303:, a novel that is explicitly about slave breeding. In the novel, Warren Maxwell, owner of the Falconhurst plantation, reiterates time and again that cotton is not a reliable crop and the real money is in breeding "niggers". Over the course of the novel, four female slaves give birth (and another miscarries), and in each instance the Maxwells give the slaves a dollar and a new dress. The Maxwells, particularly the elder Warren, wax poetic about slave breeding, arguing that while slaves with white (or "human" as the Maxwells put it in the novel) blood are smarter and better looking, purebred Mandingos are among the strongest and most submissive slaves. While Hammond Maxwell is more interested in satisfying his own sexual appetites and preparing his prize slave, Mede, for fights, Warren Maxwell spends much time planning how to mate various slaves to produce the best "suckers". There is much discussion over the virility of male slaves, such as when the cook, Lucretia Borgia, and Warren Maxwell have a discussion about who the father of her baby is:
341:, it is expected and assumed that white men will sleep with their own and others' female slaves. In addition to keeping a "bed wench" at home, when Hammond Maxwell travels to various locations, his hosts usually offer a slave to sleep with, along with dinner and a bed. When he visits the Woodfords and meets his future wife, Blanche, Hammond shares a bed with Charles Woodford and is given a slave to have sex with. While Hammond kicks the slave, Sukey, out of bed when he is done with her, he is shocked that Charles and his "bed wench", Katy, have sex—including kissing on the mouth—right next to him. Later, when Charles and Hammond travel to the Coign plantation, the owner, Mr. Wilson, gives Hammond a slave, Ellen, to sleep with. Hammond ends up falling in love and buying Ellen from Wilson.
376:"...but that there was more to the story never entered his imagination. That his wife, a white woman, should have willing carnal commerce with a Negro...was literally unthinkable, and Hammond did not think it." When the evidence of Blanche's affair comes forth in the form of a black baby, Hammond immediately asks the doctor for poison to kill Blanche. Although he certainly does not announce his intentions, both the doctor and his father know he is going to murder Blanche and neither one stops him because "who could blame the young husband?" The calmness with which Hammond poisons Blanche and then gruesomely murders Mede by boiling him alive in a kettle reveals that, at least in the world of
231:. Warren Maxwell is the elderly and infirm owner of Falconhurst and he lives there with his 19-year-old son, Hammond. Falconhurst is a slave-breeding plantation where slaves are encouraged to mate and produce children ("suckers"). Because of the nature of the plantation, the slaves are well fed, not overworked, and rarely punished in a brutal manner. However, the slaves are treated as animals to be utilized as the Maxwells wish. Warren Maxwell, for example, sleeps with his feet against a naked slave to drain his
372:
realize this at first and when he is made aware of it, his first instinct is denial: "'You gen'lemen wrong,' said
Hammond. 'She white, an' ain't no white lady goin' to pester with no nigger buck. You wrong.'" When he comes to accept the obvious, he becomes physically ill: "He lay awake, obsessed and horrified by the fantasy of the German woman in the black man's arms." Hammond's repulsion foreshadows his own fate: his wife sleeping with and bearing the child of his own prize "nigger buck".
282:
crushing its skull. When
Hammond finds out, he calmly asks the doctor for some poison, mixes it in a hot toddy, and gives it to Blanche, killing her. He then boils water in a giant kettle and forces Mede to get in. When Mede resists, he uses a pitchfork to stab the slave to death and then orders the other slaves to keep the fire going, thus turning Mede into a soup. The novel ends with Hammond and Warren discussing Hammond's plans to leave Falconhurst and forge a new life out west.
