528:. In blowback designs, the only force holding the slide closed is that of the recoil spring; upon firing, the barrel and slide do not have to unlock, as do locked-breech-design pistols. Blowback designs are simple and more accurate than designs using a recoiling, tilting, or articulated barrel, but they are limited practically by the weight of the slide. The 9×18mm cartridge is a practical cartridge in blowback-operated pistols; producing a respectable level of energy from a gun of moderate weight and size. The PM is heavy for its size by modern US commercial handgun standards, largely because in a blowback pistol, the heavy slide provides greater inertia to delay opening of the breech until internal pressures have fallen to a safe level. Other, more powerful cartridges have been used in blowback pistol designs, but the Makarov is widely regarded as particularly well balanced in its design elements.
539:
the slide. The front sight is integrally machined into the slide, and a 3–4 mm wide textured strip is engraved on top of the slide in order to prevent aim-disturbing glare. The rear sight is dovetailed into the slide and multiple heights are available to adjust the impact point. The extractor is of an external spring-loaded type, and features a prominent flange preventing loss if a case should rupture. The breech face is deeply recessed in order to aid in extraction and ejection reliability. The stamped sheet steel slide-lock lever has a tail serving the purpose of ejector. The one-piece, wraparound bakelite or plastic grip is reinforced with steel inserts and has a detent inside the screw bushing preventing unscrewing during firing. The sheet-metal mainspring housed inside the grip panel powers the hammer in both the main and rebound stroke, the
573:
squeeze, trading first shot accuracy for safety. Racking the slide, manually cocking the hammer or firing a cartridge all cock the hammer, setting the trigger for the next shot to single action. The PM is a semi-automatic firearm, therefore its rate of fire depends on how rapidly the shooter squeezes the trigger. Spent cartridges are ejected some 5.5–6 meters away to the shooter's right and rear. After firing the last round, the slide is held back by the slide stop lever/ejector. Magazines can be removed from the gun via the heel release, located on the bottom of the grip. After loading a fresh magazine, the slide can be released by pressing the lever on the left side of the frame or by racking the slide and releasing it; either action loads a cartridge into the chamber and readies the pistol to fire again.
1080:
551:, with no firing pin spring or firing pin block. This theoretically allows the possibility of accidental firing if the pistol is dropped on its muzzle. Designer Nikolay Makarov thought the firing pin of insufficient mass to constitute a major danger. The Makarov pistol is notable for the safety elements of its design, with a safety lever that simultaneously decocks and blocks the hammer from contacting the firing pin and returns the weapon to the long-trigger-pull mode of double action when that safety is engaged. When handled properly, the Makarov pistol has excellent security against
864:
886:
469:, stood out from the others through its sheer simplicity, excellent reliability, quick disassembly, and robustness. During April 1948, Makarov's pistol experienced 20 times fewer malfunctions than the competing Baryshev and Sevryugin counterparts, and had fewer parts. The pistol was therefore selected in 1949 for further development and optimization for mass production. Tooling was set up in the Izhevsk plant for production. After many significant design changes and tweaks, the gun was formally adopted as the "9mm Pistolet Makarova", or "PM" in December 1951.
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535:. However, designer N. Makarov and his team drastically simplified the construction of the pistol, improving reliability and reducing the part count to 27, not including the magazine. This allowed considerable ease of manufacture and servicing. All of the individual parts of the PM have been optimised for mass production, robustness and interchangeability, partially thanks to captured German tooling, technology, and machinery.
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separate contests for a new service pistol were created, respectively for a 7.62mm and 9mm pistol. It was later judged that the new 9.2×18mm cartridge, designed by B. V. Semin, was the best round suited for the intended role. The lower pressures of the cartridge allowed practical straight blowback operation (reducing the cost and complexity of the weapon), while retaining low recoil and good stopping power.
880:. Produced locally with minor cosmetic differences (i.e. the width of the slide's sight rail and configuration of the safety lever). The military version was produced from 1959 to 1960 in Factory 626, and featured a characteristic shield embossed with 5 stars on the grip shell. Civilian Type 59s were produced by Norinco for the export market.
