Maasai people - Knowledge

2798: 2150: 2572: 2102: 2970: 2873: 2585: 2835: 2754: 2522: 2618: 2441: 1898: 95: 1622: 2958: 2931: 1556: 74: 6207:"Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment; the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples; and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons" 201: 2822: 2713: 43: 2675: 2853: 3011:, in a government plan to seize a piece of Maasai land for elite private luxury development. Lawyers, human rights groups, and activists who brought the matter to light claimed that Tanzanian security forces tried to forcefully evict the indigenous Maasai people from their ancestral land for the establishment of a luxury 2549:, which constitute their primary source of food. In a patriarchal culture that views women as property, a man's wealth is measured in cattle, wives and children. A herd of 50 cattle is respectable, and the more wives and children the better. A man who has plenty of one but not the other is considered to be poor. 2813:

ingested to improve digestion and cleanse the blood. Some of these remedies can also be used in the treatment or prevention of diseases. The Maasai people also add herbs to different foods to avoid stomach upsets and give digestive aid. The use of plant-based medicine remains an important part of Maasai life.

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A 2019 United Nations report described OBC as a luxury-game hunting company "based in the United Arab Emirates" that was granted a hunting license by the Tanzanian government in 1992 permitting "the UAE royal family to organise private hunting trips" in addition to denying the Maasai people access to

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In 1975 the Ngorongoro Conservation Area banned cultivation, forcing the tribe to participate in Tanzania's economy. They have to sell animals and traditional medicines to buy food. The ban on cultivation was lifted in 1992 and cultivation became an important part of Maasai livelihood once more. Park

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Educating Maasai women to use clinics and hospitals during pregnancy has enabled more infants to survive. The exception is found in extremely remote areas. A corpse rejected by scavengers is seen as having something wrong with it, and liable to cause social disgrace; therefore, it is not uncommon for

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A 2019 archaeogenetic study sampled ancient remains from Neolithic inhabitants of Tanzania and Kenya, and found them to have strongest affinities with modern Horn of Africa groups. They modelled the Maasai community as having ancestry that is ~47% Pastoral Neolithic Cushitic-related and ~53% Sudanese

3019:. As of 18 June 2022, approximately 30 Maasai people had been injured and at least one killed, at the hands of the Tanzanian government Field Force Unit (FFU) while protesting the government’s plans of what it claims are delimiting a 1500 sq km of land as a game reserve, an act which violates a 2018 2880:

Maasai clothing symbolises ethnic group membership, a pastoralist lifestyle, as well as an individual's social position. From this they can decide the roles they undertake for the tribe. Jewellery also can show an individual's gender, relationship status, and age. Maasai traditional clothing is both

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This belief and practice are not unique to the Maasai. In rural Kenya, a group of 95 children aged between six months and two years were examined in 1991/92. 87% were found to have undergone the removal of one or more deciduous canine tooth buds. In an older age group (3–7 years of age), 72% of the

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are common among the Maasai as with other tribes, and both men and women wear metal hoops on their stretched earlobes. Various materials have been used to both pierce and stretch the lobes, including thorns for piercing, twigs, bundles of twigs, stones, the cross-section of elephant tusks and empty

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All of the Maasai's needs for food are met by their cattle. They eat their meat, drink their milk daily, and drink their blood on occasion. Bulls, goats, and lambs are slaughtered for meat on special occasions and ceremonies. Though the Maasai's entire way of life has historically depended on their

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Due to an increasing population, loss of cattle due to disease, and lack of available rangelands because of new park boundaries and competition from other tribes, the Maasai were forced to develop new ways of sustaining themselves. Many Maasai began to cultivate maize and other crops to get by, a

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campaigns against the practice. The female rite of passage ritual has recently seen excision replaced in rare instances with a "cutting with words" ceremony involving singing and dancing in its place. However, despite changes to the law and education drives, the practice remains deeply ingrained,

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The male ceremony refers to the excision of the prepuce (foreskin). In the male ceremony, the boy is expected to endure the operation in silence. Expressions of pain bring dishonour upon him, albeit only temporarily. Importantly, any exclamations or unexpected movements on the part of the boy can

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has been examined in a comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to the study's authors, the Maasai "have maintained their culture in the face of extensive genetic introgression". Tishkoff et al. also indicate that: "Many

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Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Reed, Floyd A.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Ehret, Christopher; Ranciaro, Alessia; Froment, Alain; Hirbo, Jibril B.; Awomoyi, Agnes A.; Bodo, Jean-Marie; Doumbo, Ogobara; Ibrahim, Muntaser; Juma, Abdalla T.; Kotze, Maritha J.; Lema, Godfrey; Moore, Jason H.; Mortensen, Holly;

