1572:. The dependent form is used in temporal clauses ("at that time when he did the work..."), relative clauses ("the work which the man did"), clefts ("it was yesterday he did the work"), and certain types of question ("who is it that you saw?"), which are expressed as a type of relative clause. However, when the head noun is the subject of the relative clause (e.g. "the man who did the work"), the independent form of the verb is used. The dependent form of the verb differs from the independent form in that it always has a high tone on the prefix, and it also usually has a high-toned suffix
267:
1064:. Typically nouns belong to classes 1 to 10, but there are also some nouns in classes 13, 14, and 19. Singular and plural classes are paired together to make "genders". Classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 are generally plurals of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 19 respectively, but other pairings are found. Some nouns have no singular-plural distinction and occur in only one class.
1598:
Auxiliary verbs are very common in
Manenguba languages; Akoose has about 70 such verbs. These express meanings such as "he is in the process of (doing)", "he was the first (to do)", "he has finished (doing)", "he was quick (to do)", "he is accustomed (to do)" and so on, which in other languages might
973:
The
Manenguba languages are tonal. All the languages have a very similar tonal system. There are high tones (H), low tones (L), and contour tones (rising and falling). These are written á, a, ă, and â respectively, or in long vowels áá, aa, aá, and áa. Syllabic m and n can sometimes carry a tone, for
498:
in 1854. He called the language itself Mokō, like Hannah Kilham, and the three dialects
Ngoteng, Melong, and Nhālemōe. The first two of these dialects appear to be from the Eastern cluster, perhaps Mwahed, Mkaa' or Belon, while the third is from the Western cluster, and is close to Akoose, Ninong, or
297:
Another name, "Ngoe", was proposed by
Erhardt Voeltz c.1975, after the name of the legendary ancestor of some of the tribes. However, this name also has not gained acceptance, since not all the Manenguba tribes consider him to be their ancestor; in particular, the Mbo consider that they are descended
415:
The languages of the
Eastern Cluster are closely related and can be considered as dialects of the same language, although they have no common name. In the Western Cluster, most of the languages are also closely related, although Mbo of Ekanang, situated on the north-east side of the mountain, stands
293:
in 1953, following the generalised use of the term by G. Tessmann in 1932. However, the name Mbo properly applies only to dialects in the north and north-east area of the region and is found objectionable by
Manenguba speakers from other areas. It therefore seems unsatisfactory as a designation for
519:
The various
Manenguba dialects differ slightly in their phonology. For example, in several, the original sound /f/ has become /h/, while in others it remains /f/. The Akoose and Mbo dialects may be taken as representative of the languages as a whole. They both have the following consonants:
997:
in which in a sequence H H, the second H is slightly lower than the first, probably because historically an intervening L syllable was absorbed or dropped. A downstepped H is written ā in
Hedinger (2016). In a long vowel, H and downstepped H can make a contour tone, for example
286:(1919). Johnston divided the languages into three groups: (a) Balung-Bafo (including Melong); (b) Bakosi (including Nkosi and Nhaalemooe); and (c) Bangtangte (including Ngoten). However, Balung-Bafo is no longer considered part of the Manenguba group.
1367:
In
Mwaneka, on the other hand, the particle is omitted, but, except following a noun of class 1 or class 9, generally leaves a trace in the form of a high tone. This high tone sometimes affects the first of the two nouns, and sometimes the second:
431:, Hedinger found that Lekongo has around 50% of core vocabulary shared with the Manenguba languages, whereas amongst the Manenguba languages themselves as defined above around 67%–95% of core vocabulary is shared between one language and another.
470:, in 1828. She collected vocabularies of up to 79 words in 30 different African languages, one of which, called Moko, with 67 words, has been identified as a Manenguba dialect of the Eastern cluster, perhaps Mwahed, Mkaa', Belon, or Babong.
257:
According to
Hedinger (1984a), there are at least 23 different Manenguba languages and dialects. The best known of these, and the first to have a grammar written for it, is Akoose, spoken in a wide area to the west of the mountain.
427:), spoken in a region between the North-West Group and the North-East Group, on the grounds that its vocabulary has few words in common with the other languages. Using a modified version of the 100-word and 200-word
1406:
A locative marker which resembles a class 5 prefix but with a high tone can be prefixed to nouns of any class. In this case concordial markers change to take the concords of class 5. An example from Akoose is:
254:, Elung, Nninong, Mousmenam, Manengouba, Bareko, Manehas, Bakaka, Balondo, Babong and Bafun. The population speaking the Manenguba languages was estimated in 1984 to be about 230,000 people.
1067:
The class of a noun can often be judged from its prefix. The prefix may differ depending on whether the root starts with a consonant or a vowel; for example, in Akoose, class 5 starts with
3489:
1506:
forms of the verb have a prefix indicating the person "I, you (sg), he/she, we, you (pl), they" or agreeing with the noun-class of the subject. In addition, Akoose has a prefix
423:
included in Guthrie zone A.15 for cultural reasons needs to be excluded from Manenguba on linguistic grounds; Maho (2009) separates it as A.141. Hedinger also excludes Lekongo (
1599:
be expressed by adverbs such as "at present", "first", "already", "quickly", or "always". Auxiliary verbs are followed by the infinitive. The following example is from Akoose:
1338:) which joins together two nouns to make a noun phrase or compound noun. This particle agrees in class with the first of the two nouns. The following examples are from Akoose:
1591:(Akoose). Before the verb stem there is usually an infix as well, which varies according to the tense. In the subjunctive and imperative, the negative suffix is
3482:
3353:
1629:
1565:, the prefixes for "I, you (sg), he/she", "we two", and the class 1 and class 9 prefixes, all have a low tone, but all the others have a high tone.