397:(1957) turns the myth of Tara on its head with unashamed vulgarity." And the myth extended beyond literature to real life beliefs about the Antebellum South. Smithers writes that "Two of the most enduring fictions to emerge in Lost Cause mythology were the trope of the chivalrous white southern male and the dutiful (and asexual) white woman." That Onstott so thoroughly skewered these beloved beliefs of those who glamorized the Antebellum South shows how radical a novel
239:
16-year-old cousin, Blanche. He asks
Blanche's father, Major Woodford, permission to marry her within four hours of meeting her. After receiving the Major's permission, Hammond and Charles Woodford, Blanche's brother, travel to the Coign plantation where Hammond purchases a "fightin' nigger", Ganymede (aka Mede), and a young, female slave named Ellen. Later, Hammond reveals his love for Ellen, despite his intentions to wed Blanche.
1121:
359:
with a single wench aroused her ire." Blanche's anger at
Hammond and jealousy of Ellen grow throughout the final third of the book until she retaliates by sleeping with the Mandingo slave, Mede. But unlike a white man having sex with a black woman, a white woman voluntarily having sex with a black man is so beyond the parameters of acceptable behavior, it can only be punished by death.
355:"It was disgust, bordering upon nausea, that a white man should assume an amatory equality with a Negro wench. It was beneath the dignity of his race—somehow bestial. A wench was an object for a white man's use when he should need her, not a goal of his affections, to be commanded and not to be wheedled."
421:
as "a remarkable book based on slave period documents", other critics have deemed the book sensationalist and offensive. Van Deburg writes that "None of the three contributors to the series could be considered knowledgeable about the black experience" and argued that "The
Falconhurst novels reveled
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Blanche has her baby, a girl, Sophy. Despite giving birth and Ellen's miscarriage, Blanche's jealousy of Ellen continues to grow. When
Hammond travels to an estate auction and secretly takes Ellen along, Blanche becomes apoplectic. She orders Mede to come to her room and have sex with her. Before he
250:
On their wedding night, Hammond leaves his and
Blanche's room in the middle of the night. Hammond believes that Blanche is not a virgin. Although she denies having previous sex partners, it turns out that Blanche lost her virginity to her brother, Charles, at age 13. She does not reveal this fact to
242:
Back at
Falconhurst, Hammond and Warren mate Mede, a pure Mandingo slave, with Big Pearl, another Mandingo slave. It turns out that Mede and Big Pearl are brother and sister, but no one shows concern over the incestuous act. Charles and Hammond take Mede to a bar to fight with other slaves. Hammond
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Later, when
Hammond is married to Blanche, yet still sleeping with Ellen almost every night, Blanche is upset not because her husband sleeps with female slaves, but because he sleeps with one female slave: "Her husband's philandering with his wenches she would not have resented, but his dalliance
463:
as "...one of the most compellingly powerful novels I have ever read." Nearly all critics were quick to point out the "morbid, revolting, interesting, sadistic..." nature of the content while also accepting
Onstott's vision of the Antebellum South as accurate: "...it carries with it the power of
375:
After Blanche sleeps with Mede, she pierces his ears with the earrings Hammond got for her (of which there was an identical pair for Ellen) as a way to "mark" Mede as hers and also retaliate at Hammond. Hammond sees Mede wearing the earrings as Blanche's silly form of revenge and it amuses him:
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is filtered through the mind and experiences of Hammond Maxwell. The issue is not brought up until chapter 35, when Hammond sells a male slave to a German woman. The men Hammond is with understand and are amused by the fact that the woman is obviously buying the slave for sex. Hammond does not
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Blanche becomes pregnant again and does not know if the baby is Mede's or Hammond's. She realizes it is too late to accuse Mede of rape. In the final chapter of the book she gives birth and the child is dark-skinned and looks like Mede. Blanche's mother, visiting Falconhurst, kills the baby by
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Hammond sets off with his "body nigger", Omega (Meg), to the Crowfoot plantation to wed Blanche. Once he arrives at Crowfoot, Hammond learns that Charles never returned to the plantation, taking with him $ 2,500 that Hammond loaned Major Woodford and the diamond ring for Blanche. Despite the
306:"So that Napoleon boy I give you had a nigger in him after all? A long time comin' out," commented Maxwell. "I reckons I didn't git it from 'Poleon. That squirt no good. This baby is Memnon's, I figures. Masta Ham tole me to try Memnon agin, and I been pesterin' with him fer about a month."
