960:. For example, ILs allow for the preparation of biopolymer materials in different forms (e.g. sponges, films, microparticles, nanoparticles, and aerogels) and better biopolymer chemical reactions, leading to biopolymer-based drug/gene-delivery carriers. Moreover, ILs enable the synthesis of chemically modified starches with high efficiency and degrees of substitution (DS) and the development of various starch-based materials such as thermoplastic starch, composite films, solid polymer electrolytes, nanoparticles and drug carriers.
794:
578:
616:
31:
997:
fluid. Although nitrate salts have been the medium of choice since the early 1980s, they freeze at 220 °C (428 °F) and thus require heating to prevent solidification. Ionic liquids such as have more favorable liquid-phase temperature ranges (-75 to 459 °C) and could therefore be excellent liquid thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids.
777:
Polymerized ionic liquids, poly(ionic liquid)s or polymeric ionic liquids, all abbreviated as PIL is the polymeric form of ionic liquids. They have half of the ionicity of ionic liquids since one ion is fixed as the polymer moiety to form a polymeric chain. PILs have a similar range of applications,
851:
Recognizing that approximately 50% of commercial pharmaceuticals are salts, ionic liquid forms of a number of pharmaceuticals have been investigated. Combining a pharmaceutically active cation with a pharmaceutically active anion leads to a Dual Active ionic liquid in which the actions of two drugs
635:
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are dominated by salts derived from 1-methylimidazole, i.e., 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium. Examples include 1-ethyl-3-methyl- (EMIM), 1-butyl-3-methyl- (BMIM), 1-octyl-3 methyl (OMIM), 1-decyl-3-methyl-(DMIM), 1-dodecyl-3-methyl- (dodecylMIM). Other imidazolium
1106:
applications. While the comparatively high cost of ionic liquids currently prevents their use as neat lubricants, adding ionic liquids in concentrations as low as 0.5 wt% may significantly alter the lubricating performance of conventional base oils. Thus, the current focus of research is on using
996:
focus the sun's energy onto a receiver, which can generate temperatures of around 600 °C (1,112 °F). This heat can then generate electricity in a steam or other cycle. For buffering during cloudy periods or to enable generation overnight, energy can be stored by heating an intermediate
3323:
Barghi S.H.; Adibi M.; Rashtchian D. (2010). "An experimental study on permeability, diffusivity, and selectivity of CO2 and CH4 through [bmim][PF6] ionic liquid supported on an alumina membrane: Investigation of temperature fluctuations effects".
834:
ILs improve the catalytic performance of palladium nanoparticles. Furthermore, ionic liquids can be used as pre-catalysts for chemical transformations. In this regard dialkylimidazoliums such as Ac have been used in the combination with a base to generate
3817:; Barletta, Robert E.; O'Brien, Richard A.; Sykora, Richard E.; Stenson, Alexandra C.; West, Kevin N.; Horne, Howard E.; Hendrich, Jeffrey M.; Xiang, Kang Rui; Davis, James H. (2014). "On the Formation of a Protic Ionic Liquid in Nature".
778:
comparable with those of ionic liquids but the polymer architecture provides a better chance for controlling the ionic conductivity. They have extended the applications of ionic liquids for designing smart materials or solid electrolytes.
545:
is less soluble in ionic liquids than in many popular organic solvents, and hydrogen is only slightly soluble (similar to the solubility in water) and may vary relatively little between the more common ionic liquids. Many classes of
3743:
Marcin
Smiglak; W. Mathew Reichert; John D. Holbrey; John S. Wilkes; Luyi Sun; Joseph S. Thrasher; Kostyantyn Kirichenko; et al. (2006). "Combustible ionic liquids by design: is laboratory safety another ionic liquid myth?".
2296:
454:
and the imidazolium/pyridinium and halide/halogenoaluminate ratios. Two major drawbacks for some applications were moisture sensitivity and acidity or basicity. In 1992, Wilkes and
Zawarotko obtained ionic liquids with 'neutral'
321:
and
Rakshit, during preparation of the nitrite salts of ethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine observed that the reaction between ethylamine hydrochloride and silver nitrate yielded an unstable ethylammonium nitrite
1918:
Yauheni U. Paulechka; Gennady J. Kabo; Andrey V. Blokhin; Oleg A. Vydrov; Joseph W. Magee & Michael
Frenkel (2002). "Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate in the Ideal Gas State".
3351:
Mota-Martinez M. T.; Althuluth M.; Berrouk A.; Kroon M.C.; Peters Cor J. (2014). "High pressure phase equilibria of binary mixtures of light hydrocarbons in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate".
1948:
Martyn J. Earle; JosĂ© M.S.S. Esperança; Manuela A. Gilea; JosĂ© N. Canongia Lopes; LuĂs P.N. Rebelo; Joseph W. Magee; Kenneth R. Seddon & Jason A. Widegren (2006). "The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids".
2582:
Zhao, D.; Fei, Z.; Geldbach, T. J.; Scopelliti, R.; Dyson, P. J. (2004). "Nitrile-Functionalized
Pyridinium Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Application in Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reactions".
889:
as a solvent for pulp and paper. The "valorization" of cellulose, i.e. its conversion to more valuable chemicals, has been achieved by the use of ionic liquids. Representative products are glucose esters,
47:
1801:
J. S. Wilkes; J. A. Levisky; R. A. Wilson; C. L. Hussey (1982). "Dialkylimidazolium chloroaluminate melts: a new class of room-temperature ionic liquids for electrochemistry, spectroscopy and synthesis".
1554:
J. M. Crosthwaite; M. J. Muldoon; J. K. Dixon; J. L. Anderson & J. F. Brennecke (2005). "Phase transition and decomposition temperatures, heat capacities and viscosities of pyridinium ionic liquids".
1175:, and self-grooms with it, an action which de-toxifies the fire ant venom. The mixed venoms chemically react with one another to form an ionic liquid, the first naturally occurring IL to be described.
