406:, a widow skilled as a midwife. Their network of asylums developed from their care of unmarried pregnant women until after they gave birth. In this period, unmarried women were encouraged to give their illegitimate children up for adoption. The Misericordia Sisters endeavoured to carry out their ministry discreetly, for the public was neither supportive of their cause nor charitable to the young women they aided. The sisters were accused of "encouraging vice". The order was particularly sensitive to the social stigma attached to a woman who had borne an illegitimate child. The sisters perceived that, by precluding other employment, this stigma often tended to force a woman into prostitution, and in some cases infanticide. According to Sulpician Father Éric Sylvestre, "When food was scarce, Rosalie would fast so that the moms could eat. She was fond of saying that 'Single mothers are the treasure of the house.'"
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devotional activities, and were expected to demonstrate repentance for their past actions. In addition to spiritual guidance, the
Magdalen Asylum offered educational and vocational opportunities to its residents. Women received basic literacy and numeracy education and vocational training in areas such as "sewing, laundry work, or domestic service". The aim was to equip them with practical skills to help them reintegrate into society and secure employment outside the asylum. The emphasis on religious instruction, "repentance", and the expectation of conformity to societal norms reinforced the judgment and stigmatization of women involved in sex work. Critics argue that such organizations did little to address the underlying social and economic factors that often led women into prostitution, and instead focused on moral reform and control.
352:, unhappy family situations, abusive men, and dire economic circumstances." In its early years, the Magdalen Society Asylum functioned as a refuge for prostitutes. Most of these stayed a few days or a few weeks, just long enough to get reclothed and recuperated. Attempts at rehabilitation met with little success. In 1877, the asylum was changed into a home for "wayward girls", with a rule requiring a stay for twelve months. As the Magdalen Society Asylum became more selective, relaxed its emphasis on personal guilt and salvation, and standardized the treatment of inmates, its rate of failure diminished.
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501:, the goal was not only to provide them with employment but to encourage their religious practice, which was thought to help them avoid returning to prostitution. The asylums provided the clients with factory work only if the first choice of being a domestic in a private religious home failed. Employment in a public establishment, such as a hotel or a restaurant, was considered the least desirable choice, as such work was considered to be a great risk for women in terms of reentering prostitution.
409:"In receiving patients no discrimination is made in regard to religion, colour, or nationality. After their convalescence, those who desire to remain in the home are placed under a special sister and are known as 'Daughters of St. Margaret'. They follow a certain rule of life but contract no religious obligations. Should they desire to remain in the convent, after a period of probation, they are allowed to become Magdalens and eventually make the vows of the Magdalen institute."
33:
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323:, County Clare, dedicated to the Sisters of Mercy, who had an industrial school and a Magdalene Laundry in the town. In 2015, Ennis municipal council decided to honour the same order by renaming a road in recognition of their "compassionate service to vulnerable women and children." The road runs through the site of the former industrial school and laundry. People are divided about these honours.
135:, and could eventually house about 140 women, admitted between the ages of 15 and 40. Bristol (40 women) followed in 1800, Bath (79) in 1805, and many other cities in the years following, though their names mostly no longer included "Magdalene". Historians estimate that by the late 1800s, there were more than 300 Magdalene Institutions in England alone.
86:, founded in 1800. All these were Protestant institutions. Other cities followed, especially from around 1800, with Catholic institutions also being opened. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Magdalene asylums were common in several countries. By 1900, there were more than 300 asylums in England and more than 20 in Scotland.
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bland. The nuns shared the conditions of the women inmates, such as bad food, hard work, confinement, and long periods of silence. Education for residents was either of poor quality or lacking altogether. The sisters had no physical contact with the girls, nor emotional contact in the sense of listening to the girls' concerns.