2254:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
3475:
2296:
1899:
121:
4718:
3503:
1260:) "of" must all agree with the class of the noun they refer to, by the use of the appropriate prefixes. For example, the Akoose word
212:
1254:
As with other Bantu languages, adjectives, pronouns, numerals 1 to 5, demonstratives, verbs, and the associative marker (in Akoose
1025:"five" has a falling tone. Tones also have a grammatical function in verbs; for example, in Akoose, the word for "he has thrown" is
1761:
3458:
909:
It is also common for consonants to be preceded by a syllabic nasal at the beginning of a word, producing combinations such as
1634:. Association des étudiants mboó de l’Université de Yaoundé. (Describes the Baneka/Mwaneka dialect of the Eastern cluster.)
484:
A more extensive record of 280 Manenguba words and phrases, in three different dialects, was made by the German missionary
2289:
502:
The first descriptive grammar of a Manenguba language was made by the German missionary Heinrich Dorsch, who published a
4770:
1935:
962:
All the vowels can be both long or short, although some dialects lack a distinction between some of the long vowels.
250:
The people speaking the various Manenguba languages belong to the following tribes or nations: Mienge, Mbo, Basossi,
1927:
Status, functions, and prospects of Pidgin English: an empirical approach to language dynamics in Cameroon, Volume 1
474:
3467:
2143:
In Baneka the marker is omitted except for a change of tone according to class: Hedinger et al. (1981), pp. 35–5.
1445:"wash" (high tone). The root can be extended by one of a number of verbal extensions. For example, from the root
954:
In Akoose there are eight vowels (though these are believed to derive from seven vowels in the proto-language):
4775:
2282:
481:, published in 1848. It contains words in ten dialects which appear to be Manenguba or closely related to it.
993:; that is, in a sequence H L H, the second H is slightly lower than the first. In some words there is also
92:
937:
933:
929:
898:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
821:
817:
803:
790:
785:
780:
762:
742:
722:
708:
699:
678:
673:
668:
663:
649:
643:
637:
632:
618:
611:
606:
602:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
473:
Another collection of vocabularies (but each containing only a very few words) was made by a missionary
2391:
447:
112:
3792:
3615:
3047:
2852:
2457:
102:
97:
86:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3132:
3002:
2967:
2742:
2507:
1903:
4035:
3751:
3739:
3733:
3057:
2862:
2802:
2777:
2442:
2365:
1075:
for a vowel stem. Nouns with the suffix -ɛ in Akoose belong to classes 1/2, whatever the prefix.
310:
linguist Robert Hedinger (1984a) showed that the various languages can be classified as follows:
4311:
1641:
A Comparative-Historical Study of the Manenguba languages (Bantu A.15, Mbo Cluster) of Cameroon
1433:
Verbal roots are divided into two classes, bearing high and low tone respectively, e.g. Akoose
4721:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
4441:
1051:
4709:
4513:
4507:
4477:
4471:
4187:
4169:
4163:
4157:
3556:
3538:
3332:
3222:
3122:
2652:
2452:
2305:
1925:
775:
420:
51:
1568:
Every finite verb has two forms, one used in main clauses and the other in certain types of
1061:
4435:
3358:
3327:
3267:
2677:
8:
4465:
4459:
3424:
3127:
2992:
2582:
813:
494:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4217:
3147:
3072:
3062:
3027:
2927:
2477:
528:
2607:
1999:
1678:
202:
4235:
4211:
3993:
3987:
3429:
3082:
3012:
2922:
2842:
2672:
2487:
1931:
548:
538:
533:
107:
3207:
2113:
806:/ is written as "j" in Hedinger et al. (1981), but as "ch" in Hedinger (ed) (2016).
266:
4382:
4175:
4017:
4005:
3786:
3763:
3757:
3562:
3544:
3434:
3419:
3399:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3107:
3092:
3067:
3022:
2962:
2897:
2752:
2552:
2547:
2467:
2447:
2401:
2375:
2324:
1645:
1569:
965:
In Hedinger (2016), the long vowels are written double: "ii ee ɛɛ aa əə ɔɔ oo uu".
755:
485:
435:
424:
240:
3497:
2867:
2827:
4638:
4596:
4590:
4537:
4400:
4335:
4276:
4223:
4181:
4064:
4011:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3951:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3709:
3499:
3439:
3414:
3409:
3394:
3379:
3337:
3312:
3292:
3287:
3257:
3252:
3217:
3192:
3187:
3152:
3137:
3102:
3077:
3042:
3037:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2957:
2937:
2907:
2887:
2877:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2782:
2772:
2687:
2622:
2602:
2542:
2537:
2517:
2492:
2472:
2406:
2355:
2319:
1473:
1057:
543:
443:
439:
290:
117:
78:
3780:
2637:
2264:
889:
At the beginning of a word, certain consonants can be combined with /w/, as in
809:
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is written as " ' ". It is found only at the end of words.
4702:
4681:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4584:
4572:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4394:
4388:
4376:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4329:
4323:
4305:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4252:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4047:
4041:
4023:
3963:
3916:
3863:
3804:
3798:
3745:
3715:
3703:
3686:
3680:
3668:
3662:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3532:
3526:
3444:
3404:
3317:
3302:
3297:
3272:
3242:
3237:
3212:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3142:
3112:
3032:
3007:
2977:
2947:
2942:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2882:
2822:
2757:
2737:
2732:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2682:
2667:
2662:
2647:
2632:
2592:
2567:
2532:
2522:
2497:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2350:
2340:
2269:
2259:
1558:
makes it clear that the second "he" refers to the speaker, not another person.