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Prendergast, Mary E.; Lipson, Mark; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Olalde, Iñigo; Ogola, Christine A.; Rohland, Nadin; Sirak, Kendra A.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly; Culleton, Brendan J.; Eccles, Laurie; Harper, Thomas K.; Lawson, Ann Marie (5 July

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The Maasai people traditionally used the environment when making their medicines, and many still do, due to the high cost of Western treatments. These medicines are derived from trees, shrubs, stems, roots, etc. These can then be used in a multitude of ways including being boiled in soups and

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ritual called "Emuatare," the ceremony that initiates young Maasai girls into adulthood through ritual mutilation and then into early arranged marriages. The Maasai believe that female genital mutilation is necessary and Maasai men may reject any woman who has not undergone it as either not

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When approached, the UAE government refrained from giving any statements. Meanwhile, the OBC commented on the matter without addressing alleged links with Emirati royals, stating that "there is no eviction in Loliondo" and calling it a "reserve land protected area" owned by the government.

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Many ethnic groups that had already formed settlements in the region were forcibly displaced by the incoming Maasai. Other, mainly Southern Cushitic groups, were assimilated into Maasai society. The Nilotic ancestors of the Kalenjin likewise absorbed some early Cushitic populations.

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The Maasai population has been reported as numbering 1,189,522 in Kenya in the 2019 census, compared to 377,089 in the 1989 census, though many Maasai view the census as government meddling and therefore either refuse to participate or actively provide false information.

3275: 2367:-M35 (not M78) in 35% of the studied Maasai. E1b1b-M35-M78 in 15%, their ancestor with the more northerly Cushitic men, who possess the haplogroup at high frequencies lived more than 13 000 years ago. The second most frequent paternal lineage among the Maasai was 2689:

Among the men, warriors are the only members of the Maasai community to wear long hair, which they weave in thinly braided strands. Graduation from warrior to junior elder takes place at a large gathering known as Eunoto. The long hair of the former warriors is

2188:, was that 90% of cattle and half of wild animals perished from rinderpest. German doctors in the same area claimed that "every second" African had a pock-marked face as the result of smallpox. This period coincided with drought. Rains failed in 1897 and 1898. 3026:

This was not the first time Maasai territory was encroached upon. Big-game hunting firms along with the government have long attacked the groups. The 2022 attacks are the latest escalation, which has left more than 150,000 Maasai displaced from the

2510:, and ensuring success in war or adequate rainfall. Today, they have a political role as well due to the elevation of leaders. Whatever power an individual laibon had was a function of personality rather than position. Many Maasai have also adopted 2395:

study by Castri et al. (2008), which tested Maasai individuals in Kenya, the maternal lineages found among the Maasai are quite diverse but similar in overall frequency to that observed in other Nilo-Hamitic populations from the region, such as the

2142:(approx. 100 metres). In 1852, there was a report of a concentration of 800 Maasai warriors on the move in what is now Kenya. In 1857, after having depopulated the "Wakuafi wilderness" in what is now southeastern Kenya, Maasai warriors threatened 2735:

melodies, repeated phrases following each verse being sung on a descending scale, and singers responding to their verses are characteristic of singing by women. When many Maasai women gather together, they sing and dance among themselves.

4890: 4864: 2209:("Through the lands of the Maasai to the source of the Nile"). By one estimate two-thirds of the Maasai died during this period. Maasai in Tanganyika (now mainland Tanzania) were displaced from the fertile lands between 2263:

Essentially there are twenty-two geographic sectors or sub-tribes of the Maasai community, each one having its customs, appearance, leadership and dialects. These subdivisions are known as 'nations' or 'iloshon' in the

3023:(EACJ) injunction on the land dispute, per local activists. By reclassifying the area as a game reserve, the authorities aimed to systematically expropriate Maasai settlements and grazing in the area, experts warned. 4253:

Wood, Elizabeth T.; Stover, Daryn A.; Ehret, Christopher; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Spedini, Gabriella; McLeod, Howard; Louie, Leslie; Bamshad, Mike; Strassmann, Beverly I.; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F. (2005).

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Maasai are pastoralists and have resisted the urging of the Tanzanian and Kenyan governments to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. They have demanded grazing rights to many of the national parks in both countries.

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Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (28 May 2015).

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Maasai music traditionally consists of rhythms provided by a chorus of vocalists singing harmonies while a song leader, or olaranyani, sings the melody. Unlike most other African tribes, Maasai widely use

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ethnologue.com, '453,000 in Kenya (1994 I. Larsen BTL) ... 430,000 in Tanzania (1993)', Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Shai Amelie has Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL

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Throughout the years, various projects have attempted to help the Maasai people. These projects help find ways to preserve Maasai traditions while also encouraging modern education for their children.

