Seven ( 4198:Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo 4060:Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo 4018:Domingo M. Guevara, Sr. 3885:Florentino Sanico Solon 3413:People Power Revolution 2589:Robles, Raissa (2016). 2163:German student movement 2039:Discussions on violence 1235:Commission on Elections 1022: 794:People Power Revolution 706:Chico River Dam Project 27: 6356:1976 Tripoli Agreement 5583:Bantayog ng mga Bayani 5109:Gabriela Women's Party 4962:Letty Jimenez Magsanoc 4866:Col. Charles Hotchkiss 4700:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba 4461:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba 4441:Gilda Cordero Fernando 4369:Academic and cultural 4013:Jose S. Concepcion Jr. 3693:Murder of Alex Orcullo 3683:Bacong Bridge massacre 2947:Philippines Free Press 2255:Joaquin, Nick (1990). 2213:U Thant funeral crisis 2150: 1982:bahala na, pakikisama, 1968:Lead Up to martial law 1643: 1500: 1472: 1277: 1263:University of the East 1173:that would change the 1086:Sociopolitical context 761:Third and fourth terms 6543:Historical distortion 6410:Proclamation No. 1081 6405:Plaza Miranda bombing 6196:Josefa Edralin & 5573:People Power Monument 4997:Joaquin "Chino" Roces 4715:Felixberto Olalia Sr. 4602:Abraham Sarmiento Jr. 4496:Francisco Nemenzo Jr. 4213:Abraham Sarmiento Sr. 4110:Teofisto Guingona Jr. 3961:Agapito "Butz" Aquino 3950:Mainstream opposition 3856:Antonio Floirendo Sr. 3558:Proclamation No. 1081 3525:Plaza Miranda bombing 3448:Conjugal dictatorship 2145: 2130:and that through the 1641: 1599:of the students from 1498: 1452: 1448:Philippine Revolution 1267: 1066:; the September 1972 936:Conjugal dictatorship 897:Historical distortion 862:Overseas landholdings 679:Proclamation No. 1081 656:Plaza Miranda bombing 62:and various parts of 6925:← Diosdado Macapagal 6642:Death of Alfie Anido 6482:Binondo Central Bank 6361:Pata Island massacre 5084:Anti-Bases Coalition 5074:Political coalitions 4982:Antonio "Tony" Nieva 4646:Left-wing opposition 4346:Julio Xavier Labayen 3881:Ignacio Santiago Sr. 3530:Filipino nationalism 3473:Communist insurgency 3458:American imperialism 2909:on November 27, 2016 2223:Polish 1970 protests 2169:student movement in 2113:Dr. Nemesio Prudente 2032:Philippine Air Force 2003:Pro-Marcos responses 1997:communist insurgency 1958:1986 EDSA Revolution 1906:Senate investigation 1731:American imperialism 1482:Major demonstrations 1265:) editor commented: 1080:1986 EDSA Revolution 585:Communist insurgency 6846:Cultural depictions 6637:Cult of personality 6617:Human rights abuses 6596:Golden Buddha theft 6591:Coco Levy Fund scam 6395:First Quarter Storm 6252:U.P. College of Law 6076:2019 (Bikoy videos) 5839:Disinformation and 5770:Season of the Devil 5672:From What Is Before 5433:Iginuhit ng Tadhana 5024:Stephen W. Bosworth 4947:Inday Espina-Varona 4869:Col. Antonio Sotelo 4617:Southern Tagalog 10 4587:Tish Pascual-Ladlad 4193:Soledad Roa Duterte 4173:Cecilia Muñoz-Palma 3908:Cabinet Technocrats 3851:Manuel Elizalde Jr. 3836:Macario Asistio Jr. 3751:Golden Buddha theft 3746:Coco Levy Fund scam 3653:Political detainees 3643:Human rights abuses 3510:First Quarter Storm 3328:Philippine Panorama 3310:Philippine Panorama 3161:Philippine Panorama 3133:. February 3, 1970. 3015:The Philippine Star 2930:Philippine Panorama 2882:Philippine Panorama 2727:The Philippine Star 2610:The Philippine Star 2196:Tlatelolco massacre 2106:Kabataang Makabayan 1978:Philippine Panorama 1859:" at Plaza Moriones 1435:to protest against 1408:Kabataang Makabayan 1344:Kabataang Makabayan 1314:Kabataang Makabayan 1015:First Quarter Storm 684:Human rights abuses 651:First Quarter Storm 570:Coco Levy Fund scam 550:Cult of personality 185:Moderate Opposition 78:Economic inequality 24:First Quarter Storm 6910:Martyr or Murderer 6903:Maid in Malacañang 6773:1984 parliamentary 6533:Operation Big Bird 6492:Escalante massacre 6435:Palimbang massacre 6288:Nacionalista Party 5728:Martyr or Murderer 5721:Maid in Malacañang 5397:Saranggola ni Pepe 5266:Operation Big Bird 5018:interested parties 4972:Teodoro Locsin Sr. 4967:Jose "Pete" Lacaba 4911:Ronnie Nathanielsz 4906:Jose "Joe" Guevara 4734:Crispin Tagamolila 4612:Archimedes Trajano 4607:Antonio Tagamolila 4486:Bienvenido Lumbera 4436:Renato Constantino 4386:APO Hiking Society 4315:Mary Christine Tan 4282:Mary John Mananzan 4252:Teodoro Bacani Jr. 4138:Diosdado Macapagal 4090:Hilario Davide Jr. 4085:Roberto Concepcion 3996:Cardinal Jaime Sin 3698:Escalante massacre 3658:Palimbang massacre 3553:1972 Enrile ambush 2773:www.chanrobles.com 2259:. Vera-Reyes, Inc. 1973:‘establishment.’" 