Madeira wine - Knowledge

1013:

old would result in very little wine being from the original vintage. With Madeira, approximately 50% of a bottle would likely be from the stated year because they are only allowed to add up to 10%, not more than 10 times. Another interesting peculiarity of old solera Madeiras is that they were initially developed as a result of trying to extend the stocks of vintages when the vines had stopped being productive due to Phylloxera. Therefore, as there was no younger wine to add to the vintage, it was usually older wines that were added. In recent years, vintage Madeiras have been commanding higher prices than soleras, but, from 1966 (when Michael Broadbent started wine auctions at Christie's), until about the end of the 20th century, solera Madeiras always fetched a premium at auction over the vintage ones.

237: 1043: 900: 814: 2747: 2455: 441: 3070: 638: 140: 748:: The most common, used for low-cost Madeira, is bulk aging in low stainless steel or concrete tanks surrounded by either heat coils or piping that allow hot water to circulate around the container. The wine is heated to temperatures as high as 130 °F (55 °C) for a minimum of 90 days as regulated by the Madeira Wine Institute. However, the Madeira is most commonly heated to approximately 115 °F (46 °C) 702: 524: 29: 380:, which closed off two of Madeira's biggest markets. After the repeal of Prohibition, improved shipping technology meant that ships no longer needed to stop off in Madeira, the island which was directly in the trade winds between Europe and America. The wine became known as The Forgotten Island Wine. The rest of the 20th century saw a downturn for Madeira, both in sales and reputation, as low-quality " 91:

are produced by the canteiro method. Because of the way these wines are aged, they are very long-lived in the bottle, and those produced by the canteiro method will survive for decades and even centuries, even after being opened. Wines that have been in barrels for many decades are often removed and stored in

1033:

that was accidentally diluted by rainwater while it sat on the docks in Savannah, Georgia, or Funchal. Rather than dump the wines, the merchants tried to pass it off as a "new style" of Madeira and were surprised at its popularity among the Americans. Another theory as to how Rainwater was named was

90:

Today, Madeira is noted for its unique winemaking process which involves oxidizing the wine through heat and ageing. The younger blends (three and five years old) are produced with the aid of artificial application of heat to accelerate the aging process; the older blends, colheitas and frasqueiras,

1062:

will survive unharmed indefinitely. As long as a cork is put into the top of the bottle to prevent the effects of evaporation, fruit flies, and dust, a vintage Madeira, once opened, can last for decades. Properly sealed in bottles, it is one of the longest-lasting wines; Madeiras have been known to

1012:

system. The Solera method of blending is most widely practiced in the sherry production of Spain. However, the rules for Madeira soleras are different. When it comes to sherry, as wine is used for bottling, new wine is added to the barrels of older wine and this continuous addition of young wine to

925:

on it. Colheita must be a minimum of five years of age before being bottled and may be bottled any time after that. Effectively, most wineries would drop the word Colheita once bottling a wine at over 19 years of age because it is entitled to be referred to as vintage once it is 20 years of age. At

601:

founded in that year subsequently restarted production of, and released in 2020, a 5-year-old Listrão Reserve Madeira. Caracol, an obscure grape believed to be unique to Porto Santo and only used for the local production of dry table wine in the past, was turned into fortified Madeira for the first

514:

and vineyard equipment is near impossible, making wine grape growing a costly endeavor on the island. Many vineyards have in the past been ripped up for commercial tourist developments or replanted with such products as bananas for commercial concerns. Some replanting is taking place on the island;

669:

from the grapes to balance the sweetness of the wine. Drier wines – made from Sercial, Verdelho, and Negra Mole – are separated from their skins prior to fermentation. Depending on the level of sweetness desired, fermentation of the wine is halted at some point by the

515:

however, the tourist trade is generally seen as a more lucrative business than wine-making. Most of the grapes, grown by around 2100 grape growers are from vines planted on small plots of land off of which the grape growers survive by making an income from a variety of different inter-grown crops.

159:. By the 16th century, records indicate that a well-established wine industry on the island supplied these ships with wine for the long voyages across the sea. The earliest examples of Madeira were unfortified and tended to spoil before reaching their destination. However, following the example of 1021:

A style called "Rainwater" is one of the largest-selling styles of Madeira in the United States, most commonly drunk as an apéritif. Nowadays it is almost always an inexpensive medium-dry style of wine made entirely from Tinta Negra grapes, and aged for around three years including a period in an

609:

have applied the rule that 85% of the grapes in the wine must be of the variety on the label. Thus, wines from before the late 19th century (pre-phylloxera) and after the late 20th century conform to this rule. Many "varietally labelled" Madeiras, from most of the 20th century, do not. Modern

190:

The intense heat in the holds of the ships had a transforming effect on the wine, as discovered by Madeira producers when one shipment was returned to the island after a long trip. The customer was found to prefer the taste of this style of wine, and Madeira labeled as

86:

were added. On the long sea voyages, the wines would be exposed to excessive heat and movement which transformed the flavour of the wine. This was discovered by the wine producers of Madeira when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip.

1063:

survive over 200 years in excellent condition. It is not uncommon to see 150-year-old Madeiras for sale at stores that specialize in rare wine. Vintages dating back to 1780 are known to exist. The oldest bottle that has come onto the market is a 1715 Terrantez.

