27:
153:
370:
cultivators who must have given up their old appellation, Kunbi, and taken up the caste name, Maratha. ... The agricultural community of the
Maratha country is made up of Kunbis, Marathas and Malis. The first two are dry farmers depending solely on the monsoon rains for their crop, while the Malis work on irrigated lands working their fields all the year round on well-water or canals and growing fruit, vegetables, sugarcane and some varieties of cereals
177:) etc. In the 20th century, the mali have been the pioneers in using irrigation to grow cash crops such as sugar cane and in establishing farmer owned sugar mills. This led later in the century of wide spread cultivation of sugarcane in Western Maharashtra by other communities as well as the establishment hundreds of
369:
These figures as they stand are obviously wrong. The
Marathas had not doubled their numbers between 1901 and 1911 nor were the Kunbis reduced by almost three-fourths. Either the recorders had made wrong entries or what is more probable, "Kunbi" as a caste-category was no longer acceptable to
112:
in 2023; they demanded that a survey should be conducted by state in order to find out socio-economic status of the community in various regions of
Rajasthan. They also demanded 12 percent reservation in government jobs and educational institutions in state for themselves and their sister
206:(Society of Seekers of Truth) to attain equal rights for people from lower castes. Other Mali such as Gyanoba Sasane and Narayan lokhande were leading members and financial supporters of the Samaj in its early years. Lokhande has been called the father of trade Unionism in India.
201:
in India. The couple was among the first native
Indians to open a school for girls of India. He also founded a home for pregnant Hindu brahmin widows who were cast out by their families. In 1873, Phule, along with his followers, formed the
168:
region. They traditionally made their living by cultivating fruit, flowers and vegetables. There are many different sub-castes depending on what the sub-group cultivated, for example, the Phul mali were florists, the Jire mali grew jire or
101:, Kushwaha, Shakya, Saini are the different terms used to describe same community in various parts of North India. Mali used to serve in the royal palaces as jharabdar. A man named Lakho was prominent jharabdar in the reign of Maharaja
390:
193:
belonged to the Mali community. His work extended to many fields including eradication of untouchability and the caste system, and women's emancipation. He and his wife,
81:
are the three main farming communities of
Maharashtra – the difference being that the Marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year.
77:, an anthropologist, showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and
427:
382:
454:
164:
are a caste of cultivators specializing in horticulture. The caste is concentrated in five districts of
Western Maharashtra and a district in the
674:
843:
178:
901:
93:, caste based outfits of Mali caste, like 'Mahatama Phule Brigade', which caters to various needs of community associates them with
746:
657:
630:
597:
570:
543:
516:
215:
943:
831:
875:
948:
722:
226:, 14,995 people (0.1% of the population of Nepal) were Mali. The frequency of Malis by province was as follows:
589:
Caste, Conflict and
Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India
109:
487:"At the time of 1941 Census most of them got registered themselves as Saini (Sainik Kshatriya) Malis."
721:
Attwood, D.W., 2010. How I Learned To Do
Incorrect Research. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.37-44.
49:
found among the Hindus who traditionally worked as gardeners and florists. They also call themselves
705:
850:
383:"Caught off guard by Mali quota stir before polls, Gehlot invokes Rahul to pitch for caste census"
805:
Pandit, Nalini (1997). "Narayan
Meghaji Lokhande: The Father of Trade Union Movement in India".
508:
364:
938:
622:
266:
734:
647:
144:
state adopted the surname Saini during the 1930s when India was under
British colonial rule.
560:
533:
273:
The frequency of Malis was higher than national average (0.1%) in the following districts:
8:
489:
pp 7, Census of India, 1961, Volume 14, Issue 5 , Office of the Registrar General, India.
102:
814:
787:
775:
697:
615:
501:
466:
416:(in Hindi) (1979 ed.). Jodhpur: Rajasthan oriental research institute. p. 20.
358:
277:
203:
742:
701:
653:
626:
593:
566:
539:
512:
295:
283:
223:
152:
26:
689:
313:
307:
260:
254:
242:
236:
230:
194:
122:
114:
98:
587:
503:
Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India
219:
126:
301:
248:
190:
693:
218:
of Nepal classifies the Mali as a subgroup within the broader social group of
129:. In this protest, they were joined by members of aforementioned communities.
932:
535:
Rise of the Plebeians? The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies
531:
289:
74:
326:
53:
due to their occupation of growing flowers. The Mali are found throughout
161:
70:
54:
791:
818:
470:
58:
675:"Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective"
428:"Mali community calls off quota agitation in Rajasthan after 11 days"
141:
90:
455:"Problems of Cultural Integration A Muslim Sub-Caste of North India"
174:
165:
118:
94:
532:
Christophe Jaffrelot; Sanjay Kumar; Rajendra Vora (4 May 2012).