2641:, "emorata," is applied to this ritual for both males and females. This ritual is typically performed by the elders, who use a sharpened knife and makeshift cattle hide bandages for the procedure. 6151: 2316:

Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations in East Africa, such as the Maasai, show multiple cluster assignments from the Nilo-Saharan and Cushitic AACs, in accord with linguistic evidence of repeated

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Eunoto, the coming-of-age ceremony of the warrior, can involve ten or more days of singing, dancing and ritual. The warriors of the Il-Oodokilani perform a kind of march-past as well as the

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Because of this migration, the Maasai are the southernmost Nilotic speakers. The period of expansion was followed by the Maasai "Emutai" of 1883–1902. This period was marked by epidemics of

4448: 2694:; elders must wear their hair short. Warriors who do not have sexual relations with women who have not undergone the "Emuatare" ceremony are especially honoured at the Eunoto gathering. 2339:. Genetic data and archeologic evidence suggest that East African pastoralists received West Eurasian ancestry (~25%) through Afroasiatic-speaking groups from Northern Africa or the 2745:, or aigus, sometimes referred to as "the jumping dance" by non-Maasai. (Both adumu and aigus are Maa verbs meaning "to jump" with adumu meaning "To jump up and down in a dance".) 6246: 5812: 3978:

Nyambo, Thomas B.; Omar, Sabah A.; Powell, Kweli; Pretorius, Gideon S.; Smith, Michael W.; Thera, Mahamadou A.; Wambebe, Charles; Weber, James L.; Williams, Scott M. (2009).

7767: 4562: 6214: 4502: 2946:' "cattle complex" influenced ecologists and policymakers about the harm Maasai pastoralists were causing to savannah rangelands. This was later contested by some 2300:, a tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of modern Maasai. 8110: 2479:. The Maasai also have a totemic animal, which is the lion. The killing of a lion is used by the Maasai in the rite of passage ceremony. The "Mountain of God", 2363:

study by Wood et al. (2005) tested various Sub-Saharan populations, including 26 Maasai men from Kenya, for paternal lineages. The authors observed haplogroup

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McCabe, Terrence. (2003). "Sustainability and livelihood diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania". Human Organization. Vol 62.2. pp. 100–111.

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Although consumed as snacks, fruits constitute a major part of the food ingested by children and women looking after cattle as well as morans in the bush.

3819: 8026: 6696: 4807: 2568:– yet lions are still hunted when they maul Maasai livestock. Nevertheless, killing a lion gives one great value and celebrity status in the community. 2138:(now mainland Tanzania). Raiders used spears and shields but were most feared for throwing clubs (orinka) which could be accurately thrown from up to 70 6143: 6118: 3039:

as per Tanzanian lawyers, environmentalists as well as human rights activists. Anuradha Mittal, the executive director of the environmental think-tank,

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The Maasai people stood against slavery and never condoned the traffic of human beings, and outsiders looking for people to enslave avoided the Maasai.

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Pickrell, Joseph K.; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Reich, David (18 February 2014).

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Goodman, Ric. (2002). "Pastoral livelihoods in Tanzania: Can the Maasai benefit from conservation?" Current Issues in Tourism. Vol 5.3,4. P.280–286.

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film canisters. Women wear various forms of beaded ornaments in both the ear lobe and smaller piercings at the top of the ear. Among Maasai males,

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There are also two pillars or totems of Maasai society: Oodo Mongi, the Red Cow and Orok Kiteng, the Black Cow with a subdivision of five clans or

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Women chant lullabies, humming songs, and songs praising their sons. Nambas, the call-and-response pattern, repetition of nonsensical phrases,

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marriageable or worthy of a much-reduced bride price. In Eastern Africa, uncircumcised women, even highly educated members of parliament like

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cause the elder to make a mistake in the delicate and tedious process, which can result in severe lifelong scarring, dysfunction, and pain.

8105: 6301: 5489: 3035:. A hunting concession already situated in Loliondo is owned by OBC, a company that has been allegedly linked to the significantly wealthy 2272:, Ildamat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Ilkisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Ilooldokilani, Ilkaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, 2950:. British colonial policymakers in 1951 removed all Maasai from the Serengeti National Park and relegated them to areas in and around the 4584: 3664: 3361: 2472:. Engai has a dual nature, represented by two colours: Engai Narok (Black God) is benevolent, and Engai Na-nyokie (Red God) is vengeful. 6236: 8095: 4377: 1586: 5752: 4404: 3070: 4032: 2881:

a means of tribal identification and symbolism: young men, for example, wear black for several months following their circumcision.