391:
279:
251:
236:
47:
1739:
1725:
1711:
1697:
4764:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4632:
4578:
4370:
4317:
4288:
4264:
4229:
4151:
4082:
4029:
3969:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3880:
3857:
3851:
3727:
3721:
3674:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3627:
3621:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3322:
3307:
3282:
3277:
3262:
3227:
3182:
3162:
3117:
3097:
3087:
3052:
3017:
2952:
2932:
2872:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2767:
2762:
2747:
2722:
2697:
2692:
2642:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2597:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2527:
2512:
2502:
2482:
2462:
2427:
2360:
2345:
1516:
459:
4076:
4070:
3957:
3232:
3197:
3177:
2817:
2727:
2712:
2657:
2396:
2370:
1649:
489:
467:
428:
185:
178:
171:
164:
3839:
3821:
3247:
2792:
2587:
1562:
1525:"he/she/you" used in indirect speech in sentences such as the following:
1503:
1476:, the verb always has a prefix. In Akoose, the infinitive has the prefix
851:/. This stop is still preserved in Mbo, Mkaa' and Belon, but has become /
307:
2274:
1744:
1730:
1716:
1702:
658:
271:
816:/ɓ/ except before /i u w/. The spelling "mb" is generally pronounced /
990:
917:
A preceding nasal can be combined with a following /w/ or /j/ as in:
687:
560:
463:
446:. When speaking of technical subjects, speakers will often revert to
195:
155:
1639:
1583:
Negative verbs are expressed by adding a high-toned suffix, usually
1622:
994:
901:/ (here written "y") making the following palatalised consonants:
506:
in 1910/11, as well as German-Nkosi and Nkosi-German vocabularies.
244:
59:
37:
943:
Word internally combinations such as /gt lk ln ŋn ŋs/ are found.
1007:
Tones distinguish one word from another; for example, in Akoose,
555:
2026:
Hedinger (1984a), pp. 136, 174–9; Hedinger (1981), pp. 67, 72–3.
1902:. Bakossi Cultural & Development Association. Archived from
1628:
Hedinger, Robert, Joseph Ekandjoum, and Sylvia Hedinger (1981).
4726:
Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
55:
1665:
The Manenguba Languages (Bantu A. 15, Mbo Cluster) of Cameroon
1060:, nouns in the Manenguba languages are divided into different
458:
The first European record of a Manenguba language was made by
2255:
Akoose basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
843:/ also occur in class 9/10 words. The prenasalised sibilant /
478:
866:/ is written as "ny". In some of the Manenguba dialects, /
284:
A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages
1656:
Hedinger, Robert (1984b). "Reported Speech in Akɔɔse".
1037:, with a high tone, in some kinds of dependent clause.
855:/ in Akoose and most of the other Manenguba languages.
1625:
Second edition, updated and edited by Robert Hedinger.
946:
Words can end in a vowel or in /b d g n m ŋ l w j ʔ/.
2125:
See Hedinger (1981), pp. 39–42 for examples of usage.
1392:
1386:
1378:
1372:
936:/ cannot usually begin a word, except in the sound /
1611:"he was first to arrive here" / "he got here first"
1502:) "to wash"; this takes concords of class 5 nouns.
2014:Esquisse phonologique du manengouba (dialecte mbo)
1078:The following examples of nouns come from Akoose:
1266:"children" is in class 2, which uses the concord
278:The name "Manenguba languages" was first used by
4762:
1672:A Grammar of Akoose: A northwest Bantu Language.
1623:Mkaaʼ – French lexicon and French - Mkaaʼ index.
1332:The associative marker is a particle (in Akoose
270:Manenguba Mountain (a former volcano) seen from
3483:
2290:
1923:
1892:
2192:
1603:
1553:
1547:
1529:
1520:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1419:
1411:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1232:
1219:
1211:
1198:
1190:
1177:
1169:
1156:
1148:
1135:
1127:
1114:
1106:
1093:
1085:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
999:
981:
975:
881:
875:
4750:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
4745:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
4740:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
4735:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
4730:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
3490:
3476:
2297:
2283:
2304:
1637:
2178:
2176:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2088:
2086:
265:
261:
1994:
1992:
4763:
3459:General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages
1835:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 23, 37, 52, 251.
1754:
824:/. However, in class 9 nouns "mb" is /
3471:
2278:
2173:
2095:
2083:
1327:
847:/ was originally a pre-palatal stop /
453:
2011:
1989:
1853:Described in Hedinger et al. (1981).
1644:(PhD thesis). University of London.
1512:meaning "we two (i.e. you and I)".
492:, and published as part of his work
2260:Recorded sample of Akoose (Bakossi)
1862:Described in Hedinger (2008, 2016).
1424:"in the house it is good" (class 5)
1052:Bantu languages § Noun classes
289:The term "Mbo Cluster" was used by
13:
4708:Languages between parentheses are
1968:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 44, 457–462.
1930:. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 66.
1691:
1631:Petite grammaire de la langue mboó
477:, working in the nearby island of
419:According to Hedinger (1987), the
306:A lexico-statistical study by the
14:
4787:
3354:Francophone African Sign Language
2265:Recorded sample of Akoose (Elung)
2248:
1580:as well, depending on the tense.
1401:
913:/m̩b m̩m n̩n n̩h ŋ̍k n̩l n̩s n̩t/
235:, are a group of closely related
16:Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
1959:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 43, 455–6.
1677:Hedinger, Robert (ed.). (2016).