1952:; the August 1983 1845:Amado V. Hernandez 1808:Amado V. Hernandez 1792:The People's March 1644: 1538:Battle of Mendiola 1501: 1476:Araneta University 1464:Gregorio del Pilar 1074:; the August 1983 917:Operation Big Bird 855:Unexplained wealth 701:Escalante Massacre 219:Radical Opposition 46:January—March 1970 6955: 6954: 6477:1980s debt crisis 6455:Tictapul massacre 6445:Thrilla in Manila 6430:1973 constitution 6378:New People's Army 6368:ASEAN Declaration 6308:Marcos propaganda 6129: 6128: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5552: 5551: 5347: 5346: 5317:1987 Constitution 5312:Aquino Presidency 5271:Mendiola massacre 5239:Villamor Air Base 5229:Malacañang Palace 5178: 5177: 5150:Political parties 4957:Betty Go-Belmonte 4880:Benjamin Magalong 4813:Juan Ponce Enrile 4799:Marcos G. Soliman 4779:Bonifacio Gillego 4756:Opposition in the 4525:Student activists 4501:Willie Nepomuceno 4481:Salvador P. Lopez 4426:Benedicto Cabrera 4406:Lualhati Bautista 4371:sector opposition 4302:Miguel Purugganan 4257:Mariani Dimaranan 4223:Claudio Teehankee 4153:Primitivo Mijares 4128:Eva Estrada Kalaw 4033:Alfonso Yuchengco 3841:Roberto Benedicto 3815:Juan Ponce Enrile 3663:Tictapul massacre 3563:1973 Constitution 2570:978-0-299-23414-0 2543:978-0-8248-2921-6 2516:978-0-521-83989-1 2257:Manila, My Manila 2191:Charles de Gaulle 2096: 2095: 2088: 2062:used on Knowledge 2060:encyclopedic tone 1857:People’s Tribunal 1682:Juan Ponce Enrile 1650:and farther down 1633:Molotov cocktails 1596: 1595: 1588: 1562:used on Knowledge 1560:encyclopedic tone 1468:El Filibusterismo 1405: 1404: 1397: 1011: 1010: 530:Stonehill scandal 512: 511: 474: 473: 412:Chito Sta. Romana 275: 274: 7030: 6944: 6943: 6932:Corazon Aquino → 6868:A Dangerous Life 6440:Green Revolution 6271:Political career 6235: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6116:* attempted coup 5985:1986 (Feb 22–25) 5979:1986 (Feb 21–22) 5904: 5903: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5809:Maalaala Mo Kaya 5763:Sa Dulo ng Baril 5665:Forbidden Memory 5637:A Dangerous Life 5563: 5562: 5422:Political Films 5369:Bagong Pagsilang 5356: 5355: 5251: 5250: 5029:Henry A. Byroade 4992:Napoleon G. Rama 4901:Adrian Cristobal 4840:Hector Tarrazona 4773:Ramon A. Alcaraz 4725:Jose Maria Sison 4682:Bernabe Buscayno 4626:Gerardo Faustino 4621:Cristina Catalla 4562:Bonifacio Ilagan 4514:Nemesio Prudente 4395:Boboy Garrovillo 4336:Federico Escaler 4331:Francisco Claver 4297:Magnifico Osorio 4233:Calixto Zaldivar 4188:Eduardo Quintero 4168:Ambrosio Padilla 4105:Raul M. Gonzalez 4100:Neptali Gonzales 4038:Quintin Yuyitung 3940:Carlos P. Romulo 3935:Placido Mapa Jr. 3894:Arturo Tolentino 3779:Ferdinand Marcos 3769: 3768: 3488:Jabidah massacre 3402: 3395: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3103: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3006: 2995: 2994: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2905:. Archived from 2892: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2844: 2843: 2817: 2802: 2799: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2671: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2604:Diola, Camille. 2601: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2575: 2574: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2373:. Archived from 2363: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2282: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2233:Battle of Marawi 2128:1991 August Coup 2091: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2070:for suggestions. 2066:See Knowledge's 2051: 2050: 2043: 1742:U.S. imperialism 1591: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1570:for suggestions. 1566:See Knowledge's 1551: 1550: 1543: 1511:Seventh Congress 1412:Jose Maria Sison 1400: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1159:President Marcos 1046:Ferdinand Marcos 1003: 996: 989: 976: 971: 970: 959: 952: 789:4th inauguration 774:3rd inauguration 646:2nd Inauguration 611:1st Inauguration 508: 507: 506: 504: 503:Ferdinand Marcos 496: 495: 487: 480: 479: 476: 475: 465: 464: 463: 456:Bonifacio Ilagan 454: 453: 452: 445:Jose Maria Sison 443: 442: 441: 434:Benjamin Maynigo 432: 431: 430: 421: 420: 419: 410: 409: 408: 399: 398: 397: 388: 387: 386: 377: 376: 375: 366: 365: 364: 353: 352: 351: 340: 339: 338: 329: 328: 327: 318: 317: 316: 307: 306: 305: 297:Ferdinand Marcos 294: 293: 292: 256: 255: 254: 230: 229: 228: 220: 218: 217: 216: 187: 183: 182: 181: 150: 149: 148: 139: 138: 38: 30: 21: 20: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7027: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6915: 6841: 6778:1984 plebiscite 6661: 6632:Edifice complex 6605: 6571:Marcos mansions 6552: 6521:Post-presidency 6516: 6351:Manili massacre 6318: 6312: 6283:Military career 6266: 6255: 6236: 6227: 