1263:. As the formula indicates, it contains two copper(II) ions. The Cu ions are held together by four acetate ligands, each of which binds to both copper ions. Each Cu ion has a d electronic configuration, and so should have one unpaired electron. If there were a covalent bond between the copper ions, the electrons would pair up and the compound would be diamagnetic. Instead, there is an exchange interaction in which the spins of the unpaired electrons become partially aligned to each other. In fact two states are created, one with spins parallel and the other with spins opposed. The energy difference between the two states is so small their populations vary significantly with temperature. In consequence the magnetic moment varies with temperature in a
2163:
2155:
1219:
1235:
1227:
3248:
5261:
5285:
5297:
5273:
530:
3232:
354:
2876:
3295:. Free radicals, with some exceptions, are short-lived because one free radical will react rapidly with another, so their magnetic properties are difficult to study. However, if the radicals are well separated from each other in a dilute solution in a solid matrix, at low temperature, they can be studied by
3391:
was then proposed to occur via an exchange mechanism. It has now been shown that in fact the iron(II) changes from high-spin to low-spin when an oxygen molecule donates a pair of electrons to the iron. Whereas in deoxy-hemoglobin the iron atom lies above the plane of the heme, in the low-spin complex
2139:
The small deviations from the spin-only formula may result from the neglect of orbital angular momentum or of spināorbit coupling. For example, tetrahedral d, d, d and d complexes tend to show larger deviations from the spin-only formula than octahedral complexes of the same ion, because "quenching"
1195:
Compounds which are expected to be diamagnetic may exhibit this kind of weak paramagnetism. It arises from a second-order Zeeman effect in which additional splitting, proportional to the square of the field strength, occurs. It is difficult to observe as the compound inevitably also interacts with
505:
Diamagnetism is a universal property of chemical compounds, because all chemical compounds contain electron pairs. A compound in which there are no unpaired electrons is said to be diamagnetic. The effect is weak because it depends on the magnitude of the induced magnetic moment. It depends on the
455:
Diamagnetism. When placed in a magnetic field the atom becomes magnetically polarized, that is, it develops an induced magnetic moment. The force of the interaction tends to push the atom out of the magnetic field. By convention diamagnetic susceptibility is given a negative sign. Very frequently
537:
A metal ion with a single unpaired electron, such as Cu, in a coordination complex provides the simplest illustration of the mechanism of paramagnetism. The individual metal ions are kept far apart by the ligands, so that there is no magnetic interaction between them. The system is said to be
2336:
Crystal field splitting is larger for complexes of the heavier transition metals than for the transition metals discussed above. A consequence of this is that low-spin complexes are much more common. Spināorbit coupling constants, Ī¶, are also larger and cannot be ignored, even in elementary
464:. The moments of the two electrons cancel each other out, so the atom has no net magnetic moment. However, for the ion Eu which has six unpaired electrons, the orbital angular momentum cancels out the electron angular momentum, and this ion is diamagnetic at zero Kelvin.
1163:
2174:
orbitals of a transition metal ion in an octahedal complex are split into two groups in a crystal field. If the splitting is large enough to overcome the energy needed to place electrons in the same orbital, with opposite spin, a low-spin complex will result.
542:
occurs. Atoms with spins aligned to the field slightly outnumber the atoms with non-aligned spins. In the first-order Zeeman effect the energy difference between the two states is proportional to the applied field strength. Denoting the energy difference as
1053:
1507:
467:
Paramagnetism. At least one electron is not paired with another. The atom has a permanent magnetic moment. When placed into a magnetic field, the atom is attracted into the field. By convention paramagnetic susceptibility is given a positive
2664:
3953:
Caravan, Peter; Ellison, Jeffrey J.; McMurry, Thomas J. ; Lauffer, Randall B., Jeffrey J.; McMurry, Thomas J.; Lauffer, Randall B. (1999). "Gadolinium(III) Chelates as MRI Contrast Agents: Structure, Dynamics, and
Applications".
3214:
510:, can be put together. With paramagnetic compounds the observed susceptibility can be adjusted by adding to it the so-called diamagnetic correction, which is the diamagnetic susceptibility calculated with the values from the table.
1242:
Exchange interactions occur when the substance is not magnetically dilute and there are interactions between individual magnetic centres. One of the simplest systems to exhibit the result of exchange interactions is crystalline
3345:. The magnetic moments of gadolinium compounds are larger than those of any transition metal ion. Gadolinium is preferred to other lanthanide ions, some of which have larger effective moments, due to its having a
953:
1274:
Exchange interactions can act over infinite chains in one dimension, planes in two dimensions or over a whole crystal in three dimensions. These are examples of long-range magnetic ordering. They give rise to
1905:
762:
2469:, LS coupling, applies to the lanthanide ions, crystal field effects can be ignored, but spināorbit coupling is not negligible. Consequently, spin and orbital angular momenta have to be combined
333:
2593:
2531:
2653:
1068:
3419:
Compounds of gallium(II) were unknown until quite recently. As the atomic number of gallium is an odd number (31), Ga should have an unpaired electron. It was assumed that it would act as a
1302:
O, has a NĆ©el temperature of 8.3 K. The susceptibility is a maximum at this temperature. Below the NĆ©el temperature the susceptibility decreases and the substance becomes antiferromagnetic.
186:
851:
1550:
is smaller than might be expected (partial quenching), or zero (complete quenching). There is complete quenching in the following cases. Note that an electron in a degenerate pair of d
968:
1842:
and the paramagnetism can be attributed to electron spin alone. The total spin angular momentum is simply half the number of unpaired electrons and the spin-only formula results.