2900:
Fort D.A, Swatloski R.P., Moyna P., Rogers R.D., Moyna G. (2006). "Use of ionic liquids in the study of fruit ripening by high-resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy: 'green' solvents meet green bananas".
3710:
Xuehui Li; Jinggan Zhao; Qianhe Li; Lefu Wang & Shik Chi Tsang (2007). "Ultrasonic chemical oxidative degradations of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids and their mechanistic elucidations".
3162:
Ch. Jagadeeswara Rao, K.A. Venkatesan, K. Nagarajan, T.G. Srinivasan and P. R. Vasudeva Rao, Electrodeposition of metallic uranium at near ambient conditions from room-temperature ionic liquid,
3178:
2051:
James P. Armstrong; Christopher Hurst; Robert G. Jones; Peter
Licence; Kevin R. J. Lovelock; Christopher J. Satterley & Ignacio J. Villar-Garcia (2007). "Vapourisation of ionic liquids".
302:, mixtures of ionic and non-ionic solid substances which have much lower melting points than the pure compounds. Certain mixtures of nitrate salts can have melting points below 100 °C.
2271:
596:
was detected below â100 °C in the case of N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium cations fluorosulfonyl-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide (FTFSI). Low-temperature ionic liquids (below 130
2139:
E. F. Borra; O. Seddiki; R. Angel; D. Eisenstein; P. Hickson; K. R. Seddon & S. P. Worden (2007). "Deposition of metal films on an ionic liquid as a basis for a lunar telescope".
1666:
RĂąy, Prafulla
Chandra; Rakshit, Jitendra Nath (1911). "CLXVII.âNitrites of the alkylammonium bases: ethylammonium nitrite, dimethylammonium nitrite, and trimethylammonium nitrite".
1773:
H. L. Chum; V. R. Koch; L. L. Miller; R. A. Osteryoung (1975). "Electrochemical scrutiny of organometallic iron complexes and hexamethylbenzene in a room-temperature molten salt".
367:, a heavy yellow liquid which on immersion in a mixture of salt and ice could not be solidified and was probably the first report of room-temperature ionic liquid. Later in 1914,
607:
Water is a common impurity in ionic liquids, as it can be absorbed from the atmosphere and influences the transport properties of RTILs, even at relatively low concentrations.
1013:
streams. This has been achieved using lower temperature extraction processes than current approaches and could help avoid incinerating plastics or dumping them in landfill.
3789:
3210:
Michel Armand; Frank Endres; Douglas R. MacFarlane; Hiroyuki Ohno & Bruno
Scrosati (2009). "Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future".
1005:
ILs can aid the recycling of synthetic goods, plastics, and metals. They offer the specificity required to separate similar compounds from each other, such as separating
636:
cations are 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium (BMMIM or DBMIM) and 1,3-di(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-2-methylimidazolium (DAMI). Other N-heterocyclic cations are derived from
3647:
2525:
2520:
1830:
R. J. Gale; R. A. Osteryoung (1979). "Potentiometric investigation of dialuminium heptachloride formation in aluminum chloride-1-butylpyridinium chloride mixtures".
499:
ILs are typically colorless viscous liquids. They are often moderate to poor conductors of electricity, and rarely self-ionize. They do, however, have a very large
2675:
J. Stoimenovski; D. R. MacFarlane; K. Bica; R. D. Rogers (2010). "Crystalline vs. Ionic Liquid Salt Forms of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients: A Position Paper".
1228:
2480:
Kore, Rajkumar; Scurto, Aaron M.; Shiflett, Mark B. (2020). "Review of
Isobutane Alkylation Technology Using Ionic Liquid-Based CatalystsâWhere Do We Stand?".
1529:
D. R. MacFarlane; J. Golding; S. Forsyth; M. Forsyth & G. B. Deacon (2001). "Low viscosity ionic liquids based on organic salts of the dicyanamide anion".
3574:
Petkovic, Marija; Seddon, Kenneth R.; Rebelo, LuĂs Paulo N.; Pereira, Cristina Silva (2011-02-22). "Ionic liquids: a pathway to environmental acceptability".
881:
by ILs has attracted interest. A patent application from 1930 showed that 1-alkylpyridinium chlorides dissolve cellulose. Following in the footsteps of the
2651:
1029:
of up to six volts (versus 1.23 for water) supporting more energy-dense metals. Energy densities from 900 to 1600 watt-hours per kilogram appear possible.
3617:
C Pretti; C Chiappe; D Pieraccini; M Gregori; F Abramo; G Monni & L Intorre (2006). "Acute toxicity of ionic liquids to the zebrafish (Danio rerio)".
3507:
2549:
1885:
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1421:
204:, manifested in high melting points. Some salts, especially those with organic cations, have low lattice energies and thus are liquid at or below
1185:
35:
3302:
3142:
3084:
721:
3023:
291:, that melts at â21 °C (â6 °F); and 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide which becomes a glass below â24 °C (â11 °F).
3674:
J Ranke; S Stolte; R Störmann; J Arning & B Jastorff (2007). "Design of sustainable chemical products â the example of ionic liquids".
537:
processes, allowing for relatively easy separation of products and/or unreacted substrate(s). Gas solubility follows the same trend, with
2840:
Charles Graenacher, Manufacture and Application of New Cellulose Solutions and Cellulose Derivatives Produced therefrom, US 1934/1943176.
3176:
Banqui Wu; Ramana G. Reddy & Robin D. Rogers (2001). "Novel ionic liquid thermal storage for solar thermal electric power systems".
761:
P) are less common but offer some advantageous properties. Some examples of phosphonium cations are trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium (P
3867:
2404:
2385:
1921:
2792:
928:
Beyond cellulose, ILs have also shown potential in the dissolution, extraction, purification, processing and modification of other
786:
Many applications have been considered, but few have been commercialized. ILs are used in the production of gasoline by catalyzing
3531:
Zhou, Feng; Liang, Yongmin; Liu, Weimin (2009-08-19). "Ionic liquid lubricants: designed chemistry for engineering applications".