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Although Hammond keeps a "bed-wench" for sexual satisfaction, his father wishes him to marry and produce a pure white heir. Hammond is skeptical and is not sexually attracted to white women. Despite his misgivings, he travels to his Cousin Beatrix's plantation, Crowfoot, and there meets his
422:
in white sexual exploitation of black slaves." Van Deburg's use of the word "reveled" suggests that the authors of the Falconhurst series wrote mainly to titillate the audience rather than to criticize the culture of American slavery. Seidel writes off the character of Blanche as a
390:"These unattractive representations of southern white women as sexually insatiable and totally unfaithful...are also meant to destroy the earlier image of the chaste and delicate plantation belle of Thomas Nelson Page and numerous other authors of moonlight and magnolias fiction."
273:
While in Mississippi, Hammond sells one of his male slaves to a German woman, who obviously wants the slave for sex. When the other men in the group explain this to Hammond, he is physically repulsed and denies that a white woman would ever willingly sleep with a black slave.
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critic, mocked the Falconhurst series by using them as a litmus test for other "bad" fiction: "I am compelled to name the absolute worst, most regurgitory new-and-advertised book that I've read in 1975, the one most deserving of the Kyle Onstott Memorial Award..."
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Onstott was a lifelong bachelor, but at age 40, he chose to adopt a 23-year-old college student, Philip, who had lost his own parents. Philip eventually married a woman named Vicky and the two remained close to Onstott for the rest of his life. Onstott dedicated
299:, Gregory Smithers traces the history of coercive reproductive and sexual practices in the Antebellum South, as well as reactions and denials of the practice of slave breeding by historians throughout the twentieth century. Smithers goes into great detail about
27:
243:
plans to use his winnings to buy a diamond ring for Blanche. When it is Mede's turn to fight, he easily beats the other slave, Cudjo, in 20 seconds and neither man is seriously injured. Mede is clearly an extremely strong and powerful man.
204:
was first published in 1957 in hardcover. It was 659 pages long and sold around 2.7 million copies. Subsequent paperback editions whittled the novel down to 423 pages. The novel sold a total of 5 million copies in the United States.
380:, for a white lady to sleep with a black man was beyond taboo; it was a crime against nature so ghastly that immediate death for both parties was the only possible consequence. "There ain't no other way" explains Hammond to Warren.
309:
Such discussions of intimate details of slave bodies, genitals, and sexuality are rampant throughout the novel, and the reader becomes aware that for a slave at Falconhurst, nothing is private or sacred—not even sexual intimacy.
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After a few months at Falconhurst, Blanche is bored and dissatisfied. She begins drinking heavily and is jealous of Hammond's continuing preference for his "bed wench", Ellen, who is now pregnant. Soon, Blanche is also pregnant.
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is a tale of cruelty toward the black people of that time and place, detailing the overwhelmingly dehumanizing behavior meted out to the slaves, as well as vicious fights, poisoning, and violent death. The novel was made into a
450:
Such critical reactions show a disgust at the atrocities portrayed in Onstott's novel. However, Paul Talbot points out that some contemporary reviews accepted the novel as shocking, yet truthful. He quotes Earl Conrad of
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Hammond and Warren take Mede to another slave fight, where Mede is nearly beaten by a stronger slave, Topaz, but ends up killing Topaz by biting through his jugular vein. Later, Hammond travels again, this time to
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leaves, she forcibly pierces Mede's ears with a pair of earrings Hammond gave her. This is a particularly poignant act of retaliation against Hammond because he bought an identical pair of earrings for Ellen.
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is the only novel of the Falconhurst series that Onstott wrote, but he edited the next three novels in the series. All of the sequels were penned by either Lance Horner or Henry Whittington (Ashley Carter).
