544:(PA DEP) has made many changes since 2008, including doubling the number of oil and gas inspection staff and implementing new water quality standards. In 2010, amendments to Pennsylvania law regarding casing and cementing requirements for wells were revised and routine inspections of existing wells are now required. Gas companies are also required to submit pre-drilling water test results to the PA DEP and to water supply owners under these new amendments. Also in 2010, the Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board revised regulations regarding wastewater treatment and disposal. Only wastewater that is treated at a centralized wastewater treatment facility and that meets certain quality standards can be disposed of in surface waters.
121:
640:
extraction or if it is naturally occurring. Recent studies evaluating noble gas concentrations, hydrocarbon stable isotopes, and molecular carbon ratios have been used to determine if the source of methane contamination is due to gas extraction. Analyses have also been done to test for the presence of diesel fuel compounds to understand if aquifer contamination came from surface infiltration or underground migration. Destabilization of surrounding rock can cause the unintended migration of hydraulic fracking materials or wastewater in injection wells. A 2013 study which evaluated data from 1701 water wells throughout
663:. Pennsylvania state law sets a "rebuttable presumption" for contamination occurring in water supply wells near oil and gas wells, meaning that the law automatically holds oil and gas operators responsible for contamination in nearby water wells, unless the companies can demonstrate that they were not responsible. The new Pennsylvania oil and gas law passed in February 2012 increased the rebuttable presumption distance around each oil and gas well, from 1,000 feet to 2,500 feet, and increased the time period from 6 months to one year following drilling, completion, or alteration of a well bore.
20:
306:
298:
69:
that month in the United States; this increased to 14.4 BCFD and 36% of all shale gas nationwide in 2015. By 2018, production had grown further from an average of 19.4 BCFD and reached more than 21 BCFD in
December 2018. This increase in production, from the most productive basin in the U.S., has been a major contributor to the significant decline in price for natural gas but continued investment of production appears to be waning in the face of price weakness
533:, which holds regulatory jurisdiction over water usage, extraction, or potential contamination, has made a "determination" that requires that any component of a hydro-fracking operation within the boundaries of their Special Protection Waters must be permitted by the DRBC, regardless of whether or not the operation was previously subject to permitting. Faced with opposition to hydraulic fracturing in the New York City watershed area,
683:. One study indicated that the large Marcellus shale wells lost .3 percent of their gas, while the 70,000 conventional gas wells in Pennsylvania drilled into shallow formations were losing about 23 percent of their gas; however, the total amount of methane emissions in 2015 was roughly equivalent for the two types of wells. New state standards will require periodic monitoring of wells to prevent super-emitters.
469:. The US Energy Information Administration reported in 2012 that Marcellus production had lowered regional gas prices to nearly par with Henry Hub, and in October 2013, reported that future markets were predicting Appalachian gas prices to dip to $ 0.30 below Henry Hub in 2016. Unexpectedly, Henry Hub average price for natural gas in 2016 averaged $ 2.36 per million BTU.
201:
Marcellus wells had been drilled in
Pennsylvania by 2010 and at that time of there were "thousands of landowners across the state who have signed leases allowing gas companies to produce on or under their properties" who had not complained and "numerous happy landowners among the hundreds of Range leaseholders in Washington County... are enjoying the economic benefits".
444:
to 36,000 employment positions and an $ 8 billion economic impact in 2008. West
Virginia's economy grew $ 1.3 billion in 2009 as a result of the rush. In 2010, Range Resources' Marcellus Shale Division reported producing 200 million cubic feet (5.7 million cubic metres) of gas. benefits of leasing mineral rights on their properties". In July of that year, the
648:, concluded that methane was common in water wells, and that the presence of methane is best correlated with topography and groundwater geochemistry, rather than shale-gas extraction activities. The authors concluded that "This finding suggests that shale-gas extraction in northeastern Pennsylvania has not resulted in regional gas impacts on drinking water resources".
773:. Volatile organic compounds, diesel particulate matter, and methane are found in elevated levels around producing wells, often in concentrations that exceed EPA guidelines for carcinogenic health risks. Unfortunately, there have been no studies to try and quantify the cumulative impacts of multiple low dose exposures.
452:
other hand, figures from the
Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry show that only about 30,000 jobs were created during the 2008-2009 gas boom. It has also been found that companies are not hiring local workers, instead hiring experienced crews from Texas and Oklahoma for the high-paying work on drilling rigs.
145:
fracture directions that were used in later
Marcellus well drilling. Although the great volumes of trapped gas found by the project in the Marcellus and other eastern shales created excitement, the project was less successful at finding ways to recover the gas economically during the low gas prices of the 1980s.
695:
have documented damage caused by the heavy trucks and tankers. Damage includes crushing of drain pipes, potholes, rutting, and pavement fatigue failure. The cost of these repairs are often much higher than the
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is allowed to charge for road use. In addition to
584:
The massive hydraulic fracturing in the
Marcellus uses three to five million gallons of water per well, usually taken from surface water. In Pennsylvania, withdrawals for Marcellus fracking make up 0.2% of the total water use statewide. Due to large withdrawals of surface water many water bodies may
443:
cited a study funded by the
Marcellus Shale Coalition that fracking the Marcellus Formation is expected to create a quarter million jobs under the current policies of the Obama administration. New York state reported oil and natural gas drilling permit growth doubling from 2000 to 2008, contributing
419:
148.7 trillion cubic feet of gas (4210 km3) of proven reserves (2015) divided by the
Marcellus gas shale's total area of 104,000 square miles (270,000 square kilometers) is equivalent to a layer of 15.6 meter (51 feet) of natural gas being produced in average over the whole area. This corresponds to
723:
Ohio
Seismic Network (OhioSeis) determined that the 2011 earthquakes are distinct from previous seismic activity in the region because of their proximity to the Northstar 1, a Class II deep injection well. All of the earthquakes were clustered less than a mile around the well. ODNR then ordered the
451:
The number of permits issued by Pennsylvania tripled between 2008 and 2009, including $ 3.5 billion in land acquisitions. An industry-sponsored study by Pennsylvania State University estimates there will be 200,000 new jobs in Pennsylvania by 2020 if shale is developed to its full potential. On the
144:
From 1976 to 1992, the U.S. Department of Energy funded the Eastern Gas Shales Project, which studied many eastern shale formations. The project drilled and cored five wells in the Marcellus in Pennsylvania. The cores established that there were enormous amounts of gas in the Marcellus, and defined
476:
investigation of industrial emails and internal documents found that the financial benefits of unconventional shale gas extraction may be less than previously thought, due to companies intentionally overstating the productivity of their wells and the size of their reserves. Drilling slowed in 2012
281:
Several pipeline projects completed in 2013 carry Marcellus gas to New York and New Jersey, and were expected to result in lower gas prices to consumers in those areas. The Algonquin Incremental Market and Salem Lateral pipeline extensions will carry natural gas from the Marcellus into New England
183:
shale. Drilling horizontally through the Marcellus shale perpendicular to the vertical fractures better connected the natural pathways for gas flow. Early results show that horizontal wells in this formation are producing gas at a rate more than double that of vertical wells, and at slightly lower
763:
The reliance on untreated well water in the rural regions of the Marcellus leaves communities at a strong disadvantage if aquifer contamination would occur. It has been found that methane concentrations in well water within one kilometer from an active gas well were 17 times higher than in those
68:
of northwest Louisiana as the leading producer of both shale gas and overall natural gas in the United States. In February 2014, Marcellus gas wells produced 14.0 billion cubic feet per day (BFCD), a 42 percent increase over the year previous, and comprising 21 percent of all the dry gas produced
59:
Although before 2008 the Marcellus Shale was considered to have inconsequential natural gas potential, it is now believed to hold the largest volume of recoverable natural gas in the United States. In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that the Marcellus Shale contained 42.954 to 144.145
196:
development, starting in Pennsylvania. Leasing agents aggressively sought out acreages to lease mineral rights in Pennsylvania. The price for leasing rose from $ 300 per acre in February to $ 2,100 in April, 2008. Only four Marcellus wells were drilled in Pennsylvania in 2005, but by 2010 1,446
188:
sandstone, older wells that are no longer viable can be reused, either by fracturing the Marcellus layer in the existing well bore, or by refinishing the bore using horizontal drilling into the Marcellus. Re-use of the existing infrastructure has both environmental as well as economic benefits,
639:
can infiltrate into local aquifers around hydraulic fracturing well pads through natural underground fractures, as well as those created during the hydraulic fracturing process. In many cases, there is a significant lack of baseline data to determine if methane migration can be attributed gas
200:
In 2010, Range Resources was the first company to voluntarily disclose the chemicals used at each of their fracking sites. Early experiments in Mount Pleasant Township led to lengthy legal battles over pollution of well water and air. Range Resources spokesperson claimed that more than 2,100
768:
includes naturally occurring radioactive materials, as well as high levels of brine, barium, strontium, and radium. At high exposure levels, these contaminants have been shown to cause skin rashes, nausea, abdominal pain, breathing difficulties, headaches, dizziness, eye irritations, throat
516:
was introduced to Congress to modify the 2005 Energy Policy Act. Its aim was to subject fracking fluid to the Safe Drinking Water Act, but additionally would have made companies have to disclose chemical constituents of the fracking fluid. The FRAC Act did not make it past committee review.