2790:
Richard P. Swatloski; Scott K. Spear; John D. Holbrey & Robin D. Rogers (2002). "Dissolution of Cellose with Ionic Liquids".
2320:
Tripathi, Alok Kumar (2021). "Ionic liquidâbased solid electrolytes (ionogels) for application in rechargeable lithium battery".
1111:. However, the claimed ecological advantage of ionic liquids has been questioned repeatedly and is yet to be demonstrated from a
589:
under vacuum conditions at temperatures near 300 °C. The vapor is not made up of separated ions, but consists of ion pairs.
3782:
2879:
640:: 4-methyl-N-butyl-pyridinium (MBPy) and N-octylpyridinium (C8Py). Conventional quaternary ammonium cations also form ILs, e.g.
3194:
2429:
1454:
1375:
17:
3263:
2515:
209:
2621:"Ionic Liquids as Precatalysts in the Highly Stereoselective Conjugate Addition of α,ÎČâUnsaturated Aldehydes to Chalcones"
2053:
2726:
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1902:
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ionic liquids as additives to lubricating oils, often with the motivation to replace widely used, ecologically harmful
1022:
2755:
A. Lapkin; P. K. Plucinski; M. Cutler (2006). "Comparative assessment of technologies for extraction of artemisinin".
855:
ILs can extract specific compounds from plants for pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic applications, such as the
2677:
1405:
2096:
Reiter, Jakub (2 Sep 2012). "Fluorosulfonyl-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids with enhanced asymmetry".
1123:
Ionic liquids' low volatility effectively eliminates a major pathway for environmental release and contamination.
1195:
1058:
2620:
2279:
1645:
1320:
3857:
1857:
J. S. Wilkes; M. J. Zaworotko (1992). "Air and water stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids".
3482:
2445:
Plechkova, Natalia V.; Seddon, Kenneth R. (2008). "Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry".
619:
Table salt NaCl and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide at 27 °Х
592:
ILs have a wide liquid range. Some ILs do not freeze down to very low temperatures (even â150 °C), The
593:
1947:
200:
between the molecules of ordinary liquids. Because of these strong interactions, salts tend to have high
1367:
886:
574:. Because of their distinctive properties, ionic liquids have been investigated for many applications.
313:
The discovery date of the "first" ionic liquid is disputed, along with the identity of its discoverer.
3298:
2951:
624:
456:
3106:
3048:
2850:
Ignatyev, Igor; Charlie Van Doorslaer; Pascal G.N. Mertens; Koen Binnemans; Dirk. E. de Vos (2011).
2802:
1289:
Wilkes, John S. (2002). "A Short History of Ionic Liquidsâfrom Molten Salts to Neoteric Solvents".
74:
is below a specific temperature, such as 100 °C (212 °F). While ordinary liquids such as
1917:
529:
often completely miscible. Solubility differences can be exploited in biphasic catalysis, such as
3746:
2979:
2949:
R. E. Teixeira (2012). "Energy-efficient extraction of fuel and chemical feedstocks from algae".
601:
208:. Examples include compounds based on the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM) cation and include:
151:(NaCl), for example, melts at 801 °C (1,474 °F) into a liquid that consists largely of
2789:
839:(NHCs). These imidazolium based NHCs are known to catalyse a number transformations such as the
3887:
2797:
2050:
1026:
500:
3481:
Somers, Anthony E.; Howlett, Patrick C.; MacFarlane, Douglas R.; Forsyth, Maria (2013-01-21).
3379:
BermĂșdez, MarĂa-Dolores; JimĂ©nez, Ana-Eva; Sanes, JosĂ©; CarriĂłn, Francisco-JosĂ© (2009-08-04).
2849:
2400:
Polymerized Ionic Liquids, Editor: Ali Eftekhari, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2018,
623:
Classically, ILs consist of salts of unsymmetrical, flexible organic cations with symmetrical
3781:
Uwe Schaller; Thomas Keicher; Volker Weiser; Horst Krause; Stefan Schlechtriem (2010-07-10).
3742:
2929:
1112:
372:
299:
3049:"Ionic liquids for the preparation of biopolymer materials for drug/gene delivery: a review"
510:, which can be as low as 10 Pa. Many have low combustibility and are thermally stable.
317:
nitrate (m.p. 52â55 °C) was reported in 1888 by S. Gabriel and J. Weiner. In 1911
3221:
3209:
2843:
2150:
2105:
2062:
2015:
1960:
1714:
985:
840:
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steps, protic ionic liquids can be created more easily by simply mixing the acid and base.
318:
298:, liquids that contain both ions and neutral molecules, and in particular to the so-called
70:
state at ambient conditions. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose
2401:
2382:
2355:
A. Eftekhari; O. Seddiki (2017). "Synthesis and Properties of Polymerized Ionic Liquids".
46:
8:
2899:
2381:
Ionic Liquid Devices, Editor: Ali Eftekhari, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2018,
2272:"Physicochemical properties of phosphonium-based and ammonium-based protic ionic liquids"
1596:
1557:
798:
732:
665:
460:
432:
or tetrahalogenoaluminate anions, were developed as potential electrolytes in batteries.
420:(m.p. 12 °C). In the 1970s and 1980s, ionic liquids based on alkyl-substituted
197:
3225:
2154:
2109:
2066:
2019:
1964:
1718:
3458:
3431:
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3134:
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3015:
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2823:
2719:
2702:
2497:
2337:
2242:
K. J. Fraser; D. R. MacFarlane (2009). "Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids: An Overview".
2174:
1984:
1746:
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1553:
1506:
1479:
1460:
1415:
1163:
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Ionic liquids' aquatic toxicity is as severe as or more so than many current solvents.
902:
836:
748:
747:. In contrast to other ionic liquids, which generally are formed through a sequence of
645:
641:
534:
3105:
Ren, Fei; Wang, Jinwei; Xie, Fengwei; Zan, Ke; Wang, Shuo; Wang, Shujun (2020-04-06).
