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In the 1960s and 1970s, a modernised form of mansard roof, sometimes with deep, narrow windows, became popular for both residential and commercial architecture in many areas of the United States. In many cases, these are not true mansard roofs but flat on top, the sloped façade providing a way to
262:
In London in the 1930s, building regulations decreed that "a building (not being a church or a chapel) shall not be erected of, or be subsequently increased to, a greater height than 80 ft., exclusive of two stories in the roof, and of ornamental towers". This was to stop buildings blocking the
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is a horizontal, heavy timber directly under the intersection of the two roof surfaces.) A significant difference between the two, for snow loading and water drainage, is that, when seen from above, gambrel roofs culminate in a long crease at the main ridge beam, whereas mansard roofs form a
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stylistic elements and the "French eclectic" house style popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and in housing also offered a way to provide an upper storey despite height restrictions. Houses with mansard roofs were sometimes described as French
Provincial; architect
240:, reads, "Monsieur Mansard is said to have circumvented that senseless window tax of France by adapting the windowed roof that bears his name." This is improbable in many respects: Mansart was a profligate spender of his clients' money, and while a French
295:(1598–1666). Although he was not the inventor of the style, his extensive and prominent use of it in his designs gave rise to the term "mansard roof", an adulteration of his name. The design tradition was continued by numerous architects, including
147:
Two distinct traits of the mansard roof – steep sides and a double pitch – sometimes lead to it being confused with other roof types. Since the upper slope of a mansard roof is rarely visible from the ground, a conventional
92:), and reduce the overall height of the roof for a given number of habitable storeys. The upper slope of the roof may not be visible from street level when viewed from close proximity to the building.
164:, is a close cousin of the mansard. Both mansard and gambrel roofs fall under the general classification of "curb roofs" (a pitched roof that slopes away from the ridge in two successive planes).
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636:
Mansard: A hipped roof with two pitches; the lower is the steeper, while the pitch approaching the ridge is much gentler, sometimes almost flat. Associated with Second Empire architecture.
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is often used as a synonym for a mansard but is also defined as an
American variation of a mansard with the lower pitches nearly vertical and larger in proportion to the upper pitches.
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Report of the
Heights of Buildings Commission to the Committee on the Height, Size and Arrangement of Buildings of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York
247:
Later examples suggest that either French or
American buildings were taxed by their height (or number of storeys) to the base of the roof, or that mansards were used to bypass
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in Europe (France, Germany and elsewhere) also means the attic or garret space itself, not just the roof shape and is often used in Europe to mean a gambrel roof.
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line, making any living space contained in a mansard roof exempt. A 1902 revision of the law permitted building three or even four storeys within such a roof.
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Second Empire influence spread throughout the world, frequently adopted for large civic structures such as government administration buildings and
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law had been in place since 1783, restricting the heights of buildings to 20 metres (65 feet). The height was only measured up to the
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In France and
Germany, no distinction is made between gambrels and mansards – they are both called "mansards". In the French language,
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719:
The
Century dictionary and cyclopedia: A work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge, with a new atlas of the world
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characterised by two slopes on each of its sides, with the lower slope at a steeper angle than the upper, and often punctured by
573:
Mansard: A roof made with slopes of different pitches, usually providing an upper floor of usable space within a roof structure.
225:. Often the decorative potential of the mansard is exploited through the use of convex or concave curvature and with elaborate
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and offers a simple way to add one or more storeys to an existing (or new) building without necessarily requiring any
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1231:. City of New York, Board of Estimate and Apportionment, Committee on the City Plan. June 2, 1916. p. 259
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conceal heating, ventilation and air-conditioning equipment from view. The style grew out of interest in
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One frequently seen explanation for the popularity of the mansard style is that it served as a method of
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did exist, it was enacted in 1798, 132 years after
Mansart's death, and did not exempt mansard windows.
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1580:
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A cross-sectional diagram of a timber-framed
Mansard roof; each of its four faces has the same profile.
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rectangular shaped crease, outlined by the curb beams, with a low-pitched roof inside this rectangle.
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806:
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mansard – two slopes on each of its four sides; one part very steep and curved, often with dormers
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elements. A mansard-topped tower became a popular element incorporated into many designs, such as
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17:
354:, the Second Empire influence spread to family residences and mansions, often incorporated with
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Report of the
Commissioners to Investigate the Cause and Management of the Great Fire in Boston
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A dictionary of architecture and building, biographical, historical and descriptive: Vol. 3
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8:
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366:, Poughkeepsie, New York, which shows a large mansard-roofed structure with two towers.