696:
causing road damage, when heavy trucks and tankers drive over farmland, they compact the subsoil, which increases runoff and decreases crop productivity for years. Ecologists also have concerns about the ecological impact on forests when trees are cut down to make way for access roads.
2514:
Milici, R.C., Ryder, R.T., Swezey, C.S., Charpentier, R.R., Cook, T.A., Crovelli, R.A., Klett, T.R., Pollastro, R.M., and Schenk, C.J., 2003, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Appalachian Basin Province, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-009-03, 2p.
313:
Estimates of recoverable natural gas in the Marcellus Shale have, and still do, vary greatly. Note that "resources" and "reserves" have different definitions, and are calculated differently. Nevertheless, the first to come forward with an enormous number was Terry Engelder (a
420:
an energy density of around 160 kWh per square meter (15 kWh per square foot), assuming a typical energy content of natural gas. This energy density is a little smaller than the power production of a solar farm, relative to area occupied, in one year in this part of the US.
659:. This conclusion is disputed by Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., which was cited for causing the contamination. It is also disputed by other long-term area residents who noted that high methane levels had been present for more than 60 years prior to hydraulic fracturing in
464:
of the US, which previously were almost entirely dependent on gas pipelined in from the US Gulf Coast. From 2005 through 2008, wholesale gas prices at Mid-Atlantic states were $ 0.23 to $ 0.33 per million BTU above prices of the main Gulf Coast trading point, the
103:
of organic materials in the sediments under the high temperature and pressure generated after the formation was buried deep below the surface of the earth. The rock holds most of the gas in the pore spaces of the shale, with vertical fractures or
2482:
East, J.A., Swezey, C.S., Repetski, J.E., and Hayba, D.O., 2012, Thermal maturity map of Devonian shale in the Illinois, Michigan, and Appalachian Basins of North America: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map SIM-3214, 1 sheet.
776:
Additionally, there are negative mental health impacts. Gas field community members experience increased anxiety, depression, concern about lifestyle, health of children, safety, financial security, landscape changes, and exposure to toxins.
128:
The industry was long aware there was gas in the Marcellus, but it "occurred in pockets and flows that could not be sustained to make a well." Before 2000, some low production gas wells were completed to the Marcellus, but these had a low
596:, issued orders to suspend operations at several wells in May 2008 because surface water was being diverted by the drillers without the necessary permits, and precautions to protect streams from contaminated runoff were questioned.
439:, the boom in US shale oil production, using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, created thousands of jobs and reduced United States dependence on imported gas. During the 2012 presidential campaign, GOP Primary Candidate
43:
age, in the eastern United States. The shale play encompasses 104,000 square miles and stretches across Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and into eastern Ohio and western New York. In 2012, it was the largest source of
1538:
Milici, R.C., and Swezey, C.S., 2006, Assessment of Appalachian Basin oil and gas resources: Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1237, 70p.
2202:
174:
is done to depths of 7,000 to 10,000 ft (2,100 to 3,000 m) underground to reach the formation, and then water and a mixture of chemicals is pumped into the rock under high pressure in a process known as
568:, traffic, earthquake activity, and human health are discussed here. Other associated issues include disposal of produced water, drilling safety, forest fragmentation, encroachment on residential communities,
352:
professor (and also co-principal with Gary Lash of the company Appalachian Fracture Systems Inc., a consulting firm): 363 trillion cubic feet (10.3 trillion cubic metres) of recoverable natural
60:
trillion cubic feet (TCF) of undiscovered, technically recoverable natural gas; the USGS upgraded its estimate to 214 TCF in 2019. The speculated total volume of the Marcellus field is even greater;
155:
in 2003. Hoping to save some value by finding producible gas in the shallower formations in the wellbore, Range geologists noted that the Marcellus Formation had some of the same properties as the
691:
There are also impacts from heavier traffic and construction around extraction and injection wells that can increase erosion and result in sedimentation in surrounding streams. Engineers in the
448:
announced a $ 5 million grant to train workers for Marcellus shale drilling. By the end of 2010, it was reported that more drilling rigs were moving into Ohio, where the shale is more shallow.
2370:
239:
Building for infrastructure projects was reported in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio to accommodate the growth during 2008–2009, including for pipeline and water treatment services.
2396:
746:
emissions if fully extracted and burnt. The Marcellus Shale is the second-largest carbon bomb in the United States the researchers identified, with a total of 26.7 gigatons of CO
289:
is a 600 miles (970 km) pipeline that is planned to enter service in 2019 and will draw gas from the Marcellus formation in West Virginia and run south to North Carolina.
3933:
2806:
56:
to allow the gas to flow to the well bore. The surge in drilling activity in the Marcellus Shale since 2008 has generated both economic benefits and considerable controversy.
3225:"Ordinance supplementing the Pittsburgh Code, Title Six, Conduct, Article 1 Regulated Rights and actions, by adding Chapter 618 entitled Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Drilling"
2856:
724:
company to shut down operations and plug the well. ODNR has continued to report increased seismic activity through 2017 in eastern Ohio in near proximity to injection wells.
2326:
3311:
2093:
2157:
2199:
3996:
Kondash, A. J., Warner, N. R., Lahav, O., & Vengosh, A. (2014). "Radium and Barium Removal through Blending Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids with Acid Mine Drainage".
537:
made a no-drilling pledge for five miles around the watershed; but the company opposed any legislation like that presented by Jim Brennan (D-Brooklyn), October 2009.
1816:
547:
New York City under the New York City Gas Fuel Code made it illegal to drill within city limits. In 2010 Pittsburgh banned hydraulic fracturing within city limits.
3453:
Gagnon; et al. (2016). "Impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality: a review of literature, regulatory frameworks and an analysis of information gaps".
948:
513:
4150:
2302:
3907:
3356:
Vengosh, A (2015). "A Critical Review of the Risks to Water Resources from Unconventional Shale Gas Development and Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States".
