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258:, is another equipment option for macro photography. The further the lens is from the film or sensor, the closer the focusing distance, the greater the magnification, and the darker the image given the same aperture. Tubes of various lengths can be stacked, decreasing lens-to-subject distance and increasing magnification. Bellows or tubes shorten the available maximum focus distance and make it impossible to focus to infinity.
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length of the normally mounted lens by the focal length of the reversed lens (e.g., when an 18 mm lens is reverse mounted on a 300 mm lens the reproduction ratio is 16:1). The use of automatic focus is not advisable if the first lens is not of the internal-focusing type, as the extra weight of the reverse-mounted lens could damage the autofocus mechanism. Working distance is significantly less than the first lens.
325:, combined with a high powered zoom lens and (optionally) a close-up diopter lens added to the front of the camera lens. The deep depth of field of these cameras is an advantage for macro work. The high pixel density and resolving power of these cameras' sensors enable them to capture very high levels of detail at a lower reproduction ratio than is needed for film or larger DSLR sensors (often at the cost of greater
230:, Laowa 25mm f/2.8 2.5-5X Ultra Macro (a relatively shorter focal length) or Minolta AF 3x-1x 1.7-2.8 Macro, can achieve higher magnification than life size, enabling photography of the structure of small insect eyes, snowflakes, and other minuscule objects. Others, such as the Infinity Photo-Optical's TS-160 can achieve magnifications from 0-18x on sensor, focusing from infinity down to 18 mm from the object.
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knowing the size of the smallest object that can fill the frame. To put it simply, 1X magnification means: if the object is 1mm long, it would be exactly 1mm long when projected to the sensor. Let's say you are shooting 1X magnification with a full-frame camera (36X24mm), an object with the size 18x12mm would take 1/4 area of your photo. For example, the 12 megapixel
265:(or close-up "filter") in front of the camera's lens is another option. Inexpensive screw-in or slip-on attachments provide close focusing. The possible quality is less than that of a dedicated macro lens or extension tubes, with some two-element versions being very good while many inexpensive single element lenses exhibit
222:"Macro" lenses specifically designed for close-up work, with a long barrel for close focusing and optimized for high reproduction ratios, are one of the most common tools for macro photography. (Unlike most other lens makers, Nikon designates its macro lenses as "Micro" because of their original use in making
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The problem of sufficiently and evenly lighting the subject can be difficult to overcome. Some cameras can focus on subjects so close that they touch the front of the lens. It is difficult to place a light between the camera and a subject that close, making extreme close-up photography impractical. A
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35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio: the photograph on the left was taken with a Micro Four Thirds (2× crop) sensor camera and a 50 mm macro lens at 1:2 magnification. The photograph on the right was taken with a full-frame (35 mm) sensor digital SLR camera and a 100 mm macro lens
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with the ability to tilt the lens with respect to the film or sensor plane. Lenses such as the Nikon PC-E and Canon TS-E series, the
Hartblei Super-Rotator, the Schneider Super Angulon, several Lensbaby models, the Zoerk Multi Focus System, and various tilt-shift adapters for medium format, allow the
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critically on the most important part of the subject, as elements that are even a millimetre closer or farther from the focal plane might be noticeably blurred. Due to this, the use of a microscope stage is highly recommended for precise focus with large magnification, for example when photographing
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While a "true" macro lens is defined as a lens having a reproduction ratio of 1:1 on the film or sensor plane, with small sensor format digital cameras an actual reproduction ratio of 1:1 is rarely achieved or needed to take macro photographs. What macro photographers often care about more is simply
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which screws into the front filter threads of both lenses. This method allows most cameras to maintain the full function of electronic and mechanical communication with the normally mounted lens, for features such as open-aperture metering. The magnification ratio is calculated by dividing the focal
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thread on the front of a lens and makes it possible to attach the lens in reverse. Excellent quality results up to 4x life-size magnification are possible. For cameras with all-electronic communications between the lens and the camera body specialty reversing rings are available which preserve these
665:(LSP) has been used to overcome depth of field limitations. This technique uses a thin slit of light to illuminate an object as it is moved perpendicular through the plane of light to form the image. If the slit of light is narrower than the DOF the entire object will be recorded on film in focus.