198:
739:
Raising Cane: The Political Economy Of Sugar In Western India
649:
The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra
170:
66:
62:
46:
732:
755:
363:. Deccan College Postgraduate Research Institute. pp.
475:...the Malis (ie gardners who call themselves Saini now)..
562:
EXPORT OF IMPORTANT FRUIT CROPS OF MAHARASHTRA Volume-I
356:
612:
778:
to the Low Caste Protest Movement in 19th Century".
733:
Donald W. Attwood; D W Attwood (16 September 2019).
726:
614:
500:
452:
108:Malis of Rajasthan launched a protest by blocking
844:"2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report"
525:
184:
930:
579:
132:
645:
558:
735:"The Bombay Deccan: Cane & Gul production"
761:
639:
585:
147:
592:. Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
498:
360:Anthropometric measurements of the Marathas
197:, were pioneers of education for women and
181:in Maharashtra and other regions of India.
156:Jyotirao Phule,19th century social reformer
780:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
606:
902:"No one is made CM on the basis of caste"
876:"No one is made CM on the basis of caste"
492:
480:
446:
84:
832:Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II
151:
672:
931:
804:
773:
767:
35:Malis in western India (c. 1855-1862).
586:O'Hanlon, Rosalind (22 August 2002).
774:Bhadru, G. (2002). "Contribution of
552:
411:
209:
173:, and halde mali cultivated Halad (
13:
682:The Journal of Development Studies
646:Maxine Berntsen (1 January 1988).
393:from the original on 30 April 2023
189:The 19th century social reformer,
14:
960:
375:
357:Irawati Karmarkar Karve (1948).
222:Other Caste. At the time of the
25:
894:
868:
836:
825:
798:
715:
666:
613:Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1969).
16:Occupational caste among Hindus
420:
405:
350:
329:, Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
185:Social activism & politics
1:
807:Economic and Political Weekly
621:. Popular Prakashan. p.
559:Dr. S. L. PATIL (July 2017).
459:Economic and Political Weekly
333:
499:Gail Omvedt (18 June 1993).
216:Central Bureau of Statistics
97:caste. It is consented that
7:
652:. SUNY Press. p. 343.
453:Aggarwal, Partap C (1966).
320:
10:
965:
944:Social groups of Rajasthan
538:. Routledge. p. 217.
694:10.1080/00220380802265108
148:Mali caste of Maharashtra
949:Social groups of Haryana
741:. Taylor & Francis.
133:Adoption of the surname
908:. PTI. 27 December 2022
617:Caste and Race in India
565:. Lulu.com. p. 5.
507:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
673:Lalwani, Mala (2008).
267:Sudurpashchim Province
157:
140:The Mali community of
85:Mali of Northern india
155:
45:are an occupational
711:on 17 January 2014.
110:Jaipur-Agra Highway
882:. 26 December 2022
776:Satyashodhak Samaj
412:Jain, J k (1979).
204:Satyashodhak Samaj
158:
748:978-1-00-030891-4
688:(10): 1474–1505.
659:978-0-88706-662-7
632:978-81-7154-205-5
599:978-0-521-52308-0
572:978-1-365-92369-2
545:978-1-136-51662-7
518:978-0-7656-3176-3
414:Mansingh ri khyat
389:. 25 April 2023.
224:2011 Nepal census
210:The Mali in Nepal
113:communities, the
956:
918:
917:
915:
913:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
856:on 14 March 2023
855:
849:. Archived from
848:
840:
834:
829:
823:
822:
802:
796:
795:
771:
765:
759:
753:
752:
730:
724:
719:
713:
712:
710:
704:. Archived from
679:
670:
664:
663:
643:
637:
636:
620:
610:
604:
603:
583:
577:
576:
556:
550:
549:
529:
523:
522:
506:
496:
490:
484:
478:
477:
450:
444:
443:
441:
439:
424:
418:
417:
409:
403:
402:
400:
398:
379:
373:
372:
354:
261:Karnali Province
255:Lumbini Province
243:Gandaki Province
237:Bagmati Province
231:Madhesh Province
195:Savitribai Phule
29:
964:
963:
959:
958:
957:
955:
954:
953:
929:
928:
922:
921:
911:
909:
900:
899:
895:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
853:
846:
842:
841:
837:
830:
826:
803:
799:
772:
768:
760:
756:
749:
731:
727:
720:
716:
708:
677:
671:
667:
660:
644:
640:
633:
611:
607:
600:
584:
580:
573:
557:
553:
546:
530:
526:
519:
497:
493:
485:
481:
451:
447:
437:
435:
426:
425:
421:
410:
406:
396:
394:
381:
380:
376:
355:
351:
336:
323:
212:
187:
150:
138:
87:
61:as well as the
39:
38:
37:
36:
32:
31:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
962:
952:
951:
946:
941:
920:
919:
893:
867:
835:
824:
813:(7): 327–329.