476:, police, special forces, and tank and air crews. It remained in wide front-line service with Soviet military and police until and beyond the end of the USSR in 1991. Variants of the pistol remain in production in Russia, China, and Bulgaria. In the U.S., surplus Soviet and East German military Makarovs are listed as eligible
690:. While similar in operation (straight blowback), and chambered for the same round, these pistols are often found labeled at gun shows by some US gun retailers as "Polish Makarovs" and "Hungarian Makarovs". Nonetheless, these cosmetically similar designs are independent of the PM and have more in common with the
632:
and generation of 25% more gas pressure. The PMM magazine holds 12 rounds, compared to the PM's eight rounds. Versions that held ten rounds were produced in greater quantities than the 12-round magazine. The PMM is able to use existing 9.2×18mm PM cartridges and has other minor modifications such as
460:
revolvers. The adoption of the future AK assault rifle relegated the pistol to a light, handy self-defense weapon. The TT was unsuited for such a role, as it was heavy and bulky. Also, the
Tokarev pistols omitted a safety and magazines were deemed too easy to lose. As a result, in December 1945, two
538:
The chrome-lined, four-groove, 9.27mm caliber barrel is pressed and pinned to the frame through a precision-machined ring. The 7 kg recoil spring wraps around and is guided by the barrel. The spring-loaded trigger guard is pivoted down and swung to either side on the frame, allowing removal of
697:
A wide variety of aftermarket additions and replacements exist for the
Makarov pistol, including replacement barrels, custom grips, custom finishes and larger sights with various properties to replace the notoriously small originals. A scope/light mount exists for the Makarov pistol but requires a
464:
Several engineers took part in the contest, including
Korovin, Baryshev, Voyevodin, Simonov, Rakov, Klimov, Lobanov, Sevryugin, and Makarov. Special emphasis was placed on safety, user-friendliness, accuracy, weight, and dimensions. After stringent handling, reliability, and other tests, Makarov's
491:
pistol in
Russian service, although as of 2016, large numbers of Makarov pistols are still in Russian military and police service. The PM is still the service pistol of many Eastern European and former Soviet republics. North Korea and Vietnam also use PMs as standard-issue pistols, however North
717:
in addition to the standard 9 mm
Makarov round. Some minor modifications were made to facilitate importation into the United States, including the replacement of the rear fixed sight with an adjustable sight (only these Russian models marketed abroad feature an adjustable sight). A sporting
572:
trigger mechanism. Engaging the manual safety simultaneously decocks the hammer if cocked, and prevents movement of slide, trigger and hammer. Both carrying with safety engaged, or with safety disengaged and hammer uncocked are considered safe. The DA trigger pull is heavy, requiring a strong
1375:: Copy pistols were produced. Known locally as "Pistole-M". Can be recognised through the plain dark grip shells, higher polish bluing, and early features (undrilled safety lever, round safety detent holes...). Special training cutaways with serial number prefix "SM" were also produced.
499:
Although various pistols had been introduced in
Russian service to replace the Makarov, none have been able to entirely supplant it; the MP-443 Grach/PYa is technically the Russian military's standard sidearm but suffers from quality control and reliability issues. In September 2019,
844:: Copy pistols were produced since 1960. Arsenal 10 produced them between 1970 and 2007. Can be recognized by means of the digit "10" enclosed within a circle stamped into the left side of the frame, straight hammer serrations, slim star grip grip panels w/star and lanyard ring.
659:
An experimental variant of the
Makarov pistol, the TKB-023, was designed with a polymer frame to reduce the weight and costs of the weapon. It had passed Soviet military trials but was never fielded, due to concerns about the polymer's capacities for long-term storage and use.
555:
caused by inadvertent pressure on the trigger, e.g., in carrying the weapon in dense brush or re-holstering it. However, the heavy trigger weight in double-action mode decreases first-shot accuracy. The
Bulgarian-model Makarov pistol was approved for sale in the US state of
543:
and the disconnector, while its lower end is the heel and spring of the magazine catch. The sear spring also serves another function, powering the slide lock lever. Makarov pistol parts seldom break with normal usage, and are easily serviced using few tools.
1733:
2501:
725:. These guns proved popular after the fall of the USSR, and were used in Eastern Europe for personal protection. However, unlike most gas firing guns, the body is made of standard Makarov-specification steel.
713:
During the 1990s, Baikal marketed various
Makarov-derived handguns in the United States under the IJ-70 model. Included were handguns in both standard and high-capacity frames. They were available in
628:), was a redesign of the original gun. In 1990, a group of engineers reworked the original design, primarily by increasing the load for the cartridge. The result is a significant increase in
2471:
1725:
718:
version is the Baikal-442. The importation of these commercial models into the U.S. was later further restricted with the U.S. Government's importation ban on
Russian firearms.
2493:
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around which a series of shotgun products were designed from 1962. After the collapse of the USSR, commercial gun manufacture was greatly expanded under the Baikal brand.
1528:
2221:
2333:
2153:
1459:
2761:
1757:
560:, having passed a state-mandated drop-safety test though the certification was not renewed and it has since been removed from the roster of approved handguns.