661:
593:
506:
number of electron pairs and the chemical nature of the atoms to which they belong. This means that the effects are additive, and a table of "diamagnetic contributions", or
3299:(EPR). Such radicals are generated by irradiation. Extensive EPR studies have revealed much about electron delocalization in free radicals. The simulated spectrum of the CH
1390:
1840:
2871:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{eff}}=g{\sqrt {{\vec {J}}({\vec {J}}+1)}};g={3 \over 2}+{\frac {{\vec {S}}({\vec {S}}+1)-{\vec {L}}({\vec {L}}+1)}{2{\vec {J}}({\vec {J}}+1)}}}
1548:
1517:
Orbital angular momentum is generated when an electron in an orbital of a degenerate set of orbitals is moved to another orbital in the set by rotation. In complexes of
1370:
1341:
263:
218:
129:
1267:
pattern. The state with spins opposed has lower energy, so the interaction can be classed as antiferromagnetic in this case. It is believed that this is an example of
866:. The Curie-Weiss law will apply only when the temperature is well above the Curie temperature. At temperatures below the Curie temperature the substance may become
396:
which uses a sample in a fixed position and a variable secondary magnet to bring the magnets back to their initial position. It, too, is calibrated against HgCo(NCS)
100:
The primary measurement in magnetochemistry is magnetic susceptibility. This measures the strength of interaction on placing the substance in a magnetic field. The
479:
In certain crystalline materials individual magnetic moments may be aligned with each other (magnetic moment has both magnitude and direction). This gives rise to
3098:
1290:
Compounds at temperatures below the Curie temperature exhibit long-range magnetic order in the form of ferromagnetism. Another critical temperature is the
1310:
The effective magnetic moment for a compound containing a transition metal ion with one or more unpaired electrons depends on the total orbital and spin
3219:
This means that it is difficult to calculate the effective moment. For example, uranium(IV), f, in the complex has a measured effective moment of 2.2 Ī¼
3364:, was highly controversial. It was found experimentally to be diamagnetic. Deoxy-hemoglobin is generally accepted to be a complex of iron in the +2
3989:
4356:
4457:
4169:
892:
381:. Calibration removes the need to know the density of the sample. Variable temperature measurements can be made by placing the sample in a
3313:
are long-lived free radicals which can be inserted into organic molecules so that they can be studied by EPR. For example, the nitroxide
4462:
476:
its magnetic behaviour is modified by its chemical environment. Measurement of the magnetic moment can give useful chemical information.
795:
is not degenerate, that the magnetic susceptibility is due only to electron spin and that only the ground state is thermally populated.
407:
the sample is placed in a magnetic field of constant gradient, and weighed on a torsion balance. This method can yield information on
4201:
3542:
Evans, D.F. (1959). "The determination of the paramagnetic susceptibility of substances in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance".
2304:
the temperature) an equilibrium is established between the spin states, involving what have been called "electronic isomers". Tris-
4440:
3431:
such as were synthesized they were found to be diamagnetic. This implied the formation of a Ga-Ga bond and a dimeric formula, .
3337:
ion, Gd, has the f electronic configuration, with all spins parallel. Compounds of the Gd ion are the most suitable for use as a
538:
magnetically dilute. The magnetic dipoles of the atoms point in random directions. When a magnetic field is applied, first-order
1848:
4484:
26:. Magnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained in a compound. Compounds are
1914:
is the number of unpaired electrons. The spin-only formula is a good first approximation for high-spin complexes of first-row
684:
4089:
4037:
3715:
3526:
4496:
4435:
1183:
For substances that obey the Curie law, the effective magnetic moment is independent of temperature. For other substances Ī¼
4349:
1158:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{eff}}={\sqrt {3k \over N\mu _{0}\mu _{B}^{2}}}{\sqrt {T\chi }}\approx 797.727{\sqrt {T\chi }}}
287:
2537:
2475:
1271:, mediated by the oxygen and carbon atoms of the acetate ligands. Other dimers and clusters exhibit exchange behaviour.
54:
is, to a first approximation, a simple function of the number of unpaired electrons, the spin-only formula. In general,
2599:
4153:
4115:
3912:
3895:
3855:
1187:
is temperature dependent, but the dependence is small if the Curie-Weiss law holds and the Curie temperature is low.
137:
4060:
Figgis, B.N.; Lewis, J. (1960). "The
Magnetochemistry of Complex Compounds". In Lewis. J. and Wilkins. R.G. (ed.).
4029:
3952:
3873:
The structure of inorganic radicals; an application of electron spin resonance to the study of molecular structure
5301:
3296:
3236:
2276:. Note that low-spin complexes of Fe and Co are diamagnetic. Another group of complexes that are diamagnetic are
1048:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{eff}}={\sqrt {3k \over N\mu _{B}^{2}}}{\sqrt {T\chi }}\approx 2.82787{\sqrt {T\chi }}}
808:
5180:
4342:
3937:
3307:
due to the interaction of the electron with the 3 equivalent hydrogen nuclei, each of which has a spin of 1/2.
4623:
4377:
4194:
233:
2337:
treatments. The magnetic behaviour has been summarized, as below, together with an extensive table of data.
4289:
1521:
certain rotations are not possible. In that case the orbital angular momentum is said to be "quenched" and
4900:
4387:
3322:
5277:
4826:
4797:
4777:
4730:
633:
421:
1502:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{eff}}={\sqrt {{\vec {L}}({\vec {L}}+1)+4{\vec {S}}({\vec {S}}+1)}}\mu _{B}}
554:
4415:
2466:
2320:, is a well-documented example. The effective moment varies from a typical d low-spin value of 2.25 Ī¼
1377:
878:
When the Curie law is obeyed, the product of molar susceptibility and temperature is a constant. The
4174:
5170:
5086:
4725:
4187:
1810:
5108:
5019:
4982:
4866:
4792:
4613:
4596:
4539:
4246:
4132:
4107:
3445:
3346:
1381:
95:
55:
3423:
and have a very short lifetime. The non-existence of Ga(II) compounds was part of the so-called
1524:
1346:
1317:
239:
194:
5026:
5014:
4905:
4770:
4544:
4410:
3478:
548:
270:
225:
107:
3705:
5175:
5072:
5057:
4987:
4910:
4742:
4692:
4601:
4526:
4425:
4081:
3983:
3450:
507:
491:. These are properties of the crystal as a whole, of little bearing on chemical properties.
281:) is the preferred quantity. It is measured in mĀ·mol (SI) or cmĀ·mol (CGS) and is defined as
5165:
5120:
4895:
4715:
4645:
4402:
4382:
4065:
3666:
3601:
3592:
Bain, Gordon A.; Berry , John F. (2008). "Diamagnetic
Corrections and Pascal's Constants".
3209:{\displaystyle {\vec {J}}=\sum _{i}{\vec {j}}_{i}=\sum _{i}({\vec {l}}_{i}+{\vec {s}}_{i})}
2149:
1213:
71:
3368:, that is a d system with a high-spin magnetic moment near to the spin-only value of 4.9 Ī¼
8:
5188:
5142:
5067:
5040:
4938:
4920:
4873:
4811:
4707:
4687:
4556:
4551:
4452:
4284:
4145:
3473:
3440:
3304:
2162:
408:
4126:
3670:
3605:
2154:
1291:
5328:
5323:
5265:
5231:
5093:
5062:
4943:
4885:
4583:
4566:
4561:
4516:
4479:
4469:
4430:
4269:
4241:
3505:
3469:
3338:
2297:
1518:
1376:". In the approximation that the electronic states of the metal ions are determined by
1280:
1244:
600:
484:
370:
266:
79:
2288:
When the energy difference between the high-spin and low-spin states is comparable to
1196:
the magnetic field in the diamagnetic sense. Nevertheless, data are available for the
5284:
5246:
5211:
5194:
5132:
5050:
5045:
4973:
4958:
4928:
4849:
4816:
4787:
4782:
4757:
4747:
4667:
4655:
4534:
4447:
4229:
4149:
4111:
4085:
4033:
3971:
3933:
3908:
3891:
3851:
3711:
3522:
3465:
3428:
3424:
3288:
863:
772:
627:
in this expression that the susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.