6222:Pacifico Marcos 6185: 6169: 6160: 6130: 6125: 6102: 6085: 6054: 5918: 5912: 5898: 5896: 5866: 5857: 5840: 5834: 5782: 5742:Oras de Peligro 5594: 5558: 5548: 5522: 5491: 5445: 5423: 5416: 5343: 5300: 5242: 5174: 5069:pressure groups 5068: 5062: 5039:George Hamilton 5017: 5011: 5007:Jose Mari Velez 4937:Amando Doronila 4922:Eugenia Apostol 4898: 4884: 4828:Jose T. Almonte 4792:Danilo Vizmanos 4785:Rogelio Morales 4757: 4751: 4677:Crispin Beltran 4641: 4631:Rizalina Ilagan 4592:Nestor Principe 4582:Armando Palabay 4557:Antonio Hilario 4547:Neri Colmenares 4542:Manuel Bautista 4537:Edgar Ang Sinco 4476:Celeste Legaspi 4381:Freddie Aguilar 4378: 4370: 4364: 4351:Orlando Quevedo 4341:Antonio Fortich 4277:Isabelo Magalit 4272:Inocencio Ipong 4247:Zacarias Agatep 4218:Wigberto Tañada 4178:Vicente Paterno 4158:Ramon Mitra Jr. 3944: 3903: 3899:Nicanor Yñiguez 3846:José Yao Campos 3788: 3760: 3726:Marcos mansions 3707: 3648:Torture methods 3634: 3627: 3539: 3520:Diliman Commune 3515:Agrarian reform 3493:Manili massacre 3424: 3415: 3406: 3376: 3375: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3324: 3317: 3306: 3302: 3287: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3221: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3186: 3172: 3168: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3081: 3074: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3007: 2998: 2991: 2977: 2968: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2937: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2893: 2889: 2878: 2871: 2860: 2847: 2832: 2818: 2805: 2800: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2765: 2761: 2750: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2694:Manila Bulletin 2690: 2683: 2672: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2602: 2598: 2587: 2578: 2571: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2474: 2470: 2459: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2423: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2377:on July 5, 2017 2365: 2364: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2283: 2264: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2200:Summer Olympics 2159: 2140: 2101: 2092: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2065: 2056:This section's 2052: 2048: 2041: 2023: 2010: 2005: 1970: 1938:Diliman Commune 1926: 1917: 1908: 1903: 1891:Diliman Commune 1883: 1867: 1861: 1847:wrote a poem, " 1818:Welcome Rotonda 1810: 1800:Welcome Rotonda 1796: 1768: 1754: 1733: 1723: 1696: 1690: 1592: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1556:This section's 1552: 1548: 1541: 1507: 1493: 1484: 1450:against Spain: 1425:President Nixon 1401: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1367:Please help by 1366: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1299: 1293: 1214: 1208: 1195: 1167: 1116: 1110: 1098: 1088: 1057:Diliman Commune 1007: 966: 953: 946: 942:Edifice complex 926: 881: 867:Marcos mansions 800: 799: 798: 764: 756: 755: 674: 666: 665: 629: 621: 620: 601: 539: 525:Military career 502: 500: 499: 498: 497: 493: 491: 490: 470: 469: 461: 459: 458: 450: 448: 447: 439: 437: 436: 428: 426: 425: 417: 415: 414: 406: 404: 403: 395: 393: 392: 390:Emmanuel Pelaez 384: 382: 381: 373: 371: 370: 362: 360: 359: 349: 347: 345: 336: 334: 333: 331:Ernesto S. Mata 325: 323: 322: 314: 312: 311: 303: 301: 300: 290: 288: 271: 252: 250: 226: 224: 214: 212: 211: 209: 179: 177: 176: 171: 146: 144: 67: 32: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7036: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6889:Here Lies Love 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6861:Kumander Dante 6857: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6601:BNPP kickbacks 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6219: 6201: 6198:Mariano Marcos 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6159: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6097:Oakwood mutiny 6093: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6043:2001 (Apr–May) 6040: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5795:Here Lies Love 5790: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5616:Barber's Tales 5612: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5560: 5559:historiography 5554: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5276:1987 elections 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5234:Ortigas Center 5231: 5226: 5221: 5219:Fort Magsaysay 5216: 5214:Fort Bonifacio 5211: 5206: 5201: 5199:Clark Air Base 5196: 5191: 5189:Camp Aguinaldo 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5165:Lakas ng Bayan 5158: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5002:Maximo Soliven 