304:
70:
39:
2036:
54:
77:
678:, on the west coast, containing about half the population. Oneroa is in fact a contiguous village area that consists of three villages: Tavaʻenga, Kaumata and Temakatea. All of Oneroa is located within Keiʻa District, including its northernmost village Tavaʻenga, which is not in Tavaʻenga district as one might assume by the name. There are three more villages,
1577:
241:. It is a roughly circular island, with an area of 51.8 square kilometres (20.0 sq mi), 203 kilometres (126 mi) from Rarotonga. Originally heavily populated, Mangaia's population has dropped by 75% in the last 50 years, mainly due to the decline of the pineapple industry in the 1980s and a subsequent economic crisis in 1996.
407:, died shortly after the missionaries' arrival, and the abolition of war under Christianity effectively froze the power structure and the division of land and titles in the state they had been in 1823. The Numangatini Ariki became dominant, with the title alternating between two branches of the family.
693:
Mangaia's population was estimated at two to three thousand by John
Williams in 1823. Despite an epidemic following European contact, and again in 1844, by 1846 its population had risen to 3,567. Emigration and disease had reduced the population to 2,237 in 1867, and 1,700 in 1892. In the twentieth
717:
One anthropologist, Donald
Marshall, described Mangain residents as "the most sexually active culture on record" prior to European contact, with men " their late teens and 20s having an average of 21 orgasms a week (more than 1,000 times a year)."
1106:
Niespolo, Elizabeth M; Sharp, Warren D; Kirch, Patrick V (2019). "230Th dating of coral abraders from stratified deposits at
Tangatatau Rockshelter, Mangaia, Cook Islands: Implications for building precise chronologies in Polynesia".
694:
century its population grew, peaking at 2002 in 1,966. The decline of the pineapple industry and subsequent economic collapse has led to further emigration and caused the population to drop by 75% from its peak, to 499 in 2016.
361:. Initially settlement was focused on the coastal villages, but by the 16th century it had shifted inland and inter-island trade had virtually disappeared. Oral histories of this era are of chiefs competing for land and status.
1354:"The development of commercial agriculture on Mangaia: social and economic change in a Polynesian community: a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Massey University"
726:
Mangaia's economy is heavily government-supported, with 50% of the workforce employed by the public-sector. Historically, its economy was based around agricultural production, which benefited from privileged access to the
426:
growing was introduced and in the 1960s and 1970s
Mangaia had a thriving export industry. The collapse of this industry in the 1980s and a subsequent economic crisis in 1996 has led to the island's gradual depopulation.
731:
market. The removal of this access combined with shipping interruptions destroyed the industry. Subsequent depopulation has left the island lacking in basic services, with no doctor or dentist. Current exports include
434:
in
December 2001. The slow-moving cyclone delivered eight days of heavy rain, resulting in the worst flooding in 50 years. Parts of the island were inundated with up to 2 m (6.6 ft) of water, and 95% of the
268:
Geologists estimate the island is at least 18 million years old. It rises 4,750 m (15,600 ft) above the ocean floor and has a land area of 51.8 km. Surrounded by a fringing
1755:
1578:
Bryant James Allen: The
Development of Commercial Agriculture on Mangaia: Social and Economic Change in a Polynesian Community. Masters Thesis, Massey University, 1969
1503:
318:
702:
Unlike other islands of the
Southern Cook Islands, Mangaia has retained its traditional collective land tenure system. Land use is decided by each district's
357:
was likely grown as a crop earlier in the
Pacific, the archaeological site at the Tangatatau Rockshelter is currently the earliest recorded location showing
737:
280:
forms a steep cliff, surrounding swamps and a central volcanic plateau. The interior of the island is drained by underground channels passing through the
2141:
321:
shows that
Mangaia was first settled around 1000 CE. According to oral tradition, the island was not discovered, but emerged from the underworld of
272:
reef, like many of the southern Cook
Islands, it is surrounded by a high ring of cliffs of fossil coral 60 m (200 ft) high, known as the
1627:
389:
Before the arrival of the missionaries, Mangaian society was characterised by a violent struggle between war-leaders competing for the title of
439:
crop and 60% of the livestock were destroyed. The resulting food shortage saw the IFRC distribute food to all of the island's residents.