473:
35:
23:
780:
42:. The magnitude of the paramagnetism is expressed as an effective magnetic moment, Ī¼
5289:
5206:
4861:
4697:
4650:
4591:
4316:
4073:
3963:
3848:
Electron paramagnetic resonance : elementary theory and practical applications
3674:
3609:
3547:
3280:
3272:
1915:
1311:
1264:
539:
361:
A variety of methods are available for the measurement of magnetic susceptibility.
47:
3372:. It was proposed that the iron is oxidized and the oxygen reduced to superoxide.
5147:
5103:
5098:
4992:
4968:
4802:
4765:
4618:
4608:
4491:
3365:
2305:
1294:, below which antiferromagnetism occurs. The hexahydrate of nickel chloride, NiCl
448:
404:
393:
373:
when the sample is placed in a homogeneous magnetic field. The measurements are
5031:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4954:
4950:
4933:
4890:
4821:
4682:
4677:
4662:
4474:
4392:
4306:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4052:
3413:
1284:
1276:
1218:
870:. More complicated behaviour is observed with the heavier transition elements.
675:
488:
480:
461:
440:
83:
75:
5317:
5236:
5125:
5081:
4806:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4506:
4301:
4296:
4236:
3357:
2277:
1287:, depending on the nature and relative orientations of the individual spins.
1268:
1234:
1173:
867:
788:
519:
389:
221:
31:
3223:, which includes a contribution from temperature-independent paramagnetism.
3085:
In actinides spināorbit coupling is strong and the coupling approximates to
5113:
4963:
4878:
4854:
4844:
4836:
4737:
4672:
4571:
4420:
4224:
4099:
3975:
3420:
3393:
3350:
3292:
3268:
1200:
ion. It is easier to observe in compounds of the heavier elements, such as
1197:
792:
500:
366:
39:
3247:
62:
to deviate from the spin-only formula. For the heavier transition metals,
4511:
3551:
3412:
This information has an important bearing on research to find artificial
1226:
799:
27:
4334:
5137:
4311:
3460:
3334:
3310:
3256:
2140:
of the orbital contribution is less effective in the tetrahedral case.
1373:
377:
against a known standard, such as mercury cobalt thiocyanate, HgCo(NCS)
374:
347:
63:
3967:
3707:
Physical methods in bioinorganic chemistry: spectroscopy and magnetism
3678:
3613:
5199:
4501:
4366:
4210:
3521:. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 29. Wiley. p. 203.
948:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{eff}}=\mathrm {constant} {\sqrt {T\chi }}}
667:
434:
1558:
orbitals cannot rotate into the other orbital because of symmetry.
5221:
4321:
3455:
3342:
444:
382:
67:
5241:
1172:
is effectively dimensionless, but is often stated as in units of
529:
339:
3317:, a functionalized derivative of TEtra Methyl Piperidine Oxide,
86:
depending on the relative orientations of the individual spins.
3260:
1201:
608:
447:
in the atom behaves like a magnet, that is, the electron has a
229:
3318:
3231:
414:
4179:
3226:
791:. In this treatment it has been assumed that the electronic
5216:
3314:
353:
4170:
Online available information resources on magnetochemistry
2272:
and with two unpaired electrons the range is 3.18 to 3.3 Ī¼
1900:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{eff}}={\sqrt {n(n+2)}}\mu _{B}}
798:
While some substances obey the Curie law, others obey the
678:, whose value, for molar susceptibility, is calculated as
460:
each electron is paired with another electron in the same
269:, also measured in amperes per meter. Susceptibility is a
74:
can occur in clusters and infinite lattices, resulting in
5226:
4175:
Tables of
Diamagnetic Corrections and Pascal's Constants
3846:
Weil, John A.; Bolton, James R.; Wertz, John E. (1994).
1190:
757:{\displaystyle C={\frac {Ng^{2}S(S+1)\mu _{B}^{2}}{3k}}}
524:
3396:
is reduced and the iron atom lies in the heme plane.
2884:
Magnetic properties of trivalent lanthanide compounds
1807:
When orbital angular momentum is completely quenched,
3291:, compounds with an unpaired electron are said to be
3259:
elements are paramagnetic. Notable examples include:
3101:
2667:
2602:
2540:
2478:
1851:
1813:
1527:
1393:
1349:
1320:
1305:
1071:
971:
895:
811:
687:
636:
557:
533:
Variation of magnetic susceptibility with temperature
290:
242:
197:
140:
110:
3930:
Contrast Agents I: Magnetic
Resonance Imaging: Pt. 1
2364:
Behaviour with large spināorbit coupling constant, Ī¶
2331:
369:
the weight change of the sample is measured with an
3800:
Figgis&Lewis, Section 3, "Orbital contribution"
3591:
328:{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{mol}}=M\chi _{v}/\rho }
3208:
2870:
2647:
2588:{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}=\sum _{i}{\vec {s}}_{i}}
2587:
2526:{\displaystyle {\vec {L}}=\sum _{i}{\vec {l}}_{i}}
2525:
1899:
1834:
1542:
1501:
1364:
1335:
1157:
1047:
947:
845:
756:
655:
587:
327:
257:
212:
180:
123:
16:Study of magnetic properties of chemical compounds
4072:
3657:Hoppe, J.I. (1972). "Effective magnetic moment".
5315:
2648:{\displaystyle {\vec {J}}={\vec {L}}+{\vec {S}}}
2166:Crystal field diagram for octahedral high-spin d
3905:Spin labeling II : theory and applications
3845:
2658:and the calculated magnetic moment is given by
2158:Crystal field diagram for octahedral low-spin d
1384:is negligible, the magnetic moment is given by
1372:, respectively. "Total" in this context means "
34:. Molecular compounds that contain one or more
3888:Spin labeling : theory and applications I
3710:. University Science Books. pp. 345ā348.
2280:complexes of d ions such as Ni and Rh and Au.
428:
181:{\displaystyle {\vec {M}}=\chi _{v}{\vec {H}}}
4350:
4195:
456:diamagnetic atoms have no unpaired electrons
22:is concerned with the magnetic properties of
3988:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3870:
3703:
3517:O'Connor, C.J. (1982). Lippard, S.J. (ed.).