352:. However, there are limits to the actions and feelings that are acceptable between black women and white men. As pointed out above, Hammond is shocked when he sees Charles and Katy kiss on the lips:
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absolute conviction, and this quality may demand that we revise our notions of American history, for it confounds us with the evils of our past." It seems that whatever opinion critics had of
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and sadistic abuse of slaves. Having collaborated with his adopted son on a book about dog breeding, he decided to write a book that would make him rich. "Utilizing his son's
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has aroused in me a wild enthusiasm. It is just about the most sensational, yet the truest book I have ever read..." He quotes John Henry Faulk, a TV humorist who praised
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was a national and international best-seller, selling 5 million copies nationwide, critical opinions about the novel were—and continue to be—mixed. While black novelist
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confusion, the Major consents to let Blanche and Hammond marry. They do so that evening, with Dick Woodford (Blanche's brother, a preacher) performing the ceremony.
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While Hammond is away, Blanche calls Ellen to her room and whips her. Ellen miscarries and it is unclear whether her miscarriage is caused by the whipping.
383:
Earl Bargainnier points out that the trope of the sexually insatiable and adulterous white woman is very common in all the Falconhurst novels, not just
267:
of slaves. When Blanche reveals her fear that Hammond will sleep around with "white whores", Hammond bluntly states, "White ladies make me puke."
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take for granted their entitlement to sleep with female slaves, and offering a "bed wench" to a (male) guest is part of the code of
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Kyle Onstott's lifelong interest in dog breeding most certainly affected the theme of breeding slaves and slave typologies in
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when he was 65 years old. He based some of the events in the novel on "bizarre legends" he heard while growing up: tales of
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468:, they could not deny its emotional impact on readers and its challenge to the romanticization of the Antebellum South.
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144:. Although he never had a steady job, Onstott was from an affluent family, and, living with his widowed mother in
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was followed by several sequels over the next three decades, some of which were co-written by Onstott with
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387:, and that these white female characters have an intense lust for black men. Bargainnier explains,
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publisher, released it and it became a national sensation." He was invited to write an article for
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in the cast; it ran for only eight performances. The novel and play were the basis for the 1975
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owned by the planter Warren Maxwell. The narrative centers on Maxwell, his son Hammond, and the
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325:: "I've always felt that the human race could be regenerated by selective breeding. But
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that reflects less on racism than on its readers' perversion." Eliot Fremont-Smith, a
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and in later years written by Harry Whittington under the pseudonym "Ashley Carter".
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takes place in 1832 on the fictional plantation Falconhurst, located close to
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Tim A. Ryan echoes this statement, writing, "Kyle Onstott's sensationalist
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article about American books published in France, Jacques Cabau refers to
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The cultural taboo of white women having sex with black male slaves in
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and judge in regional dog shows, in lieu of any professional calling.
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Slave Breeding: Sex, Violence, and Memory in African American History
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in the early 1900s, was able to pursue his main hobby, that of a
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without considering the character's complexities. In a 1967
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Calls and Responses: The American Novel of Slavery since
105:, published in 1957. The book is set in the 1830s in the
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primarily around Falconhurst, a fictional plantation in
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Kyle Elihu Onstott was born on January 12, 1887, in
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183:and his son served as editor. Denlinger's, a small
1012:Fremont-Smith as cited in Bargainnier 1976, p. 299
363:Sexual relations between white women and black men
333:Sexual relations between white men and black women
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514:
1081:
735:The New Orleans of Fiction: A Research Guide
967:Harrington as cited in Smithers 2012, p.153
25:
624:In order of internal series chronology:
1052:Price as cited in Talbot 2009, pp.20-21
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193:in 1959 about the horrors of slavery.
1021:Conrad as cited in Talbot 2009, p. 19
847:"Best-Seller Breed, The" 1957, p. 122
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404:
317:. Onstott even comments on this in a
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1030:Faulk as cited in Talbot 2009, p.20
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1198:American novels adapted into films
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14:
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1203:Fiction about interracial romance
329:isn't the sort of thing I mean."
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1146:Louisiana State University Press
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738:. Scarecrow Press. p. 288.