404:
1452:
1429:
1406:
667:. The districts are, as on some other islands of the Southern Cook Islands, further subdivided into 38 traditional sub-districts called
1918:
1556:
905:
remains that became extinct as a consequence of human settlement of the island and the introduction of exotic mammals include the
1240:; Petchey, F (2020). "The transfer of kumara ('Ipomoea batatas') from East to South Polynesia and its dispersal in New Zealand".
1353:
1969:
1330:
118:
69:
1090:
1041:
358:
2136:
832:(swampy lowlands) contain the island's most fertile soils, and are dominated by introduced and cultivate species such as
1194:
Hather, Jon; Kirch, P. V. (1991). "Prehistoric sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) from Mangaia Island, Central Polynesia".
1383:
1301:
1733:
1591:
1649:
418:. Post-annexation the island exported citrus, bananas and coffee to New Zealand, but exports ceased during the
1796:
443:
1532:
753:
Previously powered by diesel generators, since 2018 it has been powered by a solar-battery power station.
1874:
Steadman, D. W. (1986). "Two new species of rails (Aves: Rallidae) from Mangaia, Southern Cook Islands".
303:
858:
The arrival of humans caused the extinction of local wildlife. Surviving land-based species include the
2110:
1962:
1893:
985:
375:
284:, leading to extensive networks of caves which have been used historically as refuges and for burials.
1476:
Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023
379:
663:. The districts are very nearly sectors meeting at the highest point near the center of the island,
802:
1427:
345:. Adze heads and basalt tools show that trading contact was maintained with Rarotonga, Samoa, and
1704:
1154:
895:
411:
382:
in 1823. Williams was unable to land, but in 1824 he returned and left behind two preachers from
1450:
1404:
1678:
1475:
929:
1293:
1286:
2090:
2045:
1999:
1986:
1955:
850:(mountain) are heavily modified, and covered in pineapple, coconut, scrub, ferns, and grass.
782:
707:
796:
675:
8:
925:
1257:
1219:
1169:
1132:
867:
863:
859:
838:
824:
814:
808:
776:
687:
656:
1428:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (5 December 2001).
2095:
1405:
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (13 December 2010).
1297:
1261:
1223:
1211:
1136:
1124:
1086:
879:
875:
671:. In the Cook Islands constitution, however, the six districts are listed as Tapere.
2131:
1249:
1203:
1116:
1056:
1025:
1020:
1008:
951:
1797:"Woody Vegetation on the Raised Coral Limestone of Mangaia, Southern Cook Islands"
364:
The island was first discovered by Europeans on 29 March 1777 with the arrival of
2004:
1451:
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (4 March 2002).
1237:
891:
747:
419:
350:
1650:"What's in a kiss? Nothing less than the very essence of what it is to be human"
38:
1253:
887:
883:
871:
1207:
1120:
1083:
Tangatatau Rockshelter: The Evolution of an Eastern Polynesian Socio-Ecosystem
1060:
2125:
1933:
1920:
1215:
1128:
914:
431:
133:
120:
106:
2035:
1978:
906:
706:, independently of the Land Court. It has also retained its own dialect of
652:
354:
292:
234:
175:
153:
53:
728:
415:
1173:
370:
365:
261:, "Mangaia monstrously-great") by Tamaeu, who came to the island from
2100:
2024:
2014:
902:
423:
383:
326:
238:
882:, as well as 12 species of seabirds. Introduced species include the
766:
The flora of Mangaia can be divided into five ecological zones. The
2080:
2019:
2009:
1994:
1430:"Cook Islands – Tropical Cyclone Trina OCHA Situation Report No. 1"
648:
644:
330:
262:
442:
Due to the severity of damage caused by Trina, its name was later
2105:
2064:
946:
771:
679:
640:
346:
273:
1947:
1473:
1453:"Cook Islands: Tropical cyclone Information Bulletin No. 02/02"
941:
683:
668:
660:
342:
322:
368:. It was visited by two more ships, one of which was possibly
2059:
794:, is native forest, dominated by indigenous species such as
410:
In 1888 Mangaia became a British protectorate as part of the
395:
338:
269:
818:
in areas near villages and tracks. The harsher parts of the
2054:
1407:"Cook Islands: Tropical cyclone information bulletin No. 1"
1085:. Los Angeles: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
833:
436:
399:
serving as priests rather than hereditary chiefs. The last
334:
43:
1851:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 212–213.