3516:
2461:
873:
619:and the exponential can be expanded as 1 ā Ī
4059:
4357:
4343:
4202:
4188:
3652:
3650:
1238:Antiferromagnetic ordering in 2 dimensions
846:{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {C}{T-T_{c}}}}
551:gives the ratio of the two populations as
89:
4364:
3227:Main group elements and organic compounds
70:, spināorbit coupling cannot be ignored.
4046:
3902:
3885:
3871:Atkins, P. W.; Symons, M. C. R. (1967).
3737:Figgis&Lewis, p. 435. Orchard, p. 67
3246:
3230:
2181:High and low -spin octahedral complexes
2161:
2153:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1207:
528:
352:
4139:
4124:
4098:
3647:
2170:According to crystal field theory, the
5316:
4023:
3927:
1230:Ferrimagnetic ordering in 2 dimensions
451:. There are two types of interaction.
424:may be used to measure susceptibility.
385:between the pole pieces of the magnet.
4338:
4183:
4002:Greenwood&Earnshaw, pp. 1099ā1011
3755:Carlin, chapters 6 and 7, pp. 112ā225
3699:
3697:
3656:
3541:
3387:Pairing up of electrons from Fe and O
2143:
1191:Temperature independent paramagnetism
443:there is an interaction because each
439:When an isolated atom is placed in a
5272:
3519:Magnetic susceptibility measurements
1512:
623:. It follows from the presence of 1/
525:Mechanism and temperature dependence
5296:
13:
3694:
2283:
1564:Quenched orbital angular momentum
1306:Complexes of transition metal ions
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
670:and the proportionality constant,
566:
14:
5340:
4163:
3564:Orchard, p. 15. Earnshshaw, p. 97
2332:2nd and 3rd row transition metals
958:Where C has CGS units cm mol K, Ī¼
656:{\displaystyle \chi ={C \over T}}
417:is a very sensitive magnetometer.
357:Schematic diagram of Gouy balance
5295:
5283:
5271:
5260:
5259:
4049:Introduction to Magnetochemistry
3506:Magnetic Susceptibility Balances
1058:Where C has SI units m mol K, Ī¼
588:{\displaystyle e^{-\Delta E/kT}}
513:
273:. For chemical applications the
4017:
4005:
3996:
3946:
3921:
3879:
3864:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3809:Orchard, p. 125. Carlin, p. 270
3803:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3685:
3638:
3629:
3427:. When salts of the anion with
3328:
3297:electron paramagnetic resonance
494:
350:in kgĀ·mol (SI) or gĀ·mol (CGS).
342:in kgĀ·m (SI) or gĀ·cm (CGS) and
131:is defined by the relationship
4011:Greenwood&Earnshaw, p. 240
3827:Greenwood&Earnshaw p. 1243
3782:Figgis&Lewis, pp. 424, 432
3620:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3535:
3510:
3499:
3490:
3203:
3191:
3169:
3159:
3134:
3108:
2862:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2821:
2809:
2800:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2719:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2639:
2624:
2609:
2573:
2547:
2511:
2485:
2268:values range from 1.8 to 2.5 Ī¼
1882:
1870:
1820:
1534:
1484:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1442:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1356:
1327:
725:
713:
472:When the atom is present in a
249:
228:per unit volume), measured in
204:
172:
147:
102:volume magnetic susceptibility
1:
4624:Interface and colloid science
4378:Glossary of chemical formulae
4209:
4062:Modern Coordination Chemistry
3818:Figgis&Lewis, pp. 443ā451
3626:Figgis&Lewis, p. 417
3484:
3356:For many years the nature of
2453:varies with T, approximately
2403:varies with T, approximately
275:molar magnetic susceptibility
4290:ferromagnetic superconductor
4106:. Oxford Chemistry Primers.
2936:Number of unpaired Ć©lectrons
2264:With one unpaired electron Ī¼
2189:Number of unpaired electrons
1835:{\displaystyle {\vec {L}}=0}
1222:Copper(II) acetate dihydrate
104:, represented by the symbol
7:
4901:Bioorganometallic chemistry
4388:List of inorganic compounds
3704:Lawrence Que (March 2000).
3434:
3323:site-directed spin labeling
2417:Independent of temperature
1314:of the unpaired electrons,
429:Types of magnetic behaviour
420:For substances in solution
10:
5345:
4827:Dynamic covalent chemistry
4798:Enantioselective synthesis
4778:Physical organic chemistry
4731:Organolanthanide chemistry
4142:Molecular Magnetochemistry
2147:
1543:{\displaystyle {\vec {L}}}
1365:{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}}
1336:{\displaystyle {\vec {L}}}
1211:
517:
498:
432:
258:{\displaystyle {\vec {H}}}
213:{\displaystyle {\vec {M}}}
93:
5255:
5158:
4919:
4835:
4756:
4706:
4582:
4525:
4416:Electroanalytical methods
4401:
4373:
4257:
4217:
4078:Chemistry of the Elements
4076:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3479:Single-molecule magnetism
2467:Russell-Saunders coupling
2462:Lanthanides and actinides
2191:
2188:
2185:
1571:
1568:
880:effective magnetic moment
874:Effective magnetic moment
124:{\displaystyle \chi _{v}}
5171:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
5087:Supramolecular chemistry
4726:Organometallic chemistry
4140:Vulfson, Sergey (1998).
3791:Figgis&Lewis, p. 406
3773:Figgis&Lewis, p. 420
3746:Carlin, sections 5.5ā5.7
3635:Figgis&Lewis, p. 419
3573:Figgis&Lewis, p. 403
3376:Fe(II)Hb (high-spin) + O
2324:at 80 K to more than 4 Ī¼
5109:Combinatorial chemistry
5020:Food physical chemistry
4983:Environmental chemistry
4867:Bioorthogonal chemistry
4793:Retrosynthetic analysis
4614:Chemical thermodynamics
4597:Spectroelectrochemistry
4540:Computational chemistry
4247:Van Vleck paramagnetism
4133:Interscience Publishers
4108:Oxford University Press
4047:Earnshaw, Alan (1968).
3903:Berliner, L.J. (1979).
3886:Berliner, L.J. (1976).
3446:Magnetoelectrochemistry
267:magnetic field strength
96:Magnetic susceptibility
90:Magnetic susceptibility
5181:of element discoveries
5027:Agricultural chemistry
5015:Carbohydrate chemistry
4906:Bioinorganic chemistry
4771:Alkane stereochemistry
4716:Coordination chemistry
4545:Mathematical chemistry
4411:Instrumental chemistry
4125:Selwood, P.W. (1943).