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481:
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477:
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1866:
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1908:
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2311:
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2428:С офицерами гвардейского мотострелкового соединения Московского военного округа проведена тренировка по стрельбе из табельного оружия
3380:
2747:
1940:
2188:
721:
The Baikal IZH-79-8 is a modified version of the standard Makarov pistol, with an 8 mm barrel, modified to allow it to fire
1520:
2679:
2652:
2633:
2606:
2351:
2205:
2147:
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1902:
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1477:
2704:
2229:
2337:
2133:
1463:
1962:
1747:
143:
1521:"New Publication: The Makarov Pistol (Volume 1): Soviet Union and East Germany by Henry C. Brown and Cameron S. White"
2577:
2552:
2404:
2389:
2523:
1558:
167:
127:
2712:
2419:В ходе тренировки военнослужащие из числа офицерского состава соединения выполнили упражнения учебных стрельб из
1793:
633:
more ergonomic grip panels as well as flutes in the chamber that aid in extraction. As of 2015, it is—alongside
2252:
115:
159:
2775:
1084:
1079:
917:
890:
1779:
873:
521:
426:
182:
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2599:
The History and Development of Imperial and Soviet Russian Military Small Arms and Ammunition 1700–1986
2197:
2139:
1469:
1933:[Airborne Forces: the main sniper rifle of the Russian airborne troops has become the SV-98].
1855:
2903:
2811:
1423:
1408:
1403:
707:
679:
473:
200:
119:
17:
2729:"9-MM пистолет Макарова (Technical data, instructional images and diagrams of the Makarov pistol)"
2448:
512:
rounds which are claimed to pierce 1.4 mm of titanium or 4 mm of steel at a 100 meters.
2343:
2100:
638:
396:
2070:
1351:
1892:
1817:
1686:
1608:
1581:
3138:
2941:
1894:
Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World
1635:
531:
The general layout and field-strip procedure of the Makarov pistol is similar to that of the
422:
107:
53:
2728:
2190:
Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine
674:
have developed their own handgun designs chambering the 9×18mm round. Hungary developed the
3301:
2288:
552:
308:
3344:
3314:
609:, China, and post-reunification Germany, which also found itself with several thousand ex-
452:
Shortly after the Second World War, the Soviet Union reactivated its plans to replace the
8:
2955:
2286:[Shooting Practice to Achieve Professionalism for Wiriadinata Air Base Members].
2279:
417:
363:
205:
131:
99:
1930:
581:
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163:
147:
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111:
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329:
135:
123:
3309:
1398:
315:
3354:
3110:
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3091:
987:
441:
411:
210:
155:
151:
3319:
509:
3272:
3181:
3163:
3086:
3066:
3061:
1796:[Rostec has successfully completed military tests of the "Udav" pistol].
1209:
1097:
629:
341:
334:
1640:
Standard Catalog of Military Firearms: The Collector's Price and Reference Guide
3071:
3010:
2494:"Vietnamese Small Arms Part Two: Grenade Launcher's, Galil ACE's, and OSV-96's"
671:
484:, because the countries of manufacture, the USSR and the GDR, no longer exist.
434:
2466:[What types of pistols are the Vietnam People's Army equipped with?].
2284:"Latihan Menembak untuk Tercapainya Profesionalisme Anggota Lanud Wiriadinata"
1726:"Here's an update on the Russian handgun that will likely replace the Makarov"
694:(which, in fact, was also a major influence on the original Russian Makarov).
597:
The Makarov pistol was manufactured in several communist countries during the
3369:
3282:
3257:
3252:
3153:
3133:
2840:
1972:
3349:
3339:
2662:
2616:
508:
pistol went into mass production as the Makarov replacement. The Udav fires
3287:
3123:
3076:
3023:
2951:
2936:
2931:
2893:
2796:
2382:
1794:"Ростех успешно завершил войсковые испытания пистолетного комплекса "Удав""
1460:"Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia"
1418:
1386:
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1289:
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634:
610:
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488:
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430:
63:
3329:
3324:
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3171:
3053:
3018:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2816:
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1935:
1682:
1192:
750:
103:
1931:"ВДВ: основной снайперской винтовкой десантных войск России стала СВ-98"
1550:
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722:
691:
683:
653:
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532:
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284:
215:
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39:
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453:
438:
320:
3334:
2696:
2430:// официальный интернет-сайт министерства обороны РФ от 16 июля 2024
472:
As the new standard issue sidearm of the USSR, the PM was issued to
2995:
2464:"Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam được trang bị những loại súng ngắn nào"
2312:"Podcast Vol.4: Libyan assembled Makarovs, Yemeni colloquial names"
1413:
1347:
1153:
944:
841:
714:
606:
598:
2334:"Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones"
3244:
3229:
3043:
3033:
2987:
2873:
2783:
2127:"Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and Post-Conflict Bujumbura"
1967:
1329:
1302:
1249:
1205:
1140:
970:
931:
855:
828:
802:
776:
763:
667:
589:
525:
220:
3224:
3219:
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3199:
3148:
3143:
2968:
2883:
2863:
2801:
2771:
2645:
Weapons Tests and Evaluations: The Best of "Soldier of Fortune"
1222:
1074:: Copy pistols produced with parts sourced from Eastern Europe.
789:
663:
501:
3194:
3189:
3128:
3118:
3028:
3000:
2963:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2853:
2831:
1863:
State of California Department of Justice: Bureau of Firearms
1262:
1127:
1071:
983:
869:
687:
569:
493:
2388:(Report). US Department of Defense. May 1997. p. A-74.