296:

are also said to have appreciated the qualities of Madeira. The wine was mentioned in Benjamin Franklin's autobiography. On one occasion, Adams wrote to his wife, Abigail, of the great quantities of Madeira he consumed while a Massachusetts delegate to the

211:

in 1662, important English merchants settled on the island and, ultimately, controlled the increasingly important island wine trade. The English traders settled in the Funchal as of the seventeenth century, consolidating the markets from North America, the

344:

reached the island. By the end of the 19th century, most of the island's vineyards had been uprooted, and many were converted to sugar cane production. The majority of the vineyards that did replant chose to use American vine varieties, such as

247:

Madeira was a very important wine in the history of the United States of America. No wine-quality grapes were grown among the thirteen colonies, so imports were needed, with a great focus on Madeira. One of the major events on the road to the

574:. After the phylloxera epidemic, many wines were "mislabelled" as containing one of these noble grape varieties, which were reinterpreted as "wine styles" rather than true varietal names. Since the epidemic, Tinta Negra (or Negra Mole) and 1074:(as in parts of the southern United States) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage. In the Americas, Madeira was traditionally stored in the warm attics of houses. 759:: Used for the highest quality Madeiras, these wines are aged without the use of any artificial heat, being stored by the winery in warm rooms that are heated only by the warm climate of the Madeira island. In cases such as 738:: Only used by the Madeira Wine Company, this method involves storing the wine in large wooden casks in a specially designed room outfitted with steam-producing tanks or pipes that heat the room, creating a type of 1121:

The 11 september 2024, the University of Madeira announced the intention to lead the drafting of an application of the Madeira wine traditions to the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

602:

time by Madeira Vintners, becoming the first new grape in over a century to be used for high-quality single-varietal Madeira wine. The company's stocks are still aging as of 2023 and no wine is on the market yet.

227:

and Brazil in the New World to Great Britain, Russia, and Northern Africa. The American colonies, in particular, were enthusiastic customers, consuming as much as 95% of all wine produced on the island each year.

677:

aging process to produce Madeira's distinctive flavor by artificial heating, whereas the wines destined for long aging are barrel-aged using only the naturally high temperatures of the barrel storage rooms (see

199:

on long sea voyages was very costly, so they began to develop methods on the island to produce the same aged and heated style. They began storing the wines on trestles at the winery or in special rooms known as

891:, almost became extinct on the island but has been making a comeback. Its style ranges in sweetness from that of Verdelho to that of Bual, never being quite as dry as Sercial nor quite as sweet as Malvasia. 1123: 426:

countries, France (where it is only used for cooking, salt and pepper having been added prior to bottling), and Germany; emerging markets are growing in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

826:

The four major styles of Madeira are synonymous with the names of the four best-known white grapes used to produce the wine. Ranging from the sweetest style to the driest style, the Madeira types are:

997:(sweet). However, in 2015 the Madeira Wine Institute announced that producers may officially recognise Tinta Negra on their front labels and that all "expressions" must state their bottling date. 869:

has its fermentation halted a little earlier than Sercial, when its sugars are between 1.5 and 2.5° Baumé (27-45 g/L). This style of wine is characterized by smokey notes and high acidity.

926:

that point, the wine can command a higher price than if it were still to be bottled as Colheita. This differs from Colheita Port which is a minimum of seven years of age before bottling.

265:

on 9 May 1768. Hancock's boat was seized after he had unloaded a cargo of 25 pipes (3,150 US gallons (11,900 L)) of Madeira, and a dispute arose over import duties. The seizure of

1097:

Madeira is also used as a flavouring agent in cooking. Lower-quality Madeira wines may be flavored with salt and pepper to prevent their sale as Madeira wine, and then exported for

398:

Towards the end of the 20th century, some producers started a renewed focus on quality—ripping out the hybrid and American vines and replanting with the "noble grape" varieties of

578:

are the workhorse varieties on the island and are found in various concentrations in many blends and vintage wines. Bastardo, Complexa, and Tinta Negra are red grape varieties.

705:

Barrels of wine aging in the sun: the unique aging process of Madeira wine in which heat and temperature helped protect the wine for long sea voyages through tropical climates.

921:– This style includes wines from a single vintage, but aged for a shorter period than true Vintage Madeira. The wine can be labelled with a vintage date but includes the word 841:) has its fermentation halted when its sugars are between 3.5 and 6.5° Baumé (63-117 g/L). This style of wine is characterised by its dark colour, rich texture, and coffee- 859:) has its fermentation halted when its sugars are between 2.5 and 3.5° Baumé (45-63 g/L). This style of wine is characterized by its dark colour, medium-rich texture, and 594: 709:

What makes Madeira wine production unique is how the wines are aged in relatively high temperatures, meant to duplicate the effect of a long sea voyage on the

910:

Wines made from at least 85% of the noble varieties of Sercial, Verdelho, Bual, and Malvasia are usually labelled based on the amount of time they were aged:

622: 2969: 598: 965:– This style must be aged at least 19 years in a cask and one year in bottle, therefore cannot be sold until it is at least 20 years of age. The word 422:

are still present and in high use, but hybrid grapes were officially banned from wine production in 1979. Today, Madeira's primary markets are in the

626: 1487: 783:

Much of the characteristic flavour of Madeira is due to this practice, which hastens the mellowing of the wine and also tends to check secondary

661:

casks. The grape varieties destined for sweeter wines – Bual and Malvasia – are often fermented on their skins to

1684: 1022:

estufa, but Barbeito continues to produce a more expensive Rainwater in the old pre-phylloxera style by blending Sercial and Verdelho grapes.

1518: 1343: 1577: 845:

flavours. Like other Madeiras made from noble grape varieties, the Malvasia grape used in Malmsey production has naturally high levels of

391:

In 1988, the Symington family of Portugal invested in the Madeira Wine Company which owned many of the Madeira brand names. They asked

328:, which severely reduced production over the next three years. Just as the industry was recovering through the use of the copper-based 1367: 2789: 1029:

was difficult, and the vines were dependent on the local rainwater for survival. Another theory involves a shipment destined for the

277: 1025:

Accounts conflict as to how this style was developed. The most common name derives from the vineyards on the steep hillsides, where

969:

does not appear on bottles of vintage Madeira because, in Portugal, the word "Vintage" is a trademark belonging to the Port traders.