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35 mm equivalent magnification: The photograph on top was taken with a full-frame (35 mm) sensor digital SLR camera and a 100 mm macro lens at 1:1 magnification. The photograph on the bottom was taken with a Micro Four Thirds (2× crop) sensor camera and a 50 mm macro lens at 1:2
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Since digital compact camera sensor sizes come in a wide diversity of sizes and camera manufacturers rarely publish the macro reproduction ratios for these cameras, a good rule of thumb is that whenever a 24 mm vertical object just fits, or is too tall to fit in the camera viewfinder, you are
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line, with improved optical performance for photography at the expense of the stereo imaging facility of the stereo microscope; this system came with a range of dedicated stands, objective and supplementary lenses, and illumination systems. Following its discontinuation in 1993, Leica continues to
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digital cameras), simply take a photograph of a mm ruler placed vertically in the frame focused at the maximum magnification distance of the lens and measure the height of the frame. Since the object height of a 1.0x magnified 35 mm film image is 24 mm, calculate 35 mm equivalent
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35 mm equivalent magnification, or 35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio, is a measure that indicates the apparent magnification achieved with a small sensor format, or "crop sensor" digital camera compared to a 35 mm-based image enlarged to the same print size. The term is useful
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with a "true" macro lens, despite having a lower reproduction ratio, making macro photography more widely accessible at a lower cost. In the digital age, a photograph is more practically defined as macro when an object measuring 24 mm or less either matches the frame's height or is larger.
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To calculate 35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio, simply multiply the actual maximum magnification of the lens by the 35 mm conversion factor, or "crop factor" of the camera. If the actual magnification and/or crop factor are unknown (such as is the case with many compact or
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communications. When used with extension tubes or bellows, a highly versatile, true macro (greater than life size) system can be assembled. Since non-macro lenses are optimized for small reproduction ratios, reversing the lens allows it to be used for reciprocally high ratios.
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to the optical power of the lens, decreasing the minimum focusing distance, and allowing the camera to get closer to the subject. They are typically designated by their diopter, and can be stacked (with an additional loss of quality) to achieve the desired magnification.
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magnification. The subject height in both images is 24 mm. Photographs taken with these two set-ups will be at practically the same scale at the same print size, lending the photograph on the bottom its 1:1 35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio status.
329:). Despite the fact that many of these cameras come with a "macro mode" which does not qualify as true macro, some photographers are using the advantages of small sensor cameras to create macro images that rival or even surpass those from DSLRs.
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offer similar products under the names Z6 APO and Z16 APO. The iPhone 13 Pro series introduced macro photography in the iPhone camera, as well as
Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra, which is also introduced a macro photography in the smartphone camera.
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2.8 lens has a 100 mm/2.8 = 35.7 mm entrance-pupil diameter). Because they focus at close subjects, the cone of light from a subject point to the entrance pupil is relatively obtuse (a relatively high subject
610:) is often required to produce acceptable sharpness across a three-dimensional subject. This requires either a slow shutter speed, brilliant lighting, or a high ISO. Auxiliary lighting (such as from a
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at 1:1 magnification. The photographs are practically indistinguishable and therefore equivalent. As the images were taken at slightly different angles, the two images can be viewed as a cross-eyed
695:. Homemade flash diffusers made out of white Styrofoam or plastic attached to a camera's built-in flash can also yield surprisingly good results by diffusing and softening the light, eliminating
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45–65 mm – product photography, small objects that can be approached closely without causing undesirable influence, and scenes requiring natural background perspective
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camera with a 2× crop sensor only requires a 1:2 reproduction ratio to take a picture with the same subject size, resolution, and apparent magnification as a 12 megapixel "full-frame"
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macro lenses, typically with focal lengths from about 100 to 200 mm. These are popular as they permit sufficient distance for lighting between the camera and the subject.
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is classically a lens capable of reproduction ratios of at least 1:1, although it often refers to any lens with a large reproduction ratio, despite rarely exceeding 1:1.
226:.) Most modern macro lenses can focus continuously to infinity as well and can provide excellent optical quality for normal photography. True macro lenses, such as the
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normal-focal-length macro lens (50 mm on a 35 mm camera) can focus so close that lighting remains difficult. To avoid this problem, many photographers use
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macro lens like the Laowa 50mm f/2.8 2X Ultra Macro Lens with a maximum image magnification of 2.0x is rated as having a "4.0x 35 mm equivalent magnification".