3081:
2926:
2257:
1110:
1058:
1019:
903:
505:
585:
A Russian-produced Parkerized and dura-painted Makarov PM.
2848:
2168:
2063:"Albania: Special Operations and Counterterrorist Forces"
649:
648:, was developed for use by reconnaissance groups and the
1663:
2769:
2672:
Soviet Pistols – Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others
601:
and afterwards; apart from the USSR itself, they were
1748:"Russia to replace legendary Makarov with new pistol"
1501:
1436:
487:
In 2003, the Makarov PM was formally replaced by the
401:
2187:
Jenzen-Jones, N.R. & Ferguson, Jonathan (2014).
2186:
2674:. Weapon. Vol. 84. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
482:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
1897:. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 105.
2328:
2278:
2121:
1454:
1332:: Made copies as the K59. Industry name known as
3367:
2561:
2251:Nambiar, Air Marshal Raghunath (25 July 2019).
1819:Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
1772:"Russian new Udav pistol passes military test"
1675:
1115:People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
644:A silenced version of the Makarov pistol, the
2755:
2135:The Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1811:
1809:
1807:
524:, all-steel construction, frame-fixed barrel
389:
2253:"How I Bombed Tiger Hill From A Mirage 2000"
2222:"Urgent Fury 1983: WWII weapons encountered"
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
2628:. Elite. Vol. 217. Osprey Publishing.
2567:
2041:(35th ed.). Jane's Information Group.
1963:""BAIKAL-442" Sporting Pistol (for export)"
1884:
1723:
1627:
3396:Semi-automatic pistols of the Soviet Union
2762:
2748:
2115:
2037:Jones, Richard D., ed. (27 January 2009).
1804:
1681:
1642:. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media. p. 13.
1448:
374:Blade front, notch rear (drift adjustable)
3406:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1951
2524:"East German Makarov: A Cold War Classic"
1979:
2669:
2623:
2536:
2322:
1891:Cutshaw, Charles Q. (28 February 2011).
1669:
1633:
1507:
1442:
1238:: 90+ Type 59 pistols acquired from 2001
732:
588:
580:
2642:
2250:
2174:
1890:
1798:Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade
1606:
1579:
737:A map with Makarov Pistol users in blue
366:(10- and 12-round available on the PMM)
3368:
2441:"World Infantry Weapons: Sierra Leone"
2339:Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War
1815:
1465:Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets
920:: Used by pro-Russian militas in 2014.
547:The PM has a free-floating triangular
496:made locally as the BaekDuSan pistol.
3386:Cold War firearms of the Soviet Union
3376:9×18mm Makarov semi-automatic pistols
2743:
2707:from the original on 26 January 2019.
2697:"Pistol Makarov 9 mm: Technical Data"
2596:
2461:
2036:
1760:from the original on 18 January 2019.
1736:from the original on 18 January 2019.
1561:from the original on 23 February 2008
410:
2647:. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press.
2570:The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons
2542:
2504:from the original on 1 December 2018
1872:from the original on 13 January 2017
1691:. David & Charles. p. 180.
2156:from the original on 27 August 2018
1822:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257, 259–260.
1778:. 12 September 2019. Archived from
1610:Gunsmithing - Pistols and Revolvers
622:Pistolet Makarova Modernizirovannyy
616:The most widely known variant, the
13:
2474:from the original on 23 March 2018
1943:from the original on 4 August 2015
425:. Under the project leadership of
14:
3417:
3401:Izhevsk Mechanical Plant products
2689:
2626:The Modern Russian Army 1992–2016
2405:Federation of American Scientists
2395:from the original on 4 March 2016
2228:. 18 October 2015. Archived from
2093:"World Infantry Weapons: Algeria"
2039:Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010
1705:from the original on 27 June 2014
1685:; Walter, John (29 August 2004).
1634:Peterson, Philip (23 June 2011).
1531:from the original on 22 June 2020
465:design, influenced by the German
3391:Semi-automatic pistols of Russia
1911:from the original on 3 June 2016
1800:(in Russian). 12 September 2019.
1613:. GunDigest Books. p. 355.
1379:
1365:
1340:
1322:
1309:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1255:
1242:
1228:
1215:
1198:
1185:
1172:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1103:
1090:
1078:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1025:
1012:
994:
976:
963:
950:
937:
924:
910:
896:
884:
862:
848:
834:
821:
808:
795:
782:
769:
756:
743:
492:Korea has since switched to the
421:'Makarov's Pistol') is a Soviet
351:Effective firing range
168:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
38:
3381:.380 ACP semi-automatic pistols
2601:. Glenview, IL: Handgun Press.
2590:
2516:
2486:
2462:Trung, Tuấn (12 October 2014).
2455:
2433:
2411:
2375:
2304:
2272:
2244:
2214:
2180:
2085:
2055:
1955:
1923:
1848:
1836:from the original on 8 May 2016
1786:
1764:
1740:
1724:D'Costa, Ian (8 January 2019).