797:
766:
764:, p. 135.
754:
747:
725:
714:
665:
658:
638:
631:
605:
598:
578:
571:
551:
544:
524:
517:
491:
479:
465:(4): 159–161.
445:
432:Indian express
419:
404:
387:Indian express
374:
348:
347:
335:
332:
331:
330:
322:
319:
318:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
271:
270:
264:
258:
252:
249:Koshi Province
246:
240:
234:
211:
208:
191:Jyotirao Phule
186:
183:
149:
146:
137:
131:
86:
83:
34:
33:
24:
23:
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
961:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Indian castes
937:
936:
934:
927:
926:
907:
903:
897:
881:
877:
871:
852:
845:
839:
833:
828:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
763:
762:O'Hanlon 2002
758:
750:
744:
740:
736:
729:
723:
718:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
669:
661:
655:
651:
650:
642:
634:
628:
624:
619:
618:
609:
601:
595:
591:
590:
582:
574:
568:
564:
563:
555:
547:
541:
537:
536:
528:
520:
514:
510:
505:
504:
495:
488:
483:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
433:
429:
423:
415:
408:
392:
388:
384:
378:
371:
366:
362:
361:
353:
349:
346:
345:
341:
340:
328:
325:
324:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
274:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
227:
225:
221:
217:
207:
205:
200:
196:
192:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
154:
145:
143:
136:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
80:
76:
75:Iravati Karve
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
28:
19:
924:
923:
910:. Retrieved
905:
896:
884:. Retrieved
879:
870:
858:. Retrieved
851:the original
838:
827:
810:
806:
800:
783:
779:
769:
757:
738:
728:
717:
706:the original
685:
681:
668:
648:
641:
616:
608:
588:
581:
561:
554:
534:
527:
502:
494:
486:
482:
474:
462:
458:
448:
436:. Retrieved
434:. 2 May 2023
431:
422:
413:
407:
395:. Retrieved
386:
377:
368:
359:
352:
343:
342:
338:
337:
327:Ashok Gehlot
272:
213:
188:
160:The Mali of
159:
139:
134:
107:
88:
78:
50:
42:
40:
18:
786:: 845–854.
179:sugar mills
162:Maharashtra
105:of Marwar.
71:Maharashtra
55:North India
933:Categories
334:References
65:region of
59:East India
912:3 October
886:2 October
880:The Print
702:154425894
438:26 August
344:Citations
278:Mahottari
142:Rajasthan
91:Rajasthan
51:Phul Mali
860:11 April
792:44158153
391:Archived
321:Notables
296:Dhanusha
284:Rautahat
220:Madheshi
175:turmeric
166:Vidarbha
119:Kushwaha
103:Mansingh
95:Kushwaha
906:Outlook
819:4405089
471:4356925
314:Sarlahi
308:Saptari
817:
790:
745:
700:
656:
629:
596:
569:
542:
515:
469:
367:, 14.
316:(0.2%)
310:(0.2%)
304:(0.2%)
298:(0.2%)
292:(0.2%)
286:(0.3%)
280:(0.3%)
269:(0.0%)
263:(0.0%)
257:(0.0%)
251:(0.0%)
245:(0.0%)
239:(0.0%)
233:(0.2%)
199:Dalits
123:Maurya
115:Shakya
99:Maurya
925:Media
854:(PDF)
847:(PDF)
815:JSTOR
788:JSTOR
709:(PDF)
698:S2CID
678:(PDF)
467:JSTOR
397:6 May
339:Notes
302:Parsa
171:cumin
135:Saini
127:Saini
125:and
67:Nepal
63:Terai
47:caste
914:2023
888:2023
862:2023
743:ISBN
654:ISBN
627:ISBN
594:ISBN
567:ISBN
540:ISBN
513:ISBN
440:2023
399:2023
290:Bara
214:The
79:Mali
69:and
43:Mali
41:The
690:doi
509:336
89:In
935::
904:.
878:.
811:32
809:.
784:63
782:.
737:.
696:.
686:44
684:.
680:.
625:.
623:38
511:.
473:.
461:.
457:.
430:.
385:.
365:13
121:,
117:,
73:.
57:,
916:.
890:.
864:.
821:.
794:.
751:.
692::
662:.
635:.
602:.
575:.
548:.
521:.
463:1
442:.
401:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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