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photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life-size (though
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software which picks out the sharpest parts of every image, artificially increasing the perceived depth of field of the resulting image. For analog film cameras
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684:, with flash tubes arranged in a circle around the front of the lens, can be helpful in lighting at close distances. Ring lights have emerged, using white
336:(stereo microscope), making use of the optics of that instrument as the imaging lens for the system. Between approximately 1976 and 1993, the manufacturers
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also refers to the art of making very large photographs). By the original definition, a macro photograph is one in which the size of the subject on the
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skin cells. Alternatively, more shots of the same subject can be made with slightly different focusing lengths and joined afterwards with specialized
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to provide a continuous light source for macro photography, however they are not as bright as a ring flash and the white balance is very cool.
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Macro photography may also be accomplished by mounting a lens in reverse, in front of a normally mounted lens of greater focal length, using a
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to place an object close to the lens in focus, while maintaining selective background focus. This technique requires the use of a
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is life-size or greater. In some senses, however, it refers to a finished photograph of a subject that is greater than life-size.
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was proposed in 1899 by W. H. Walmsley for close-up images with less than 10 diameters magnification, to distinguish from true
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is an important consideration in macro photography. Depth of field is extremely small when focusing on close objects. A small
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715:, are designed to better control this, such as the Laowa 100mm f/2.8 2x Ultra Macro APO and the Sigma APO MACRO 150mm F2.8.
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use of tilt in cameras with fixed lens mounts. Traditional view cameras permit such adjustment as part of their design.
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632:# to conventional lenses to provide similar exposure times. Macro lenses also have similar focal lengths, so the
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Due to advances in sensor technology, today's small-sensor digital cameras can rival the macro capabilities of a
161:(36×24 mm) film or sensor, a life-size result is possible with a lens having only a 1:4 reproduction ratio.
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Headshot of a dragonfly taken with a 100 mm macro lens coupled with a 50 mm lens in reverse at the end
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150–200 mm – insects and other small animals where additional working distance is required
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The ratio of the subject size on the film plane (or sensor plane) to the actual subject size is known as the
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214:, born in 1880. He was a British nature documentary filmmaker, and was known for his close-up photographs.
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Ordinary lenses can be used for macro photography by using a "reversing ring". This ring attaches to the
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of the resulting image. This method works with cameras that have fixed lenses, and is commonly used with
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is the subject of discussion, the finished print or on-screen image more commonly lends a photograph its
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Increasingly, macro photography is accomplished using compact digital cameras and small-sensor
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90–105 mm – insects, flowers, and small objects from a comfortable distance
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Apart from technical photography and film-based processes, where the size of the image on the
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Continuously-variable focal length – suitable for virtually all macro subjects
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The
International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin and American Process Year-book
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Macro photography can also be carried out by attaching a camera to one optical path of a
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745: – Film technique where the frame rate is lower than that used to view the sequence
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Canon MP-E 65 mm macro lens. Small front lens elements are typical of macro lenses.
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Like conventional lenses, macro lenses need light, and ideally would provide similar
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Extending the distance between the lens and the film or sensor, by inserting either
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The DSLR Field Guide: The
Essential Handbook to Getting the Most from Your Camera
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camera, when the images are viewed on screen or printed at the same size. Thus a
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Development of the photo-micrograph led to the evolution of macro photography.
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diameter is comparable to that of conventional lenses (e.g., a 100 mm
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Optical scheme of macro photography using reversed lens and telephoto lens
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551:(True reproduction ratio) = (35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio) /
546:(35 mm equivalent reproduction ratio) = 24 / (measured height in mm)
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made using a lens at its maximum 1:1 reproduction ratio, and an 18×24mm
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reproduction ratio and true reproduction ratio by using the following:
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status. For example, when producing a 6×4-inch (15×10-cm) print using
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1288:"Panasonic Leica DG Macro-Elmarit 45 mm F2.8 ASPH OIS Review"
727: – Art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene
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1865:
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offered a dedicated microscopy system for macro photography, the
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1513:"A simplified unit for making deep-field (scanning) Macrographs"
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Minolta 100–300mm zoom lens with markings for reproduction ratio
423:
Wide-angle lens used as a reversed lens in front of a macro lens
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Reproduction ratios much greater than 10:1 are considered to be
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1206:(plus associated models), information page on www.savazzi.net.