3255:Very few compounds of
3252:
3244:
3210:
2872:
2649:
2589:
2527:
2167:
2159:
1901:
1836:
1544:
1503:
1366:
1337:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1159:
1049:
949:
847:
758:
657:
607:is the temperature in
589:
549:Boltzmann distribution
534:
358:
329:
271:dimensionless quantity
259:
226:magnetic dipole moment
214:
182:
125:
5176:Timeline of chemistry
5073:Post-mortem chemistry
5058:Clandestine chemistry
4988:Atmospheric chemistry
4911:Biophysical chemistry
4743:Solid-state chemistry
4693:Equilibrium chemistry
4602:Photoelectrochemistry
4082:Butterworth-Heinemann
4074:Greenwood, Norman N.
4024:Carlin, R.L. (1986).
3451:Magnetic ionic liquid
3250:
3234:
3211:
2873:
2650:
2590:
2528:
2165:
2157:
1902:
1837:
1545:
1504:
1367:
1338:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1208:Exchange interactions
1160:
1050:
950:
848:
759:
666:This is known as the
658:
615:is much smaller than
590:
532:
356:
330:
260:
224:of the material (the
215:
183:
126:
32:no unpaired electrons
5166:History of chemistry
5121:Chemical engineering
4896:Bioorganic chemistry
4646:Structural chemistry
4383:List of biomolecules
4146:Taylor & Francis
3552:10.1039/JR9590002003
3099:
2983:calculated moment /Ī¼
2665:
2600:
2538:
2476:
2150:crystal field theory
1849:
1811:
1525:
1391:
1347:
1318:
1214:Exchange interaction
1069:
969:
893:
809:
685:
634:
555:
288:
240:
195:
138:
108:
72:Exchange interaction
5189:The central science
5143:Ceramic engineering
5068:Forensic toxicology
5041:Chemistry education
4939:Radiation chemistry
4921:Interdisciplinarity
4874:Medicinal chemistry
4812:Fullerene chemistry
4688:Microwave chemistry
4557:Molecular mechanics
4552:Molecular modelling
4317:amorphous magnetism
4285:superferromagnetism
3928:Krause, W. (2002).
3671:1972JChEd..49..505H
3606:2008JChEd..85..532B
3474:Superferromagnetism
3441:Magnetic mineralogy
3305:hyperfine splitting
2885:
2182:
1565:
1382:spināorbit coupling
1124:
1014:
886:is then defined as
742:
409:magnetic anisotropy
56:spināorbit coupling
5232:Chemical substance
5094:Chemical synthesis
5063:Forensic chemistry
4944:Actinide chemistry
4886:Clinical chemistry
4567:Molecular geometry
4562:Molecular dynamics
4517:Elemental analysis
4470:Separation process
4270:antiferromagnetism
4242:superparamagnetism
3907:. Academic Press.
3890:. Academic Press.
3470:Superparamagnetism
3253:
3245:
3239:spectrum of the CH
3206:
3158:
3126:
3033:observed moment /Ī¼
2883:
2868:
2645:
2585:
2565:
2523:
2503:
2298:Boltzmann constant
2180:
2168:
2160:
2144:Low-spin complexes
1897:
1832:
1563:
1540:
1499:
1380:coupling and that
1362:
1333:
1281:antiferromagnetism
1245:copper(II) acetate
1240:
1232:
1224:
1155:
1110:
1045:
1000:
945:
843:
754:
728:
674:, is known as the
653:
601:Boltzmann constant
585:
535:
508:Pascal's constants
485:antiferromagnetism
371:analytical balance
359:
325:
255:
210:
178:
121:
80:antiferromagnetism
50:the magnitude of Ī¼
36:unpaired electrons
30:when they contain
24:chemical compounds
5311:
5310:
5247:Quantum mechanics
5212:Chemical compound
5195:Chemical reaction
5133:Materials science
5051:General chemistry
5046:Amateur chemistry
4974:Photogeochemistry
4959:Stellar chemistry
4929:Nuclear chemistry
4850:Molecular biology
4817:Polymer chemistry
4788:Organic synthesis
4783:Organic reactions
4748:Ceramic chemistry
4738:Cluster chemistry
4668:Chemical kinetics
4656:Molecular physics
4535:Quantum chemistry
4448:Mass spectrometry
4332:
4331:
4230:superdiamagnetism
4218:Magnetic response
4091:978-0-08-037941-8
4039:978-3-540-15816-5
3968:10.1021/cr980440x
3717:978-1-891389-02-3
3679:10.1021/ed049p505
3614:10.1021/ed085p532
3528:978-0-470-16680-2
3466:Superdiamagnetism
3429:empirical formula
3425:inert-pair effect
3289:organic chemistry
3194:
3172:
3149:
3137:
3117:
3111:
3081:
3080:
2866:
2853:
2838:
2812:
2797:
2773:
2758:
2741:
2722:
2710:
2695:
2675:
2642:
2627:
2612:
2576:
2556:
2550:
2514:
2494:
2488:
2457:
2456:
2260:
2259:
2135:
2134:
1916:transition metals
1885:
1859:
1823:
1766:
1765:
1537:
1513:Spin-only formula
1487:
1475:
1460:
1433:
1418:
1401:
1359:
1330:
1153:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1079:
1043:
1027:
1017:
1016:
979:
943:
903:
864:Curie temperature
841:
773:Avogadro constant
752:
651:
611:. In most cases Ī
474:chemical compound
298:
252:
207:
175:
150:
48:transition metals
5336:
5299:
5298:
5287:
5275:
5274:
5263:
5262:
5207:Chemical element
4862:Chemical biology
4721:Magnetochemistry
4698:Mechanochemistry
4651:Chemical physics
4592:Electrochemistry
4497:Characterization
4359:
4352:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4159:
4136:
4128:Magnetochemistry
4121:
4104:Magnetochemistry
4095:
4080:(2nd ed.).
4069:
4056:
4043:
4026:Magnetochemistry
4012:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3979:
3962:(9): 2293ā2352.