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The asylums were charity institutions and founded in great part by the work of the women in domestic training there. Initially, women were paid for their work. This practice was abandoned when overseers concluded that it made women less inclined to follow rules. In Sweden, the majority of the inmates
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section of upper
Manhattan. The Society had twice moved to a larger facility. Many of the young women who were temporary residents at the Inwood institution had worked in the taverns, brothels, and alleyways of lower Manhattan before being "rescued" by the Society. Girls were generally committed for
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established a female reformatory together with male and female poor schools. Pending the opening of the Church of
Ireland-run Magdalen Asylum in Cork, he maintained and ministered to many applicants. The Magdalene Asylum in Cork (Sawmill Street) opened in 1810. The last Magdalene laundry closed on 25
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The asylums were initially established as refuges, with the residents free to leave. In the early 1900s, they reluctantly began to accept court referrals. "They took in girls whom no-one else wanted and who were forcibly confined, contrary to the wishes of both the girls and the nuns." A 1954 report
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By the late 19th century, many of the institutions had departed from the original model and resembled penitentiary work-houses. The question of whether they should become subject to labour regulations and inspections as commercial laundries were became particularly controversial around the turn of
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Many of these "laundries" were effectively operated as penitentiary workhouses. The strict regimes in the institutions were often more severe than those found in prisons. This contradicted the perceived outlook that they were meant to help women as opposed to punishing them. A survivor said of the
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and other supervisors, and very hard physical work under difficult conditions. In accordance with the traditions of the nuns, much of the day proceeded in silence. Like orphanages, these institutions received almost no government funds. As in any underfunded institution, the food was described as
517:
From the early 1890s to the 1960s, most
Australian state capitals had a large Roman Catholic convent that contained a commercial laundry where the work was done by the mostly teenage girls who were placed in the convent. They were committed, voluntarily or involuntarily, for reasons such as being
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working conditions: "The heat was unbelievable. You couldn't leave your station unless a bell went." Laundries such as this operated in the United
Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Canada, the United States, and Australia, for much of the 19th and well into the 20th century, the last one closing in 1996.
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and
Laundry). Ferriter described the laundries as "a mechanism that society, religious orders and the state came up with to try to get rid of people deemed not to conforming to the so-called... Irish identity." The Irish government claimed that the State was not legally responsible for the abuse
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called for a government inquiry into the
Magdalene laundries. A formal state apology was issued in 2013, and a €60 million compensation scheme for survivors was established. By 2011, the four religious institutes that ran the Irish asylums had not yet contributed to compensate survivors of
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limited working hours for girls of thirteen to eighteen years of age to twelve hours a day, but exempted religious institutions. However work by female factory inspectors during the 1900s decade managed to convince religious institutions to submit to voluntary inspections, and by the end of the
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The asylums' purpose was to educate or train former female prostitutes in a different occupation, to make it possible for them to support themselves when they left the asylum. In practice, they were trained in domestic occupations in the asylums. The asylums tried to place former residents as
361:
The
Magdalen Asylum, operated by the Magdalen Society in New York, provided a structured environment for women seeking refuge and rehabilitation. Upon entering the asylum, women were required to adhere to strict rules and regulations. They received religious instruction, engaged in prayer and
71:, young women who became pregnant outside of marriage, or young girls and teenagers who did not have familial support. They were required to work without pay apart from meagre food provisions, while the institutions operated large commercial laundries, serving customers outside their bases.
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Laundry work was regarded as suitable as part of the work program for the girls, as it did not require much training nor substantial capital expense. Former inmates consistently have reported negative memories of conditions in the convent laundries, detailing verbal abuse by
119:. The women worked at services and crafts to help provide financial support for the house. They were also given a small sum of money for their work. Additional income was generated by promoting the house as a tourist attraction for the upper classes.
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laundry found 55 girls there involuntarily, 124 voluntary inmates, including 65 mentally challenged adult women, and about 30 who were originally there involuntarily but had stayed on. The dormitories were described as seriously overcrowded.
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This was in line with several other common private charitable establishments especially in
Stockholm, which provided poor women in the cities with shelter and employment (normally as domestics), to prevent them from becoming prostitutes.
178:
1900s, inspections were interdenominationally accepted in
England. The normalisation of inspections and other regulations of institutions in England is considered to have softened their regime and improved conditions compared to Ireland.
146:, a popular location for street prostitutes. Some of the women were drawn to the city by industrialisation, some were pregnant and some had been forced into prostitution. Mary Paterson, (also known as Mary Mitchell) was murdered by
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a period of three years. Through the years, several girls died or were injured climbing out of windows in failed escape attempts. In 1917, the Magdalen Benevolent Society changed its name to Inwood House. In the early 1920s,
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of the Magdalena asylums had voluntarily committed themselves, seeking help. There were known cases of women being committed by her family or by authorities. The Magdalena Asylum in Stockholm was closed in 1895.