3483: 721:

means hothouse or stove in Portuguese), in which artificial heat is used to accelerate the aging process of the wines, whereas the

491:

region of Portugal. The terrain of the mountainous volcanic island is difficult to cultivate, so vineyards are planted on man-made

951:(over 15 years) – This style is rare to produce, with many producers extending the aging to 20 years for a vintage or producing a 2681: 1195: 977:

Madeira produced from Negra Mole grapes used to be legally restricted to use generic terms on the label to indicate the level of

1672: 395:

to re-launch Madeira and create a market for it again in America, which he did in 1989, establishing a firm rebirth of Madeira.

3453: 3218: 1602: 1564: 3156: 3115: 2904: 2503: 3269: 3213: 2984: 2959: 2919: 939:(five years) – This is the minimum amount of aging a wine labelled with one of the noble varieties are permitted to have. 3509: 3287: 2802: 1255: 799:. Wine tasters sometimes describe a wine that has been exposed to excessive heat during its storage as being cooked or 713:

through tropical climates. Three main methods are used to heat the wine during aging. The two processes belong to the

372:

By the turn of the 20th century, sales started to slowly return to normal, until the industry was rocked again by the

3549: 1765: 1643: 1629: 1556: 1442: 1384: 1326: 1239: 1651:"Once Upon a Time: The Old Blandy's Wine Lodge - Property Management and Business Strategies in Madeira (1811-1855)" 1403:"Once Upon a Time: The Old Blandy's Wine Lodge - Property Management and Business Strategies in Madeira (1811-1855)" 779:

process is used by all of the top Madeira brands, including Blandy's, Borges, Broadbent, d'Oliveiras and Justino's.

725:

process is used for the older and more expensive wines and employs only the natural heat of the barrel warehouses.

585:, which is also permitted under the appellation law to provide grapes for Madeira wine, are the varieties Listrão ( 3125: 1740: 1148: 111: 2054: 3297: 2819: 2221: 316:

were often served together as a last course at dinner parties in Washington in the early decades of the 1800s.

1689: 1280:

Tuten, James (2005). "Liquid Assets: Madeira Wine and Cultural Capital among Lowcountry Planters, 1735-1900".

184: 3171: 3130: 3095: 2782: 2707: 3004: 3478: 3321: 3259: 3045: 3040: 2712: 1488:"'Have Some Madeira, M'dear': The Unique History of Madeira Wine and its Consumption in the Atlantic World" 55:, to sweet wines usually consumed with dessert. Cheaper cooking versions are often flavoured with salt and 597:, the latter being the last old producer to utilize the variety when they closed their doors in 2013, but 3463: 3191: 3105: 2999: 2914: 2899: 1138: 554:. These varieties also lend their names to Madeira labelling, as discussed below. Occasionally one sees 3120: 3090: 2974: 2944: 2632: 2599: 2428: 1472: 1143: 312:

was also known to appreciate Madeira, as were his cohorts on the early U.S. Supreme Court. Madeira and

183:

became a regular customer, picking up large, 423-litre (112 US gal) casks of wine known as "

3110: 3050: 3024: 2994: 2989: 2722: 2612: 879:, or 9-27 g/L). This style of wine is characterised by high-toned colours, almond flavours, and high 1034:

when a gentleman in Savannah, Georgia tasted a Madeira and declared "this is as fine as Rainwater."

613:

Other varieties planted on the island, though not legally permitted for Madeira production, include

216:

and England itself. Notable brands include Cossart and Gordon founded in 1745 and Blandy's in 1811.

3393: 3358: 3338: 3196: 3161: 2909: 2775: 2717: 2496: 2438: 2367: 2259: 1860: 1843: 1351: 666: 324:

The mid-19th century ushered an end to the industry's prosperity. First came the 1851 discovery of

180: 1087: 1083: 945:(10 years) – At this point, the wines are often aged naturally without any artificial heat source. 52: 3554: 3421: 3368: 3343: 3249: 3208: 3201: 3014: 2607: 1980: 1816: 538:. The four major white grape varieties used for Madeira production are (from sweetest to driest) 742:. This process more gently exposes the wine to heat and can last from six months to over a year. 3448: 3176: 3009: 2954: 2949: 2929: 2470: 2393: 1838: 3544: 3443: 3373: 3348: 3307: 3223: 3181: 3166: 3078: 3055: 2934: 2408: 2177: 1821: 1168: 767:) Madeira, this heating process can last from 20 years to even more than 100 years. The term 492: 460:. With high rainfall and average mean temperature of 66 °F (19 °C), the threats of 392: 3468: 3378: 3144: 3019: 2059: 1811: 1533: 1371: 1109:(Madeira sauce). Unflavored Madeira may also be used in cooking, such as the dessert dish " 1042: 377: 298: 8: 3502: 3413: 3388: 3363: 3302: 3277: 3237: 2894: 2888: 2810: 2637: 2589: 2489: 1733: 974:

The terms pale, dark, full, and rich can also be included to describe the wine's colour.

784: 654: 333: 249: 243:

whose boat seizure after unloading a cargo of 25 pipes of Madeira caused riots in Boston.