3950:
3944:
3943:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3901:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3701:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3654:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3514:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3303:ā¢ radical shows
3281:chlorine dioxide
3273:nitrogen dioxide
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3104:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2342:
2341:
2183:
2179:
1923:
1922:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1378:Russell-Saunders
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1312:angular momentum
1292:NĆ©el temperature
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1008:
995:
987:
986:
981:
980:
977:
954:
952:
951:
946:
944:
936:
934:
905:
904:
901:
852:
850:
849:
844:
842:
840:
839:
838:
819:
763:
761:
760:
755:
753:
751:
743:
741:
736:
709:
708:
695:
662:
660:
659:
654:
652:
644:
594:
592:
591:
586:
584:
583:
576:
540:Zeeman splitting
334:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
315:
300:
299:
296:
264:
262:
261:
256:
254:
253:
245:
219:
217:
216:
211:
209:
208:
200:
187:
185:
184:
179:
177:
176:
168:
165:
164:
152:
151:
143:
130:
128:
127:
122:
120:
119:
46:. For first-row
20:Magnetochemistry
5344:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5251:
5154:
5148:Polymer science
5104:Click chemistry
5099:Green chemistry
4993:Ocean chemistry
4969:Biogeochemistry
4915:
4831:
4803:Total synthesis
4766:Stereochemistry
4752:
4702:
4619:Surface science
4609:Thermochemistry
4578:
4521:
4492:Crystallography
4397:
4369:
4363:
4333:
4328:
4258:Magnetic states
4253:
4213:
4208:
4166:
4156:
4118:
4092:
4040:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3981:
3980:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3898:
3884:
3880:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3844:
3840:
3836:Orchard, p. 106
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3496:Earnshaw, p. 89
3495:
3491:
3487:
3437:
3414:oxygen carriers
3407:
3403:
3390:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3366:oxidation state
3363:
3331:
3302:
3286:
3278:
3266:
3251:MSTL spin-label
3242:
3229:
3222:
3197:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3153:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3036:
2986:
2845:
2844:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2804:
2803:
2789:
2788:
2765:
2764:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2733:
2702:
2701:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2634:
2633:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2452:
2434:
2402:
2384:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:iron(III), Fe(S
2306:dithiocarbamato
2286:
2284:Spin cross-over
2275:
2271:
2267:
2152:
2146:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1891:
1887:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1756:
1752:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1695:
1689:
1670:
1666:
1649:
1645:
1626:
1557:
1553:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1493:
1489:
1467:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1425:
1424:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1216:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1145:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1035:
1019:
1009:
1004:
996:
988:
985:
976:
972:
970:
967:
966:
961:
935:
909:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
885:
876:
860:
834:
830:
823:
818:
810:
807:
806:
786:
744:
737:
732:
704:
700:
696:
694:
686:
683:
682:
643:
635:
632:
631:
572:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
527:
522:
516:
503:
497:
449:magnetic moment
437:
431:
405:Faraday balance
399:
394:torsion balance
380:
338:where Ļ is the
317:
311:
307:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
280:
244:
243:
241:
238:
237:
199:
198:
196:
193:
192:
167:
166:
160:
156:
142:
141:
139:
136:
135:
115:
111:
109:
106:
105:
98:
92:
61:
53:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5342:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5293:
5281:
5269:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5032:Soil chemistry
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5010:Food chemistry
5007:
5005:Carbochemistry
5002:
5000:Clay chemistry
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4961:
4955:Astrochemistry
4951:Cosmochemistry
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Radiochemistry
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4891:Neurochemistry
4888:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4822:Petrochemistry
4819:
4814:
4809:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4683:Spin chemistry
4680:
4678:Photochemistry
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Femtochemistry
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4475:Chromatography
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4393:Periodic table
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4307:mictomagnetism
4304:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4280:ferromagnetism
4277:
4275:ferrimagnetism
4272:
4267:
4265:altermagnetism
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4164:External links
4162:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4070:
4057:
4053:Academic Press
4044:
4038:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3945:
3938:
3920:
3913:
3896:
3878:
3863:
3856:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3716:
3693:
3691:Orchard, p. 53
3684:
3646:
3644:Orchard, p. 48
3637:
3628:
3619:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3534:
3527:
3509:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3392:the effective
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3347:non-degenerate
3339:contrast agent
3330:
3327:
3300:
3284:
3276:
3264:
3240:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2879:
2878:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2671:
2656:
2655:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:varies with T
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:varies with T
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2285:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2148:Main article:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1555:
1551:
1536:
1533:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1397:
1358:
1355:
1329:
1326:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1285:ferrimagnetism
1277:ferromagnetism
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1212:Main article:
1209:
1206:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1168:The quantity Ī¼
1166:
1165:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
984:
975:
959:
956:
955:
942:
939:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
908:
899:
883:
875:
872:
858:
854:
853:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
817:
814:
784:
781:LandƩ g-factor
765:
764:
750:
747:
740:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
707:
703:
699:
693:
690:
676:Curie constant
664:
663:
650:
647:
642:
639:
582:
579:
575:
571:
568:
565:
561:
526:
523:
518:Main article:
515:
512:
499:Main article:
496:
493:
489:ferrimagnetism
481:ferromagnetism
470:
469:
465:
462:atomic orbital
441:magnetic field
433:Main article:
430:
427:
426:
425:
418:
412:
401:
397:
386:
378:
336:
335:
324:
320:
314:
310:
306:
303:
294:
278:
251:
248:
206:
203:
189:
188:
174:
171:
163:
159:
155:
149:
146:
118:
114:
94:Main article:
91:
88:
84:ferrimagnetism
76:ferromagnetism
59:
51:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5341:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5304:
5303:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:Chemical bond
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5126:Stoichiometry
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:Nanochemistry
5080:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Semisynthesis
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Sonochemistry
4639:
4637:
4636:Cryochemistry
4634:
4630:
4629:Micromeritics
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Wet chemistry
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4302:metamagnetism
4300:
4298:
4297:helimagnetism
4295:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4237:paramagnetism
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4155:90-5699-535-9
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4117:0-19-879278-6
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:Orchard, A.F.
4097:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4008:
3999:
3991:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3914:0-12-092352-1
3910:
3906:
3899:
3897:0-12-092350-5
3893:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3857:0-471-57234-9
3853:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3764:Carin, p. 264
3761:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3659:J. Chem. Educ
3653:
3651:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:J. Chem. Educ
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3546:: 2003ā2005.
3545:
3544:J. Chem. Soc.
3538:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3358:oxyhemoglobin
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3321:, is used in
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3293:free radicals
3290:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3238:
3233:
3224:
3198:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2859:
2856:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2767:
2752:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2716:
2713:
2704:
2689:
2681:
2678:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2606:
2596:
2580:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2534:
2518:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2328:above 300 K.