1621:Ewane Etame, Jean (ed.) (2018).
924:/ɲ̩tʃʲ n̩dʲ n̩lʲ n̩sʲ n̩tʲ n̩zʲ/
475:John Clarke (Baptist missionary)
416:slightly apart from the others.
394:, Bekoose, Koose, Nkoosi, Nkosi)
243:mountain range in south-western
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2185:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2005:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1917:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1762:New Updated Guthrie List Online
1615:
1045:
921:/m̩bʷ m̩mʷ m̩pʷ ŋ̍kʷ ŋ̍gʷ n̩sʷ/
434:There are many loan words from
182: – Kaka (Central Mbo)
4712:of the language on their left.
2134:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 137–142.
1950:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 43, 454.
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1658:Studies in African Linguistics
383:Central Group: Western Cluster
348:Central Group: Eastern Cluster
1:
1685:
1416:"the house is good" (class 9)
1278:, making a sentence such as:
905:/tʃʲ dʲ hʲ lʲ mʲ nʲ pʲ sʲ tʲ/
874:/ ("y"); for example, Akoose
514:
338:Myəngə (Mienge, Mbo of Nguti)
2080:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 76–80.
2071:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 73–74.
2062:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 71–72.
1772:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 2, 19.
796:
789:
779:
761:
741:
721:
707:
698:
677:
672:
667:
662:
648:
636:
631:
617:
610:
601:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
509:
301:
7:
2224:Hedinger (1981), pp. 49–50.
2215:Hedinger (1981), pp. 39–42.
2170:Hedinger (1981), pp. 34–36.
2035:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 72–3.
1826:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 38–9.
1817:Hedinger (1984a), pp. 37–8.
1808:Hedinger (1987), pp. 134–5.
1469:"join together" and so on.
1249:
1019:"four" has a low tone, and
897:Some can be combined with /
504:Grammatik der Nkosi-Sprache
409:Mbo of Ekanang (Mbouroukou)
10:
4792:
2392:Cameroonian Pidgin English
1674:Dallas: SIL International.
1638:Hedinger, Robert (1984a).
1071:for a consonant stem, but
1049:
1040:
828:/ with non-implosive /b/.
294:the languages as a whole.
4771:Northwest Bantu languages
4694:
4564:
4451:
4409:
4362:
4297:
4244:
4143:
4102:
4095:
4056:
3943:
3872:
3813:
3772:
3695:
3636:
3571:
3518:
3511:
3453:
3367:
3346:
2415:
2384:
2333:
2312:
2242:Hedinger (2016), Grammar.
2182:Hedinger (1984a), p. 140.
2152:Hedinger (1984a), p. 137.
1889:Hedinger (1984a), p. 265.
1880:Hedinger (1984a), p. 269.
1871:Hedinger (1984a), p. 272.
1844:Hedinger (1984a), p. 274.
1679:Akoose–English Dictionary
1670:Hedinger, Robert (2008).
1663:Hedinger, Robert (1987),
1355:"clothes irons" (class 6)
1013:"three" has a high tone,
949:
862:/ is written as "y" and /
831:The prenasalised sounds /
774:
754:
686:
657:
554:
525:
397:Nnɛnong (Nninong, Ninong)
239:spoken on and around the
209:
193:
153:
148:
75:
71:(180,000 cited 1995–2004)
65:
43:
33:
26:
21:
2053:Hedinger (1984a), p. 61.
2044:Hedinger (1984a), p. 60.
2016:. Université de Yaoundé.
1986:Hedinger (1984a), p. 58.
1977:Hedinger (1984a), p. 45.
1799:Hedinger (1984a), p. 55.
1790:Hedinger (1984a), p. 24.
1781:Hedinger (1984a), p. 23.
1760:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
1428:
1347:"clothes iron" (class 5)
980:"my" (classes 3, 4, 6),
968:
2233:Hedinger (1981), p. 64.
2193:
1750:(subscription required)
1736:(subscription required)
1722:(subscription required)
1708:(subscription required)
1604:
1554:
1548:
1530:
1521:
1508:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1412:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1363:"clothes box" (class 3)
1359:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1233:
1220:
1212:
1199:
1191:
1178:
1170:
1157:
1149:
1136:
1128:
1115:
1107:
1094:
1086:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1000:
986:"speckled mouse-bird".
982:
976:
882:
876:
4719:Guthrie classification
3504:Guthrie classification
2270:Recorded sample of Mbo
2191:Hedinger (2016), s.v.
2012:Same, Eveline (1987).
1924:Anne Schröder (2003).
1900:"The Bakossi Language"
1650:10.25501/SOAS.00028528
1542:would give him a robe"
1451:"meet" can be derived
1031:in a main clause, but
893:/bʷ hʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ pʷ sʷ/
275:
4776:Languages of Cameroon
2306:Languages of Cameroon
2161:Hedinger (ed) (2016).
1660:, 12 (3). pp. 81–102.
1377:"bottle of oil" (cf.
1050:Further information:
421:Bafaw-Balong language
390:Akɔɔse (Kose, Akosi,
269:
262:Name of the languages
3359:Maroua Sign Language
2416:Indigenous languages
1681:. SIL International.
406:Ngemengə (Ngemengoe)
400:Mwamenam (Mouamenam)
231:, also known as the
3368:Immigrant languages
1439:"meet" (low tone),
1203:= forest buffalo(s)
1004:"Akoose language".
812:/b/ is usually the
495:Polyglotta Africana
331:North-Western Group
314:North-Eastern Group
274:on the Eastern side
229:Manenguba languages
175: – Akoose
2313:Official languages
1726:Kaka (Central Mbo)
1531:adogté mə́ áte aá
1515:Akoose also has a
1328:Associative marker
989:The tones display
940:/ (written "ng").