968:
The IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride has been investigated for the recovery of
3834:
3813:
Chen, Li; Mullen, Genevieve E.; Le Roch, Myriam; Cassity, Cody G.; Gouault, Nicolas;
3763:
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1976:
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1401:
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657:
547:
476:
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For the imidazolium halogenoaluminate salts, their physical properties—such as
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1988:
1968:
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1930:
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1862:
1839:
1812:
1783:
1722:
1675:
1637:
1604:
1594:
R. M. Barrer (1943). "The Viscosity of Pure Liquids. II. Polymerised Ionic Melts".
1565:
1536:
1501:
1491:
1442:
1336:
1298:
1254:
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1038:
1025:. ILs are attractive because of their low vapor pressure. Furthermore, ILs have an
989:
818:
744:
563:
205:
129:
63:
2674:
2547:
Meindersma, G. Wytze; Maase, Matthias; De Haan, André B. (2007). "Ionic Liquids".
1045:
to enhance finish, appearance, and drying properties. ILs are used for dispersing
3861:
3337:
3198:
2980:"Recent Advances of Using Ionic Liquids for Biopolymer Extraction and Processing"
2408:
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2333:
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83:
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3003:
2722:"BIOnic Liquids: Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids with Antimicrobial Activity"
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71:
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2921:
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2776:
2720:
Frank Postleb; Danuta Stefanik; Harald Seifert & Ralf Giernoth (2013).
2698:
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125:
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1972:
1843:
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1787:
1094:
Some ionic liquids have been shown to reduce friction and wear in basic
894:, and alkylgycosides. IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride dissolves
577:
310:
The term "ionic liquid" in the general sense was used as early as 1943.
3854:
3709:
3676:
3175:
3122:
3064:
2964:
2292:
2117:
1328:
1171:, alkaloid-based venom. The Tawny crazy ant then exudes its own venom,
1168:
1148:
1129:
929:
787:
600:) have been proposed as the fluid base for an extremely large diameter
425:
193:
3783:"Synthesis, Characterization and Combustion of Triazolium Based Salts"
3688:
3616:
2811:
2768:
2597:
2212:
1934:
1340:
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1242:
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iodide, which functions as a catalyst to rearrange the monoepoxide of
793:
128:. Salts that are liquid at near-ambient temperature are important for
3759:
3721:
3645:
D. Zhao; Y. Liao & Z. Zhang (2007). "Toxicity of Ionic Liquids".
3631:
3587:
3544:
3233:
2913:
2458:
2074:
1540:
1302:
1205:
1099:
1095:
878:
814:
514:
503:, enabling electrochemical refinement of otherwise intractable ores.
436:
144:
2256:
2196:
2028:
2003:
1623:
1763:
Paul Walden (1914), Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, pages 405-422.
1398:
Fundamentals of ionic liquids : from chemistry to applications
1211:
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922:
891:
681:
637:
526:
86:
79:
120:
Ionic liquids have many potential applications. They are powerful
3673:
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1200:
1006:
969:
957:
953:
949:
918:
914:
882:
586:
571:
551:
518:
444:
182:
177:). Conversely, when an ionic liquid is cooled, it often forms an
133:
121:
3864:, free database on toxicology and ecotoxicology of ionic liquids
3322:
627:. Both cationic and anionic components have been widely varied.
554:
varies with side chain lengths on the cation and with choice of
371:
reported one of the first stable room-temperature ionic liquids
3285:
2618:
941:
933:
910:
898:
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597:
567:
522:
429:
152:
67:
3480:
3047:
Chen, Jin; Xie, Fengwei; Li, Xiaoxi; Chen, Ling (2018-09-17).
2270:
Jiangshui Luo; Olaf Conrad & Ivo F. J. Vankelecom (2012).
1441:. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology. Cham: Springer.
1132:
can degrade solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with
716:). Magnetic ionic liquids can be synthesized by incorporating
615:
3107:"Applications of ionic liquids in starch chemistry: a review"
2852:"Synthesis of glucose esters from cellulose in ionic liquids"
1478:
Greer, Adam; Jacquemin, Johan; Hardacre, Christopher (2020).
1396:
MacFarlane, Douglas; Kar, Mega; Pringle, Jennifer M. (2017).
1064:
1042:
555:
448:
186:
75:
2241:
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740:
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1829:
2619:
L.Ta; A. Axelsson; J. Bilj; M. Haukka; H. Sundén (2014).
550:, The miscibility of ionic liquids with water or organic
90:
3812:
1229:
Trioctylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
988:
systems. Concentrating solar thermal facilities such as
570:, and are precursors salts in the preparation of stable
513:
The solubility properties of ILs are diverse. Saturated
50:
Proposed structure of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid.
2402:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78801-053-5
2383:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78801-183-9
656:
Typical anions in ionic liquids include the following:
30:
3644:
2546:
2354:
1477:
1098:
testing, and their polar nature makes them candidate
984:
ILs are potential heat transfer and storage media in
2195:
Greaves, Tamar L.; Drummond, Calum J. (2008-01-01).
1241:
Hayes, Robert; Warr, Gregory G.; Atkin, Rob (2015).
2977:
2516:"Ionic liquid alkylation technology receives award"
2197:"Protic Ionic Liquids: Properties and Applications"
1621:
925:can be monitored as a function of banana ripening.
541:gas showing good solubility in many ionic liquids.
2978:Mahmood, Hamayoun; Moniruzzaman, Muhammad (2019).
2479:
2001:
1583:Mixture of nitrate salts with m.p. below 100 deg C
3042:
3040:
2419:
294:Low-temperature ionic liquids can be compared to
3874:
1471:
817:. This process was commercialized as a route to
491:), allowing a much wider range of applications.
2482:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
2444:
2194:
1186:1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
36:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
3037:
2948:
2550:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1886:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1243:"Structure and Nanostructure in Ionic Liquids"
1240:
722:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate
147:or vaporizing usually yields an ionic liquid.