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4874:Rodolfo Biazon 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4859:Fidel V. Ramos 4849: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4775: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4738:Benito Tiamzon 4735: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4720:Rolando Olalia 4717: 4712: 4707: 4705:Filemon Lagman 4702: 4697: 4696:Luis Jalandoni 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4662:Conrado Balweg 4659: 4657:Lean Alejandro 4654: 4652:Fidel Agcaoili 4649: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4577:Carol Pagaduan 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4532:Lean Alejandro 4521: 4519:Kidlat Tahimik 4516: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4431:Behn Cervantes 4428: 4423: 4418: 4416:Ishmael Bernal 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4292:Pacifico Ortiz 4289: 4287:Violeta Marcos 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4148:Raul Manglapus 4145: 4143:Ernesto Maceda 4140: 4135: 4133:José B. Lingad 4130: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4095:Marcelo Fernan 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4055:Jacobo Amatong 4046: 4045: 4043:Rizal Yuyitung 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3954: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3925:Armand Fabella 3922: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3871:Roberto Ongpin 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3618:Snap elections 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3593:1981 elections 3590: 3585: 3580: 3578:1978 elections 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3500:1969 elections 3497: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3443:1965 elections 3440: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3374: 3373: 3358: 3333: 3315: 3300: 3285: 3267: 3241: 3208: 3199: 3184: 3166: 3151: 3136: 3121: 3095: 3079: 3072: 3054: 3047: 3027: 2996: 2989: 2966: 2951: 2935: 2920: 2887: 2869: 2845: 2831:978-9919108014 2830: 2803: 2785: 2759: 2739: 2713: 2699: 2681: 2627: 2596: 2576: 2569: 2549: 2542: 2522: 2515: 2495: 2488: 2468: 2450: 2425:Rodis, Rodel. 2414: 2388: 2339: 2308: 2262: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2193: 2182:, against the 2173: 2158: 2155: 2139: 2136: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2055: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2022: 2019: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1969: 1966: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1882: 1879: 1865:Plaza Moriones 1860: 1853: 1795: 1788: 1753: 1750: 1722: 1719: 1689: 1686: 1660:Claro M. Recto 1594: 1593: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1503:Main article: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1460:Emilio Jacinto 1456:Dr. Jose Rizal 1403: 1402: 1360: 1358: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1317: 1292: 1289: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1207: 1204: 1194: 1191: 1166: 1163: 1155:garrison state 1143:Jose W. Diokno 1141:, and Senator 1139:Jovito Salonga 1135:Lorenzo Tañada 1109: 1106: 1087: 1084: 1035:demonstrations 1009: 1008: 1006: 1005: 998: 991: 983: 980: 979: 978: 977: 961: 960: 945: 944: 939: 925: 924: 922:Marcos in film 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 851: 850: 844: 838: 832: 826: 820: 814: 797: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 765: 758: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 692: 691: 681: 675: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 642: 641: 630: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 608: 602: 595: 594: 593: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 538: 537: 535:Prime Minister 532: 527: 522: 514: 513: 510: 509: 488: 472: 471: 379:Lorenzo Tañada 368:Jose W. Diokno 346: 320:Fernando Lopez 286: 285: 282: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 270: 269: 268: 267: 248: 247: 246: 241: 208: 207: 204: 199: 194: 174: 172: 170: 169: 168: 167: 142: 135: 134: 130: 129: 123: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 105: 104: 101: 98: 93: 89: 88: 87: 86: 80: 73: 69: 68: 54: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7035: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6948: 6947: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6896:The Kingmaker 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6875:Batas Militar 6872: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610:Controversies 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576:Marcos jewels 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6487:Negros famine 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6331:Moro conflict 