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1806:
1515:. Journal of Biological Photography, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
233:
Macro lenses of different focal lengths find different uses:
89:
27:
Photography genre and techniques of extreme close-up pictures
1435:"Laowa 50mm f/2.8 2X Ultra Macro APO - LAOWA Camera Lenses"
1415:"Magnification ratio and how to choose the Best macro lens"
184:
86:
1540:"No, I'm not a Dentist: The Joy of Ring Flash Photography"
1390:
Wetpixel: Underwater
Photography Forums (18 March 2004).
1184:"Equipment used to create Panasonic FZ30 macro galleries"
93:
739: – Process for producing pictures with a microscope
707:
Many macro lenses are characterised by a high amount of
490:
Optical scheme of macro photography using extension tube
176:, the art of making very small photographs, such as for
1312:
1285:
210:
One of the earliest pioneers of macro photography was
1526:
Constructing a
Scanning Light Photomacrography System
980:
978:
976:
1457:"OLYMPUS : ZUIKO DIGITAL 35 mm F3.5 Macro"
1560:
1261:"Panasonic LEICA DG MACRO-ELMARIT 45 mm F2.8"
973:
772:Digital Macro and Close-Up Photography For Dummies
652:extraordinarily small. This makes it essential to
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1258:
1227:
926:
924:
510:because many photographers are familiar with the
495:
3222:
908:"Macro photography: Understanding magnification"
984:
878:
590:Housefly on a leaf photographed with a shallow
440:
921:
466:Reversed-lens macro photography optical scheme
172:(photomicrography should not be confused with
1601:
1528:". The McCrone Group (accessed July 7, 2024).
1365:"Zuiko Digital ED 50 mm f2 Macro Review"
1043:
691:Good results can also be obtained by using a
619:
826:
768:
454:Optical scheme of close-up macro photography
3153:Conservation and restoration of photographs
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2890:Comparison of digital and film photography
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3110:Photographs considered the most important
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833:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 269.
648:, to use a microscopy term), making the
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80:
72:
64:
44:
1363:Arva-Toth, Zoltan (16 September 2009).
853:
830:The Science of Imaging: An Introduction
822:
820:
795:
702:
14:
3223:
1463:. Olympus Imaging Corp. Archived from
1317:. Outdoor Photographer. Archived from
1236:. Olympus Imaging Corp. Archived from
1086:
1589:
1412:
1059:
1002:"How to take great macro photographs"
858:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. p. 698.
775:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
1230:"Olympus Four Thirds Lenses – Macro"
957:
817:
3105:Museums devoted to one photographer
1561:diyphotography.net (29 July 2009).
1021:
24:
2652:Timeline of photography technology
1488:"Digital Stereo Macro Photography"
1485:
1144:"The History of Macro Photography"
1100:"Digital Stereo Macro Photography"
1097:
699:and providing more even lighting.
25:
3247:
1581:
1537:
1339:
1216:Leica Z6 APO and Z16 APO brochure
1181:
1122:"Photo-micrography for everybody"
1070:
1024:"Macrophotography and your Evolt"
905:
581:
3203:
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3192:
1169:"The Story of Macro Photography"
1046:"Incredible Macro Insect Photos"
999:
483:
471:
459:
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366:
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340:(Switzerland) and subsequently,
228:Canon MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro
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803:. UK: ILEX Press. p. 336.
663:light scanning photomicrography
1563:"Introduction To LED Lighting"
1392:"Help with reproduction ratio"
951:
899:
872:
856:Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Ed
847:
789:
762:
496:35 mm equivalent magnification
13:
1:
2702:Painted photography backdrops
2634:Golden triangle (composition)
1909:35 mm equivalent focal length
801:Mastering Digital Photography
755:
254:or a continuously adjustable
1313:Outdoor Photographer Staff.
1294:. Digital Photography Review
1286:Digital Photography Review.
751: – Genre of photography
441:Macro photography techniques
7:
2412:Intentional camera movement
1148:Will Moneymaker Photography
1073:"Extreme macro photography"
885:. Focal Press. p. 30.
718:
668:
560:taking a macro photograph.