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2278:square-planar
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1829:
1826:
1817:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1531:
1520:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1427:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1353:
1324:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1269:superexchange
1266:
1246:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:Bohr magneton
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
982:
973:
965:
964:
963:
940:
937:
906:
897:
889:
888:
887:
881:
871:
869:
868:ferromagnetic
865:
861:
835:
831:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
805:
804:
803:
801:
796:
794:
790:
789:Bohr magneton
782:
778:
774:
770:
748:
745:
738:
733:
729:
722:
719:
716:
710:
705:
701:
697:
691:
688:
681:
680:
679:
677:
673:
669:
648:
645:
640:
637:
630:
629:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
580:
577:
573:
569:
563:
559:
550:
546:
541:
531:
521:
520:Paramagnetism
514:Paramagnetism
511:
509:
502:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
466:
463:
459:
454:
453:
452:
450:
446:
442:
436:
423:
419:
416:
413:
410:
406:
402:
395:
391:
390:Evans balance
387:
384:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
362:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
322:
318:
312:
308:
304:
301:
292:
284:
283:
282:
276:
272:
268:
246:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:magnetization
201:
169:
161:
157:
153:
144:
134:
133:
132:
116:
112:
103:
97:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
49:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
5300:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5114:Biosynthesis
4964:Geochemistry
4879:Pharmacology
4855:Cell biology
4845:Biochemistry
4720:
4673:Spectroscopy
4572:VSEPR theory
4421:Spectroscopy
4365:Branches of
4225:diamagnetism
4141:
4127:
4103:
4077:
4064:. New York:
4061:
4048:
4025:
4018:Bibliography
4007:
3998:
3984:cite journal
3959:
3955:
3948:
3932:. Springer.
3929:
3923:
3904:
3887:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3847:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3706:
3687:
3662:
3658:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3582:Carlin, p. 3
3578:
3569:
3560:
3543:
3537:
3518:
3512:
3501:
3492:
3421:free radical
3418:
3411:
3400:Fe(II)Hb + O
3394:ionic radius
3386:
3355:
3351:ground state
3332:
3329:Applications
3309:
3269:nitric oxide
3254:
3218:
3089:
3086:
3084:
2657:
2465:
2335:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2263:
2171:
2169:
2138:
1911:
1909:
1806:
1575:Tetrahedral
1519:low symmetry
1516:
1309:
1289:
1273:
1241:
1198:permanganate
1194:
1182:
1167:
1057:
957:
879:
877:
856:
855:
797:
793:ground state
776:
768:
766:
671:
665:
624:
620:
616:
612:
604:
596:
544:
536:
504:
501:Diamagnetism
495:Diamagnetism
478:
471:
457:
438:
367:Gouy balance
360:
343:
337:
274:
236:units), and
190:
101:
99:
40:paramagnetic
19:
18:
5302:WikiProject
4527:Theoretical
4512:Calorimetry
3875:. Elsevier.
3723:22 February
3349:electronic
3311:Spin labels
1204:compounds.
800:Curie-Weiss
232:per meter (
64:lanthanides
28:diamagnetic
5318:Categories
5138:Metallurgy
4837:Biological
4403:Analytical
4312:spin glass
3939:3540422471
3665:(7): 505.
3600:(4): 532.
3485:References
3461:Spin glass
3408:(low-spin)
3335:gadolinium
3257:main group
3235:Simulated
3092:coupling.
2889:lanthanide
2117:5.65ā6.10
2089:4.75ā4.90
2047:3.70ā3.90
2033:3.80ā3.90
2005:2.75ā2.85
1991:1.70ā2.20
1977:1.68ā1.78
1929:Number of
1572:Octahedral
1374:vector sum
375:calibrated
348:molar mass
5329:Chemistry
5324:Magnetism
5200:Catalysis
4708:Inorganic
4502:Titration
4367:chemistry
4211:Magnetism
3956:Chem. Rev
3850:. Wiley.
3343:MRI scans
3243:ā¢ radical
3192:→
3170:→
3151:∑
3135:→
3119:∑
3109:→
3065:10.4ā10.7
3062:10.4ā10.6
2851:→
2836:→
2810:→
2795:→
2786:−
2771:→
2756:→
2708:→
2693:→
2670:μ
2640:→
2625:→
2610:→
2574:→
2558:∑
2548:→
2512:→
2496:∑
2486:→
2200:low-spin
2197:high-spin
2192:examples
2075:3.80ā4.0
1946:moment /Ī¼
1938:moment /Ī¼
1936:Spin-only
1933:electrons
1889:μ
1854:μ
1821:→
1771:legend: t
1582:high-spin
1535:→
1491:μ
1473:→
1458:→
1431:→
1416:→
1396:μ
1357:→
1328:→
1265:sigmoidal
1151:χ
1140:≈
1135:χ
1112:μ
1102:μ
1074:μ
1041:χ
1030:≈
1025:χ
1002:μ
974:μ
941:χ
898:μ
828:−
813:χ
730:μ
668:Curie law
638:χ
567:Δ
564:−
435:Magnetism
365:With the
323:ρ
309:χ
293:χ
250:→
205:→
173:→
158:χ
148:→
113:χ
68:actinides
5266:Category
5222:Molecule
5159:See also
4584:Physical
4322:spin ice
4102:(2003).
4030:Springer
3976:11749483
3456:Spin ice
3435:See also
2348:kT/Ī¶=0.1
2131:5.7ā6.0
2103:5.1ā5.7
2061:4.3ā5.0
2019:2.8ā3.5
1944:observed
1931:unpaired
1795:, e = (d
1585:low-spin
595:, where
445:electron
383:cryostat
58:causes Ī¼
5278:Commons
5242:Alchemy
4758:Organic
3667:Bibcode
3602:Bibcode
3074:4.3ā4.9
3071:7.1ā7.5
3068:9.4ā9.6
3059:9.5ā9.8
3056:7.9ā8.0
3053:3.3ā3.5
3050:1.4ā1.7
3045:3.5ā3.6
3042:3.4ā3.6
3039:2.3ā2.5
2345:d-count
2296:is the
2242:Fe, Co
2228:Mn, Fe
2214:Cr, Mn
2186:d-count
1143:797.727
1033:2.82787
862:is the
787:is the
783:, and Ī¼
779:is the
771:is the
609:kelvins
599:is the
403:With a
392:. is a
340:density
265:is the
230:amperes
220:is the
191:where,
5290:Portal
4436:UV-Vis
4152:
4114:
4088:
4036:
3974:
3936:
3911:
3894:
3854:
3714:
3525:
3360:, Hb-O
3271:, NO;
3261:oxygen
2356:kT/Ī¶=0
1910:where
1202:uranyl
767:where
547:, the
4463:MALDI
4431:Raman
4066:Wiley
3319:TEMPO
3287:. In
3283:, ClO
3013:10.65
1963:1.73
1251:(OAc)
802:law.
468:sign.
415:SQUID
5217:Atom
4485:HPLC
4150:ISBN
4135:Inc.