1328:
986:"Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names they Gave"
822:
are covered in scrub, including pandanus and the endemic
983:
746:
Mangaia is connected to the rest of the Cook Islands by
291:, 169 m above sea level, near the centre of the island.
1849:
Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds
1292:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
325:
already populated. It was later further settled from
1860:
1858:
1080:
386:, who began to convert the islands to Christianity.
1509:. Cook Islands Statistical Office. 2018. p. 46
1285:
1105:
1042:"Caves and speleogenesis of Mangaia, Cook Islands"
1855:
1846:
1537:. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 127
1039:
988:. Cook Islands Library and Museum. pp. 16–18
229:(traditionally known as A'ua'u Enua, which means
2123:
1873:
1236:
257:("terraced"), the island was named Mangaia (or
89:Location of Mangaia Island in the Pacific Ocean
1756:"PM cuts ribbon to launch Mangaia power plant"
1589:
1530:
1148:
1146:
449:
1963:
1684:. Ministry of Finance and Economic Management
1498:
1496:
1324:
1322:
1013:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
1329:Allan Tuara and Rod Dixon (28 August 2020).
1152:
1481:(Report). World Meteorological Organization
1193:
1143:
1970:
1956:
1702:
1493:
1319:
1006:
964:
52:
37:
1837:Merlin (1991), p. 145; Allen (1969), p. 5
1467:
1153:Walter, Richard; Reilly, Michael (2010).
1024:
2142:Important Bird Areas of the Cook Islands
1673:
1671:
1474:RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023).
302:
1728:
1726:
1526:
1524:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1283:
1230:
1155:"A Prehistory of the Mangaian Chiefdom"
1099:
635:Mangaia is divided into six districts (
295:is a body of fresh water in the south.
2124:
1794:
1504:"Cook Islands 2016 Census Main Report"
736:necklaces made from the shells of the
468:
1951:
1758:. Cook Islands News. 29 November 2018
1668:
1351:
1242:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
359:sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia
1723:
1703:Mark Scott (October–December 1991).
1521:
1371:
1277:
1074:
1886:
1444:
1421:
1398:
1386:. Cook Islands News. 29 August 2019
163:51.8 km (20.0 sq mi)
13:
1599:. Canberra: ANU Press. p. 176
1557:"Constitution of the Cook Islands"
1331:"The ariki Numangatini of Mangaia"
1274:Walter & Reilly (2010), p. 351
1081:Patrick Vinton Kirch, ed. (2017).
924:The island has been designated an
463:
18:Second largest of the Cook Islands
14:
2153:
1630:. Cook Islands News. 3 April 2012
1593:Island Populations of the Pacific
1384:"Mangaia: 'We'll always be here'"
1162:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1109:Journal of Archaeological Science
984:Alphons M.J. Kloosterman (1976).
812:, with coconuts, candlenuts, and
2034:
1977:
1628:"Mangaian language goes digital"
430:Mangaia was severely damaged by
307:Portrait of a "man of Mangaia",
75:
68:
1867:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1748:
1705:"In search of the Cook Islands"
1696:
1642:
1620:
1611:
1583:
1571:
1549:
1359:. Massey University. p. 90
1345:
1310:
393:(supreme temporal power), with
233:) is the most southerly of the
76:
1900:. BirdLife International. 2021
1795:Merlin, Mark D. (April 1991).
1268:
1187:
1033:
1026:10.1080/00288306.1967.10423227
1000:
786:, and other scrub plants. The
674:The capital is the village of
237:and the second largest, after
107:Central-Southern Pacific Ocean
1:
1009:"Geology of the Cook Islands"
957:
308:
1352:Allen, Bryant James (1969).
770:, or coast, is dominated by
414:. In 1901 it was annexed by
244:
7:
2137:Islands of the Cook Islands
1734:"Decay and hope on Mangaia"
1617:McArthur (1967), p 177, 178
935:
450:Demographics and settlement
10:
2158:
1847:David W. Steadman (2006).
1254:10.15286/jps.129.4.351-382
1040:Joanna C. Ellison (1994).
756:
721:
697:
298:
2073:
2044:
2031:
1985:
1679:"Island Profile: Mangaia"
1208:10.1017/S0003598X00080613
1121:10.1016/j.jas.2018.11.001
1061:10.5479/si.00775630.417.1
628:
481:—
380:London Missionary Society
216:
208:
203:
183:
172:
167:
159:
149:
112:
102:
97:
63:
51:
46:picture of Mangaia Island
36:
26:
1316:Hiroa (1934), p. 113-124
853:
803:Hernandia moerenhoutiana
761:
374:, before the arrival of
1590:Norma McArthur (1967).