110:

are also referred to as "Madeira" or "Madera"; however, most countries conform to the EU

2039: 875:

is nearly fermented completely dry, with very little residual sugar (0.5 to 1.5° on the

3431: 3426: 3353: 3282: 3264: 2877: 2627: 2132: 1297: 618: 285: 260: 172: 152: 67: 1070:, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct 849:, which balances with the high sugar levels so the wines do not taste cloyingly sweet. 195:(wines that have made a round trip) became very popular. Madeira producers found that 3518: 3473: 3458: 3403: 3383: 3333: 3254: 3100: 2924: 2581: 2528: 2112: 1850: 1639: 1625: 1598: 1560: 1552: 1438: 1322: 1316: 1301: 1235: 1229: 1102: 1030: 1026: 686: 662: 373: 289: 281: 224: 164: 2049: 899: 813: 3398: 2882: 2372: 2299: 2162: 2064: 1289: 978: 933:

has been aged for at least three years. This style is usually reserved for cooking.

567: 535: 476: 468: 457: 445: 415: 329: 302: 273: 47:, off the coast of Africa. Madeira is produced in a variety of styles ranging from 3523: 3436: 3292: 3186: 2727: 2548: 2465: 2251: 2079: 2014: 1957: 1920: 1800: 1592: 1110: 842: 649:

steps of Madeira start out like most other wines: grapes are harvested, crushed,

610:

Madeiras which do not carry a varietal label are generally made from Negra Mole.

453: 355: 208: 123: 44: 2964: 2617: 2566: 2520: 2377: 2349: 2324: 2245: 2234: 2229: 2127: 2094: 1910: 1888: 1855: 1831: 1726: 1458: 1173: 788: 650: 606: 559: 511: 484: 464: 385: 365: 347: 325: 196: 40: 2622: 1594:

The Saucier's Apprentice: A Modern Guide to Classic French Sauces for the Home

1293: 876: 3538: 2939: 2746: 2647: 2556: 2454: 2362: 2357: 2034: 1826: 1067: 586: 566:

varieties, although these are now increasingly rare on the island because of

475:

hazards. To combat these threats, Madeira vineyards are often planted on low

351: 337: 313: 309: 70:(approximately from the end of the 15th century) when Madeira was a standard 593:. Listrão Madeira was formerly made by a few companies such as Blandy's and 2979: 2433: 2024: 1962: 1952: 1905: 1694: 1153: 1098: 1091: 846: 775: – the wooden staves that keep the barrels in their places. 710: 472: 381: 360: 301:. A bottle of Madeira was used by visiting Captain James Sever to christen 253: 240: 175:

by boosting the alcohol content (the modern process of fortification using

83: 56: 2182: 2837: 2827: 2751: 2702: 2665: 2459: 2314: 2304: 2202: 1967: 1898: 1757: 1071: 582: 488: 440: 341: 213: 160: 156: 144: 143:

Madeira's location made it an ideal stopping location for voyages to the

79: 59:

for use in cooking, but these are not fit for consumption as a beverage.

2084: 236: 71: 2872: 2862: 2655: 2571: 2561: 2512: 2418: 2413: 2398: 2334: 2329: 2294: 2192: 2187: 2147: 2074: 2019: 2009: 1991: 1947: 1935: 1925: 1883: 1709: 1699: 658: 646: 614: 571: 293: 220: 168: 103: 63: 20: 2004: 791:. Furthermore, the wine is deliberately exposed to air, causing it to 155:, when Madeira was a regular port of call for ships travelling to the 2867: 2847: 2842: 2533: 2423: 2403: 2339: 2319: 2309: 2269: 2207: 2089: 2029: 1930: 1775: 1675:

Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste

1650: 1622:

Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste

1402: 1158: 796: 792: 555: 75: 2767: 3069: 2852: 2832: 2798: 2279: 2274: 2264: 2157: 2137: 2104: 2069: 1915: 1878: 1790: 1785: 1770: 1008:, with a fractional blending of wines from different vintages in a 801: 575: 563: 547: 539: 527: 419: 411: 403: 92: 48: 1999: 1090:(post-meal). In Britain it has traditionally been associated with 637: 207:

With the increase of commercial treaties with England such as the

139: 2732: 2538: 2289: 2142: 2117: 2044: 1780: 904: 880: 764: 690: 590: 551: 499: 423: 399: 384:" became primarily associated with the island—much as it had for 1893: 1387:

Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis

701: 523: 134: 2697: 2660: 2284: 2172: 2167: 1163: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1009: 1005: 860: 510:

that make Port wine production possible. The use of mechanical

496: 461: 231: 176: 99: 28: 689:

have been used in the past to give some consistency (see also

252:

in which Madeira played a key role was the British seizure of

2857: 2481: 2197: 2152: 2122: 739: 534:

Approximately 85% of Madeira is produced with the red grape,

507: 257: 107: 1749: 1705: 543: 407: 487:

of the vine off the ground similar to a style used in the

1196:"Labeling of wine and certain other wine sector products" 1177:

designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira

673:

Younger wines (typically 3 and 5 years old) undergo the

1718: 955:. It is richer in style than a Special Reserve Madeira. 223:" for Madeira. The wine's popularity extended from the 204:, where the heat of the island sun would age the wine. 179:

did not become widespread until the 18th century). The

1198:. Europa: Summaries of EU legislation. 20 August 2007. 319: 151:

The roots of Madeira's wine industry date back to the

1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1538:(Fourth ed.), Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 2970:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

1655:

Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura

1519:"J.P. Morgan's Favored Madeira Wines Make Comeback" 1407:

Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura

1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1417: 530:(also known as Malmsey or Malvazia) grape variety. 269:caused riots to erupt among the people of Boston. 1551:, Murdoch Books Pty Limited, Murdoch Books, 2005, 903:Storage of vintage Madeira wine, Blandys Winery, 3536: 1308: 1256:"History of Madeira Wine and the United Kingdom" 1202: 1673:'The Wine-Dark Sea', review of David Hancock's 1116: 795:. The resulting wine has a colour similar to a 787:in as much as it is, in effect, a mild kind of 581:Grown exclusively on the neighboring island of 1578:"Vinhos Justino Henriques, Filhos, Lda. = VJH" 418:now known officially as just Tinta Negra, and 2783: 2497: 1734: 444:Vineyard growing among other cultures in the 135:Development and success (15th–18th centuries) 95:where they may remain unharmed indefinitely. 82:. To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral 1690:Madeira Wine Guide by Dr. Wolf Peter Reutter 1531: 1058:accounts for Madeira's stability; an opened 232:Early American history (17th–18th centuries) 1525: 1341: 1321:(Third ed.), Oxford University Press, 1234:(Third ed.), Oxford University Press, 98:Some wines produced in small quantities in 2790: 2776: 2504: 2490: 1741: 1727: 1532:Herbst, Sharon Tyler; Herbst, Ron (2007), 1046:A bottle of Madeira wine in a traditional 641:A dry Madeira made from the Sercial grape. 506:, are very similar to the terraces of the 114:regulations and limit the use of the term 51:which can be consumed on their own, as an 1432: 1365: 693:), although this practice is decreasing. 1704: 1314: 1227: 1041: 898: 812: 700: 636: 522: 439: 435: 235: 138: 27: 16:Fortified wine made in Madeira, Portugal 2682:Clarification and stabilization of wine 1590: 363:varieties rather than replant with the 3537: 821: 369:varieties that were previously grown. 2797: 2771: 2485: 1722: 1703: 1648: 1580:. Madeira Wine Guide. 6 January 2007. 1516: 1485: 1400: 1279: 129: 1378: 1054:Exposure to extreme temperature and 817:Company Pereira D`Oliveiras, Funchal 696: 605:Regulations enacted recently by the 1597:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1282:American Nineteenth Century History 1101:. Madeira wine is commonly used in 670:addition of neutral grape spirits. 320:Modern era (19th century – present) 62:The islands of Madeira have a long 13: 1614: 1473:"Article in 'The Drinks Business'" 1037: 894: 518: 14: 3566: 1766:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 1666: 3068: 2745: 2453: 1066:Before the advent of artificial 1004:were made in a style similar to 219:The eighteenth century was the " 2960:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 1584: 1570: 1542: 1510: 1479: 1465: 1451: 1435:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 1149:List of Portuguese wine regions 414:. The "workhorse" varieties of 276:, and it was used to toast the 2511: 1685:Images related to Madeira wine 1394: 1359: 1335: 1273: 1248: 1188: 448:climate near Santana, Madeira. 430: 187:" for their voyages to India. 1: 2708:Glossary of viticulture terms 1549:The essential baking cookbook 1517:McCoy, Elin (29 March 2010). 1356:Retrieved on 23 February 2007 1181: 657:in either stainless steel or 632: 452:The island of Madeira has an 2713:Glossary of winemaking terms 1591:Sokolov, Raymond A. (1976), 1318:The Oxford Companion to Wine 1231:The Oxford Companion to Wine 1124:(official announcement here) 1117:Intangible Cultural Heritage 1016: 122:to wines that come from the 66:history, dating back to the 7: 1459:"Article in 'Bespoke Unit'" 1132: 621:, and the American hybrids 502:. These terraces, known as 278:Declaration of Independence 10: 3571: 2633:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 1535:The Food Lover's Companion 1315:Robinson, J., ed. (2006), 1228:Robinson, J., ed. (2006), 1144:History of Portuguese wine 272:Madeira was a favorite of 18: 3496: 3412: 3329: 3320: 3245: 3236: 3152: 3143: 3086: 3077: 3066: 3033: 2818: 2809: 2741: 2723:History of the wine press 2690: 2674: 2646: 2613:Sparkling wine production 2598: 2580: 2547: 2519: 2447: 2386: 2348: 2243: 2220: 2103: 1990: 1978: 1871: 1799: 1756: 1716: 1624:. Yale University Press. 1294:10.1080/14664650500314513 808: 74:for ships heading to the 3550:Wine regions of Portugal 3270:Exclusive Economic Zone 3157:Administrative divisions 2718:Wine tasting descriptors 2439:Wine tasting descriptors 2368:Phenolic content in wine 2260:Alternative wine closure 1844:Great French Wine Blight 1748: 1139:Have Some Madeira M'Dear 181:Dutch East India Company 19:Not to be confused with 2985:Constitutional monarchy 2608:Malolactic fermentation 1679:Oxonian Review of Books 1649:Silva, António (2023). 1620:Hancock, David (2009). 1401:Silva, António (2023). 1077: 595:Artur de Barros e Sousa 308:in 1797. Chief Justice 43:made on the Portuguese 3288:Science and technology 2955:1761 Lisbon earthquake 2950:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1634:Liddell, Alex (1998). 1437:, Dorling Kindersley, 1433:Stevenson, T. (2005), 1051: 907: 818: 752:Barrel-aging process: 706: 642: 531: 449: 244: 148: 33: 2990:Republican Revolution 2935:Treaty of Tordesillas 2920:Portuguese golden age 2905:1383–1385 interregnum 2409:Wine and food pairing 1638:. Faber & Faber. 1486:Tuten, James (2008). 