1717:
1358:
706:Baikal is a brand developed by
2713:"Makarov - 9x18 - East German"
1600:
1573:
1543:
1513:
751:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
652:, with a dedicated detachable
447:
412:[pʲɪstɐˈlʲetmɐˈkarəvə]
346:315 m/s (1,030 ft/s)
241:
144:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
116:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1:
2545:Jane's Guns Recognition Guide
1939:(in Russian). 1 August 2015.
1856:"De-Certified Handgun Models"
1429:
698:threaded replacement barrel.
256:
2572:. Lewis International, Inc.
2547:. Jane's Information Group.
2383:North Korea Country Handbook
1580:Dowling, Timothy C. (2015).
891:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
563:
279:161.5 mm (6.36 in)
128:Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
7:
2568:Marchington, James (2004).
1392:
1305:Used alongside the Fort 12
637:—the service pistol of the
576:
427:Nikolay Fyodorovich Makarov
402:
298:29.4 mm (1.16 in)
290:93.5 mm (3.68 in)
10:
3422:
2904:Designated marksman rifles
2198:Armament Research Services
2140:Cambridge University Press
1470:Cambridge University Press
88:
15:
3300:
3243:
3180:
3162:
3109:
3100:
3052:
3009:
2986:
2950:
2902:
2839:
2830:
2782:
1607:Sweeney, Patrick (2009).
1586:. ABC CLIO. p. 496.
1424:Stechkin automatic pistol
1085:Lugansk People's Republic
1004:: Especially used by the
918:Donetsk People's Republic
701:
626:Modernised Makarov pistol
520:The PM is a medium-size,
515:
474:non-commissioned officers
390:
370:
358:
350:
340:
328:
307:
302:
294:
283:
275:
267:
262:
251:
240:
232:
203:(1949–2013) (USSR/Russia)
196:
188:
178:
173:
95:
82:
74:
69:
60:Place of origin
59:
49:
37:
30:
2670:Thompson, Leroy (2015).
1636:"How Did They Get Here?"
1525:Edwin H. Lowe Publishing
1409:List of Russian weaponry
1404:Izhevsk Mechanical Plant
986:: Used by pilots of the
874:People's Liberation Army
728:
708:Izhevsk Mechanical Plant
522:straight-blowback-action
201:Izhevsk Mechanical Plant
120:South African Border War
18:Makarov (disambiguation)
2643:Kokalis, Peter (2001).
2624:Galeotti, Mark (2017).
2597:Datig, Fred A. (1988).
2543:Hogg, Ian, ed. (2002).
2344:Oxford University Press
1265:: Used by police units.
686:and Czechoslovakia the
639:Russian Airborne Troops
593:Baikal IJ70-18A Makarov
362:8-round detachable box
271:730 g (26 oz)
208:(2013–present) (Russia)
2447:. 2013. Archived from
2200:Pty. Ltd. p. 37.
2099:. 2015. Archived from
2069:. 2000. Archived from
2067:Special Operations.com
1352:Zimbabwe National Army
738:
594:
586:
354:50 m (55 yd)
1816:Kinard, Jeff (2004).
906:: Made under license.
736:
592:
584:
423:semi-automatic pistol
108:Nicaraguan Revolution
54:Semi-automatic pistol
25:Semi-automatic pistol
2956:Anti-materiel rifles
2723:on 13 November 2009.
2500:. 30 November 2018.
2451:on 24 November 2016.
1688:Pistols of the World
1008:officers in the 60s.
553:accidental discharge
342:Muzzle velocity
16:For other uses, see
2103:on 24 November 2016
1782:on 5 December 2019.
1756:. 18 January 2019.
206:Kalashnikov Concern
132:Burundian Civil War
100:First Indochina War
2423:на дистанции 25 м.
2421:пистолета Макарова
2289:TNI Angkatan Udara
2282:(28 August 2019).
2177:, pp. 99–102.
1975:on 31 August 2009.
1730:Military Times.com
858:: Burundian rebels
739:
595:
587:
174:Production history
164:Colombian Conflict
148:Russo-Georgian War
140:Second Chechen War
112:Lebanese Civil War
3363:
3362:
3296:
3295:
3119:GP-25/GP-30/GP-34
3111:Grenade launchers
2982:
2981:
2681:978-1-47285-348-6
2654:978-1-58160-122-0
2635:978-1-4728-1908-6
2608:978-0-94582-803-7
2529:American Rifleman
2470:(in Vietnamese).
2363:on 30 August 2018
2353:978-0-19-928085-8
2330:Small Arms Survey
2318:. 10 August 2019.
2280:Lanud Wiriadinata
2207:978-0-9924-6243-7
2149:978-0-521-88039-8
2123:Small Arms Survey
2073:on 22 August 2013
2048:978-0-7106-2869-5
1904:978-1-4402-2709-7
1829:978-1-85109-470-7
1698:978-0-87349-460-1
1672:, pp. 55–56.