1531:Te Rangi Hiroa (1934).
1049:Atoll Research Bulletin
412:Cook Islands Federation
276:. The inner rim of the
2074:Southern chain - other
1934:21.92139°S 157.92306°W
1736:. RNZ. 3 February 2018
1709:New Zealand Geographic
1284:Salmond, Anne (2010).
930:BirdLife International
319:Tangatatau Rockshelter
314:
1939:-21.92139; -157.92306
1828:Merlin (1991), p. 146
901:Birds described from
783:Barringtonia asiatica
455:Historical population
306:
287:The highest point is
58:Map of Mangaia Island
797:Elaeocarpus tonganus
249:Originally known as
1930: /
1864:Kirch (2017), p. 14
1785:Kirch (2017), p. 13
1776:Allen (1969), p 4-8
1333:. Cook Islands News
1007:B. L. Wood (1967).
926:Important Bird Area
911:Gallirallus ripleyi
456:
130: /
23:
1898:BirdLife Data Zone
1545:– via NZETC.
1288:Aphrodite's Island
996:– via NZETC.
868:Pacific black duck
864:Pacific reef heron
860:insular flying fox
839:Hibiscus tiliaceus
825:Geniostoma sykesii
815:Morinda citrifolia
809:Guettarda speciosa
777:Pandanus tectorius
708:Cook Islands Māori
690:in the northeast.
454:
366:Captain James Cook
317:Excavation of the
315:
134:21.917°S 157.950°W
21:
2119:
2118:
1092:978-1-938770-10-4
880:Cook reed warbler
876:mewing kingfisher
682:in the south and
633:
632:
259:Mangaianui-Neneva
224:
223:
139:-21.917; -157.950
2149:
2039:
2038:
1972:
1965:
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1534:Mangaian Society
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1308:
1307:
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1281:
1275:
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1234:
1228:
1227:
1202:(249): 887–893.
1191:
1185:
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1141:
1140:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1078:
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1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1019:(6): 1434–1437.
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
981:
952:Mangaia swiftlet
470:
465:
457:
453:
313:
310:
145:
144:
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2040:
2033:
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1981:
1976:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1917:
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1903:
1901:
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1876:Pacific Science
1872:
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1804:Pacific Science
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1005:
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982:
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960:
938:
856:
836:, coconut, and
764:
759:
748:Mangaia Airport
724:
700:
452:
420:First World War
351:Society Islands
311:
301:
247:
199:
179:
138:
136:
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47:
32:
31:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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2083:
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2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2046:Southern chain
2042:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:Northern chain
1983:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1912:
1911:
1885:
1866:
1854:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1747:
1722:
1695:
1667:
1656:. 15 July 2018
1641:
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1610:
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1548:
1520:
1492:
1466:
1443:
1420:
1397:
1370:
1344:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1276:
1267:
1248:(4): 351–381.
1229:
1186:
1168:(4): 335–375.
1142:
1098:
1091:
1073:
1032:
999:
962:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
937:
934:
896:mourning gecko
888:Polynesian rat
884:red junglefowl
872:spotless crake
855:
852:
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2048:- Nga-pu-Toru
2047:
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2037:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1711:. No. 12
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915:Mangaia crake
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846:(slopes) and
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376:John Williams
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28:Native name:
25:
16:
2111:Winslow Reef
2085:
1979:Cook Islands
1915:
1902:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
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1869:
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1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1810:(2): 131–151
1807:
1803:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1713:. Retrieved
1708:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1658:. Retrieved
1654:The Guardian
1653:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1592:
1585:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1533:
1511:. Retrieved
1483:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1361:. Retrieved
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1312:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1165:
1161:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1052:
1048:
1035:
1016:
1012:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
923:
918:
910:
907:Mangaia rail
900:
857:
847:
843:
837:
829:
823:
819:
813:
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795:
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790:, or upland
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355:sweet potato
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293:Lake Tiriara
288:
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258:
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235:Cook Islands
230:
226:
225:
204:Demographics
176:Cook Islands
174:
154:Cook Islands
15:
1937: /
1925:157°55′23″W
1882:(1): 27–43.