820:/ with implosive /
454:Early descriptions
276:
4758:
4757:
4703:extinct languages
4690:
4689:
4091:
4090:
3465:
3464:
2206:Hedinger (1984b).
2112:Hedinger (2016),
1998:Hedinger (2016),
1748:(18th ed., 2015)
1734:(18th ed., 2015)
1720:(18th ed., 2015)
1706:(18th ed., 2015)
958:/i e ɛ a ə ɔ o u/
800:
799:
737:
717:
694:
629:
599:
567:
462:, a teacher from
225:
224:
189: – Sosi
4783:
4100:
4099:
3516:
3515:
3502:(Zones A–B) (by
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3468:
2402:Ewondo Populaire
2299:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2093:
2092:Hedinger (2016).
2090:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1737:
1723:
1709:
1695:
1653:
1610:
1570:dependent clause
1557:
1551:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1423:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1244:
1236:
1223:
1215:
1202:
1194:
1181:
1173:
1160:
1152:
1139:
1131:
1118:
1110:
1098:= person, people
1097:
1090:= thief, thieves
1089:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1003:
985:
979:
939:
935:
931:
900:
885:
879:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
823:
819:
805:
792:
787:
782:
764:
744:
735:
724:
715:
710:
701:
692:
680:
675:
670:
665:
651:
645:
639:
634:
627:
620:
613:
608:
604:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
565:
523:
522:
486:Sigismund Koelle
370:Mwahɛd (Manehas)
364:Mwaneka (Baneka)
341:Nswasə (Basossi)
221:
215:
205:
188:
181:
174:
168: – Mbo
167:
158:
113:Southern Bantoid
81:
19:
18:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4686:
4560:
4447:
4405:
4358:
4293:
4240:
4139:
4087:
4052:
3939:
3935:South-West Fang
3868:
3809:
3768:
3691:
3632:
3567:
3507:
3500:Bantu languages
3496:
3466:
3461:
3449:
3363:
3342:
3133:Northwest Gbaya
2411:
2380:
2334:Major languages
2329:
2308:
2303:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1710:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1618:
1563:indicative mood
1561:In the present
1474:Imperative mood
1431:
1404:
1391:"thieves" (cf.
1360:ntyə́g ḿ mbɔ́té
1352:meláá mé mbɔ́té
1330:
1252:
1058:Bantu languages
1054:
1048:
1043:
974:example Akoose
971:
952:
559:
517:
512:
456:
358:Belon (Balondo)
355:Mkaaeʔ (Bakaka)
304:
291:Malcolm Guthrie
264:
237:Bantu languages
219:
216:
211:
201:
184:
183:
177:
176:
170:
169:
163:
162:
154:
144:
82:
79:Language family
77:
68:
67:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3657:Southeast Bobe
3653:
3651:Southwest Bobe
3647:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3347:Sign languages
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Chadian Arabic
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2249:External links
2247:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2184:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2004:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1916:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1753:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1544:
1543:
1538:"he lied that
1519:verbal prefix
1472:Except in the
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1403:
1402:Locative nouns
1400:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1317:) are eating (
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1161:= leaf, leaves
1154:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1116:ntyə́g, ntyə́g
1112:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
970:
967:
960:
959:
951:
948:
926:
925:
922:
915:
914:
907:
906:
895:
894:
870:/ has become /
798:
797:
795:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
765:
760:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
745:
740:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
725:
720:
718:
712:
711:
706:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
684:
683:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
654:
652:
647:
640:
635:
630:
624:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
600:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
516:
513:
511:
508:
466:who taught in
455:
452:
448:Pidgin English
413:
412:
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
385:
384:
380:
379:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
350:
349:
345:
344:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:Mbo of Ngwatta
322:
316:
315:
303:
300:
280:Harry Johnston
263:
260:
223:
222:
217:
210:
207:
206:
199:
191:
190:
159:
151:
150:
149:Language codes
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
93:Atlantic–Congo
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
45:
41:
40:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
24:
23:
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2015:
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1995:
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1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
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1937:3-8233-5821-9
1933:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1906:on 2011-03-24
1905:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1877:
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1814:
1805:
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1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:(Mwaneka) or
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1534:
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1513:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1479:
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1467:
1461:
1457:"meet with",
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1395:
1389:
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1375:
1371:
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1357:
1353:
1349:
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1344:aláá á mbɔ́té
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1245:= mushroom(s)
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:Gender 19/13
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1195:= antelope(s)
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1179:ehɔ́b, mehɔ́b
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:echem, e’chem
1147:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:nchîb, bechîb
1084:
1083:
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1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
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992:
987:
984:
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944:
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923:
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902:
892:
891:
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829:
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768:
766:
759:
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753:
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719:
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641:
626:
625:
622:
615:
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545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
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524:
521:
507:
505:
500:
497:
496:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:Hannah Kilham
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:Swadesh lists
426:
422:
417:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
387:
386:
382:
381:
376:Mbaʔ (Bareko)
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
352:
351:
347:
346:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
329:
323:
321:Mbo of Mboébo
320:
319:
318:
317:
313:
312:
311:
309:
299:
295:
292:
287:
285:
281:
273:
268:
259:
255:
253:
248:
246:
242:
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208:
204:
200:
198:
197:
192:
187:
180:
173:
166:
160:
157:
152:
147:
129:
126:
125:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
80:
74:
70:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
4698:
3550:
3455:
3333:Zulgo-Gemzek
3223:South Giziga
3123:North Giziga
2892:
2453:Bafaw-Balong
2397:Camfranglais
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2187:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2007:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1926:
1919:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1756:
1743:
1729:
1715:
1701:
1693:
1671:
1667:. Routledge.