3006:
246:'s water treatment facility announced plans to become the first in the state to accept waste water from shale drilling, while at the 2010 Marcellus Summit in
3544:"Hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas: impacts from the hydraulic fracturing water cycle on drinking water resources in the United States: executive summary"
3245:
2277:
2289:
680:
652:
593:
541:
485:
predicts that Marcellus gas extraction will increase up to 45% between 2016 and 2022 due to increased efficiency in spite of lower predicted gas prices.
254:
announced plans to construct a 230-240 mile-long underground pipeline, which would transport recovered natural gas supplies in Western Pennsylvania from
3137:
Swarthmore College :: Environmental Studies Capstone :: Natural Gas Drilling in the Marcellus Shale Uncovered: Community, Environment, and Law
2724:
1624:
660:
656:
342:
2447:"New England natural gas pipeline capacity increases for the first time since 2010 - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
184:
cost overall, despite the much higher initial cost of drilling. Since parts of this region have been producing gas from wells drilled to the deeper
4382:
4049:
3742:
1920:
1586:
1559:
Entrekin, S., M. Evans-White, B. Johnson, and E. Hagenbuch (2011). "Rapid expansion of natural gas development poses a threat to surface waters".
4361:
3805:
3175:
3224:
1724:
2219:
120:
3874:
2529:
2339:
2237:
367:
professor (and also co-principal with Terry Engelder of the company Appalachian Fracture Systems Inc., a consulting firm): 49 TCF recoverable
2794:
1687:
559:
2755:
2832:
2003:
4335:
3123:
3039:
2913:
3485:"Noble gases identify the mechanisms of fugitive gas contamination in drinking-water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales"
2424:
692:
325:
of the company Appalachian Fracture Systems Inc., a consulting firm) who announced his startling calculation of natural gas in 2008.
3941:
3569:"Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities"
3087:
2013:
361:
4129:
769:
irritations, and nosebleeds. Residents are also exposed to a myriad of air pollutants through mechanisms such as well-venting and
3150:"DRBC Eliminates Review Thresholds For Gas Extraction Projects In Shale Formations In Delaware Basin's Special Protection Waters"
2739:
2008:
2165:
2566:
189:
because in addition to avoiding development of new drilling sites and wells, existing transportation facilities can be reused.
1940:
1749:
250:, state officials announced they were working with local officials on bonding issues for new infrastructure. In August 2010,
3282:
2126:
3766:
3543:
3149:
720:
275:
2882:
2606:"Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Devonian Marcellus Shale of the Appalachian Basin Province, 2011"
1649:"Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Devonian Marcellus Shale of the Appalachian Basin Province, 2011"
4207:
3830:
2818:
1823:
213:, which held 1.8 million net acres of oil and gas leases in the Marcellus trend, sold a 32.5% interest in its leases to
4070:
Finkel ML, Hays J (2016). "Environmental and health impacts of 'fracking': why epidemiological studies are necessary".
1900:
589:
494:
371:
2265:
385:
1948:
4387:
3728:
641:
2591:
159:
of North Texas, which was a prolific source of gas. In late 2004 Range completed the well in the Marcellus, using
4325:
3875:
Preliminary Report on the Northstar 1 Class II Injection Well in the Seismic Events in the Youngstown, Ohio, Area
530:
378:
335:
1625:"USGS Estimates 214 trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas in Appalachian Basin Formations | U.S. Geological Survey"
4330:
1869:
2932:
1977:
1969:
550:
As of 2017, New York, Vermont, and Maryland have banned hydraulic fracturing from being used in their state.
346:
315:
180:
49:
738:
identified the Marcellus Shale as a "carbon bomb," a fossil fuel project that would result in more than one
655:
concluded that Marcellus gas wells caused dissolved methane to contaminate up to 15 domestic water wells in
2782:
2038:
4113:
Hirsch, J. K.; et al. (2017). "Psychosocial Impact of Fracking: a Review of the Literature on the".
617:
482:
247:
2234:
2107:
785:
List of current cases identified in "Hydraulic Fracturing Tort Litigation Summary" on October 28, 2017.
672:
1902:
1773:
Wynne, Peter (2008-03-20). "Gas-drilling misinformation causing unnecessary anxiety in Wayne County".
48:
in the United States, and production was still growing rapidly in 2013. The natural gas is trapped in
4356:
505:
3711:
2502:"Unconventional natural gas reservoir in Pennsylvania poised to dramatically increase US Production"
1854:
4224:
2501:
526:
445:
3881:
2683:
2661:
2347:
381:: 42.954 to 144.145 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of undiscovered, technically recoverable natural gas
4200:
2647:
2621:
2075:
564:
The environmental impacts of fracking the Marcellus Shale are diverse. Effects on surface water,
509:
286:
138:
64:
places its estimate at 410 TCF of shale gas. In September 2012, the Marcellus Shale overtook the
3858:"Ohio Issues Emergency Rules on Underground Injection Control Activities, Effective Immediately"
3792:
ODNR Updates Ohio Earthquake Map to Reflect Statewide Seismic Activity Since 2002 (news release)
1901:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region (2010).
1600:
508:
was passed by Congress, which exempted hydraulic fracturing from the regulations defined in the
4177:
3325:
711:
on December 31, 2011, the area's 11th earthquake in 10 months. Experts believe that these were
636:
613:
604:
The three main pathways of surface water contamination from shale gas extraction are spills of
481:
predicts that up to 60,000 wells will be drilled in Pennsylvania by 2030. A 2017 report by the
478:
391:
2012, US Energy Information Administration: 141 trillion cubic feet technically recoverable gas
134:
4043:
3791:
3698:
2547:
1841:
1580:
3136:
278:
has fined the company for over $ 2.3 million in damages, but the fines have yet to be paid.
231:
in 2010, with acreage in four Marcellus states, stood out amongst a flurry of acquisitions.
4320:
4302:
4267:
4005:
3995:
3580:
3496:
3407:
1822:. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2006-09-18. Archived from
338:: 0.8 to 3.7 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of undiscovered, technically recoverable natural gas
176:
171:
160:
53:
3857:
3794:, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey (September 18, 2007)
1558:
8:
4310:
4272:
3626:
Molofsky, Lisa J; Connor, John A; Wylie, Albert S; Wagner, Tom; Farhat, Shahla K (2013).
3098:
461:
78:
36:
4009:
3584:
3500:
3411:
2709:
2446:
2397:"Ohio EPA Raises Fines on Rover Pipeline to $ 2.3 Million, Company Still Refuses to Pay"
2371:"U.S. blocks major pipeline after 18 leaks and a 2 million gallon spill of drilling mud"
2253:
2127:"Range Resources Announces Voluntary Disclosure of Marcellus Shale Hydraulic Fracturing"
4315:
4257:
4247:
4193:
4095:
3978:
3690:
3660:
3627:
3603:
3568:
3519:
3484:
3430:
3395:
3200:
2983:
2958:
2870:
Markets expect Marcellus growth to drive Appalachian natural gas prices below Henry Hub
2869:
2470:
1937:
715:
triggered by disposal of wastewater from Marcellus gas wells into Class II underground
712:
675:
scientists found that the Marcellus shale industry in Pennsylvania emits twice as much
185:
152:
84:
3955:
Kühne, Kjell; Bartsch, Nils; Tate, Ryan Driskell; Higson, Julia; Habet, André (2022).