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Sufficient Reason: Volitional
Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions
784:. Vol. 1. Boston, Massachusetts: Rockwell & Churchill. 1873. p. 545
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built around 1550. This roof design was popularised in the early 17th century by
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popularised it in the Los Angeles area, calling his houses Hollywood Regency.
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was created from a revision of this article dated 15 November 2018
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869:. Vol. XXVIII (28). Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 355
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European Cities & Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-Industrial City
1252:. Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, State of Washington
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American Homes: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Domestic Architecture
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restrictions. This last explanation is the nearest to the truth: a
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The Autumn of Central Paris: the Defeat of Town Planning, 1850–1970
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751:"Modern 'Mansard' – a flat roof on top of a slated or tiled pitch"
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light, and effectively mandated mansard roofs for tall buildings.
204:
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982:. Vol. Fifth Volume. The House of Commons. 1874. p. 218
893:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 46.
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The mansard style makes maximum use of the interior space of the
153:
73:
30:"Mansard Roof" redirects here. For the Vampire Weekend song, see
1338:
What is the Mansard Roof, Advantages and Disadvantages Sheltered
1228:
Commission on Buildings Districts and Restrictions: Final Report
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226:
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American Houses: A Field Guide to the Architecture of the Home
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promoted the use of mansard roofs; rules requiring the use of
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beginning in the 1850s, in an architectural movement known as
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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with steep sides may be misidentified as a mansard roof. The
717:
Whitney, W. D., & Smith, B. E. (1906). Roof. def. 6. In
95:
The earliest known example of a mansard roof is credited to
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1615:
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on tall buildings were conducive to the mansard design.
1184:
Landmarks Preservation Commission (November 18, 2008),
730:
863:
Department of State, United States of America (1888).
299:(1646–1708), his great-nephew, who is responsible for
84:. The steep roofline and windows allow for additional
350:. In the United States and Canada, and especially in
236:. One such example of this claim, from the 1914 book
1054:
Ambassade de Suisse, 2ème édition, août 1994, p. 26.
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488:
Australian Commonwealth Railways CL class locomotive
111:
period. It became especially fashionable during the
833:
Written Into The Void: Selected Writings, 1990–2004
1098:
664:
327:The mansard roof became popular once again during
1353:Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism
1132:(1st ed.). University Press of Mississippi.
291:The style was popularised in France by architect
1713:
1187:GUARDIAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA ANNEX
193:can be a term for the style of roof, or for the
445:, built in 1911, with a four-story mansard roof
1374:
866:Reports from the Consuls of the United States
667:Dictionary of Architecture & Construction
387:The examples and perspective in this section
323:in Paris. The mansard roof was added in 1866.
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923:Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania: An Image Preserved
1125:
739:]. Paris: Dictionnaires Le Robert-VUEF.
175:roof, with slopes on only two sides. (The
1381:
1367:
1208:. M.B. Brown Printing and Binding Co. 1913
1126:Cawthon, Richard J.; Pace, Sherry (2005).
405:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1050:Jean-Jacques Fiechter / Benno Schubiger:
999:
421:Learn how and when to remove this message
1316:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1299:
944:Goodman, David C.; Chant, Colin (1999).
829:
805:The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
439:Germania Life Insurance Company Building
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314:
270:
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130:
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14:
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757:. Seamless Roofing Ltd. Archived from
708:(Vol. 3, p. 358). New York: Macmillan.
662:
1362:
721:(Vol. 6, p. 5221). New York: Century.
695:(1998 ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. 638.
614:
1105:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p.
1036:(30 July 1930). "The Mansard Roof".
979:Reports from Committees: Six Volumes
836:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
704:Sturgis, R. (1902). French roof. In
617:"Glossary – House Style Definitions"
571:. Michael Roberts & Associates.
373:
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24:
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25:
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663:Harris, Cyril M. (January 1993).
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126:
27:Four-sided gambrel-style hip roof
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731:Le Robert & Collins (2002).
484:Victorian Railways hopper wagons
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310:
139:in Paris constructed during the
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1129:Victorian Houses of Mississippi
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554:, City of Rockville, Maryland,
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329:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
109:architect of the French Baroque
1052:L’Ambassade de Suisse à Paris,
950:. Taylor & Francis Group.
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486:resembled a mansard roof. The
364:Main Building (Vassar College)
13:
1:
1070:. Black Dog & Leventhal.
733:Dictionnaire français-anglais
521:, 4th edition, 2000: mansard.
505:
212:
156:roof style, commonly seen in
107:(1598–1666), an accomplished
1333:An Illustrated Roof Glossary
286:
7:
1000:Sutcliffe, Anthony (1970).