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chaired an Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen laundries. An Interim Report was released in October 2011. In 2013 the BBC did a special investigation,
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Asylum records show that in the early history of the Magdalene movement, many women entered and left the institutions of their own accord, sometimes repeatedly. Lu Ann De Cunzo wrote in her book,
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around 1842. The programme was supported in part by laundry and sewing work done by the residents. In Glasgow, the Magdalene Asylum became the Magdalene Institute and functioned until 1958.
17:
358:
New York's Magdalen Society was established in 1830 with the purpose of rescuing women from lives of prostitution and vice. Advocates of women sometimes kidnapped them from brothels.
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and episcopal chapel, was founded in 1839. The asylum closed in 1916 and the St Mary Magdalene chapel became a parish church. Parallel institutions were run by Roman Catholics and
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386:, as happened with patients on the outside. The property was later sold and the agency relocated. Inwood House continues to operate, with its main focus on teen pregnancy.
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in private homes, preferably with religious employers. In this period, many people still worked as domestic servants, and women especially had limited work opportunities.
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292:. The religious sisters continue to care for more than 100 elderly Magdalene women who remain in their care. An estimated 600 survivors were still alive in March 2014.
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in Victoria lost her hand in an accident involving laundry machinery. In 1942 14-year-old Doris Dyer lost her arm from the shoulder when she was caught in the laundry
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In 1858, Elizabeth Dunlop and others founded the Toronto Magdalene Laundries, with the stated goal of "eliminating prostitution by rehabilitating prostitutes".
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By the 1950s Magdalene asylums in Britain had mostly either closed or transformed into institutions with a narrower focus, like vocational training centres or
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843:. Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries (Report). 6 February 2013.
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Williamson, Noeline (1983). "Laundry maids or ladies? Life in the Industrial and Reformatory School for Girls in NSW, Part II, 1887 to 1910".
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The Adoption Machine: The Dark History of Ireland's Mother and Baby Homes and the Inside Story of How Tuam 800 Became a Global Scandal
1911:
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522:, the girls came from a variety of very disturbed and deprived backgrounds and were individually hard to deal with in many cases.
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Pitch Your Tents on Distant Shores: A History of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand and Tahiti
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1992:
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82:, England. A similar institution was established in Ireland by 1767. The first Magdalene asylum in the United States was the
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1957:
1048:"Magdalene Laundries: 20 years since the last laundry closed in Ireland, five survivors tell their heartbreaking stories"
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316:, is based on historical facts about four young women incarcerated in a Magdalene laundry in Ireland from 1964 to 1968.
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Material Setting and Reform Experience in English Institutions for Fallen Women, 1838-1910: Inside the 'Homes of Mercy'
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1349:"Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries"
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1580:"On Reforming the "Fallen" and Beyond: Transforming Continuity at the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, 1845–1916"
1533:"On Reforming the "Fallen" and Beyond: Transforming Continuity at the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, 1845–1916"
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Dangers included the infectious diseases of the time and workplace accidents. In 1889, one of the sisters of the
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Sex among the rabble: an intimate history of gender and power in the age of revolution, Philadelphia, 1730-1830
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Sex among the rabble: an intimate history of gender and power in the age of revolution, Philadelphia, 1730-1830
341:, founded in 1800. Other North American cities, including New York, Boston and Chicago quickly followed suit.
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123:, Fourth Earl of Orford, described staging one of these entertainments. This was in keeping with visits to
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Reform, Respite, Ritual: An Archaeology of Institutions; The Magdalene Society of Philadelphia, 1800–1850
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the young women were prepared for re-entry into mainstream society, or for immigration to the colonies.
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348:, that the women in Philadelphia's asylum "sought a refuge and a respite from disease, the prison or
1677:"Framing the Magdalen: sentimental narratives and impression management in charity annual reporting"
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1413:"'It's distortion of history' - locals call for statue dedicated to Sisters of Mercy to be removed"
1225:"UN calls for Magdalene laundries investigation, demands Vatican turn over child abusers to police"
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destitute, "uncontrollable" as judged by family members or picked up by the police. According to
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in Dublin - led to media articles about the operations of the institutions. Ultimately the UN
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suffered by women and girls in the Magdalene laundries, as these were religious institutions.
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O'Rourke, Maeve (2011). "Ireland's Magdalene Laundries and the State's failure to protect".