3256:"Betting on a Metal-Air Battery Breakthrough"
3104:
3046:
1318:
801:(gasoline component) as practiced by Chevron.
3530:
3381:"Ionic Liquids as Advanced Lubricant Fluids"
2934:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1593:
1420:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1225:which uses ionic liquid in its car batteries
1021:ILs can replace water as the electrolyte in
963:
909:analysis. In this way the entire complex of
3284:Examples are the TEGO brand dispersers by
1922:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
1878:
1876:
1665:
1624:"Ueber einige Abkömmlinge des Propylamins"
1480:"Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids"
1361:
781:
132:applications, and have been considered as
3855:Ionic Liquids Biological Effects Database
3501:
3457:
3447:
3406:
3396:
2801:
2739:
2027:
1889:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 550â551.
1505:
1495:
1355:
1258:
824:
447:—could be adjusted by changing the
2793:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2422:Commercial Applications of Ionic Liquids
2319:
1438:Commercial Applications of Ionic Liquids
1434:
1314:
1312:
872:
792:
765:) and tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium (P
614:
576:
93:. These substances are variously called
45:
29:
3819:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1873:
1428:
1192:) for an often encountered ionic liquid
1167:), the latter spray them with a toxic,
979:
581:Cations commonly found in ionic liquids
558:. They can be functionalized to act as
517:compounds are generally only sparingly
14:
3875:
3429:
3288:, used in their Pliolite brand paints.
2095:
1700:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1288:
1214:software for ionic liquids simulations
772:
525:show somewhat greater solubility, and
3868:Corresponding states for ionic fluids
3483:"A Review of Ionic Liquid Lubricants"
3266:from the original on November 6, 2009
3179:International Solar Energy Conference
2528:from the original on January 25, 2022
2190:
2188:
1309:
1067:have been investigated for capturing
89:, ionic liquids are largely made of
2098:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
2054:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
1384:
1140:to relatively innocuous compounds.
1032:
604:telescope to be based on the Moon.
24:
2185:
2004:"Volatile times for ionic liquids"
1234:
1000:
846:
727:
494:
25:
3899:
3848:
1052:
2727:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Naturforschung B
1701:Tanner, Eden E. L. (July 2022).
1400:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH.
1364:An Introduction to Ionic Liquids
1321:"Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids"
901:pulp and with an additional 15%
3806:
3795:from the original on 2016-03-07
3774:
3736:
3703:
3667:
3638:
3610:
3567:
3524:
3513:from the original on 2018-11-04
3474:
3423:
3372:
3344:
3316:
3305:from the original on 2016-01-09
3291:
3278:
3248:
3203:
3186:
3169:
3156:
3145:from the original on 2021-01-24
3098:
3087:from the original on 2021-01-22
3026:from the original on 2021-01-22
2971:
2942:
2893:
2882:from the original on 2017-08-30
2834:
2783:
2748:
2713:
2668:
2657:from the original on 2021-09-30
2612:
2575:
2540:
2508:
2473:
2438:
2420:Shiflett, Mark B., ed. (2020).
2413:
2394:
2375:
2369:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.033
2348:
2313:
2302:from the original on 2017-09-22
2263:
2235:
2132:
2089:
2044:
1995:
1941:
1911:
1850:
1823:
1794:
1766:
1757:
1694:
1659:
1648:from the original on 2020-02-07
1615:
1587:
1208:, or studies of ions in liquids
1196:Ionic liquids in carbon capture
1059:Ionic liquids in carbon capture
674:bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide
212:, EMIMAc (acetate anion), EMIM
2280:Journal of Materials Chemistry
1622:S. Gabriel; J. Weiner (1888).
1576:
1547:
1522:
1282:
13:
1:
3430:Minami, Ichiro (2009-06-24).
2628:Chemistry: A European Journal
1276:
885:process, which uses hydrated
196:is usually stronger than the
3432:"Ionic Liquids in Tribology"
3338:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.047
3164:Journal of Nuclear Materials
2334:10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100643
1703:"Ionic liquids charge ahead"
1362:Freemantle, Michael (2009).
1089:
1016:
972:and other metals from spent
829:
610:
594:glass transition temperature
143:Any salt that melts without
7:
3366:10.1016/j.fluid.2013.09.015
3326:Journal of Membrane Science
2757:Journal of Natural Products
2002:Peter Wasserscheid (2006).
1179:
181:—which may be either
10:
3904:
2796:. 124/18 (18): 4974â4975.
2424:. Springer International.
1727:10.1038/s41557-022-00975-4
1368:Royal Society of Chemistry
1056:
887:N-methylmorpholine N-oxide
821:, but later discontinued.
630:
625:weakly coordinating anions
585:Some ionic liquids can be
521:in ionic liquids, whereas
457:weakly coordinating anions
305:
82:are predominantly made of
34:The chemical structure of
3503:10.3390/lubricants1010003
3449:10.3390/molecules14062286
3398:10.3390/molecules14082888
2691:10.1007/s11095-009-0030-0
1570:10.1016/j.jct.2005.03.013
1497:10.3390/molecules25215207
1447:10.1007/978-3-030-35245-5
1118:
964:Nuclear fuel reprocessing
805:An IL based on tetraalkyl
682:trifluoromethanesulfonate
651:
42:), a common ionic liquid.
3648:CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water
3533:Chemical Society Reviews
2559:10.1002/14356007.l14_l01
2494:10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03418
2357:European Polymer Journal
1895:10.1002/14356007.l14_l01
1642:10.1002/cber.18880210288
809:iodide is a solvent for
27:Salt in the liquid state
3747:Chemical Communications
3197:March 12, 2009, at the
2678:Pharmaceutical Research
2553:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2521:Oil and Gas Engineering
1859:Chemical Communications
1435:Shiflett, Mark (2020).
1155:When Tawny crazy ants (
1147:many ionic liquids are
843:and the OTHO reaction.