1389:, Vol.1, p.178 (1886) 1169:Terras Madeirenses VR 1082:Popular uses include 1045: 902: 887:A fifth noble grape, 816: 704: 640: 526: 443: 436:Climate and geography 393:Bartholomew Broadbent 239: 142: 31: 3484:World Heritage Sites 3020:Carnation Revolution 2060:Muscat of Alexandria 1695:Madeira Wine History 1385:Poore, Ben. Perley, 1374:on 19 February 2007. 1348:Encarta Encyclopedia 378:American Prohibition 299:Continental Congress 163:, a small amount of 2895:Kingdom of Portugal 2889:Manifestis Probatum 2638:Yeast in winemaking 2590:Carbonic maceration 1354:on 28 October 2009. 1260:Discovering Madeira 993:(medium sweet) and 847:acidity in the wine 822:The noble varieties 685:Colourings such as 458:tropical influences 446:tropical influenced 340:and other European 334:phylloxera epidemic 250:American Revolution 3298:Telecommunications 2975:Liberal Revolution 2878:County of Portugal 2628:Traditional method 2429:Wine personalities 2133:Cabernet Sauvignon 1052: 1000:Wines listed with 929:A wine labeled as 908: 819: 707: 643: 619:Cabernet Sauvignon 532: 450: 286:Alexander Hamilton 245: 173:stabilize the wine 153:Age of Exploration 149: 130:History of Madeira 68:Age of Exploration 34: 3532: 3531: 3492: 3491: 3316: 3315: 3232: 3231: 3219:Political parties 3172:Foreign relations 3139: 3138: 3101:Iberian Peninsula 3064: 3063: 2910:Treaty of Windsor 2765: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2529:Late harvest wine 2479: 2478: 2216: 2215: 2113:Alicante Bouschet 1861:Judgment of Paris 1604:978-0-307-76480-5 1565:978-1-74045-542-8 1342:encarta.msn.com. 1103:tournedos Rossini 1031:American colonies 697:The aging process 687:caramel colouring 495:of red and brown 483:, that raise the 471:rot are constant 374:Russian Civil War 336:that had plagued 290:Benjamin Franklin 282:George Washington 225:American colonies 165:distilled alcohol 3562: 3512: 3505: 3327: 3326: 3273: 3260:Economic history 3243: 3242: 3150: 3149: 3084: 3083: 3072: 2883:Treaty of Zamora 2816: 2815: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2750: 2749: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2458: 2457: 2373:Proteins in wine 2040:Grüner Veltliner 1988: 1987: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1701: 1700: 1662: 1608: 1607: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1521:. Bloomberg L.P. 1514: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1461:. 10 March 2021. 1455: 1449: 1448:. Pages 340-341. 1447: 1430: 1415: 1414: 1398: 1392: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1370:. Archived from 1363: 1357: 1355: 1350:. Archived from 1339: 1333: 1332:. Pages 719-720. 1331: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1252: 1246: 1245:. Pages 416-419. 1244: 1225: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1099:cooking purposes 736:Armazém de Calor 680:canteiro process 599:Madeira Vintners 416:Tinta Negra Mole 330:Bordeaux mixture 274:Thomas Jefferson 3570: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3488: 3464:Public holidays 3408: 3312: 3271: 3228: 3192:Law enforcement 3135: 3073: 3060: 3029: 2945:Restoration War 2805: 2796: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2752:Wine portal 2744: 2737: 2728:History of wine 2686: 2670: 2642: 2594: 2576: 2557:Deacidification 2543: 2515: 2510: 2480: 2475: 2460:Wine portal 2452: 2443: 2382: 2344: 2249: 2239: 2212: 2099: 2080:Sauvignon blanc 2015:Cayetana blanca 1983: 1981:grape varieties 1974: 1867: 1795: 1752: 1747: 1712: 1669: 1617: 1615:Further reading 1612: 1611: 1605: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1547: 1543: 1530: 1526: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1431: 1418: 1399: 1395: 1383: 1379: 1366:ushistory.org. 1364: 1360: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1313: 1309: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1226: 1203: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1135: 1129: 1119: 1111:Plum in madeira 1086:(pre-meal) and 1080: 1040: 1038:Characteristics 1019: 973: 943:Special Reserve 897: 895:Other labelling 833:(also known as 824: 811: 797:tawny port wine 699: 635: 521: 519:Grape varieties 454:oceanic climate 438: 433: 356:Vitis rupestris 332:fungicide, the 322: 234: 209:Marriage Treaty 137: 132: 124:Madeira Islands 45:Madeira Islands 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3568: 3558: 3557: 3555:Fortified wine 3552: 3547: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3293:Stock Exchange 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3025:Third Republic 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2995:First Republic 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2965:Peninsular War 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2618:Sugars in wine 2615: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2567:Chaptalization 2564: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2394:Classification 2390: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2378:Sugars in wine 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2350:Wine chemistry 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2325:Wine dispenser 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2128:Cabernet Franc 2125: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2095:Welschriesling 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2050:Müller-Thurgau 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817:Ancient Greece 1814: 1805: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1668: 1667:External links 1665: 1664: 1663: 1646: 1632: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1583: 1569: 1541: 1524: 1509: 1492:Juniata Voices 1478: 1475:. 