2770:
2736:
4277:
4262:
4087:
4031:
3982:
3665:
3647:
3608:
3524:
3435:
3373:
3117:
2988:
2773:, Candy Woodall. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 16, 2010. Accessed January 6, 2011
1914:
676:
569:
534:
224:
210:
65:
61:
4099:
2471:
Marcellus natural gas pipeline projects to primarily benefit New York and New Jersey
2329:, Brian Gadd. Zanesville Times Recorder. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
2070:
1791:
4287:
4282:
4252:
4079:
4021:
4013:
3968:
3655:
3639:
3598:
3588:
3514:
3504:
3462:
3425:
3415:
3365:
3063:
2978:
2970:
2278:“Kinder Morgan Building New Marcellus Shale Pipeline from Pennsylvania to Michigan”
2071:"Gas Producers Rush to Pennsylvania : Promising Results There Spur Investment"
1568:
1540:
704:
573:
525:
A large portion of the Marcellus formation underlies the environmentally sensitive
19:
2634:
108:
providing additional storage as well as pathways for the gas to flow; gas is also
4242:
2743:
2206:
1949:
http://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20027757.pdf
1944:
1522:
Other federal cases regarding gas extraction in the Marcellus can be found here.
148:
105:
88:
3973:
3956:
2890:
2662:"The Growth of U.S. Natural Gas: An Uncertain Outlook for U.S. and World Supply"
4392:
3400:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2758:, Casey Junkins. The Intelligencer. December 25, 2010. Accessed January 6, 2011
2516:
2484:
765:
743:
716:
609:
605:
473:
435:
271:
228:
130:
92:
3007:"IEA sees global gas demand rising to 2022 as US drives market transformation"
2819:"State-issued Marcellus Shale gas well drilling permits increase 300% in 2009"
2290:“Warren Treatment Plant Gets OK to Process Wastewater from Marcellus Drilling”
608:, illegal dumping of wastewater, and inadequate treatment before discharge of
163:
techniques developed for the Barnett, and started producing the well in 2005.
4376:
4237:
4083:
3831:"Ohio earthquakes linked to deep injection of Marcellus Shale drilling waste"
3651:
3290:
3040:"Hydraulic Fracturing in the Marcellus Shale Region of the U.S. | NU Writing"
2821:, Ford Turner. The Patriot News. November 4, 2009. Accessed December 18, 2010
2746:, Independent Oil and Gas Association of New York. Accessed December 18, 2010
2241:
734:
410:
2015, US Energy Information Administration: 148.7 trillion cubic feet of gas
305:
255:
251:
156:
100:
3593:
3509:
3420:
3176:"Does Chesapeake's No-Drilling Pledge Do Enough to Protect NYC's Watershed?"
2797:, Kristy Foster. Farm and Dairy. December 29, 2010. Accessed January 6, 2010
2268:, Pipeline and Gas Technology. September 1, 2009. Accessed December 18, 2010
4232:
4091:
4035:
3669:
3628:"Evaluation of Methane Sources in Groundwater in Northeastern Pennsylvania"
3612:
3528:
3439:
3377:
2992:
645:
407:
2012, US Energy Information Administration: 42.8 trillion cubic feet of gas
404:
2011, US Energy Information Administration: 31.9 trillion cubic feet of gas
401:
2010, US Energy Information Administration: 13.2 trillion cubic feet of gas
357:
322:
297:
259:
243:
3880:(Report). Ohio Department of Natural Resources. March 2012. Archived from
1662:
4292:
3466:
3246:"With governor's signature, Maryland becomes third state to ban fracking"
2974:
2727:, Allison Sickle. DC Bureau. December 4, 2009. Accessed November 29, 2017
2725:"The Marcellus Shale: New York is the Natural Gas Industry's New Lab Rat"
565:
349:
318:
96:
45:
3396:"Shale gas development impacts on surface water quality in Pennsylvania"
1725:"FERC Report Tells the Story as the Shale Revolution Moves Ever Forward"
1711:
3683:
3643:
708:
440:
4026:
4017:
3369:
2605:
1648:
512:, except where it involved the injection of diesel fuel. In 2009, the
414:
4351:
4216:
770:
466:
460:
Marcellus gas production has lowered the price of natural gas in the
193:
167:
32:
2292:, The Business Journal. December 7, 2010. Accessed November 28, 2017
2859:, National Geographic. October 14, 2010. Accessed December 18, 2010
1572:
625:
263:
109:
40:
3541:
1981:
1870:"The Marcellus Shale - An Old "New" Gas Reservoir in Pennsylvania"
1817:"Assessment of Geological Sequestration Potential in Pennsylvania"
133:
and a relatively long capital recovery period. There are wells in
2280:, Marcellus Drilling News. April 2010. Accessed December 18, 2010
621:
364:
267:
214:
3931:
3908:"Youngstown Injection Well Linked to Earthquakes Will Be Closed"
2795:"Marcellus Shale 2010: The year the gas boom came to the region"
2303:"Speakers say road work emerging issue in Marcellus development"
1792:"Marcellus Shale Gas: New Research Results Surprise Geologists!"
1883:(1). Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey: 2.
514:
Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals (FRAC) Act
274:, has had numerous spills during its construction process. The
218:
99:
reserves in this formation. The gas is produced by thermogenic
3743:"Environmental group: Methane pollution higher than PA thinks"
2622:
http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/pdf/table_4.pdf
2200:"Royal Dutch Shell plc acquires new positions in US tight gas"
1970:"Unconventional natural gas reservoir could boost U.S. supply"
592:, which oversees this other portion of the watershed, and the
2933:"S.E.C. Shift Leads to Worries of Overestimation of Reserves"
2209:, Royal Dutch Shell. May 28, 2010. Accessed December 18, 2010
739:
4185:
3806:"Youngstown Rocks: Is Fracking Causing Earthquakes in Ohio?"
2809:, Newark Advocate. January 6, 2011. Accessed January 6, 2011
2425:"Atlantic Coast Pipeline hires main construction contractor"
612:. The two most common pollutants associated with spills are
2592:
Modern shale gas development in the United States: a primer
620:; the increase in conductivity can be mostly attributed to
2807:"Marcellus Shale looks to be major player for natural gas"
3625:
2327:"New pipeline could impact Muskingum, Coshocton counties"
31:
natural gas trend is a large geographic area of prolific
3855:
2244:, iStock News. June 17, 2010. Accessed December 18, 2010
949:
Stephanie Hallowich, H/W, v. Range Resources Corporation
192:
By 2008 the Marcellus Formation had become the focus of
3684:"Resident affidavits regarding methane in Dimock wells"
3326:"Gas Drilling : Companies told to stop operations"
3317:
3275:
2340:"Local News - Coshocton Tribune - coshoctontribune.com"
2256:, Reuters. November 3, 2009. Accessed December 18, 2010
732:
In 2022, a team of researchers in a paper published in
3954:
292:
2567:"Researchers: Shale holds vast supply of natural gas"
388:: 410 trillion cubic feet technically recoverable gas
4115:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
2235:“Natural gas drilling water treatment plant planned”
2004:"Texas company to search for gas in Somerset County"
1907:
DOE's Unconventional Gas Research Programs 1976-1995
3957:""Carbon Bombs" - Mapping key fossil fuel projects"
681:
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
653:
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
594:
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
542:
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
415:
Recoverable Gas and Energy Content relative to Area
301:
Producing gas wells in the Marcellus Shale gas play
262:, ultimately connecting with existing pipelines in
3767:"4.0 Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Near Youngstown"
2530:"Estimated gas yield from Marcellus shale goes up"
2218:"Shell pays $ 4.7 billion for shale gas company".
2151:
2149:
2147:
2959:"Methane Found in Well Water Near Fracking Sites"
2914:"Insiders Sound an Alarm Amid a Natural Gas Rush"
2496:
2494:
2492:
2266:“Pipelines expanding to move Marcellus shale gas”
657:Dimock Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
4374:
3310:Governor's Marcellus Shale Advisory Commission,
3173:
2681:
2186:"Chesapeake announces joint venture agreement",
2099:
1146:Butts v. Southwestern Energy Production Company
112:on mineral grains, and the carbon in the shale.