1664:
1657:
1640:
1630:
1616:Bibliography
1605:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1552:rather than
1545:
1539:
1535:ə̄bɛ́ mbɔ́té
1532:
1514:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1432:
1421:á-ndáb á-bóó
1405:
1366:
1331:
1311:) children (
1293:
1289:
1285:
1253:
1227:
1213:eʼmii, memii
1207:Gender 14/6
1206:
1186:Gender 9/10
1185:
1164:
1143:
1122:
1108:nchém, nchém
1101:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1056:As in other
1055:
1046:Noun classes
1006:
988:
972:
964:
961:
953:
945:
942:
927:
916:
908:
896:
888:
857:
830:
811:
808:
801:
518:
503:
501:
493:
490:Sierra Leone
483:
472:
468:Sierra Leone
457:
450:or English.
433:
418:
414:
305:
296:
288:
283:
282:in his work
277:
256:
249:
232:
228:
226:
213:Guthrie code
194:
127:
27:
4676:West Ngongo
3328:Zizilivakan
3268:Vemgo-Mabas
2588:Chamba Leko
1595:(Mwaneka).
1546:The use of
1490:"to meet",
1463:"arrange",
1216:= finger(s)
1182:= voice(es)
1171:ekuu, mekuu
1165:Gender 7/6
1158:chyaá, byaá
1153:= tongue(s)
1144:Gender 7/8
1129:abad, mebad
1123:Gender 5/6
1102:Gender 3/4
1081:Gender 1/2
776:Approximant
488:working in
479:Fernando Pó
233:Mbo cluster
103:Benue–Congo
98:Volta–Congo
87:Niger–Congo
4765:Categories
4444:(spurious)
3728:South Kogo
3722:North Kogo
3645:North Bobe
3425:Portuguese
3128:North Mofu
2993:Mofu-Gudur
2194:âdoged áte
1910:2011-02-11
1745:Ethnologue
1731:Ethnologue
1717:Ethnologue
1703:Ethnologue
1686:References
1517:logophoric
1413:ndáb e-bóó
1374:ekwɛ́m múl
1237:= firewood
1200:nyǎd, nyǎd
1132:= cloth(s)
880:= Mwaneka
515:Consonants
499:Mwamenam.
298:from Mbo.
272:Nkongsamba
161:Variously:
4710:varieties
4701:indicate
4609:East Yans
4508:Ndzindziu
4472:Ngungwele
4460:Tege-Kali
4218:Metombola
4158:West Kele
3456:See also:
3148:Nzakambay
3073:Ngiemboon
2893:Manenguba
2478:Bambalang
2000:Phonology
1397:"people")
1242:hyɛn, lɛn
1234:hyǒn, lǒn
1224:= tree(s)
1221:bwɛl, mɛl
1140:= nose(s)
1119:= box(es)
991:downdrift
814:implosive
693:voiceless
688:Fricative
566:voiceless
561:Affricate
510:Phonology
464:Yorkshire
367:Manenguba
302:Languages
241:Manenguba
196:Glottolog
156:ISO 639-3
128:Manenguba
122:Zone A.15
44:Ethnicity
28:Mbo, Ngoe
22:Manenguba
4556:Tsitsege
4466:Njiningi
4436:Kaning'i
4236:Mahongwe
4224:Molengue
4212:Ndambomo
4152:Sekiyani
4048:Koonzime
3905:Yangafek
3430:Japanese
3083:Ngombale
3048:Nda’nda’
3013:Mpumpong
2923:Mazagway
2678:Ghomala'
2673:Gbanzili
2488:Bangolan
2361:Fulfulde
1608:apɛ hɛ́n
1388:băl ojíw
1299:"those (
1250:Concords
1192:káb, káb
1174:= leg(s)
1137:dúu, múu
1111:= bat(s)
1095:mod, bad
1001:Akɔ́ɔ̄sē
995:downstep
886:"hair".