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institutions that operated from the 18th to the late 20th centuries, ostensibly to house "
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2495:"Rachael Romero's art lays bare cruelty women and girls suffered at Magdalene Laundries"
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Shaped by Silence: Stories from Inmates of the Good Shepherd Laundries and Reformatories
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the century, with sides often drawn on Irish/English and Catholic/Protestant lines. The
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1479:"Fallen Women: The Inmates Of The Magdalens Society Asylum Of Philadelphia, 1836–1908"
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shortly after leaving the institution on April 8, 1828. The Edinburgh asylum moved to
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838:"History of the Magdalen Laundries and institutions within the scope of the Report"
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established an alternative in 1846, thinking the Magdalen Hospitals too harsh. At
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482:. By 1900, there were eight asylums in Sweden, of which half were managed by the
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As the asylums were normally managed by religious women philanthropists such as
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2504:"To Sinead O'Connor, the pope's apology for sex abuse in Ireland seems hollow"
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Charity movements in eighteenth-century Ireland: philanthropy and improvement
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Suffer the little children: the inside story of Ireland's industrial schools
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660:"In their own words: Survivors' accounts of life inside a Magdalene Laundry"
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1629:. Williamsburg: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture.
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The lost child of Philomena Lee: a mother, her son and a fifty-year search
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Ireland's Magdalen Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment
2204:"Today marks 18 years since the last Magdalene laundry in Ireland closed"
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The Penitent Females' Refuge Society of Boston was incorporated in 1823.
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1520:. Boston: T. R. Marvin & Son. p. 16 – via Google Books.
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304:' "Demanding justice for women and children abused by Irish nuns."
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The first Magdalene laundry or asylum in Ireland, an Anglican or
1141:"The Magdalene Laundries: Irish Report Exposes a National Shame"
1382:"Demanding justice for women and children abused by Irish nuns"
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224:
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You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
2180:
Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalene Asylums in Ireland
1289:"Magdalene compensation snub is 'rejection of Laundry women'"
757:"Magdalen Hospital for the Reception of Penitent Prostitutes"
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abuse, despite demands from the Irish government, and the UN
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In 1797, the Edinburgh Royal Magdalene Asylum was founded in
1193:"Ireland's Magdalene laundries scandal must be laid to rest"
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The first Magdalene institution was founded in late 1758 in
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in 1767, after two years of preparation. It was founded by
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Magdalen Hospital for the Reception of Penitent Prostitutes
2451:. Women's and Gender History. London: Routledge. pp.
877:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p.
2397:(1st ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2363:(another edition). It formed the basis for the 2013 film
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Origins of the Magdalene Laundries: An Analytical History
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The first Magdalene asylum in the United States was the
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2472:"Prostitution: Prevention and Reform by Paula Bartley"
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Magdalene laundry in England, early twentieth century
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Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society
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Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society
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Religiously-based workhouse-type facilities for women
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Offentliga kvinnor: prostitution i Sverige 1812-1918
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Magdalen House for Reception of Penitent Prostitutes
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Forsaken females: the global brutalization of women
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Canada the Good: A Short History of Vice Since 1500
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The Penitent Females' Refuge and Bethesda Societies
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374:was commonly used to treat new arrivals for
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382:was not yet available. Some women suffered
2164:– via National Library of Australia.
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365:In 1907 a new home was established in the
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1892:] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Ordfront
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1932:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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935:McCarthy, Rebecca Lea (8 March 2010).
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1081:Diocese of Connor, November 7, 2014.
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850:from the original on 20 August 2018
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2552:Organizations established in 1758
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333:Magdalen Society of Philadelphia
99:The first Magdalen institution,
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1373:
1341:
1311:
1280:
1247:
1217:
1184:
1173:
1132:
1107:
1084:
1072:
1039:
1012:
998:. Merrion Press. pp. 4–5.
987:
953:
939:. McFarland. pp. 168–196.
928:
895:
862:
830:
792:. McFarland. pp. 179–180.
639:from the original on 8 May 2019
2547:1758 establishments in England
2019:"The Magdalen refuge at Tempe"
2017:Taylor, H. (20 January 1890).
1949:"Bad girls do the best sheets"
1734:"Inwood's Old Magdalen Asylum"
1444:Feng, Violet (8 August 2003).
904:"The house that Charles built"
818:
786:McCarthy, Rebecca Lea (2010).