16:Natural gas extraction area in the United States
3849:
3573:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3489:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2254:“Penn. natgas water treatment plant challenged”
2144:
2124:
2105:
1867:
1541:http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20061237
585:experience increased salinization and warming.
4130:"HYDRAULIC FRACTURING TORT LITIGATION SUMMARY"
3860:. Bracewell & Giuliani, Energy Legal Blog.
3393:
2771:"Shale drillers anticipate creating more jobs"
2635:U.S. crude oil and natural gas proved reserves
2595:, p.17, PDF file, downloaded 27 November 2017.
2489:
1995:
1786:
1784:
1766:
1244:Tiongco v. Southwestern Energy Production Co.
282:where consumer natural gas prices are higher.
197:Marcellus wells were drilled in Pennsylvania.
4201:
4112:
2675:
1903:"3.1. Eastern Gas Shales Program (1976-1992)"
1688:"How big is the Marcellus Shale in the U.S.?"
964:Berish v. Southwestern Energy Production Co.
52:, and requires the well completion method of
4072:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
4048:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3856:Jason Hutt; Michael Weller (July 12, 2012).
2833:"How Many Jobs Does Fracking Really Create?"
2785:, WDUQ. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
1919:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1750:"Another Oil Major Bails On Marcellus Shale"
1585:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1412:Bombardiere v. Schlumberger Technology Corp
1216:Arbitration between J. Place and Chesapeake
934:Fiorentino (Ely) v. Cabot Oil and Gas Corp.
560:Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing
328:
4362:2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas
3542:US Environmental Protection Agency (2016).
2682:Crooks, Ed; Ajay Makan (January 27, 2013).
2517:http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs00903
2485:http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim3214
1781:
906:Crothers v. Statoil USA Onshore Properties
204:
4336:List of countries by recoverable shale gas
4208:
4194:
4069:
3147:
2617:
2615:
2164:. The Great Shale Gas Rush. Archived from
1861:
1314:Kemble v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation
1258:Lauff v. Range Resources - Appalachia LLC
850:Payne v. Ohio Valley Energy Systems Corp.
727:
4025:
3972:
3659:
3602:
3592:
3566:
3518:
3508:
3429:
3419:
2982:
2427:. Oil and Gas Journal. September 22, 2016
2394:
1328:Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation v. Speer
693:Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
529:as well as the Delaware River Basin. The
3323:
2036:
2032:
2030:
1938:The Marcellus Shale play of Pennsylvania
1561:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1482:Locker v. Encana Oil and Gas (USA) Inc.
1090:Roth v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation
1076:Kamuck v. Shell Energy Holdings GP, LLC
978:Armstrong v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
362:State University of New York at Fredonia
304:
296:
18:
4383:Natural gas fields in the United States
3740:
3355:
2956:
2950:
2612:
2564:
2558:
2395:Grzegorek, Vince (September 21, 2017).
2155:
2001:
1384:Whiteman v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
1174:Leighton v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
1034:Phillips v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
764:outside of active gas production area.
758:
553:
309:Thermal maturity of the Marcellus Shale
124:Gas production from the Marcellus Shale
83:The impervious limestone layers of the
72:
35:extraction from the Marcellus Shale or
4375:
4127:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3932:Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
3482:
3478:
3476:
3452:
3270:The Natural Gas Industry in Appalachia
3122:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2930:
2911:
2669:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2648:Proved reserves, principal shale plays
2624:Proved reserves, principal shale plays
2589:US Department of Energy (April 2009):
2469:US Energy Information Administration,
2419:
2417:
2368:
2156:Lavelle, Marianne (October 17, 2010).
2092:Marcellus Shale Advisory Commission,
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1809:
1710:US Energy Information Administration,
1020:Burnett v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
992:Bidlack v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
699:
321:professor, and also co-principal with
115:
87:directly below the Marcellus, and the
4189:
3905:
3869:
3867:
3803:
3723:
3721:
3389:
3387:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2857:"A Drive for New Jobs Through Energy"
2830:
2766:
2764:
2659:
2088:
2086:
2027:
1932:
1930:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1772:
1685:
1342:Magers v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
1300:Baumgardner v. Chesapeake Appalachia
4155:Penn State Law | University Park, Pa
3998:Environmental Science and Technology
3358:Environmental Science and Technology
2887:US Energy Information Administration
2527:
2068:
1936:John A. Harper and Jaime Kostelnik,
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1468:Dytko v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
1440:Perna v. Reserve Oil & Gas, Inc
1230:Chaffee v. Talisman Energy USA Inc.
721:Ohio Department of Natural Resources
666:
386:US Energy Information Administration
276:Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
151:drilled an unsuccessful well to the
4056:
3567:Drollette, B.; et al. (2015).
3473:
2414:
2158:"A Dream Dashed by the Rush on Gas"
2055:
1953:
1398:Rine v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
1370:Teel v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
1286:Dubrasky v. Hilcorp Energy Company
1118:Kalp v. WPX Energy Appalachia, LLC
1006:Otis v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC
822:Baker v. Anschutz Exploration Corp
423:
293:Estimates of resources and reserves
170:at more commercially viable rates,
13:
4128:Watson, Blake (October 28, 2017).
3934:"Recent Ohio/Regional Earthquakes"
3864:
3718:
3384:
3342:
3017:
2889:. January 29, 2017. Archived from
2761:
2684:"Flares take shine off shale boom"
2083:
2039:"Investing in the Marcellus Shale"
1947:, Pennsylvania Geological Survey.
1927:
1887:
1454:Dent v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LL
590:Susquehanna River Basin Commission
495:Regulation of hydraulic fracturing
395:
372:United States Department of Energy
119:
14:
4404:
4171:
3201:"The New York City fuel gas code"
2963:Environmental Health Perspectives
2125:Range Resources (July 14, 2010).
2106:Clifford Krauss (April 8, 2008).
1545:
1356:Hagy v. Equitable Production Co.
1202:Russell v. Chesapeake Appalachia
1160:Bezjak v. Chevron Appalachia LLC
920:Zimmermann v. Atlas America, LLC
234:
4143:
4121:
4106:
3989:
3948:
3938:ODNR Division of Geologic Survey
3925:
3729:New Pennsylvania oil and gas law
1601:"The Marcellus Shale, Explained"
1272:Chito v. Hilcorp Energy Company
836:Siers v. John D. Oil and Gas Co
753:
599:
477:when gas prices dropped but the
227:'s $ 4.7 billion acquisition of
179:to release the gas from the low
141:which are 50 years old or more.
4137:University Dayton School of Law
3899:
3823:
3797:
3785:
3759:
3734:
3676:
3619:
3560:
3535:
3446:
3304:
3262:
3238:
3217:
3193:
3174:Sabrina Shankman (2009-11-03).
3167:
3141:
3130:
3080:
3056:
2999:
2905:
2875:
2862:
2850:
2831:Foran, Clare (April 14, 2014).
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2749:
2730:
2718:
2702:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2598:
2583:
2540:
2521:
2508:
2476:
2463:
2439:
2388:
2369:Mufson, Steven (May 10, 2017).
2362:
2332:
2320:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2228:
2212:
2193:
2180:
2118:
1742:
1496:Bertrand v. Gastar Exploration
531:Delaware River Basin Commission
379:United States Geological Survey
336:United States Geological Survey
3324:Thompson, David (2008-05-31).
2783:"Marcellus workforce training"
2756:"Gas Drilling Booms in Valley"
2037:Chernoff, Harry (2008-03-17).