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493:in New York in May, 1961, with
1043:as cited in Talbot 2009, p. 20
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529:In order by publication date:
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1:
1183:Novels about American slavery
931:Bargainnier 1976, pp. 304–305
719:
515:Literary sequels and prequels
778:, "The Master of Mandingo",
7:
802:Talbot 2009, pp. 18, 22, 24
677:Miz Lucretia of Falconhurst
606:Miz Lucretia of Falconhurst
10:
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16:1957 novel by Kyle Onstott
958:Smithers 2012, p. 152-152
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117:slave Ganymede, or Mede.
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24:
1086:. Movies & TV Dept.
856:Onstott 1957, pp.133-134
820:Bargainnier 1976, p. 298
732:Kaser, James A. (2014).
401:was, despite its flaws.
190:True: The Man's Magazine
1188:Novels set in the 1830s
1106:Talbot 2009, pp.267-270
689:Taproots of Falconhurst
635:Mistress of Falconhurst
588:Taproots of Falconhurst
576:Mistress of Falconhurst
483:play based on the novel
215:
985:Van Deburg 1984, p.149
976:Van Deburg 1984, p.148
695:Scandal of Falconhurst
594:Scandal of Falconhurst
163:Onstott began writing
1193:Novels set in Alabama
1135:Ryan, Tim A. (2008).
1082:Paul Brenner (2013).
811:Smithers 2012, p. 152
793:Talbot 2009, pp. 3, 6
707:Master of Falconhurst
653:Flight to Falconhurst
570:Flight to Falconhurst
546:Master of Falconhurst
160:to Philip and Vicky.
124:film of the same name
1173:1957 American novels
1039:Lexington, Kentucky
949:Smithers 2012, p. 53
922:Onstott 1957, p. 644
910:Onstott 1957, p. 614
901:Onstott 1957, p. 510
892:Onstott 1957, p. 508
883:Onstott 1957, p. 405
865:Onstott 1957, p. 157
829:Onstott 1957, p. 475
671:Falconhurst Fugitive
665:Rogue of Falconhurst
618:Falconhurst Fugitive
600:Rogue of Falconhurst
434:as "a sort of Uncle
350:southern hospitality
261:Natchez, Mississippi
1178:Fiction set in 1832
994:Seidel 1985, p. xii
874:Onstott 1957, p.134
838:Onstott 1957, p. 31
781:The Washington Post
713:Heir to Falconhurst
564:Heir to Falconhurst
21:
1140:Gone with the Wind
1089:The New York Times
503:Paramount Pictures
405:Critical reactions
142:Du Quoin, Illinois
19:
1155:978-0-8071-3322-4
1003:Cabau 1967, p. 36
659:Six-Fingered Stud
629:Falconhurst Fancy
582:Six-Fingered Stud
552:Falconhurst Fancy
344:The white men in
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41:Kyle Onstott
774:Article by
477:Adaptations
197:Publication
177:West Africa
150:dog breeder
58:Denlinger's
1167:Categories
1084:"Mandingo"
1063:"Mandingo"
720:References
683:The Mustee
558:The Mustee
233:rheumatism
146:California
776:Rudy Maxa
409:Although
251:Hammond.
126:in 1975.
55:Publisher
20:Mandingo
1068:Playbill
641:Mandingo
534:Mandingo
520:Mandingo
508:Mandingo
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417:praised
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202:Mandingo
185:Virginia
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165:Mandingo
158:Mandingo
119:Mandingo
115:Mandingo
98:Mandingo
47:Language
1071:. 1961.
751:26 June
111:Alabama
89:2123289
50:English
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536:(1957)
472:Legacy
286:Themes
265:coffle
130:Author
37:Author
505:film
440:Cabin
227:near
73:Pages
1150:ISBN
753:2018
740:ISBN
701:Drum
540:Drum
497:and
436:Sade
216:Plot
83:OCLC
68:1957
455:: "
438:'s
337:In
295:In
76:659
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1148:.
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915:^
511:.
481:A
235:.
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755:.
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