736:prenasal
628:prenasal
529:Bilabial
245:Cameroon
203:mane1268
60:Bassossi
38:Cameroon
4699:Italics
4526:Musieno
4383:Tsaangi
4271:Himbaka
4176:Mbangwe
4111:Mpongwe
4018:Ukwedjo
4006:Bomwali
3988:Medjime
3976:Konabem
3917:Gbïgbïl
3840:Bacenga
3834:Mangisa
3828:Yambasa
3799:Ngayaba
3787:Kaalong
3764:Yambeta
3752:Aling'a
3616:Mulimba
3580:Bomboko
3563:Nkongho
3545:Bonkeng
3498:Narrow
3435:Russian
3420:Chinese
3400:Italian
3390:Spanish
3385:Punjabi
3375:English
3108:Nkongho
3093:Nimbari
3068:Ngambay
3028:Mungaka
3023:Mundang
2968:Mengisa
2898:Mangbai
2753:Kaalong
2553:Bonkeng
2548:Bomwali
2468:Baldemu
2448:Babanki
2385:Pidgins
2376:Medumba
2325:English
2114:Grammar
1320:bé-dyâg
1305:) two (
1062:classes
1041:Grammar
932:/ and /
556:Plosive
549:Glottal
539:Palatal
534:Coronal
436:English
425:Nkongho
392:Bakossi
252:Bakossi
108:Bantoid
48:Bakossi
4659:(Ngwi)
4643:[B821
4554:[B701
4484:Tsaayi
4478:Mpumpu
4442:Yangho
4434:[B602
4430:Nduumo
4424:Mbaama
4387:[B501
4336:Varama
4328:[B401
4277:Bongwe
4263:[B301
4192:[B201
4182:Wumbvu
4129:Dyumba
4096:Zone B
4065:Kwakum
4010:[A801
4000:Mpiemo
3994:Mpompo
3982:Bekwil
3952:Mvumbo
3933:[A751
3911:Bëbëlë
3887:Ewondo
3850:[A621
3803:[A501
3750:[A441
3740:Nyokon
3710:Bankon
3669:Bapoko
3620:[A221
3586:Baakpe
3555:[A141
3539:Balong
3512:Zone A
3440:Danish
3415:Arabic
3410:Hebrew
3395:German
3380:French
3338:Zumaya
3313:Yedina
3293:Wuzlam
3258:Tupuri
3253:Tsuvan
3218:Sharwa
3208:Psikyɛ
3193:Pinyin
3188:Parkwa
3153:Nzanyi
3138:Nyokon
3103:Njerep
3078:Ngomba
3063:Nga'ka
3043:Nagumi
3038:Muyang
2998:Moloko
2988:Mfumte
2983:Mesaka
2973:Menyam
2963:Məgaka
2958:Mefele
2938:Mbudum
2908:Maslam
2888:Malgbe
2878:Majera
2858:Limbum
2848:Lagwan
2838:Kwasio
2833:Kwakum
2783:Kasabe
2773:Kanuri
2688:Glavda
2653:Fe'fe'
2623:Esimbi
2608:Ɗugwor
2603:Dowayo
2543:Bitare
2538:Bishuo
2518:Bebele
2493:Bankon
2473:Bamali
2407:Arabic
2371:Lamnso
2356:Ewondo
2320:French
1934:
1712:Akoose
1606:asébpé
1504:Finite
1466:bomtɛn
1383:"oil")
950:Vowels
756:Rhotic
716:voiced
598:voiced
444:Douala
440:French
361:Babong
56:Bakaka
4682:Nzadi
4680:B865
4674:B864
4670:Mpiin
4668:B863
4662:B862
4655:B861
4649:B822
4639:Mbuun
4625:B85e
4621:Ntsuo
4619:B85d
4613:B85c
4607:B85b
4603:Mbiem
4601:B85a
4597:Mpuun
4595:B84b
4591:Mpuon
4589:B84a
4585:Mfinu
4573:Tiene
4550:Wuumu
4542:B77b
4538:Kukwa
4536:B77a
4530:B76b
4524:B76a
4512:B74b
4506:B74a
4500:B73d
4494:B73c
4490:Laali
4488:B73b
4482:B73a
4476:B72b
4470:B72a
4464:B71b
4458:B71a
4440:B603
4418:Mbete
4399:B503
4395:Mwele
4393:B502
4389:Wanzi
4377:Nzebi
4354:Bwali
4352:B411
4348:Ngubi
4346:B404
4342:Vungu
4340:B403
4334:B402
4330:Bwisi
4324:Lumbu
4312:Sangu
4287:B305
4283:Pinzi
4281:B304
4275:B303
4269:B302
4259:Kande
4253:Tsogo
4234:B252
4230:Shake
4228:B251
4222:B221
4216:B205
4210:B204
4204:B203
4200:Sighu
4198:B202
4194:Ndasa
4168:B22c
4162:B22b
4156:B22a
4135:Nkomi
4133:B11e
4127:B11d
4123:Galwa
4121:B11c
4117:Rongo
4115:B11b
4109:B11a
4075:A92b
4069:A92a
4046:A842
4042:Bajue
4040:A841
4036:Bekol
4034:A832
4028:A831
4024:Shiwe
4022:A803
4016:A802
4012:Gyele
3998:A86c
3992:A86b
3986:A86a
3980:A85b
3974:A85a
3964:Makaa
3915:A73b
3909:A73a
3903:A72d
3899:Bakja
3897:A72c
3893:Mvele
3891:A72b
3885:A72a
3864:Mbule
3862:A623
3856:A622
3822:Ngoro
3805:Hijuk
3762:A462
3758:Bonek
3756:A461
3746:Mandi
3734:Banen
3726:A43c
3720:A43b
3716:Mbene
3714:A43a
3704:Lombi
3687:Benga
3681:Kombe
3679:A33b
3673:A33a
3667:A32b
3663:Banoo
3661:A32a
3655:A31c
3649:A31b
3643:A31a
3626:A231
3622:Bubia
3610:Pongo
3598:Duala
3561:A151
3533:Barue
3527:Londo
3445:Dutch
3405:Hindi