1717:
1704:
1679:
1655:
1641:
1617:
1593:
1532:
1510:Easthom v. EQT Production Co.
780:
631:
374:: 262 TCF of recoverable gas.
1:
4215:
2660:Staub, John (June 15, 2015).
2565:Bertola, David (2008-02-08).
1978:Pennsylvania State University
1525:
455:
428:
347:Pennsylvania State University
316:Pennsylvania State University
3906:Sandy, Eric (July 3, 2017).
3741:Frazier, Reid (2018-02-16).
3483:Darrah; et al. (2014).
2931:Urbina, Ian (27 June 2011).
2912:Urbina, Ian (25 June 2011).
2108:"There's Gas in Those Hills"
2069:Gold, Russell (2008-04-02).
1980:. 2008-01-17. Archived from
1686:Kusic, Sam (April 1, 2015).
1188:Brown v. WPX Appalachia LLC
864:Alford v. East Gas Ohio Co.
750:if full developed and used.
707:experienced a 4.0-magnitude
579:
7:
3974:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112950
3148:csebestyen (May 19, 2009).
3064:"FRAC Act (2013 - S. 1135)"
3011:International Energy Agency
2002:Gebhart, Rob (2001-08-12).
1104:Manning v. WPX Energy Inc.
1062:Dillon v. Antero Resources
483:International Energy Agency
248:State College, Pennsylvania
10:
4409:
3804:Avlon, John (2012-01-03).
2710:"Just the Fracking Facts."
1048:Becka v. Antero Resources
892:Mangan v. Landmark 4, LLC
686:
673:Environmental Defense Fund
557:
499:
492:
76:
4357:Balcombe drilling protest
4344:
4301:
4223:
2737:"Nat Gas Facts: New York"
2571:Business First of Buffalo
2552:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
2528:Esch, Mary (2008-11-04).
1712:Natural Gas Weekly Update
1132:Haney v. Range Resources
488:
329:Estimated recoverable gas
270:. The project, named the
23:Extent of Marcellus Shale
4084:10.1136/jech-2015-205487
3771:WBNS-10TV Columbus, Ohio
3747:StateImpact Pennsylvania
3250:StateImpact Pennsylvania
2162:National Geographic News
1868:Harper, John A. (2008).
1605:StateImpact Pennsylvania
878:Boggs v. Landmark 4 LLC
527:Chesapeake Bay Watershed
520:
446:U.S. Department of Labor
205:Mergers and acquisitions
95:, have trapped valuable
4388:Geology of Pennsylvania
3594:10.1073/pnas.1511474112
3510:10.1073/pnas.1322107111
3421:10.1073/pnas.1213871110
3394:Olmstead, S. M (2013).
3330:Williamsport SunGazette
3287:Catskill Mountainkeeper
2957:Holzman, David (2011).
2190:, December 2008, p.106.
2076:The Wall Street Journal
1426:Cain v. XTO Energy Inc
728:Potential carbon impact
510:Safe Drinking Water Act
287:Atlantic Coast Pipeline
221:, for $ 3.375 billion.
139:Broome County, New York
3706:Cite journal requires
1849:Cite journal requires
867:Jury Verdict Affirmed
679:as is reported to the
637:Fugitive gas emissions
614:total dissolved solids
310:
302:
125:
50:low-permeability shale
24:
4225:Geological formations
3455:Environmental Reviews
2690:. New York and London
937:Jury Verdict/Settled
558:Further information:
493:Further information:
308:
300:
123:
22:
3467:10.1139/er-2015-0043
3104:on 16 September 2008
3044:www.northeastern.edu
2975:10.1289/ehp.119-a289
2350:on 23 September 2015
1877:Pennsylvania Geology
1798:. Dr. Hobart M. King
1373:Dismissed; Affirmed
1359:Dismissed; Affirmed
759:Human health impacts
554:Environmental issues
177:hydraulic fracturing
172:directional drilling
161:hydraulic fracturing
73:Geological formation
54:hydraulic fracturing
4010:2014EnST...48.1334K
3691:Cabot Oil & Gas
3585:2015PNAS..11213184D
3579:(43): 13184–13189.
3501:2014PNAS..11114076D
3495:(39): 14076–14081.
3412:2013PNAS..110.4962O
2375:The Washington Post
2168:on October 26, 2010
1777:. Wayne County, PA.
1692:www.bizjournals.com
700:Earthquake activity
462:Mid-Atlantic states
116:Development history
79:Marcellus Formation
37:Marcellus Formation
3644:10.1111/gwat.12056
2883:"Natural Gas Data"
2742:2013-09-25 at the
2715:, 14 October 2011.
2205:2011-01-10 at the
1943:2013-06-05 at the
1775:The Weekly Almanac
1387:Decided; Affirmed
808:Maring v. Nalbone
713:induced seismicity
642:Susquehanna County
479:Nature Conservancy
311:
303:
209:In November 2008,
186:Oriskany Formation
153:Oriskany Sandstone
126:
91:at the top of the
25:
4370:
4369:
4018:10.1021/es403852h
3406:(13): 4962–4967.
3370:10.1021/es405118y
3364:(15): 8334–8348.
3283:"Marcellus Shale"
3268:Waples, David A.
2344:Coshocton Tribune
1729:Shale Directories
1520:
1519:
667:Methane emissions
570:methane emissions
535:Chesapeake Energy
506:Energy Policy Act
433:According to the
225:Royal Dutch Shell
211:Chesapeake Energy
66:Haynesville Shale
62:Chesapeake Energy
4400:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4151:"Federal Courts"
4147:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4067:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4039:
4029:
4004:(2): 1334–1342.
3993:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3940:. Archived from
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3887:on March 3, 2016
3886:
3879:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3596:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3289:. Archived from
3279:
3273:
3272:, (2012): p.247.
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3097:. Archived from
3092:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3036:
3015:
3014:
3013:. July 13, 2017.
3003:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2708:Farley, Robert.
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2346:. Archived from
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2012:. Archived from
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1966:
1951:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1556:
1543:
1536:
788:
787:
705:Youngstown, Ohio
644:in northeastern
628:concentrations.
574:land reclamation
424:Economic effects
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4340:
4297:
4219:
4214:
4180:Marcellus shale
4174:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4111:
4107:
4068:
4057:
4041:
4040:
3994:
3990:
3953:
3949:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3810:The Daily Beast
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3739:
3735:
3726:
3719:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3624:
3620:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3481:
3474:
3451:
3447:
3392:
3385:
3354:
3343:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3318:
3314:, 22 July 2011.
3309:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:www.state.nj.us
3090:
3088:"Archived copy"
3086:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2922:
2920:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2744:Wayback Machine
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2680:
2676:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2559:
2548:"Got gas, lots"
2546:
2545:
2541:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2473:, 30 Oct. 2013.
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2221:Ben Berkowitz.
2217:
2213:
2207:Wayback Machine
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2067:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1974:Penn State Live
1968:
1967:
1954:
1945:Wayback Machine
1935:
1928:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1888:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1829:on June 9, 2011
1826:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1578:
1577:
1557:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1528:
783:
761:
756:
749:
730:
717:injection wells
702:
689:
669:
634:
602:
582:
562:
556:
523:
502:
497:
491:
458:
431:
426:
417:
398:
396:Proved reserves
331:
295:
237:
207:
166:To extract the
149:Range Resources
118:
89:Tully Limestone
81:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4406:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:United Kingdom
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4172:External links
4170:
4167:
4166:
4142:
4120:
4105:
4078:(3): 221–222.
4055:
3988:
3947:
3944:on 2015-05-09.