1649:978-1-4402-2881-0
1620:978-1-4402-0389-3
1593:978-1-59884-947-9
1489:on 31 August 2018
1479:978-0-521-19714-4
1456:Small Arms Survey
872:: Adopted by the
613:Makarov pistols.
420:
403:Pistolet Makarova
400:
391:Пистолет Макарова
378:
377:
136:First Chechen War
124:Angolan Civil War
3413:
3107:
3106:
2837:
2836:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:Konstipation.com
2724:
2719:. Archived from
2708:
2685:
2666:
2639:
2620:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2498:The Firearm Blog
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2356:. Archived from
2326:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2131:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2034:
1977:
1976:
1971:. Archived from
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:"Makarov Basics"
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1482:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1440:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1000:
998:
997:
988:Indian Air Force
982:
980:
979:
969:
967:
966:
956:
954:
953:
943:
941:
940:
930:
928:
927:
916:
914:
913:
902:
900:
899:
889:
888:
887:
868:
866:
865:
854:
852:
851:
840:
838:
837:
827:
825:
824:
814:
812:
811:
801:
799:
798:
788:
786:
785:
775:
773:
772:
762:
760:
759:
749:
747:
746:
429:, it became the
416:
414:
409:
405:
395:
393:
392:
359:Feed system
243:
156:Syrian Civil War
152:Libyan Civil War
42:
33:
28:
27:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3292:
3273:9K115-2 Metis-M
3239:
3176:
3158:
3096:
3048:
3011:Submachine guns
3005:
2978:
2946:
2898:
2826:
2778:
2768:
2727:
2711:
2695:
2692:
2682:
2655:
2636:
2609:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2541:
2537:
2532:. 24 July 2015.
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2460:
2456:
2445:World Inventory
2439:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2416:
2412:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2346:. p. 166.
2327:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2292:(in Indonesian)
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2232:on 12 June 2018
2226:WWII After WWII
2220:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2142:. p. 204.
2129:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2097:World Inventory
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2035:
1980:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1814:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1680:
1676:
1670:Galeotti (2017)
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1508:Galeotti (2017)
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1472:. p. 332.
1453:
1449:
1443:Galeotti (2017)
1441:
1437:
1432:
1395:
1380:
1378:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1341:
1339:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1308:
1296:
1294:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1268:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1241:
1229:
1227:
1216:
1214:
1210:Romanian Police
1199:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1102:
1098:North Macedonia
1091:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1011:
995:
993:
977:
975:
964:
962:
951:
949:
938:
936:
925:
923:
911:
909:
897:
895:
885:
883:
876:in 1959 as the
863:
861:
849:
847:
835:
833:
822:
820:
809:
807:
796:
794:
783:
781:
770:
768:
757:
755:
744:
742:
731:
704:
630:muzzle velocity
579:
566:
518:
478:curio and relic
450:
407:
303:
224:
219:
214:
211:Ernst Thaelmann
209:
204:
183:Nikolay Makarov
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
75:In service
70:Service history
45:
32:Makarov pistol
31:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:9×18mm Makarov
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2841:Assault rifles
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2709:
2691:
2690:External links
2688:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2667:
2653:
2640:
2634:
2621:
2607:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2560:
2553:
2535:
2515:
2485:
2454:
2432:
2410:
2374:
2352:
2321:
2303:
2271:
2243:
2213:
2206:
2179:
2175:Kokalis (2001)
2167:
2148:
2114:
2084:
2054:
2047:
1978:
1954:
1922:
1903:
1883:
1847:
1828:
1803:
1785:
1763:
1739:
1716:
1697:
1674:
1662:
1648:
1626:
1619:
1599:
1592:
1572:
1542:
1512:
1500:
1478:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1399:9×18mm Makarov
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1376:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:: Used by the
1337:
1319:
1306:
1292:
1279:
1266:
1252:
1239:
1225:
1212:
1208:: Used by the
1195:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1100:
1087:
1075:
1061:
1048:
1035:
1022:
1009:
991:
973:
960:
947:
934:
921:
907:
893:
881:
859:
845:
831:
818:
805:
792:
779:
766:
753:
730:
727:
723:gas cartridges
703:
700:
672:Czechoslovakia
578:
575:
565:
562:
517:
514:
504:announced its
449:
446:
388:(Russian:
382:Makarov pistol
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
360:
356:
355:
352:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
332:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
316:9×18mm Makarov
311:
305:
304:
300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
288:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:Specifications
260:
259:
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248:
245:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
198:
194:
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190:
186:
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170:
97:
93:
92:
84:
80:
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61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:9×21mm Gyurza
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:9M113 Konkurs
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:9K34 Strela-3
3256:
3254:
3253:9K32 Strela-2
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:AGS-40 Balkan
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:RGM-40 Kastet
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:Sniper rifles
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2735:(in Russian).