4112:ISBN
4086:ISBN
4034:ISBN
3990:link
3972:PMID
3934:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3725:2011
3712:ISBN
3523:ISBN
3341:for
3333:The
3315:MTSL
3279:and
3275:, NO
3025:4.54
3022:7.56
3019:9.58
3016:10.6
3010:9.72
3007:7.94
3001:0.85
2998:2.68
2995:3.62
2992:3.58
2989:2.54
2446:1.73
2443:1.95
2425:2.64
2414:3.88
2411:3.88
2396:1.22
2393:1.55
2375:0.63
2300:and
2128:5.92
2114:5.92
2100:4.90
2086:4.90
2072:3.87
2058:3.87
2044:3.87
2030:3.87
2016:2.83
2002:2.83
1988:1.73
1974:1.73
1960:1.73
1791:). e
1779:= (d
1554:or d
1343:and
1247:, Cu
962:is
621:E/kT
603:and
388:The
66:and
38:are
5227:Ion
4458:ICP
4441:NMR
3964:doi
3675:doi
3610:doi
3548:doi
3404:ā O
3380:ā O
3263:, O
3237:EPR
2931:Lu
2674:eff
2451:eff
2433:eff
2401:eff
2383:eff
2360:eff
2352:eff
2312:CNR
2266:eff
2256:Co
1926:Ion
1858:eff
1799:, d
1797:xāy
1787:, d
1783:, d
1775:, t
1552:xāy
1400:eff
1298:Ā·6H
1283:or
1185:eff
1180:).
1170:eff
1078:eff
1062:is
1060:eff
978:eff
960:eff
902:eff
884:eff
882:, Ī¼
487:or
422:NMR
346:is
297:mol
279:mol
82:or
60:eff
52:eff
44:eff
5320::
4957:/
4953:/
4805:/
4480:GC
4453:EI
4426:IR
4148:.
4144:.
4131:.
4110:.
4084:.
4051:.
4032:.
4028:.
3986:}}
3982:{{
3970:.
3960:99
3958:.
3696:^
3673:.
3663:49
3661:.
3649:^
3608:.
3598:85
3596:.
3472:,
3468:,
3416:.
3353:.
3325:.
3267:;
3077:0
3028:0
2978:0
2928:Yb
2925:Tm
2922:Er
2919:Ho
2916:Dy
2913:Tb
2910:Gd
2907:Eu
2904:Sm
2901:Pm
2898:Nd
2895:Pr
2892:Ce
2366:nd
2290:kT
2122:Fe
2108:Mn
2094:Fe
2080:Cr
2066:Mn
2052:Co
2038:Cr
2010:Ni
1982:Cu
1954:Ti
1918:.
1803:).
1789:yz
1785:xz
1781:xy
1773:2g
1751:2g
1730:2g
1717:et
1709:2g
1692:et
1688:2g
1665:2g
1644:2g
1625:2g
1615:e
1601:e
1279:,
1259:O)
1255:(H
1176:(Ī¼
775:,
617:kT
483:,
458:ie
277:(Ļ
234:SI
78:,
5191:"
5187:"
4358:e
4351:t
4344:v
4203:e
4196:t
4189:v
4158:.
4120:.
4094:.
4068:.
4055:.
4042:.
3992:)
3978:.
3966::
3942:.
3917:.
3900:.
3860:.
3727:.
3681:.
3677::
3669::
3616:.
3612::
3604::
3554:.
3550::
3531:.
3406:2
3402:2
3389:2
3382:2
3378:2
3370:B
3362:2
3301:3
3285:2
3277:2
3265:2
3241:3
3221:B
3204:)
3199:i
3189:s
3182:+
3177:i
3167:l
3160:(
3155:i
3147:=
3142:i
3132:j
3123:i
3115:=
3106:J
3090:j
3087:j
3035:B
3004:0
2985:B
2975:1
2972:2
2969:3
2966:4
2963:5
2960:6
2957:7
2954:6
2951:5
2948:4
2945:3
2942:2
2939:1
2863:)
2860:1
2857:+
2848:J
2842:(
2833:J
2827:2
2822:)
2819:1
2816:+
2807:L
2801:(
2792:L
2783:)
2780:1
2777:+
2768:S
2762:(
2753:S
2744:+
2739:2
2736:3
2731:=
2728:g
2725:;
2720:)
2717:1
2714:+
2705:J
2699:(
2690:J
2682:g
2679:=
2637:S
2631:+
2622:L
2616:=
2607:J
2581:i
2571:s
2562:i
2554:=
2545:S
2519:i
2509:l
2500:i
2492:=
2483:L
2449:Ī¼
2440:d
2431:Ī¼
2428:0
2422:d
2408:d
2399:Ī¼
2390:d
2381:Ī¼
2378:0
2372:d
2358:Ī¼
2350:Ī¼
2326:B
2322:B
2318:3
2316:)
2314:2
2310:2
2302:T
2294:k
2292:(
2274:B
2270:B
2253:1
2250:3
2247:d
2239:0
2236:4
2233:d
2225:1
2222:5
2219:d
2211:2
2208:4
2205:d
2172:d
2125:5
2111:5
2097:4
2083:4
2069:3
2055:3
2041:3
2027:3
2024:V
2013:2
1999:2
1996:V
1985:1
1971:1
1968:V
1957:1
1948:B
1940:B
1912:n
1893:B
1883:)
1880:2
1877:+
1874:n
1871:(
1868:n
1863:=
1830:0
1827:=
1818:L
1801:z
1793:g
1777:2
1755:g
1753:e
1749:t
1746:d
1734:g
1732:e
1728:t
1725:d
1719:2
1713:g
1711:e
1707:t
1700:d
1694:2
1686:t
1679:d
1669:g
1667:e
1663:t
1658:d
1648:g
1646:e
1642:t
1637:d
1623:t
1620:d
1606:d
1592:d
1569:d
1556:z
1532:L
1495:B
1485:)
1482:1
1479:+
1470:S
1464:(
1455:S
1449:4
1446:+
1443:)
1440:1
1437:+
1428:L
1422:(
1413:L
1405:=
1354:S
1325:L
1300:2
1296:2
1261:2
1257:2
1253:4
1249:2
1178:B
1148:T
1132:T
1121:2
1116:B
1106:0
1098:N
1093:k
1090:3
1083:=
1038:T
1022:T
1011:2
1006:B
998:N
993:k
990:3
983:=
938:T
932:t
929:n
926:a
923:t
920:s
917:n
914:o
911:c
907:=
859:c
857:T
836:c
832:T
825:T
821:C
816:=
785:B
777:g
769:N
749:k
746:3
739:2
734:B
726:)
723:1
720:+
717:S
714:(
711:S
706:2
702:g
698:N
692:=
689:C
672:C
649:T
646:C
641:=
625:T
613:E
605:T
597:k
581:T
578:k
574:/
570:E
560:e
545:E
543:Ī
411:.
400:.
398:4
379:4
344:M
319:/
313:v
305:M
302:=
247:H
202:M
170:H
162:v
154:=
145:M
117:v
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