684:
651:
602:
195:Magdalene laundries in Ireland
103:, was founded in late 1758 in
13:
1:
2029:National Library of Australia
1773:– via Internet Archive.
1693:10.1080/00014788.2015.1039931
1191:Raftery, Mary (8 June 2011).
612:(Fig. 5) Congrave Press, 2001
591:
204:
89:
761:St-George-in-the-East Church
596:
259:, the Church of Ireland-run
7:
2487:Magdalene Laundry Testimony
2373:Sonnelitter, Karen (2016).
2266:Ferriter, Diarmaid (2005).
1766:History of Religious Orders
994:Redmond, Paul Jude (2018).
564:
275:The discovery in 1993 of a
10:
2593:
2567:Imprisonment and detention
2178:Finnegan, Frances (2001).
1884:Svanström, Yvonne (2006),
404:Marie-Rosalie Cadron-Jetté
330:
269:Ulster Female Penitentiary
192:
2470:Luddy, Maria (May 2000).
2111:Barthelemy, Mary (2023).
1862:– via Google Books.
1486:Journal of Social History
1114:Toyntanen, Garth (2008).
290:Committee Against Torture
65:female sexual promiscuity
2236:Smith, James M. (2007).
2062:"Airing the dirty linen"
1976:Franklin, James (2013).
1650:Lyons, Clare A. (2006).
1625:Lyons, Clare A. (2006).
1091:Roberts, Alison (2003).
693:"LAST DAYS OF A LAUNDRY"
608:from Frances Finnegan,
63:". The term referred to
2443:Bartley, Paula (1999).
2196:Oxford University Press
1596:10.1023/A:1009593125583
1549:10.1023/A:1009593125583
1446:"The Magdalene Laundry"
1118:. Lulu.com. p. 4.
1097:East Finchley's History
1093:"The Magdalene Laundry"
433:This article cites its
261:Ulster Magdalene Asylum
2312:. Dublin: New Island.
2221:Law Society Of Ireland
1740:. New Heights Realty.
208:
125:Bethlem Royal Hospital
37:
2572:Laundry organizations
2334:. London: Macmillan.
2213:Hibernian Law Journal
2152:. 12 September 1954.
2024:Sydney Morning Herald
1832:Catholic Encyclopedia
1032:Catholic Encyclopedia
869:Rosner, Lisa (2010).
372:bichloride of mercury
309:The Magdalene Sisters
202:
163:Angela Burdett-Coutts
131:. It later moved to
35:
1103:on 13 November 2017.
610:Do Penance or Perish
327:United States (1800)
2509:The Washington Post
2427:Croll, Rie (2019).
1794:Knights of Columbus
1325:. 18 October 2014.
1231:. 5 February 2014.
873:The Anatomy Murders
229:Lady Arabella Denny
189:Ireland (1765–1998)
161:and philanthropist
111:, a silk merchant,
45:Magdalene laundries
2577:Religious scandals
2045:Kovesi, C (2010).
1954:ABC Radio National
1786:"Midwife of Mercy"
1769:. Murphy. p.
1477:Ruggles, Stephen.
767:on 1 December 2016
556:of a visit to the
536:Abbotsford Convent
215:-run institution,
209:
207:early 20th century
175:Factory Act (1901)
129:Foundling Hospital
51:), were initially
38:
2542:Magdalene asylums
2478:. Victorian Era.
2384:978-1-78327-068-2
2277:978-1-86197-443-3
2270:. Profile Books.
2251:978-0-7190-7888-0
1661:978-0-8078-5675-8
1636:978-0-8078-5675-8
1418:Irish Independent
1125:978-0-9558501-0-3
1116:Institutionalised
973:978-3-031-40571-6
888:978-0-8122-4191-4
571:Duplessis Orphans
492:domestic servants
472:
471:
464:
439:does not provide
384:mercury poisoning
312:, a 2002 film by
302:Sue Lloyd-Roberts
213:Church of Ireland
55:but later mostly
41:Magdalene asylums
16:(Redirected from
2584:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2498:
2483:
2466:
2450:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2408:
2388:
2353:
2328:Sixsmith, Martin
2323:
2304:
2292:
2281:
2255:
2243:
2232:
2207:
2193:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2142:
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2135:
2133:
2131:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1704:
1687:(6–7): 661–690.