3924:
3898:
3863:
3848:
3822:
3796:
3784:
3758:
3733:
3717:
3708:|journal=
3675:
3638:(3): 333–349.
3618:
3559:
3534:
3472:
3461:(2): 122–131.
3445:
3383:
3341:
3316:
3303:
3274:
3261:
3237:
3216:
3192:
3166:
3140:
3129:
3079:
3055:
3016:
2998:
2949:
2937:New York Times
2918:New York Times
2904:
2874:
2872:, 9 Oct. 2013.
2861:
2849:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2760:
2748:
2729:
2717:
2701:
2688:Financial Post
2674:
2652:
2639:
2637:, 1 Aug. 2013.
2626:
2611:
2597:
2582:
2557:
2539:
2520:
2507:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2438:
2413:
2387:
2361:
2331:
2319:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2240:2012-09-04 at
2227:
2211:
2192:
2179:
2143:
2117:
2112:New York Times
2098:
2082:
2054:
2026:
2009:Daily American
1994:
1952:
1926:
1886:
1860:
1851:|journal=
1808:
1780:
1765:
1741:
1716:
1703:
1678:
1654:
1640:
1616:
1592:
1573:10.1890/110053
1567:(9): 503–511.
1544:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
782:
779:
766:Produced water
760:
757:
755:
752:
747:
744:carbon dioxide
729:
726:
701:
698:
688:
685:
668:
665:
633:
630:
610:produced water
606:produced water
601:
598:
581:
578:
555:
552:
522:
519:
501:
498:
490:
487:
474:New York Times
457:
454:
436:Financial Post
430:
427:
425:
422:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
382:
375:
368:
354:
343:Terry Engelder
339:
330:
327:
294:
291:
272:Rover Pipeline
236:
235:Infrastructure
233:
229:East Resources
206:
203:
131:rate of return
117:
114:
93:Hamilton Group
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4405:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:United States
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4178:Geology.Com:
4176:
4175:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:Energy Policy
3958:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3700:
3693:. 2010-07-20.
3692:
3685:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3293:on 2008-04-28
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3226:
3220:
3202:
3196:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2893:on 2011-07-30
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2713:FactCheck.org
2711:
2705:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2554:. 2008-11-05.
2553:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2242:archive.today
2239:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2132:
2131:Business Wire
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2096:, 2012, p.34.
2095:
2089:
2087:
2079:. p. A2.
2078:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2043:Seeking Alpha
2040:
2033:
2031:
2016:on 2013-08-27
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1984:on 2008-12-22
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1843:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1714:, 1 May 2014.
1713:
1707:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
786:
778:
774:
772:
767:
754:Social issues
751:
745:
741:
737:
736:
735:Energy Policy
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
697:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
638:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:Surface water
597:
595:
591:
586:
577:
575:
571:
567:
561:
551:
548:
545:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
518:
515:
511:
507:
504:In 2005, the
496:
486:
484:
480:
475:
470:
468:
463:
453:
449:
447:
442:
438:
437:
421:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
332:
326:
324:
320:
317:
307:
299:
290:
288:
283:
279:
277:
273:
269:
266:and Southern
265:
261:
257:
256:West Virginia
253:
252:Kinder Morgan
249:
245:
240:
232:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
202:
198:
195:
190:
187:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
157:Barnett Shale
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
122:
113:
111:
107:
102:
101:decomposition
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
70:
67:
63:
57:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
4258:Fayetteville
4179:
4158:. Retrieved
4154:
4145:
4136:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4075:
4071:
4044:cite journal
4001:
3997:
3991:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3942:the original
3937:
3927:
3917:November 28,
3915:. Retrieved
3911:
3901:
3891:November 29,
3889:. Retrieved
3882:the original
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3837:. 2012-03-09
3835:PennLive.com
3834:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:
3799:
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3773:. 2011-12-31
3770:
3761:
3750:. Retrieved
3746:
3736:
3731:, Feb. 2012.
3699:cite journal
3678:
3635:
3632:Ground Water
3631:
3621:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3552:November 28,
3550:. Retrieved
3537:
3492:
3488:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3403:
3399:
3361:
3357:
3333:. Retrieved
3329:
3319:
3306:
3295:. Retrieved
3291:the original
3286:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3253:. Retrieved
3249:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:
3169:
3159:November 29,
3157:. Retrieved
3153:
3143:
3132:
3106:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3094:
3082:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:
3058:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:
3010:
3001:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:
2921:. Retrieved
2917:
2907:
2897:November 29,
2895:. Retrieved
2891:the original
2886:
2877:
2864:
2852:
2842:November 29,
2840:. Retrieved
2837:The Atlantic
2836:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2751:
2732:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2694:November 29,
2692:. Retrieved
2687:
2677:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2523:
2510:
2478:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2406:November 28,
2404:. Retrieved
2400:
2390:
2380:November 28,
2378:. Retrieved
2374:
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2343:
2334:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2230:
2225:May 28, 2010
2222:
2214:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2172:November 28,
2170:. Retrieved
2166:the original
2161:
2136:November 29,
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2111:
2101:
2094:Final Report
2074:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2007:
1997:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1973:
1906:
1880:
1876:
1863:
1842:cite journal
1831:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1795:
1774:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1754:OilPrice.com
1753:
1744:
1733:. Retrieved
1731:. 2019-04-24
1728:
1719:
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1629:www.usgs.gov
1628:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1581:cite journal
1564:
1560:
1534:
1521:
791:Year Filled
784:
775:
762:
733:
731:
703:
690:
670:
650:
646:Pennsylvania
635:
618:conductivity
603:
587:
583:
563:
549:
546:
539:
524:
503:
472:A June 2011
471:
459:
450:
434:
432:
418:
358:Gary G. Lash
323:Gary G. Lash
312:
284:
280:
244:Warren, Ohio
241:
238:
223:
208:
199:
191:
181:permeability
165:
147:
143:
127:
82:
58:
28:
26:
4263:Haynesville
3154:state.nj.us
3068:GovTrack.us
2969:(7): a289.
2451:www.eia.gov
2431:February 7,
1796:geology.com
1667:www.chk.com
1663:"MARCELLUS"
781:Legal cases
632:Groundwater
566:groundwater
350:geosciences
319:geosciences
97:natural gas
46:natural gas
4377:Categories
4303:By country
4288:New Albany
4268:Horn River
4253:Eagle Ford
4160:2017-11-07
4027:10161/8302
3967:: 112950.
3912:CleveScene
3752:2020-02-26
3727:JD Supra,
3335:2008-06-09
3297:2008-06-09
3255:2017-11-07
3180:ProPublica
3108:12 January
3073:2017-11-07
3049:2017-11-07
2576:2008-04-02
2534:Philly.com
2456:2017-11-30
2401:CleveScene
2048:2008-04-06
2020:2008-04-02
1988:2008-04-04
1833:2008-07-07
1802:2008-05-03
1759:2020-01-28
1735:2020-01-28
1697:2022-12-01
1672:2022-12-01
1634:2022-12-01
1610:2017-11-03
1526:References
1471:Dismissed
1443:Dismissed
1415:Dismissed
1317:Dismissed
1275:Dismissed
1205:Dismissed
1023:Dismissed
794:Case Name
709:earthquake
456:Gas prices
441:Rick Perry
429:Employment
242:In 2010,
77:See also:
4352:Frack Off
4273:Marcellus
4243:Conasauga
4217:Shale gas
3983:248756651
3652:0017-467X
3230:9 October
3209:9 October
2188:World Oil
671:In 2018,
580:Water use
467:Henry Hub
194:shale gas
168:shale gas
33:shale gas
29:Marcellus
4345:Protests
4248:Duvernay
4100:10312701
4092:26254291
4036:24367969
3670:23560830
3613:26460018
3529:25225410
3440:23479604
3378:24606408
3118:cite web
2993:21719376
2868:US EIA,
2740:Archived
2646:US EIA,
2633:US EIA,
2238:Archived
2223:Reuters.