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6167:Imelda Marcos 6164: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5917:Attempted and 5915: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841:distortionism 5837: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5693:The Kingmaker 5690: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5623:Batas Militar 5620: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:UP-DND accord 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:Club Filipino 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Liberal Party 5154: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5060: 5059:Ronald Reagan 5057: 5055: 5054:Paul Manafort 5052: 5050: 5049:Richard Lugar 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:Armando Malay 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942:Ma Ceres Doyo 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4749: 4748:Antonio Zumel 4746: 4744: 4743:Wilma Tiamzon 4741: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4687:Victor Corpus 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:Lorena Barros 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4636:Jessica Sales 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4572:Joel Lamangan 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Liliosa Hilao 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505:Bibeth Orteza 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446:Butch Dalisay 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4421:Noel Cabangon 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4325:Ricardo Vidal 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4267:Tullio Favali 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208:Rene Saguisag 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124:Vicente Jayme 4123: 4121: 4120:Evelio Javier 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070:Cesar Climaco 4068: 4066: 4065:Jejomar Binay 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3930:Jaime C. Laya 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3920:Onofre Corpuz 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3784:Imelda Marcos 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3731:Marcos jewels 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3703:Beew massacre 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3678:Daet massacre 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3633:Human rights 3630: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3603:Negros famine 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3478:Moro conflict 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3369: 3362: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3185:971-542-479-1 3181: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3129:"Shop Talk". 3125: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3048:9789622582255 3044: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2990:9789719537304 2986: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2924: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2553: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2491: 2489:9789813035867 2485: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2407:September 23, 2403: 2399: 2392: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2165:, late 1960s 2164: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2132:Prague Spring 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2090: 2087: 2079: 2076:February 2020 2069: 2063: 2061: 2054: 2045: 2044: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2018: 2014: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1986:utang na loob 1983: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:Plaza Miranda 1939: 1934: 1932: 1921: 1912: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1708:Quiapo Church 1705: 1704:Plaza Miranda 1701: 1695: 1694:Plaza Miranda 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1590: 1587: 1579: 1576:February 2020 1569: 1563: 1561: 1554: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1396: 1388: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1361:This section 1359: 1350: 1349: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1061:Plaza Miranda 1058: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 990: 985: 984: 982: 981: 975: 965: 964: 963: 962: 958: 954: 951: 943: 940: 937: 933: 932: 931: 930: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 886: 878: 875: 873: 872:Marcos jewels 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 856: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 808: 807: 806: 805: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 784:1986 election 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