1672:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:. Archived from
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
957:
951:
950:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
899:
893:
892:
876:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
849:
842:
834:
828:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
763:. Archived from
753:
747:
741:
732:
726:
715:
714:
712:
710:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
622:
613:
606:
513:Australia (1890)
467:
460:
456:
453:
447:
428:
427:
420:
376:venereal disease
257:Northern Ireland
231:, admitted only
206:
183:approved schools
43:, also known as
21:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2463:
2439:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2385:
2342:
2320:
2301:
2278:
2262:
2260:Further reading
2252:
2190:
2174:
2172:General sources
2169:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2060:Casellas, Pam.
2058:
2054:
2043:
2036:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1945:
1941:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1904:"Archived copy"
1902:
1901:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1782:
1778:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1726:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1623:
1619:
1576:
1572:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1044:
1040:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1006:
992:
988:
978:
976:
974:
958:
954:
947:
933:
929:
919:
917:
900:
896:
889:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
840:
836:
835:
831:
823:
819:
809:
807:
800:
784:
780:
770:
768:
755:
754:
750:
742:
735:
727:
718:
708:
706:
698:The Irish Times
689:
685:
675:
673:
656:
652:
642:
640:
623:
616:
607:
603:
599:
594:
567:
515:
468:
457:
451:
448:
445:
441:page references
429:
425:
418:
398:was founded in
392:
335:
329:
297:Martin McAleese
197:
191:
159:Charles Dickens
97:
92:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2574:
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2529:
2499:
2490:
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2438:
2437:External links
2435:
2434:
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2409:
2404:978-0719086489
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1293:The Irish Post
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1261:Irish Examiner
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1053:The Irish Post
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827:, pp. 8–9
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480:Emilie Elmblad
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203:Irish asylum,
193:Main article:
190:
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167:Urania Cottage
121:Horace Walpole
109:Robert Dingley
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57:Roman Catholic
49:Mary Magdalene
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2462:9780415214575
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2431:. ISER Books.
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1861:
1859:9781554589487
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1250:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1180:O'Rourke 2011
1176:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
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1087:
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1055:
1054:
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1034:
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1007:
1005:9781785371790
1001:
997:
990:
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969:
965:
964:
956:
948:
946:9780786455805
942:
938:
931:
915:
911:
910:
905:
898:
890:
884:
880:
875:
874:
865:
846:
839:
833:
826:
825:Finnegan 2001
821:
805:
801:
799:9780786455805
795:
791:
790:
782:
766:
762:
758:
752:
745:
740:
738:
730:
729:Finnegan 2001
725:
723:
721:
704:
700:
699:
694:
687:
671:
667:
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665:TheJournal.ie
661:
654:
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487:
485:
481:
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466:
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455:
443:
442:
436:
431:
422:
421:
416:Sweden (1852)
413:
410:
407:
405:
401:
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390:Canada (1848)
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218:
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155:
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149:
148:William Burke
145:
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140:the Canongate
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:John Fielding
114:
110:
106:
102:
87:
85:
81:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2521:. Retrieved
2507:
2475:
2446:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2394:
2374:
2364:
2361:Google Books
2354:
2331:
2309:
2288:
2267:
2239:
2216:
2212:
2179:
2158:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2123:
2119:
2106:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2027:– via
2022:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1988:
1984:
1952:
1942:
1916:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1848:
1841:
1830:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1765:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1737:
1727:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1651:
1645:
1626:
1620:
1590:(1): 19–43.
1587:
1583:
1573:
1543:(1): 19–43.
1540:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1485:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1429:24 September
1427:. Retrieved
1416:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1386:BBC Magazine
1385:
1375:
1365:24 September
1363:. Retrieved
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1259:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1198:The Guardian
1196:
1186:
1175:
1165:23 September
1163:. Retrieved
1144:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1101:the original
1096:
1086:
1074:
1064:23 September
1062:. Retrieved
1051:
1041:
1030:
1027:John England
1014:
995:
989:
977:. Retrieved
962:
955:
936:
930:
918:. Retrieved
909:The Guardian
907:
897:
872:
864:
852:. Retrieved
832:
820:
808:. Retrieved
788:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:the original
760:
751:
746:, p. xv
707:. Retrieved
696:
686:
676:23 September
674:. Retrieved
663:
653:
643:23 September
641:. Retrieved
632:The Scotsman
630:
609:
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