1814:3 September
1762:3 September
1740:3 September
1715:3 September
1688:3 September
1634:3 September
1603:3 September
1563:3 September
1455:. ReliefWeb
1432:. ReliefWeb
1409:. ReliefWeb
1390:3 September
1363:3 September
1337:4 September
1238:Anderson, A
1179:3 September
1066:3 September
992:3 September
919:Porzana rua
729:New Zealand
712:reo Mangaia
665:Rangi-motia
416:New Zealand
312: 1796
289:Rangi-motia
255:A'ua'u Enua
150:Archipelago
137: /
113:Coordinates
2126:Categories
2096:Palmerston
1922:21°55′17″S
1485:23 October
1459:7 November
1436:7 November
1413:7 November
958:References
913:) and the
422:. In 1946
371:HMS Bounty
220:499 (2016)
217:Population
2101:Rarotonga
2025:Tema Reef
2015:Rakahanga
1894:"Mangaia"
1513:19 August
1262:234436359
1224:162750984
1216:0003-598X
1196:Antiquity
1137:134955488
1129:0305-4403
1115:: 21–33.
928:(IBA) by
903:subfossil
844:Rautuanue
788:Rautuitui
653:Tava'enga
424:pineapple
405:Pangemiro
327:Rarotonga
265:in 1775.
245:Geography
239:Rarotonga
98:Geography
2081:Aitutaki
2020:Suwarrow
2010:Pukapuka
1995:Manihiki
1660:23 March
1559:. PACLII
1541:9 August
1174:23044944
1055:: 1–25.
936:See also
772:coconuts
645:Veitatei
353:. While
331:Aitutaki
263:Aitutaki
231:terraced
212:Mangaian
184:Villages
125:157°57′W
103:Location
2132:Mangaia
2106:Takutea
2086:Mangaia
2065:Mitiaro
2005:Penrhyn
1904:8 March
1294:406-407
947:Tuanaki
820:makatea
792:makatea
757:Ecology
722:Economy
698:Culture
688:Karanga
680:Tamarua
657:Karanga
641:Tamarua
629:Source:
444:retired
401:mangaia
391:mangaia
378:of the
349:in the
347:Raiatea
299:History
282:makatea
278:makatea
274:makatea
227:Mangaia
209:Demonym
196:Tamarua
122:21°55′S
83:Mangaia
22:Mangaia
2091:Manuae
2000:Nassau
1300:
1260:
1222:
1214:
1172:
1135:
1127:
1089:
942:Auraka
848:maunga
842:. The
828:. The
806:, and
768:pa tai
704:kavana
684:Ivirua
676:Oneroa
669:Tapere
661:Ivirua
659:, and
624:−12.8%
613:−10.6%
602:−14.0%
591:−32.9%
569:−19.7%
558:−23.6%
525:+25.4%
514:+16.8%
492:−18.7%
384:Taha'a
343:Tahiti
323:Avaiki
251:A'ua'u
193:Ivirua
190:Oneroa
30:A'ua'u
2060:Mauke
1800:(PDF)
1682:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1258:S2CID
1220:S2CID
1170:JSTOR
1158:(PDF)
1133:S2CID
1045:(PDF)
854:Fauna
762:Flora
741:snail
649:Kei'a
618:2016
607:2011
596:2006
585:2001
580:−9.8%
577:1,108
574:1996
566:1,229
563:1986
555:1,530
552:1976
547:+6.7%
544:2,002
541:1966
536:+2.6%
533:1,877
530:1961
522:1,830
519:1951
511:1,459
508:1936
503:+0.3%
500:1,249
497:1926
489:1,245
486:1916
478:1,531
475:1906
396:Ariki
339:Tonga
270:coral
2055:Atiu
1906:2021
1816:2020
1764:2020
1742:2020
1717:2020
1690:2020
1662:2022
1636:2020
1605:2020
1565:2020
1543:2020
1515:2020
1487:2023
1461:2010
1438:2010
1415:2010
1392:2020
1365:2020
1339:2020
1298:ISBN
1212:ISSN
1181:2020
1125:ISSN
1087:ISBN
1068:2020
994:2020
894:and
834:taro
830:Puna
739:pupu
686:and
637:Puna
464:Pop.
460:Year
437:taro
341:and
335:Atiu
160:Area
44:NASA
1250:doi
1246:129
1204:doi
1166:119
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