2203:Archived
1941:Archived
1915:cite web
1513:Settled
1499:Pending
1485:Pending
1457:Settled
1429:Settled
1401:Settled
1345:Settled
1331:Pending
1303:Pending
1261:Pending
1247:Pending
1233:Decided
1219:Decided
1191:Settled
1177:Settled
1163:Settled
1149:Settled
1135:Settled
1121:Settled
1107:Settled
1093:Settled
1079:Decided
1065:Settled
1051:Settled
1037:Settled
981:Settled
953:Settled
923:Settled
909:Settled
895:Settled
881:Settled
853:Settled
839:Settled
811:Pending
626:chloride
264:Michigan
110:adsorbed
85:Onondaga
41:Devonian
4321:Romania
4278:Montney
4238:Barnett
4117:: 1–15.
4006:Bibcode
3841:7 March
3815:7 March
3777:7 March
3661:3746116
3604:4629325
3581:Bibcode
3520:4191804
3497:Bibcode
3431:3612605
3408:Bibcode
3185:7 March
2984:3222989
2942:28 June
2923:28 June
2354:7 March
2312:7 March
2307:ogj.com
1289:Closed
1009:Closed
995:Closed
967:Closed
825:Closed
797:Status
771:flaring
740:gigaton
687:Traffic
677:methane
622:bromide
500:Federal
365:geology
268:Ontario
215:Statoil
4311:Canada
4283:Muskwa
4233:Antrim
4098:
4090:
4034:
3981:
3668:
3658:
3650:
3611:
3601:
3527:
3517:
3438:
3428:
3376:
3312:Report
2991:
2981:
800:State
719:. The
661:Dimock
572:, and
489:Policy
384:2011,
370:2009,
356:2008,
341:2008,
334:2002,
260:Toledo
219:Norway
106:joints
4393:Shale
4316:China
4293:Utica
4133:(PDF)
4096:S2CID
3979:S2CID
3885:(PDF)
3878:(PDF)
3687:(PDF)
3547:(PDF)
3204:(PDF)
3102:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
2665:(PDF)
1873:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1507:2016
1493:2014
1479:2014
1465:2013
1451:2010
1437:2011
1423:2011
1409:2011
1395:2011
1381:2011
1367:2010
1353:2010
1339:2010
1325:2017
1311:2017
1297:2015
1283:2015
1269:2014
1255:2014
1241:2014
1227:2014
1213:2014
1199:2013
1185:2013
1171:2013
1157:2013
1143:2012
1129:2012
1115:2012
1101:2012
1087:2012
1073:2011
1059:2011
1045:2011
1031:2011
1017:2011
1003:2010
989:2010
975:2010
961:2010
945:2010
931:2009
917:2009
903:2016
889:2012
875:2012
861:2010
847:2009
833:2008
819:2011
805:2009
521:State
377:2011
135:Tioga
39:, of
4088:PMID
4050:link
4032:PMID
3919:2017
3893:2017
3843:2015
3817:2015
3779:2015
3712:help
3666:PMID
3648:ISSN
3609:PMID
3554:2017
3525:PMID
3436:PMID
3374:PMID
3232:2012
3211:2012
3187:2015
3161:2017
3124:link
3110:2022
2989:PMID
2944:2011
2925:2011
2899:2017
2844:2017
2696:2017
2433:2017
2408:2017
2382:2017
2356:2015
2314:2015
2174:2017
2138:2017
1921:link
1855:help
1587:link
651:The
624:and
616:and
588:The
540:The
285:The
137:and
27:The
4080:doi
4022:hdl
4014:doi
3969:doi
3965:166
3656:PMC
3640:doi
3599:PMC
3589:doi
3577:112
3515:PMC
3505:doi
3493:111
3463:doi
3426:PMC
3416:doi
3404:110
3366:doi
2979:PMC
2971:doi
2967:119
1569:doi
1516:WV
1502:WV
1488:WV
1474:WV
1460:WV
1446:WV
1432:WV
1418:WV
1404:WV
1390:WV
1376:WV
1362:WV
1348:WV
1334:PA
1320:PA
1306:PA
1292:PA
1278:PA
1264:PA
1250:PA
1236:PA
1222:PA
1208:PA
1194:PA
1180:PA
1166:PA
1152:PA
1138:PA
1124:PA
1110:PA
1096:PA
1082:PA
1068:PA
1054:PA
1040:PA
1026:PA
1012:PA
998:PA
984:PA
970:PA
956:PA
940:PA
926:PA
912:OH
898:OH
884:OH
870:OH
856:OH
842:OH
828:NY
814:NY
742:of
353:gas
345:,
258:to
217:of
4379::
4153:.
4135:.
4094:.
4086:.
4076:70
4074:.
4058:^
4046:}}
4042:{{
4030:.
4020:.
4012:.
4002:48
4000:.
3977:.
3963:.
3959:.
3936:.
3910:.
3866:^
3833:.
3808:.
3769:.
3745:.
3720:^
3703::
3701:}}
3697:{{
3689:.
3664:.
3654:.
3646:.
3636:51
3634:.
3630:.
3607:.
3597:.
3587:.
3575:.
3571:.
3523:.
3513:.
3503:.
3491:.
3487:.
3475:^
3459:24
3457:.
3434:.
3424:.
3414:.
3402:.
3398:.
3386:^
3372:.
3362:48
3360:.
3344:^
3328:.
3285:.
3248:.
3178:.
3152:.
3120:}}
3116:{{
3093:.
3066:.
3042:.
3019:^
3009:.
2987:.
2977:.
2965:.
2961:.
2935:.
2929:;
2916:.
2885:.
2835:.
2763:^
2686:.
2667:.
2614:^
2569:.
2550:.
2532:.
2491:^
2449:.
2416:^
2399:.
2373:.
2342:.
2305:.
2160:.
2146:^
2129:.
2110:.
2085:^
2073:.
2057:^
2041:.
2029:^
2006:.
1976:.
1972:.
1955:^
1929:^
1917:}}
1913:{{
1905:.
1889:^
1881:38
1879:.
1875:.
1846::
1844:}}
1840:{{
1794:.
1783:^
1752:.
1727:.
1690:.
1665:.
1627:.
1603:.
1583:}}
1579:{{
1563:.
1547:^
576:.
360:,
4209:e
4202:t
4195:v
4163:.
4139:.
4102:.
4082::
4052:)
4038:.
4024::
4016::
4008::
3985:.
3971::
3921:.
3895:.
3845:.
3819:.
3781:.
3755:.
3714:)
3710:(
3672:.
3642::
3615:.
3591::
3583::
3556:.
3531:.
3507::
3499::
3469:.
3465::
3442:.
3418::
3410::
3380:.
3368::
3338:.
3300:.
3258:.
3234:.
3213:.
3189:.
3163:.
3126:)
3112:.
3076:.
3052:.
2995:.
2973::
2946:.
2927:.
2901:.
2846:.
2698:.
2671:.
2650:.
2608:.
2579:.
2536:.
2504:.
2459:.
2435:.
2410:.
2384:.
2358:.
2316:.
2176:.
2140:.
2114:.
2051:.
2023:.
1991:.
1923:)
1909:.
1857:)
1853:(
1836:.
1805:.
1762:.
1738:.
1700:.
1675:.
1651:.
1637:.
1613:.
1589:)
1575:.
1571::
1565:9
748:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