3318:Yemba
3303:Yambe
3298:Yamba
3273:Vengo
3243:Tikar
3238:Tibea
3213:Rombi
3203:Pongo
3183:Papia
3173:Otank
3168:Oroko
3158:Nzime
3143:Nyong
3033:Musgu
3008:Mpade
2978:Merey
2948:Mbule
2943:Mbuko
2918:Matal
2913:Massa
2903:Manza
2883:Makaa
2853:Limba
2843:La'bi
2823:Kutin
2758:Kabba
2738:Iyive
2733:Ipulo
2718:Hijuk
2708:Hausa
2703:Gvoko
2683:Gidar
2668:Gbanu
2663:Gawar
2648:Fanji
2633:Evant
2593:Cuvok
2568:Buwal
2533:Bikya
2523:Bebil
2498:Basaa
2458:Bafia
2438:Aghem
2433:Afade
2351:Duala
2341:Bamum
1499:awɔ́g
1493:âwɔ́g
1460:bomed
1454:bomɛn
1429:Verbs
1335:a/á/é
1308:bé-bɛ
1296:-dyâg
1257:a/á/é
1073:d(y)-
1034:ápímé
1028:apimé
1022:-táan
1016:-niin
1010:-láán
969:Tones
659:Nasal
544:Velar
373:Bafun
308:Swiss
118:Bantu
4717:The
4664:Lwel
4657:Ngul
4651:Nunu
4637:B87
4631:B86
4627:Mpur
4615:Yeei
4583:B83
4579:Boma
4577:B82
4571:B81
4548:B78
4544:Fumu
4532:Ngee
4520:Bali
4518:B75
4514:Boma
4428:B63
4422:B62
4416:B61
4401:Vili
4381:B53
4375:B52
4371:Duma
4369:B51
4322:B44
4318:Punu
4316:B43
4310:B42
4306:Sira
4304:B41
4289:Vove
4265:Viya
4257:B32
4251:B31
4206:Sama
4188:Kota
4186:B25
4180:B24
4174:B23
4170:Bubi
4164:Ngom
4150:B21
4083:Kako
4081:A93
4077:Pomo
4063:A91
4030:Byep
4004:A87
3970:Njem
3968:A84
3962:A83
3956:A82
3950:A81
3929:Fang
3927:A75
3923:Bulu
3921:A74
3881:Eton
3879:A71
3858:Gunu
3852:Baca
3846:Bati
3844:A65
3838:A64
3832:A63
3826:A62
3820:A61
3797:A54
3791:A53
3785:A52
3779:A51
3744:A46
3738:A45
3732:A44
3708:A42
3702:A41
3685:A34
3675:Yasa
3628:Kole
3614:A27
3608:A26
3602:A25
3596:A24
3590:A23
3584:A22
3578:A21
3557:Bafo
3549:A15
3543:A14
3537:A13
3531:A12
3525:A11
3323:Yeni
3308:Yasa
3283:Voko
3278:Vere
3263:Vame
3228:Suwu
3163:Oblo
3118:Noni
3113:Noho
3098:Njem
3088:Ngwe
3053:Ndai
3018:Mser
3003:Mono
2953:Mbum
2933:Mboa
2928:Mbə’
2873:Mafa
2868:Maɗa
2828:Kwa’
2813:Kpwe
2808:Koma
2798:Kogo
2788:Kera
2778:Kare
2768:Kali
2763:Kako
2748:Jina
2743:Jimi
2723:Hina
2698:Gunu
2693:Gude
2643:Fang
2628:Eton
2618:Eman
2613:Duli
2598:Daba
2583:Ceve
2578:Caka
2573:Byep
2563:Bung
2558:Bube
2528:Beti
2513:Batu
2508:Bati
2503:Bata
2483:Bana
2463:Baka
2443:Ambo
2428:Abon
2346:Bulu
1932:ISBN
1740:Sosi
1578:-nɛ́
1549:mə́-
1522:mə́-
1496:(or
1487:âbom
1442:wɔ́g
1302:á-bé
1292:-bɛ
1288:băn
983:ńhal
977:ḿmem
877:nyoŋ
442:and
403:Eluŋ
227:The
220:A.15
4645:Mpe
4565:B80
4502:Kwe
4496:Yaa
4452:B70
4410:B60
4363:B50
4298:B40
4245:B30
4144:B20
4103:B10
4071:Pol
4057:A90
3944:A80
3873:A70
3814:A60
3793:Kpa
3781:Fa’
3773:A50
3696:A40
3637:A30
3604:Oli
3572:A20
3551:Mbo
3519:A10
3288:Wom
3233:Swo
3198:Pol
3178:Pam
3058:Nen
2863:Luo
2818:Kuo
2803:Kol
2728:Hya
2713:Hdi
2658:Fut
2638:Fa’
2366:Kom
1742:at
1728:at
1714:at
1700:at
1698:Mbo
1646:doi
1593:-ká
1589:-ɛ́
1576:or
1574:-ɛ́
1533:mə́
1509:de-
1480:or
1448:bom
1436:bom
1394:bal
1380:mǔl
1314:băn
1272:or
1263:băn
883:yuŋ
849:ᶮdʒ
644:ᶮdʒ
186:bsi
179:bqz
172:bss
165:mbo
52:Mbo
4767::
4633:Di
3958:So
3592:Su
3248:To
2793:Ki
2175:^
2097:^
2085:^
1991:^
1585:-á
1555:a-
1540:he
1484::
1482:â-
1478:a-
1323:)"
1294:bé
1290:bé
1286:bé
1284:á-
1275:bé
1269:be
1069:a-
938:ᵑɡ
853:ⁿz
845:ⁿz
841:ᵑɡ
839:,
837:ⁿz
835:,
833:ⁿd
826:ᵐb
818:mɓ
804:tʃ
743:ⁿz
650:ᵑɡ
646:)
638:ⁿd
633:ᵐb
605:,
581:tʃ
438:,
247:.
89:?
58:,
54:,
50:,
4705:.
3506:)
3491:e
3484:t
3477:v
2298:e
2291:t
2284:v
2197:.
2116:.
2002:.
1940:.
1913:.
1652:.
1648::
934:ŋ
930:g
928:/
899:j
872:j
868:ɲ
864:ɲ
860:j
858:/
822:ɓ
802:/
791:j
786:l
781:w
763:r
723:z
709:h
700:s
679:ŋ
674:ɲ
669:n
664:m
642:(
619:g
612:d
607:b
603:ɓ
591:ʔ
586:k
576:t
571:p
558:/
124:)
120:(
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