837:N-heterocyclic carbenes
782:Commercial applications
720:anions, illustrated by
166:) and chloride anions (
3831:10.1002/anie.201404402
3661:10.1002/clen.200600015
3354:Fluid Phase Equilibria
2996:10.1002/biot.201900072
2640:10.1002/chem.201404288
2322:Materials Today Energy
1319:Thomas Welton (1999).
1177:
1027:electrochemical window
825:Potential applications
802:
797:IL-catalyzed route to
620:
602:spinning liquid-mirror
582:
501:electrochemical window
300:deep eutectic solvents
136:due to their very low
51:
43:
2984:Biotechnology Journal
2741:10.5560/ZNB.2013-3150
1153:
1084:purifying natural gas
873:Biopolymer processing
796:
618:
580:
373:ethylammonium nitrate
49:
33:
18:Magnetic ionic liquid
3262:. November 5, 2009.
1867:10.1039/c39920000965
1680:10.1039/CT9119901470
1668:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
1609:10.1039/tf9433900059
1161:) combat fire ants (
986:solar thermal energy
980:Solar thermal energy
841:benzoin condensation
733:Protic ionic liquids
198:Van der Waals forces
84:electrically neutral
3825:(44): 11762â11765.
3226:2009NatMa...8..621A
3166:, 408 (2011) 25â29.
2868:10.1515/hf.2011.161
2634:(43): 13889â13893.
2524:. January 2, 2018.
2488:(36): 15811â15838.
2287:(38): 20574â20579.
2163:10.1038/nature05909
2155:2007Natur.447..979B
2110:2013PCCP...15.2565R
2067:2007PCCP....9..982A
2020:2006Natur.439..797W
1973:10.1038/nature04451
1965:2006Natur.439..831E
1844:10.1021/ic50196a044
1832:Inorganic Chemistry
1817:10.1021/ic00133a078
1788:10.1021/ja00844a081
1719:2022NatCh..14..842T
1597:Trans. Faraday Soc.
1558:J. Chem. Thermodyn.
1109:lubricant additives
1023:metal-air batteries
976:and other sources.
877:The dissolution of
799:2,4-dimethylpentane
773:Poly(ionic liquid)s
666:hexafluorophosphate
461:hexafluorophosphate
124:and can be used as
95:liquid electrolytes
3860:2021-04-21 at the
3815:Fadamiro, Henry Y.
3123:10.1039/C9GC03738A
3065:10.1039/C8GC01120F
2965:10.1039/C2GC16225C
2407:2019-03-30 at the
2388:2019-03-30 at the
2293:10.1039/C2JM34359B
2118:10.1039/c2cp43066e
1629:Chemische Berichte
1164:Solenopsis invicta
994:solar power towers
905:, lends itself to
903:dimethyl sulfoxide
803:
646:tetrabutylammonium
642:tetraethylammonium
621:
583:
548:chemical reactions
535:hydrocarbonylation
52:
44:
3788:. pp. 1â23.
3754:(24): 2554â2556.
3716:(19): 1875â1880.
3689:10.1021/cr050942s
3260:Technology Review
3059:(18): 4169â4200.
2812:10.1021/ja025790m
2769:10.1021/np060375j
2763:(11): 1653â1664.
2734:(10): 1123â1128.
2598:10.1021/ja0463482
2586:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2431:978-3-030-35245-5
2213:10.1021/cr068040u
2149:(7147): 979â981.
1935:10.1021/je025591i
1883:"Ionic liquids".
1782:(11): 3264â3265.
1776:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1535:(16): 1430â1431.
1456:978-3-030-35244-8
1377:978-1-84755-161-0
1341:10.1021/cr980032t
1260:10.1021/cr500411q
1253:(13): 6357â6426.
1134:hydrogen peroxide
1039:dispersing agents
990:parabolic troughs
739:transfer from an
735:are formed via a
658:tetrafluoroborate
506:They exhibit low
477:tetrafluoroborate
16:(Redirected from
3895:
3843:
3842:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3760:10.1039/b602086k
3740:
3734:
3733:
3722:10.1039/b618384k
3707:
3701:
3700:
3683:(6): 2183â2206.
3671:
3665:
3664:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3632:10.1039/b511554j
3614:
3608:
3607:
3588:10.1039/c004968a
3582:(3): 1383â1403.
3571:
3565:
3564:
3545:10.1039/b817899m
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3442:(6): 2286â2305.
3427:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3391:(8): 2888â2908.
3376:
3370:
3369:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3332:(1â2): 346â352.
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3234:10.1038/nmat2448
3213:Nature Materials
3207:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3117:(7): 2162â2183.
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2925:
2914:10.1039/B515177P
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2805:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2592:(48): 15876â82.
2579:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2459:10.1039/b006677j
2442:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2398:
2392:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2201:Chemical Reviews
2192:
2183:
2182:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2104:(7): 2565â2571.
2093:
2087:
2086:
2075:10.1039/b615137j
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1838:(6): 1603â1605.
1827:
1821:
1820:
1811:(3): 1263â1264.
1798:
1792:
1791:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1707:Nature Chemistry
1698:
1692:
1691:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1636:(2): 2669â2679.
1619:
1613:
1612:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:10.1039/b103064g
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1335:(8): 2071â2084.
1325:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1303:10.1039/b110838g
1286:
1272:
1262:
1247:Chemical Reviews
1158:Nylanderia fulva
1081:
1080:
1079:
1033:Dispersing agent
819:2,5-dihydrofuran
707:
706:
705:
702:
490:
489:
488:
474:
473:
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419:
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278:
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276:
268:
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259:
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247:
246:
236:
235:
234:
226:
225:
206:room temperature
202:lattice energies
176:
175:
174:
165:
164:
163:
130:electric battery
21:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3873:
3872:
3862:Wayback Machine
3851:
3846:
3811:
3807:
3798:
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3479:
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3321:
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3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3279:
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3267:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3208:
3204:
3199:Wayback Machine
3191:
3187:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3111:Green Chemistry
3103:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3053:Green Chemistry
3045:
3038:
3029:
3027:
2990:(12): 1900072.