376:for extreme macro use with
10:
3252:
3100:Most expensive photographs
2457:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1218:- copy at www.savazzi.net.
733: – Optical microscope
191:
77:Macro photograph of an ant
29:
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854:Webster, Merriam (1996).
285:Photographers may employ
3034:Digital image processing
1511:Root, N. (January 1991)
1344:. Digital Photo Magazine
1120:Walmsley, W. H. (1899).
960:"Canon 50 mm Macro"
879:Michael Freeman (2010).
577:Technical considerations
299:perspective control lens
218:Equipment and techniques
51:common yellow dung fly (
3236:Photographic techniques
2707:Photography and the law
731:Macroscope (Wild-Leica)
523:Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1
53:Scathophaga stercoraria
3054:Gelatin silver process
2078:Science of photography
2063:Photographic processes
2041:Perspective distortion
1455:Olympus Imaging Corp.
1267:. Olympus Imaging Corp
1259:Olympus Imaging Corp.
1228:Olympus Imaging Corp.
749:Underwater photography
743:Time-lapse photography
595:
573:
506:
168:, often achieved with
97:
85:Macro photograph of a
78:
70:
62:
49:Macro photograph of a
2512:Schlieren photography
2051:Photographic printing
1974:Exposure compensation
1542:. photomigrations.com
1315:"Choosing Your Macro"
987:"Macro Camera Lenses"
985:Cambridge in Colour.
827:Graham Saxby (2010).
769:Thomas Clark (2011).
589:
566:
503:
411:Typical close-up lens
291:Scheimpflug principle
287:view camera movements
261:Placing an auxiliary
84:
76:
68:
48:
3231:Photography by genre
2296:Straight photography
1934:Chromatic aberration
1565:. diyphotography.net
1413:wayne (2021-03-22).
725:Forensic photography
709:chromatic aberration
703:Chromatic aberration
697:specular reflections
334:binocular microscope
267:chromatic aberration
3163:photographic plates
2848:Digital photography
2026:Hyperfocal distance
1939:Circle of confusion
1467:on 25 February 2021
1371:. Photo 360 Limited
1240:on 25 February 2021
1171:. 30 November 2016.
1044:Super Tight Stuff.
933:"Macro Photography"
713:apochromatic lenses
618:is often used (see
277:. These lenses add
2667:Autochrome Lumière
2662:Analog photography
2487:Pigeon photography
2276:Social documentary
1755:discontinued films
1492:nzphoto.tripod.com
646:numerical aperture
596:
574:
531:Four Thirds system
507:
395:fitted between an
342:Leica Microsystems
170:digital microscope
136:reproduction ratio
98:
79:
71:
63:
3218:
3217:
3019:Collodion process
2955:Chromogenic print
2942:Color photography
2452:Multiple exposure
2427:Lo-fi photography
1954:Color temperature
931:Photography.com.
892:978-0-240-81720-0
840:978-1-4398-1286-0
810:978-1-907579-00-4
782:978-1-118-08920-0
520:Micro Four Thirds
399:and reversed lens
202:photo-micrographs
101:Macro photography
16:(Redirected from
3243:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3074:Print permanence
3024:Cross processing
2982:CMYK color model
2967:Color management
2920:Foveon X3 sensor
2915:Three-CCD camera
2559:Miniature faking
2517:Sabattier effect
2129:Astrophotography
1984:Zebra patterning
1610:
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1351:
1349:
1342:"Intro To Macro"
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944:
935:. Archived from
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876:
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797:Freeman, Michael
793:
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614:), preferably a
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389:
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198:photo-macrograph
174:microphotography
166:photomicrography
121:macrophotography
113:macrophotography
111:, and sometimes
105:photomacrography
40:microphotographs
36:photomicrographs
21:
18:Macrophotography
3251:
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3141:
3088:
3079:Push processing
3000:
2993:
2987:RGB color model
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2842:
2726:
2638:
2604:Diagonal method
2590:
2330:
2234:Photojournalism
2097:
1929:Black-and-white
1897:
1876:Slide projector
1871:Movie projector
1750:available films
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1461:Four-Thirds.org
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1369:PhotographyBLOG
1361:
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1322:
1321:on 7 April 2016
1311:
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1265:Four-Thirds.org
1257:
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1234:Four-Thirds.org
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1204:Wild/Leica M420
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958:Rockwell, Ken.