11 May 2015. 1464: 1450: 1443: 1416: 1393: 1377: 1368:"John Hancock" 1358: 1344:"John Hancock" 1334: 1327: 1307: 1288:(2): 173–188. 1272: 1247: 1240: 1201: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1174:Vinho Regional 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1131: 1118: 1115: 1079: 1076: 1039: 1036: 1018: 1015: 989:(medium dry), 971: 970: 956: 946: 940: 934: 927: 896: 893: 885: 884: 870: 864: 850: 823: 820: 810: 807: 789:pasteurization 781: 780: 750: 749: 743: 698: 695: 634: 631: 607:European Union 520: 517: 465:grape diseases 437: 434: 432: 429: 366:Vitis vinifera 348:Vitis labrusca 326:powdery mildew 321: 318: 233: 230: 197:aging the wine 136: 133: 131: 128: 41:fortified wine 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3567: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2940:Iberian Union 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2915:Consolidation 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2363:Acids in wine 2361: 2359: 2358:Aroma of wine 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2222:Major regions 2219: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178:Montepulciano 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1644:0-571-19096-0 1641: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1630:9780300136050 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1579: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:1-74045-542-8 1554: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1520: 1513: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1474: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1446: 1444:0-7566-1324-8 1440: 1436: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1330: 1328:0-19-860990-6 1324: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1243: 1241:0-19-860990-6 1237: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068:refrigeration 1064: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 968: 964: 960: 957: 954: 950: 949:Extra Reserve 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 913: 912: 911: 906: 901: 892: 890: 882: 878: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 858: 855:(also called 854: 851: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 829: 828: 827: 815: 806: 804: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 755: 754: 753: 747: 746:Cuba de Calor 744: 741: 737: 734: 733: 732: 730: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:aging barrels 703: 694: 692: 688: 683: 681: 676: 671: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 639: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 608: 603: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:Palomino Fino 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 529: 525: 516: 513: 509: 505: 501: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 455: 447: 442: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 367: 362: 358: 357: 353: 352:Vitis riparia 349: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 317: 315: 311: 310:John Marshall 307: 306: 300: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 263: 259: 255: 251: 242: 238: 229: 226: 222: 217: 215: 210: 205: 203: 198: 194: 193:vinho da roda 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171:was added to 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 146: 141: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 94: 88: 85: 84:grape spirits 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 30: 26: 22: 3545:Madeira wine 3422:Architecture 3394:Prostitution 3359:Homelessness 3339:Demographics 3255:Central bank 3197:Human rights 3162:Constitution 3015:Overseas War 2980:Liberal Wars 2887: 2743: 2600:Fermentation 2451: 2434:Wine tasting 2055:Muscat blanc 2025:Chenin blanc 1822:Ancient Rome 1678: 1674: 1658: 1654: 1635: 1621: 1593: 1586: 1572: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1527: 1512: 1500:. Retrieved 1495: 1491: 1481: 1467: 1453: 1434: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1380: 1372:the original 1361: 1352:the original 1347: 1337: 1317: 1310: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1263:. Retrieved 1259: 1250: 1230: 1190: 1172: 1154:Marsala wine 1128: 1120: 1107:sauce madère 1106: 1096: 1092:Madeira cake 1081: 1072:wine cellars 1065: 1053: 1024: 1020: 1001: 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 976: 972: 966: 962: 958: 952: 948: 942: 936: 930: 922: 918: 914: 909: 888: 886: 872: 866: 856: 852: 838: 834: 830: 825: 800: 785:fermentation 782: 776: 772: 768: 760: 756: 751: 745: 735: 728: 727: 722: 718: 714: 708: 684: 679: 674: 672: 645:The initial 644: 612: 604: 580: 533: 503: 480: 473:viticultural 451: 397: 390: 382:cooking wine 371: 364: 361:hybrid grape 346: 342:wine regions 323: 305:Constitution 304: 271: 266: 261: 254:John Hancock 246: 241:John Hancock 218: 206: 201: 192: 189: 150: 119: 115: 97: 89: 72:port of call 61: 36: 35: 32:Madeira wine 25: 3369:Immigration 3344:Drug policy 3250:Agriculture 3126:Earthquakes 3010:Estado Novo 