2976:
2972:
2952:Green Chemistry
2947:
2943:
2927:
2926:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2803:10.1.1.466.7265
2788:
2784:
2753:
2749:
2718:
2714:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2478:
2474:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2409:Wayback Machine
2399:
2395:
2390:Wayback Machine
2380:
2376:
2353:
2349:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2257:10.1071/ch08558
2240:
2236:
2193:
2186:
2137:
2133:
2094:
2090:
2049:
2045:
2029:10.1038/439797a
2000:
1996:
1959:(7078): 831â4.
1946:
1942:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1861:(13): 965â967.
1855:
1851:
1828:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1771:
1767:
1762:
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1699:
1695:
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1413:
1412:
1408:
1394:
1385:
1378:
1360:
1356:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1291:Green Chemistry
1287:
1283:
1279:
1237:
1235:Further reading
1191:
1182:
1121:
1092:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1037:ILs can act as
1035:
1019:
1003:
1001:Waste recycling
982:
966:
875:
866:Artemisia annua
863:from the plant
849:
847:Pharmaceuticals
832:
827:
784:
775:
768:
764:
760:
730:
728:Specialized ILs
715:
703:
700:
699:
697:
694:hydrogensulfate
691:
679:
671:
663:
654:
633:
613:
543:Carbon monoxide
497:
495:Characteristics
487:
484:
483:
482:
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467:
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323:
315:Ethanolammonium
308:
296:ionic solutions
287:
284:
283:
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149:Sodium chloride
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3850:
3849:External links
3847:
3845:
3844:
3805:
3773:
3735:
3702:
3666:
3637:
3626:(3): 238â240.
3609:
3576:Chem. Soc. Rev
3566:
3523:
3473:
3422:
3371:
3343:
3315:
3299:"C&E News"
3290:
3277:
3247:
3220:(8): 621â629.
3202:
3185:
3168:
3155:
3097:
3036:
2970:
2959:(2): 419â427.
2941:
2908:(7): 714â716.
2892:
2862:(4): 417â425.
2842:
2833:
2782:
2747:
2712:
2685:(4): 521â526.
2667:
2611:
2574:
2568:978-3527306732
2567:
2539:
2507:
2472:
2453:(1): 123â150.
2447:Chem. Soc. Rev
2437:
2430:
2412:
2393:
2374:
2347:
2312:
2262:
2251:(4): 309â321.
2245:Aust. J. Chem.
2234:
2207:(1): 206â237.
2184:
2131:
2088:
2043:
1994:
1940:
1910:
1904:978-3527306732
1903:
1872:
1849:
1822:
1793:
1765:
1756:
1693:
1658:
1614:
1586:
1575:
1564:(6): 559â568.
1546:
1521:
1470:
1455:
1427:
1406:
1383:
1376:
1354:
1308:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1145:vapor pressure
1120:
1117:
1091:
1088:
1076:
1069:carbon dioxide
1057:Main article:
1054:
1053:Carbon capture
1051:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1015:
1002:
999:
981:
978:
965:
962:
874:
871:
852:are combined.
848:
845:
831:
828:
826:
823:
783:
780:
774:
771:
766:
762:
758:
729:
726:
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669:
661:
653:
650:
632:
629:
612:
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539:carbon dioxide
508:vapor pressure
496:
493:
485:
469:
428:cations, with
414:
402:
390:
381:
361:
349:
337:
328:
307:
304:
285:
273:
264:
255:
243:
231:
222:
172:
161:
138:vapor pressure
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3900:
3889:
3888:Ionic liquids
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:Dalton Trans.
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
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3621:
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3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:(9): 2590â9.
3538:
3534:
3527:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
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3441:
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3243:
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3082:
3078:
3074:
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3066:
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3058:
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3043:
3041:
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3009:
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2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:Holzforschung
2853:
2846:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2770:
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2762:
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2751:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:
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2247:
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2238:
2230:
2226:
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2218:
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2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2180:
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2172:
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2164:
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2156:
2152:
2148:
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2135:
2127:
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2119:
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2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:(8): 982â90.
2060:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:(7078): 797.
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1929:(3): 457â62.
1928:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
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1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1760:
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1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:: 1470â1475.
1673:
1669:
1662:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1606:
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1598:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:Chem. Commun.
1525:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
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1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1407:9783527340033
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:
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1315:
1313:
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1296:
1292:
1285:
1281:
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1261:
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1252:
1248:
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1239:
1238:
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1197:
1194:
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1184:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1115:perspective.
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1047:nanomaterials
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:plastic waste
1008:
998:
995:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:carbon-13 NMR
904:
900:
897:
893:
888:
884:
880:
870:
868:
867:
862:
858:
853:
844:
842:
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812:
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800:
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789:
779:
770:
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752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
725:
723:
719:
711:
710:ethyl sulfate
695:
687:
683:
675:
667:
659:
649:
647:
643:
639:
628:
626:
617:
608:
605:
603:
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595:
590:
588:
579:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:hydrogenation
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
492:
478:
462:
458:
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450:
446:
442:
441:melting point
438:
433:
431:
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423:
374:
370:
320:
316:
311:
303:
301:
297:
292:
215:
211:
207:
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195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
115:ionic glasses
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:melting point
69:
65:
61:
57:
48:
37:
32:
19:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3797:. Retrieved
3776:
3751:
3745:
3738:
3711:
3705:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3655:(1): 42â48.
3652:
3646:
3640:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3515:. Retrieved
3493:
3489:
3476:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3307:. Retrieved
3293:
3280:
3268:. Retrieved
3259:
3250:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3188:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3147:. Retrieved
3114:
3110:
3100:
3089:. Retrieved
3056:
3052:
3028:. Retrieved
2987:
2983:
2973:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2930:cite journal
2905:
2902:Chem. Commun
2901:
2895:
2884:. Retrieved
2859:
2855:
2845:
2836:
2791:
2785:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2731:
2725:
2715:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2659:. Retrieved
2631:
2627:
2614:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2548:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2519:
2510:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2396:
2377:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2284:
2278:
2265:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2204:
2200:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1884:
1858:
1852:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1808:
1805:Inorg. Chem.