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539:point-and-shoot
512:35 mm film
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374:Extension tubes
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252:extension tubes
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2682:Camera obscura
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2073:Red-eye effect
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2018:
2013:
2008:
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1979:Exposure value
1976:
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1964:Depth of focus
1961:
1959:Depth of field
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1583:
1582:External links
1580:
1577:
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1553:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1486:Wattie, John.
1478:
1447:
1426:
1405:
1394:. Wetpixel.com
1382:
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1332:
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1098:Wattie, John.
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693:flash diffuser
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659:focus stacking
650:depth of field
634:entrance pupil
600:depth of field
592:depth of field
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582:Depth of field
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338:Wild Heerbrugg
323:bridge cameras
275:bridge cameras
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138:. Likewise, a
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3115:Photographers
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3009:Bleach bypass
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2977:primary color
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2962:Reversal film
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2687:Daguerreotype
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2532:Stopping down
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2497:Rephotography
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2124:Architectural
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2036:Metering mode
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1861:Manufacturers
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1538:Basco, Greg.
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906:Marom, Erez.
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316:
315:macro coupler
311:
308:
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296:
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288:
283:
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272:
268:
264:
263:close-up lens
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115:) is extreme
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67:
60:
56:
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47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3175:Polaroid art
3069:K-14 process
3064:Instant film
3059:Gum printing
3014:C-41 process
2999:Photographic
2900:Image sensor
2895:Film scanner
2549:Sun printing
2482:Print toning
2441:
2269:space selfie
2239:Pictorialism
2169:Ethnographic
2149:Conservation
2021:Guide number
2016:Focal length
1567:. Retrieved
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:Clarke, T. "
1520:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1460:
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1437:. 2020-08-18
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1368:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1340:Pitts, Wes.
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:dpreview.com
1291:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1264:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1233:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1182:Frank, Bob.
1177:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1150:. 2017-09-20
1147:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1076:. Retrieved
1071:Frank, Bob.
1049:. Retrieved
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
995:
963:. Retrieved
953:
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
911:. Retrieved
901:
881:
874:
855:
849:
829:
800:
791:
771:
764:
706:
690:
682:Ring flashes
680:
672:
624:
597:
558:
535:
516:
508:
331:
320:
314:
312:
304:
284:
269:and reduced
260:
249:
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209:
206:
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197:
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182:
163:
154:
151:image sensor
144:
139:
135:
133:
129:image sensor
120:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
96:aspect ratio
59:image sensor
52:
3180:Stereoscopy
3044:E-6 process
3039:Dye coupler
2972:color space
2885:Digiscoping
2878:camera back
2793:Philippines
2722:Visual arts
2712:Glass plate
2697:Heliography
2596:Composition
2571:Ultraviolet
2527:Stereoscopy
2522:Slow motion
2507:Scanography
2422:Kite aerial
2362:Contre-jour
2254:Post-mortem
2244:Pornography
2224:Neues Sehen
2159:Documentary
2093:Zone System
2068:Reciprocity
1994:Film format
1924:Backscatter
1902:Terminology
1772:beauty dish
1671:rangefinder
1636:light-field
1617:Photography
1000:Long, Ben.
553:Crop factor
327:image noise
295:view camera
212:Percy Smith
109:macrography
32:macrographs
3225:Categories
3170:Lomography
3001:processing
2950:Print film
2866:comparison
2833:Uzbekistan
2783:Luxembourg
2743:Bangladesh
2692:Dufaycolor
2672:Box camera
2629:Simplicity
2586:Zoom burst
2581:Xerography
2576:Vignetting
2566:Time-lapse
2554:Tilt–shift
2447:Mordançage
2437:Luminogram
2402:Holography
2397:High-speed
2377:Fill flash
2357:Burst mode
2335:Techniques
2316:Vernacular
2311:Underwater
2306:Toy camera
2286:Still life
2214:Monochrome
2204:High-speed
2154:Cloudscape
2144:Conceptual
2046:Photograph
2031:Lens flare
2011:Film speed
1893:Zone plate
1839:wide-angle
1824:long-focus
1441:2021-08-10
1420:2021-08-10
1154:2021-02-25
756:References
737:Micrograph
622:section).