3000:World War I 2930:Renaissance 2838:Lusitanians 2828:Oestriminis 2703:Wine bottle 2675:Other steps 2666:Wine cellar 2623:Süssreserve 2315:Wine cellar 2305:Wine bottle 2246:accessories 2244:Packaging, 2203:Tempranillo 1832:Noah's wine 1812:Phoenicians 1758:Viticulture 1502:22 February 877:Baumé scale 771:comes from 731:processes: 653:, and then 583:Porto Santo 489:Vinho Verde 479:, known as 431:Viticulture 214:West Indies 157:East Indies 145:East Indies 80:East Indies 3539:Categories 3444:Literature 3214:Parliament 3177:Government 3005:28 de Maio 2873:Al-Andalus 2582:Maceration 2572:Wine press 2562:Destemming 2513:Winemaking 2419:Wine fraud 2414:Wine fault 2399:Oenophilia 2335:Wine label 2330:Wine glass 2295:Port tongs 2193:Sangiovese 2188:Pinot noir 2148:Douce noir 2075:Rkatsiteli 2020:Chardonnay 2010:Catarratto 1984:by acreage 1958:Biodynamic 1921:Aromatized 1710:winemaking 1661:(2): 1–15. 1413:(2): 1–15. 1182:References 1027:irrigation 963:Frasqueira 761:Frasqueira 647:winemaking 633:Winemaking 623:Cunningham 615:Arnsburger 572:phylloxera 536:Negra Mole 512:harvesting 456:with some 294:John Adams 221:golden age 169:cane sugar 167:made from 104:California 64:winemaking 21:Madera AVA 3454:Monuments 3374:Languages 3349:Education 3308:Transport 3224:President 3182:Judiciary 3167:Elections 3131:Volcanoes 3096:Mountains 3079:Geography 2868:Visigoths 2848:Gallaecia 2843:Lusitania 2534:Noble rot 2424:Winemaker 2404:Sommelier 2340:Wine rack 2320:Wine cork 2310:Wine cave 2300:Screw cap 2270:Corkscrew 2235:New World 2230:Old World 2208:Zinfandel 2183:Mourvèdre 2090:Trebbiano 2030:Colombard 1931:Noble rot 1911:Fortified 1889:Sparkling 1856:New World 1567:, page 59 1302:144093837 1159:Port wine 1088:digestifs 1084:apéritifs 1017:Rainwater 991:meio doce 987:meio seco 979:sweetness 889:Terrantez 863:flavours. 802:maderized 773:canteiros 729:Estufagem 717:process ( 715:estufagem 675:estufagem 655:fermented 556:Terrantez 477:trellises 303:USS 93:demijohns 76:New World 49:dry wines 3519:Category 3469:Religion 3379:Naturism 3209:Military 3145:Politics 3056:Language 3046:Military 3034:By topic 2900:Monarchs 2853:Hispania 2833:Ophiussa 2820:Timeline 2803:articles 2799:Portugal 2549:Pressing 2471:Glossary 2387:Industry 2280:Jug wine 2275:Decanter 2265:Box wine 2163:Isabella 2158:Grenache 2138:Carignan 2085:Sémillon 2070:Riesling 2065:Palomino 1808:Ancient 1791:Vineyard 1786:Veraison 1771:Oenology 1133:See also 953:colheita 923:colheita 915:Colheita 867:Verdelho 835:Malvazia 831:Malvasia 777:Canteiro 769:Canteiro 757:Canteiro 723:canteiro 576:Complexa 564:Moscatel 560:Bastardo 548:Verdelho 540:Malvasia 528:Malvasia 497:basaltic 493:terraces 469:botrytis 420:Complexa 412:Malvasia 404:Verdelho 53:apéritif 3503:Outline 3479:Symbols 3432:Cuisine 3414:Culture 3389:Poverty 3364:Housing 3322:Society 3303:Tourism 3278:Fishing 3238:Economy 3116:Regions 3106:Islands 3041:Economy 2811:History 2733:Terroir 2691:Related 2539:Vintage 2521:Harvest 2466:Outline 2290:Muselet 2252:storage 2143:Cinsaut 2118:Barbera 2045:Macabeo 2005:Aligoté 1963:Organic 1953:Natural 1906:Dessert 1851:Georgia 1801:History 1781:Terroir 1776:Species 1677:in the 1636:Madeira 1498:: 55–61 985:(dry), 967:vintage 959:Vintage 937:Reserve 919:Harvest 905:Funchal 881:acidity 873:Sercial 843:caramel 839:Malmsey 793:oxidize 765:vintage 691:whiskey 667:phenols 651:pressed 627:Jacquet 591:Caracol 552:Sercial 500:bedrock 424:Benelux 400:Sercial 386:Marsala 314:walnuts 267:Liberty 262:Liberty 202:estufas 116:Madeira 37:Madeira 3524:Portal 3427:Cinema 3384:People 3354:Health 3283:Mining 3265:Energy 3121:Rivers 3091:Cities 2925:Empire 2801: 2698:Winery 2661:Solera 2285:Kvevri 2173:Merlot 2168:Malbec 1968:Kosher 1944:Other 1899:Orange 1872:Styles 1839:France 1642: 1628: 1601: 1563: 1555: 1441: 1325: 1300: 1265:29 May 1238: 1164:Sherry 1060:bottle 1056:oxygen 1048:wicker 1010:solera 1006:sherry 1002:Solera 931:Finest 861:raisin 809:Styles 719:estufa 589:) and 568:oidium 550:, and 485:canopy 481:latada 462:fungal 338:France 177:brandy 120:Madère 106:, and 100:Crimea 57:pepper 3510:Index 3474:Sport 3459:Music 3449:Media 3404:Women 3334:Crime 3272:(EEZ) 3111:Lakes 3051:Music 2858:Suebi 2648:Aging 2198:Syrah 2153:Gamay 2123:Bobal 2035:Glera 2000:Airén 1992:White 1948:Table 1936:Straw 1926:Fruit 1884:White 1827:China 1706:Wines 1298:S2CID 1050:cask. 740:sauna 665:more 663:leach 508:Douro 504:poios 258:sloop 185:pipes 108:Texas 39:is a 3437:Wine 3399:Time 3202:LGBT 2863:Buri 2250:and 1979:Top 1894:Rosé 1750:Wine 1708:and 1640:ISBN 1626:ISBN 1599:ISBN 1561:ISBN 1553:ISBN 1504:2018 1439:ISBN 1323:ISBN 1267:2023 1236:ISBN 1171:, a 1105:and 1078:Uses 995:doce 983:seco 857:Boal 853:Bual 625:and 570:and 562:and 544:Bual 467:and 410:and 408:Bual 376:and 354:and 292:and 161:port 3187:Law 2656:Oak 2105:Red 1916:Ice 1879:Red 1290:doi 1113:". 981:as 961:or 917:or 837:or 682:). 659:oak 359:or 256:'s 118:or 112:PDO 78:or 3541:: 1657:. 1653:. 1559:, 1494:. 1490:. 1419:^ 1409:. 1405:. 1346:. 1296:. 1284:. 1258:. 1204:^ 1126:. 1094:. 805:. 629:. 617:, 558:, 546:, 542:, 406:, 402:, 388:. 350:, 288:, 284:, 280:. 126:. 102:, 2791:e 2784:t 2777:v 2505:e 2498:t 2491:v 2248:, 1742:e 1735:t 1728:v 1659:6 1506:. 1496:8 1411:6 1391:. 1304:. 1292:: 1286:6 1269:. 883:. 763:( 147:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.