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2581:
2579:1-930983-14-X
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2554:0-00-712760-X
2550:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2473:
2469:
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2183:
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2151:
2145:
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2128:
2124:
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2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1900:
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1637:
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1595:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:Russia at War
1576:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1510:, p. 22.
1509:
1504:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1445:, p. 32.
1444:
1439:
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1422:
1420:
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1338:
1335:
1331:
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1307:
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1240:
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1196:
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1183:
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1036:
1034:
1023:
1021:
1010:
1007:
1003:
992:
989:
985:
974:
972:
961:
959:
948:
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935:
933:
922:
919:
908:
905:
894:
892:
882:
879:
875:
871:
860:
857:
846:
843:
832:
830:
819:
817:
806:
804:
793:
791:
780:
778:
767:
765:
754:
752:
741:
740:
735:
726:
724:
719:
716:
711:
709:
699:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:, Poland the
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
591:
583:
574:
571:
568:The PM has a
561:
559:
554:
550:
545:
542:
536:
534:
529:
527:
523:
513:
511:
510:9×21mm Gyurza
507:
503:
497:
495:
490:
485:
483:
480:items by the
479:
475:
470:
468:
462:
459:
455:
445:
443:
440:
437:military and
436:
432:
428:
424:
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187:
184:
181:
177:
172:
169:
165:
161:
160:War in Donbas
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
23:
19:
3315:9×19mm Luger
3288:9M133 Kornet
3124:BS-1 Tishina
3077:PKP Pecheneg
3054:Machine guns
3024:PP-19 Vityaz
2937:VSS Vintorez
2894:OTs-14 Groza
2797:MP-443 Grach
2791:
2732:
2721:the original
2716:
2700:
2671:
2644:
2625:
2598:
2591:Bibliography
2569:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2467:
2457:
2449:the original
2444:
2435:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2403:– via
2397:. Retrieved
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2338:
2324:
2316:Silah Report
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2287:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2256:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2225:
2216:
2189:
2182:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2134:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2096:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2066:
2057:
2038:
1973:the original
1966:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1893:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1862:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1818:
1797:
1788:
1780:the original
1775:
1766:
1751:
1742:
1729:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1609:
1602:
1582:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1464:
1450:
1438:
1419:MP-448 Skyph
1387:Soviet Union
1373:East Germany
1359:Former users
1333:
1290:Turkmenistan
1236:Sierra Leone
1005:
877:
720:
712:
705:
696:
662:
658:
643:
635:MP-443 Grach
625:
621:
617:
615:
603:East Germany
596:
567:
546:
537:
530:
519:
498:
486:
471:
463:
458:Nagant M1895
451:
431:Soviet Union
385:
381:
379:
287: length
236:1949–present
197:Manufacturer
87:
83:Used by
78:1951–present
64:Soviet Union
22:
3278:9K333 Verba
3268:9K111 Fagot
3235:RPO-A Shmel
3172:2B14 Podnos
3019:PP-19 Bizon
2874:A-545/A-762
2869:AK-12/AK-15
2817:SR-1 Vektor
2399:8 September
2077:8 September
1936:RIA Novosti
1555:Makarov.com
1193:North Korea
448:Development
244: built
226:Factory 626
104:Vietnam War
3370:Categories
3350:12.7×108mm
3340:7.62×54mmR
3302:Cartridges
3039:PP-91 KEDR
2932:OTs-03 SVU
2889:SR-3 Vikhr
2776:small arms
2701:Makarov.ch
2508:1 December
1876:10 January
1565:27 January
1430:References
1317:Uzbekistan
1277:Tajikistan
1167:Mozambique
1046:Kyrgyzstan
1033:Kazakhstan
816:Azerbaijan
692:Walther PP
684:P-83 Wanad
654:suppressor
558:California
549:firing pin
467:Walther PP
454:TT pistols
218:(Bulgaria)
216:Arsenal AD
3330:7.62×39mm
3325:5.45×39mm
3263:9K38 Igla
2774:military
2367:29 August
2160:29 August
1947:11 August
1753:France 24
1683:Hogg, Ian
1493:30 August
1180:Nicaragua
1002:Indonesia
676:FEG PA-63
564:Operation
444:in 1951.
439:Militsiya
397:romanized
321:.380 Auto
309:Cartridge
247:5,000,000
213:(Germany)
44:Soviet PM
3355:12 Gauge
3345:9.3×64mm
3245:Missiles
3102:Ordnance
2996:Saiga-12
2988:Shotguns
2784:Handguns
2770:Current
2717:50ae.net
2705:Archived
2663:49695650
2617:19742826
2502:Archived
2478:22 March
2472:Archived
2390:Archived
2332:(2005).
2296:25 April
2236:22 March
2154:Archived
2125:(2007).
1941:Archived
1909:Archived
1867:Archived
1834:Archived
1758:Archived
1734:Archived
1703:Archived
1559:Archived
1529:Archived
1458:(2012).