1803:
1796:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1633:
1627:
1617:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1530:
1524:
1490:(21): 5207.
1487:
1483:
1473:
1437:
1430:
1397:
1363:
1357:
1332:
1327:
1297:(2): 73â80.
1294:
1290:
1284:
1250:
1246:
1223:nanoFlowcell
1162:
1156:
1154:
1143:Despite low
1142:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1096:tribological
1093:
1062:
1049:at IOLITEC.
1036:
1020:
1004:
983:
974:nuclear fuel
967:
948:, collagen,
927:
896:freeze-dried
876:
864:
857:antimalarial
854:
850:
833:
804:
785:
776:
753:
731:
718:paramagnetic
655:
634:
622:
606:
591:
584:
512:
505:
498:
452:substituents
434:
312:
309:
293:
191:
142:
126:electrolytes
119:
114:
111:liquid salts
110:
106:
103:ionic fluids
102:
98:
94:
59:
56:ionic liquid
55:
53:
3620:Green Chem.
3496:(1): 3â21.
3270:November 7,
2363:: 245â272.
1218:Molten salt
1173:formic acid
1149:combustible
1138:acetic acid
1104:tribotronic
930:biopolymers
861:artemisinin
811:tributyltin
807:phosphonium
755:Phosphonium
686:dicyanamide
422:imidazolium
369:Paul Walden
214:dicyanamide
183:crystalline
179:ionic solid
145:decomposing
107:fused salts
99:ionic melts
3877:Categories
3799:2016-03-02
3677:Chem. Rev.
3517:2019-08-16
3490:Lubricants
3360:: 96â101.
3309:2009-08-01
3182:: 445â451.
3149:2021-01-17
3091:2021-01-17
3030:2021-01-17
2886:2021-05-13
2661:2021-03-16
2328:: 100643.
2306:2018-05-16
1713:(7): 842.
1652:2019-07-06
1329:Chem. Rev.
1277:References
1169:lipophilic
1130:Ultrasound
1113:life-cycle
1100:lubricants
788:alkylation
757:cations (R
644:(TEA) and
426:pyridinium
194:ionic bond
3596:1460-4744
3553:1460-4744
3436:Molecules
3385:Molecules
3139:213702088
3131:1463-9270
3081:106290272
3073:1463-9270
3020:207833124
3004:1860-7314
2876:101737591
2798:CiteSeerX
2707:207224631
2502:225512999
2342:233581904
2221:0009-2665
1751:250181516
1735:1755-4349
1688:0368-1645
1603:: 59â67.
1484:Molecules
1465:211088946
1416:cite book
1206:Ioliomics
1090:Tribology
1017:Batteries
879:cellulose
830:Catalysis
815:butadiene
749:synthesis
611:Varieties
587:distilled
527:aldehydes
515:aliphatic
437:viscosity
155:cations (
87:molecules
3858:Archived
3839:25045040
3790:Archived
3768:16779475
3730:17702165
3697:17564479
3604:21116514
3561:19690739
3508:Archived
3468:19553900
3417:19701132
3303:Archived
3264:Archived
3242:19629083
3195:Archived
3143:Archived
3085:Archived
3024:Archived
3012:31677240
2922:16465316
2880:Archived
2820:11982358
2777:17125242
2699:20143257
2652:Archived
2648:25201607
2606:15571412
2532:June 10,
2526:Archived
2467:18197338
2405:Archived
2386:Archived
2297:Archived
2229:18095716
2171:17581579
2126:23302957
2083:17301888
2038:16482141
1981:16482154
1743:35778557
1646:Archived
1516:33182328
1349:11849019
1269:26028184
1212:MDynaMix
1188:(BMIM-PF
1180:See also
1063:ILs and
1007:polymers
946:alginate
938:chitosan
932:such as
923:fructose
892:sorbitol
767:4,4,4,14
763:6,6,6,14
638:pyridine
572:carbenes
552:solvents
459:such as
134:sealants
122:solvents
80:gasoline
3459:6254448
3408:6255031
3222:Bibcode
2828:2648188
2179:1977373
2151:Bibcode
2106:Bibcode
2063:Bibcode
2016:Bibcode
1989:4357175
1961:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1507:7664896
1201:Ion gel
970:uranium
958:fibroin
954:keratin
950:gelatin
919:glucose
915:sucrose
883:lyocell
708:), and
684:(OTf),
648:(TBA).
631:Cations
568:ligands
523:alkenes
519:soluble
445:acidity
306:History
210:EMIM:Cl
66:in the
62:) is a
3837:
3766:
3728:
3695:
3602:
3594:
3559:
3551:
3466:
3456:
3415:
3405:
3286:Evonik
3240:
3137:
3129:
3079:
3071:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2920:
2874:
2826:
2818:
2800:
2775:
2705:
2697:
2646:
2604:
2565:
2500:
2465:
2428:
2340:
2227:
2219:
2177:
2169:
2142:Nature
2124:
2081:
2036:
2008:Nature
1987:
1979:
1952:Nature
1901:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1686:
1514:
1504:
1463:
1453:
1404:
1374:
1347:
1267:
1119:Safety
1065:amines
1043:paints
956:, and
942:starch
934:chitin
921:, and
911:starch
899:banana
737:proton
712:(EtOSO
688:(N(CN)
652:Anions
475:) and
443:, and
430:halide
187:glassy
153:sodium
68:liquid
3793:(PDF)
3786:(PDF)
3511:(PDF)
3486:(PDF)
3135:S2CID
3077:S2CID
3016:S2CID
2872:S2CID
2824:S2CID
2703:S2CID
2655:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2498:S2CID
2338:S2CID
2300:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
2175:S2CID
1985:S2CID
1747:S2CID
1461:S2CID
1324:(PDF)
859:drug
743:to a
566:, or
564:bases
560:acids
556:anion
449:alkyl
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