926:. Harmony Press. p. 17
887:Bromley, Daniel W. (2006).
493:
401:, discuss the issue on the
275:The Landed Gentry House in
238:How to Make a Country Place
10:
1748:
1097:Foster, Gerald L. (2004).
29:
1538:
1527:
1396:
1388:
1160:"Vassar College Archives"
920:Carney, Donna J. (1980).
737:French-English Dictionary
650:Oxford English Dictionary
490:also has a mansard roof.
830:Eisenman, Peter (2007).
1342:Architect Anton Giuroiu
1038:The Architect's Journal
811:Encyclopædia Britannica
693:The Chambers Dictionary
602:Encyclopædia Britannica
585:What is a Mansard Loft?
538:. Princeton University.
135:Mansard rooftops along
1732:Architectural elements
1294:
1274:Listen to this article
598:"Western architecture"
451:1916 Zoning Resolution
446:
324:
297:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
283:
209:
201:, directly within it.
167:The mansard is a curb
144:
88:of habitable space (a
53:
47:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
41:A mansard roof on the
1546:Air conditioning unit
1293:
691:"French". (1998). In
652:(2nd ed.). 1997.
551:Architecture Glossary
436:
318:
305:Dampierre-en-Yvelines
274:
207:
134:
40:
1355:, Bucharest, Romania
1325:More spoken articles
1250:"Mansard: 1960–1985"
1064:Walker, Les (1981).
615:Alexander, Francis.
399:improve this section
301:Château de Dampierre
141:Second French Empire
113:Second French Empire
43:Château de Dampierre
500:List of roof shapes
333:Second Empire style
137:Boulevard Haussmann
72:) is a multi-sided
32:Mansard Roof (song)
1347:2020-09-18 at the
1295:
807:"François Mansart"
596:Fleming, William.
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325:
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229:window surrounds.
210:
145:
54:
49:, great-nephew of
1727:Structural system
1709:
1708:
1291:
1006:. Edward Arnold.
900:978-0-691-12419-3
431:
430:
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321:HĂ´tel de Besenval
197:living space, or
150:single-plane roof
16:(Redirected from
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1471:Half-hipped roof
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569:"Building Terms"
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51:François Mansart
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64:(also called
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1686:Solar panels
1601:Hanging beam
1496:Rhombic roof
1486:Mansard roof
1485:
1466:Gambrel roof
1441:Conical roof
1254:. Retrieved
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1696:Weathervane
1671:Roof window
1641:Roof garden
1636:Roof batten
1566:Collar beam
1521:Tented roof
1506:Saddle roof
1501:Ridged roof
1461:Gablet roof
1421:Bochka roof
1411:Barrel roof
1406:Arched roof
1398:Roof shapes
648:"Mansard".
621:House Proud
536:WordNet 3.0
453:adopted by
352:New England
184:French roof
66:French roof
1716:Categories
1701:Wind brace
1666:Roof truss
1661:Roof tiles
1651:Roof ridge
1631:Ridge vent
1591:Green roof
1481:Onion dome
1456:Gable roof
1436:Clerestory
1416:Board roof
1321:Audio help
1312:2018-11-15
1256:2020-05-19
1235:2011-03-14
1212:2011-03-14
1170:2015-03-10
1145:2011-03-14
1112:2011-03-14
1083:2011-03-14
1040:: 157–160.
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765:2011-03-14
631:2010-03-30
506:References
467:postmodern
356:Italianate
340:city halls
242:window tax
213:Advantages
1516:Shed roof
1451:Flat roof
755:Permadeck
532:"mansard"
403:talk page
287:Early use
70:curb roof
1676:Skylight
1646:Roofline
1581:Flashing
1556:Catslide
1476:Hip roof
1426:Bow roof
1345:Archived
1323: ·
494:See also
459:setbacks
397:You may
277:Szczecin
253:Parisian
191:mansarde
169:hip roof
78:hip roof
1561:Chimney
1310: (
1281:minutes
257:cornice
223:masonry
154:gambrel
121:Mansard
76:-style
74:gambrel
58:mansard
18:Mansard
1681:Soffit
1626:Rafter
1621:Purlin
1596:Gutter
1571:Dormer
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344:hotels
281:Poland
249:zoning
227:dormer
195:garret
101:Louvre
90:garret
86:floors
1722:Roofs
1691:Spire
1606:Joist
1586:Gable
1576:Eaves
1551:Attic
1390:Roofs
1191:(PDF)
735:[
519:AMHER
219:attic
199:attic
173:gable
158:barns
45:, by
1616:Loft
1446:Dome
1134:ISBN
1072:ISBN
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449:The
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177:curb
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