1414:Makarych
1393:See also
1348:Zimbabwe
1154:Mongolia
945:Ethiopia
842:Bulgaria
715:.380 ACP
682:and the
607:Bulgaria
599:Cold War
577:Variants
442:side arm
435:standard
364:magazine
335:Blowback
257:Variants
252:Variants
233:Produced
189:Designed
179:Designer
3230:RPO Rys
3182:Rockets
3164:Mortars
3062:RPK-74M
3044:PP-2000
3034:PP-90M1
2859:AKS-74U
2792:Makarov
2772:Russian
2468:Soha.vn
2264:31 July
1968:Izhmekh
1915:10 July
1840:10 July
1776:News.ru
1709:10 July
1655:10 July
1535:18 June
1330:Vietnam
1303:Ukraine
1250:Somalia
1206:Romania
1141:Moldova
971:Grenada
958:Georgia
932:Eritrea
878:Type 59
856:Burundi
829:Belarus
803:Armenia
777:Algeria
764:Albania
668:Hungary
541:trigger
526:handgun
228:(China)
223:(China)
221:Norinco
3335:9×39mm
3225:RPG-30
3220:RPG-29
3215:RPG-28
3210:RPG-27
3205:RPG-26
3200:RPG-22
3149:AGS-30
3144:AGS-17
3067:RPK-16
2969:OSV-96
2884:AS Val
2864:AK-105
2854:AK-74M
2832:Rifles
2802:GSh-18
2678:
2661:
2651:
2632:
2615:
2605:
2576:
2551:
2350:
2204:
2146:
2107:22 May
2045:
1901:
1826:
1695:
1646:
1617:
1590:
1476:
1384:
1370:
1345:
1327:
1314:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1260:
1247:
1233:
1223:Russia
1220:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1108:
1095:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1006:TNI-AU
999:
981:
968:
955:
942:
929:
915:
901:
867:
853:
839:
826:
813:
800:
790:Angola
787:
774:
761:
748:
702:Baikal
670:, and
664:Poland
516:Design
502:Rostec
371:Sights
330:Action
285:Barrel
276:Length
3195:RPG-7
3190:MRO-A
3129:GM-94
3029:PP-90
3001:KS-23
2964:SV-98
2879:AN-94
2393:(PDF)
2386:(PDF)
2361:(PDF)
2194:(PDF)
2130:(PDF)
1870:(PDF)
1859:(PDF)
1487:(PDF)
1263:Syria
1128:Malta
1072:Libya
984:India
870:China
729:Users
688:vz.82
570:DA/SA
494:CZ-75
295:Width
89:Users
3139:RG-6
3092:Kord
3082:DShK
2974:KSVK
2954:and
2942:SVCh
2927:SVDK
2922:SVDS
2676:ISBN
2659:OCLC
2649:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2613:OCLC
2603:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2510:2018
2480:2018
2401:2012
2369:2018
2348:ISBN
2298:2022
2266:2019
2258:NDTV
2238:2018
2202:ISBN
2162:2018
2144:ISBN
2109:2019
2079:2012
2043:ISBN
1949:2015
1917:2013
1899:ISBN
1878:2017
1842:2013
1824:ISBN
1711:2013
1693:ISBN
1657:2013
1644:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1567:2008
1537:2020
1495:2018
1474:ISBN
1111:Mali
1059:Laos
1020:Iraq
904:Cuba
680:P-64
506:Udav
456:and
418:lit.
408:IPA:
380:The
268:Mass
255:See
192:1948
96:Wars
86:See
50:Type
3087:NSV
3072:PKM
2917:SVU
2912:SVD
2849:AKM
2822:PSS
2812:APS
1334:SN9
650:KGB
624:or
618:PMM
611:GDR
489:PYa
433:'s
384:or
242:No.
3372::
2807:PB
2731:.
2715:.
2703:.
2699:.
2657:.
2611:.
2526:.
2496:.
2443:.
2342:.
2336:.
2314:.
2255:.
2224:.
2196:.
2152:.
2138:.
2132:.
2095:.
2065:.
1981:^
1965:.
1907:.
1865:.
1861:.
1832:.
1806:^
1774:.
1750:.
1732:.
1728:.
1701:.
1638:.
1557:.
1553:.
1527:.
1523:.
1468:.
1462:.
1113::
666:,
656:.
646:PB
641:.
605:,
533:PP
415:,
406:,
394:,
386:PM
2763:e
2756:t
2749:v
2684:.
2665:.
2638:.
2619:.
2582:.
2557:.
2512:.
2482:.
2425:»
2417:«
2407:.
2371:.
2300:.
2268:.
2240:.
2210:.
2164:.
2111:.
2081:.
2051:.
1951:.
1919:.
1880:.
1844:.
1713:.
1659:.
1623:.
1596:.
1569:.
1539:.
1497:.
1354:.
1336:.
990:.
620:(
399::
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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