258:. Around 1812 Chief Ndlambe appointed Makhanda as an advisor and military doctor. As a royal appointee, Makhanda had discussions with the Rev. Vanderlingen, the chaplain at Grahamstown, and with missionary John Read, about theology and cosmology. During this period, Makhanda slowly increased his following and influence among the Xhosa. Up to 1816, he viewed missionaries as coworkers in the same cause. Missionary Read described Makhanda as “a stout and handsome man, who commands respect.”
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On 25 December 1820, Makana attempted to escape with thirty other prisoners, but would capsize and drown. Only four of the escapees survived the crossing. Since he had promised his people he would never abandon them, they continued to hope for his return for another 50 years before funeral rites were
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clan. After
Makhanda's father died when he was a young boy, he was brought up by his mother strongly influenced by her village's Khoi traditions. His mother was a spiritual diviner and medicine woman. Makhanda was later recognised as an ‘'inyanga,'’ which seemed rooted in the early guidance of his
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to unite to try to drive
British forces out of the land once and for all. Makhanda advised Ndlambe that the gods would be on their side if they chose to attack the British garrison in the settlement of Grahamstown, and promised that the British "bullets would turn to water".
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started migrating into their lands, and culminated in the expulsion of 20,000 Xhosa from the
Zuurveld in 1812. Makhanda viewed the emerging conflict between European and African world views as a contest between
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During his days as an itinerant preacher, he was attacked by a gang of detractors. He was rescued by
Qalanga, a councillor of Chief Ndlambe. Qalanga introduced Makhanda to the royal chief of the
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22 April 1819: The fifth
Frontier War: Sangoma Makana attacks Grahamstown under the patronage of Xhosa Chief Ndlambe, and is defeated - South African History Online
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Researches in South Africa: Illustrating the Civil, Moral, and
Religious Condition of the Native Tribes: Including Journals of the Author's Travels in the Interior
343:. They were accompanied by women and children, prepared to occupy Grahamstown after the battle. The British garrison of approximately 350 troops, along with a
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Defeated by superior
British firepower and poor tactics by the amaNdlambe leadership, Makana surrendered. The British colonial government imprisoned him on
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Irwin Pat Year (2019) The Battle of Graham's Town, 22 April 1819 Military
History Journal 18(3)112-117 December SA ISSN 0026-4016
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culture. Makhanda and all of the amaXhosa were opposed to the encroachment of
European settlers in the region, which had begun when
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in broad daylight with a force of about 6,000 men (some sources say 10,000 men), all under the overall command of
Ndlambe's son
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in 1799, and Makhanda may have met him. Makhanda advocated peace and denounced the use of magic after converting to
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Makhanda is regarded as one of the first Africans to attempt a cultural synthesis of African and European beliefs.
416:, a sporting body formed by political prisoners on Robben Island during the apartheid years, was named after him.
167:– 25 December 1820) was a Xhosa indigenous doctor. He served as a top advisor to Chief Ndlambe. During the
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farmers, he had firsthand knowledge of their mistreatment of khoikhoi people. To Makhanda,
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In 1816, Makhanda's attitude towards missionaries changed. Having grown up in areas with
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Image of Chief Makhanda. Date of photo: May 16 2016. Content provider: Thembani Onceya.
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seized 23,000 head of stolen cattle from Ndlambe’s people, Makhanda urged all the
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spiritual guides in high esteem. His mother took him and his siblings to the
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Rebellion and Uproar: Makhanda and the Great Escape from Robben Island, 1820
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Origins of Tournament in an Infamous Prison — New York Times, July 5 2010
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took Makana’s advice, and on 22 April 1819 Makana led a raid on
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political prisoners imprisoned on Robben Island, including
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Dr James van der Kemp had established a mission station in
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Valley, where they lived with his foster father Balala.
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Makhanda was born near the coast around 1780 in the
604:"Here's why Grahamstown has been renamed Makhanda"
777:The Other Nelson Mandela of 200 Years Ago- Makana
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380:, credited his actions with having inspired the
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687:The Return of Makhanda: Exploring the Legend
642:: Makhanda ka Nxele in English literature".
557:"Dictionary of African Christian Biography"
535:"The other Mandela of 200 Years Ago-Makana"
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462:Other sources date his death 9 August 1820
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48:. Please do not remove this message until
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68:Learn how and when to remove this message
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235:It is unclear when Makhanda encountered
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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690:. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
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592:South African Languages - Place names
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640:Makanna, or, the Land of the Savage
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726:Pudi, Ranko; Satyo, Sizwe (1984).
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351:was able to repulse the attack.
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216:mother and her traditions. The
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772:Makana Local Municipality
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402:Makana Local Municipality
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386:African National Congress
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408:Makhanda, Eastern Cape
160:("the left-handed"), (
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297:Battle of Grahamstown
207:and his mother was a
445:was named after him.
404:was named after him.
638:Shaw, Dan (2020). "
425:is inspired by him.
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559:. Makhanda (Nxele)
430:South African Ship
303:Battle of Amalinde
156:and also known as
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213:Gqunukhwebe
181:Cape Colony
177:Grahamstown
165: 1780
132:Nationality
786:Categories
613:2018-12-05
513:Wells 2007
499:2008-10-10
470:References
367:observed.
349:Jan Boesak
241:Missionary
169:Xhosa Wars
140:Occupation
123:1820-12-25
35:neutrality
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541:16 August
282:from the
279:trekboers
275:Afrikaner
263:Afrikaner
193:Uitenhage
109:Uitenhage
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802:Prophets
750:(1828).
345:Khoikhoi
341:Mdushane
271:European
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222:Khoikhoi
209:Khoikhoi
150:Makhanda
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39:disputed
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422:Makanna
384:of the
333:Ndlambe
318:British
316:When a
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199:named
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662:S2CID
450:Notes
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201:Gwala
197:Xhosa
158:Nxele
135:Xhosa
105:~1780
734:ISBN
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441:The
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