616:ring flash
612:flash unit
570:stereogram
527:Nikon D700
346:macroscope
178:microforms
140:macro lens
3120:Norwegian
3084:Stop bath
3029:Developer
2657:Ambrotype
2619:Lead room
2542:Slit-scan
2477:Photogram
2472:Panoramic
2382:Fireworks
2367:Cyanotype
2209:Landscape
1854:telephoto
1802:reflector
1797:monolight
1792:lens hood
1777:cucoloris
1713:safelight
1624:Equipment
1022:Olympus.
676:telephoto
271:sharpness
224:microform
196:The term
159:35 format
3199:Category
2905:CMOS APS
2803:Slovenia
2731:Regional
2677:Calotype
2614:Headroom
2492:Redscale
2407:Infrared
2352:Brenizer
2326:Wildlife
2249:Portrait
2194:Forensic
2184:Fine-art
2119:Aircraft
2109:Abstract
1989:F-number
1969:Exposure
1944:Clipping
1919:Aperture
1787:hot shoe
1708:enlarger
1703:Darkroom
1132:: 73–90.
799:(2010).
719:See also
669:Lighting
620:Lighting
608:f-number
604:aperture
598:Limited
514:format.
289:and the
279:diopters
147:negative
125:negative
117:close-up
30:Compare
3210:Outline
3146:Related
2838:Vietnam
2823:Ukraine
2758:Denmark
2738:Albania
2717:Tintype
2644:History
2609:Framing
2502:Rollout
2467:Panning
2417:Kirlian
2321:Wedding
2199:Glamour
2179:Fashion
2164:Eclipse
2134:Banquet
2056:Albumen
1866:Monopod
1844:fisheye
1812:softbox
1661:pinhole
1651:instant
1641:digital
1569:21 June
1546:21 June
1398:11 June
1375:11 June
1348:11 June
1325:11 June
1298:11 June
393:Bellows
256:bellows
192:History
3208:
3197:
3130:street
3125:Polish
2818:Turkey
2813:Taiwan
2798:Serbia
2788:Norway
2763:Greece
2748:Canada
2342:Afocal
2301:Street
2281:Sports
2264:Selfie
2219:Nature
2174:Erotic
2139:Candid
2114:Aerial
2102:Genres
2004:medium
1881:Tripod
1849:swivel
1762:Filter
1740:holder
1735:format
1631:Camera
1497:9 June
1471:9 June
1271:9 June
1244:9 June
1189:23 May
1105:20 May
1078:20 May
1051:20 May
1029:20 May
1007:20 May
965:20 May
943:20 May
913:20 May
889:
862:
837:
807:
779:
606:(high
307:filter
92:using
38:, and
3135:women
3093:Lists
3049:Fixer
2932:Pixel
2861:D-SLR
2808:Sudan
2778:Korea
2773:Japan
2768:India
2753:China
2537:Strip
2462:Night
2442:Macro
2347:Bokeh
2291:Stock
2259:Ruins
1999:large
1829:prime
1807:snoot
1767:Flash
1745:stock
1720:Drone
1681:still
1666:press
1656:phone
1646:field
654:focus
155:macro
90:sorus
3158:film
2873:MILC
2372:ETTR
2229:Nude
2189:Fire
2088:Sync
1886:head
1834:zoom
1819:Lens
1782:gobo
1730:base
1725:Film
1696:view
1571:2012
1548:2012
1499:2012
1473:2012
1400:2012
1377:2012
1350:2012
1327:2012
1300:2012
1273:2012
1246:2012
1191:2012
1107:2012
1080:2012
1053:2012
1031:2012
1009:2012
967:2012
945:2012
915:2012
887:ISBN
860:ISBN
835:ISBN
805:ISBN
777:ISBN
686:LEDs
378:SLRs
185:DSLR
103:(or
87:fern
2910:CCD
1691:toy
1686:TLR
1676:SLR
397:SLR
297:or
180:).
149:or
127:or
107:or
94:4:3
3227::
1490:.
1459:.
1367:.
1290:.
1263:.
1232:.
1146:.
1130:12
1128:.
1124:.
1088:^
1061:^
975:^
923:^
819:^
204:.
34:,
1609:e
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1595:v
1573:.
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843:.
813:.
785:.
641:/
639:f
630:/
628:f
572:.
555:.
55:)
42:.
20:)
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