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over the past 3000 years and with the high frequency of a shared East African–specific mutation associated with lactose tolerance."

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Emerging employment among the Maasai people include farming, business, and wage employment in both the public and private sectors.

1847: 1184: 3307: 7774: 6689: 6117:(Report). Department of Livestock Research, Training and Extension, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries. p. 16. 4402:

Hassan (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".

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Upon reaching the age of 3 "moons", the child is named and the head is shaved clean apart from a tuft of hair, which resembles a

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languages. Except for some elders living in rural areas, most Maasai people speak the official languages of Kenya and Tanzania,

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in the south. At this time the Maasai, as well as the larger Nilotic group they were part of, raised cattle as far east as the

644: 4320:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" 5959: 5867: 5341: 4532: 3492: 1440: 5929: 4546: 6356: 5835: 5273: 5075: 5018: 3462: 3388: 2841: 1445: 6206: 5702:"Maasai herding: An analysis of the livestock production system of Maasai pastoralists in eastern Kajiado District, Kenya" 4506: 2852: 7726: 4785: 1657: 3841: 8120: 6682: 5549: 4941:

Hiza JF, Kikwilu EN (April 1992). "Missing primary teeth due to tooth bud extraction in a remote village in Tanzania".

4324: 4263: 3163:– Former Cabinet Secretary of Kenya for Interior and Coordination of National Government from 2014 to his death in 2017 2177: 2564:

before he can be circumcised and enter adulthood. Lion hunting was an activity of the past, but it has been banned in

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admixture at roughly ~20%. This type of West-Eurasian ancestry reaches up to 40-50% among specific populations of the

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is practised as a ritual of transition from boyhood to manhood. Women are also circumcised (as described below in

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Hassanali J, Amwayi P, Muriithi A (April 1995). "Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in Kenyan rural Maasai".

2375:; it was observed in 27% of Maasai men. The third most frequently observed paternal DNA marker in the Maasai was 2347:

groups roughly 2,000 years ago, resulting in ~5% West-Eurasian ancestry among Southern African hunter-gatherers.

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was also observed in 8% of the studied Maasai, which is also found in 30% (16/53) of Southern Sudanese Nilotes.

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practice that was culturally viewed negatively. Cultivation was first introduced to the Maasai by displaced

244: 6372: 5126:. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. March 2005. 5123: 4808:"Lion Killing in the Amboseli-Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001–2006, and its Implications for Kenya's Lion Population" 3253: 2951: 2200: 1914: 1062: 6079:"Challenges To Traditional Livelihoods And Newly Emerging Employment Patterns Of Pastoralists In Tanzania" 5101: 254: 7837: 7807: 5903: 5889: 5591: 1882: 1764: 1010: 6085: 4618: 8000: 7731: 5372:

Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. pages 126, 129.

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cited that OBC was not a "safari company for just everyone, it has operations for the royal family".

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The Maasai community was reportedly being targeted with live ammunition and tear gas in June 2022 in

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A traditional pastoral lifestyle has become increasingly difficult due to modern outside influences.

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The Maasai territory reached its largest size in the mid-19th century and covered almost all of the

8100: 7827: 7822: 7488: 6241: 6000: 5098:"Maasai Ritual of Female Circumcision: Genital Cutting Practiced throughout Africa and Middle East" 3411: 3200: 3172: 3119:– Cabinet Secretary of Kenya for Interior and Coordination of National Government from 2012 to 2014 2553:

cattle, more recently with their cattle dwindling, the Maasai have grown dependent on food such as

2379:(E-P1), which is very common in the Sub-Saharan region; it was found in 12% of the Maasai samples. 2234: 2119: 1877: 1530: 1280: 1047: 1042: 937: 622: 6176: 5574:

Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. pages 194.

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Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. page 171.

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Castrì, Loredana; Garagnani, Paolo; Useli, Antonella; Pettener, Davide; Luiselli, Donata (2008).

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Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. page 79.

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Many Maasai have also moved away from the nomadic life to positions in commerce and government.

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travelled in Maasai lands between 1891 and 1893 and described the old Maasai settlement in the

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and have a reputation as fearsome warriors and cattle rustlers. The Maasai and other groups in

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boundaries and land privatisation has continued to limit the Maasai livestock's grazing area.

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Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva; Wander, Katherine; Moreau, Amadou (1 December 2013).

4673:. IUCN/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vi + 154 pp. 4373: 2969: 229: 8005: 6756: 5745: 4196: 4128: 4063: 3993: 3694: 3016: 2700:

Two days before boys are circumcised, their heads are shaved. When warriors go through the

2429: 2135: 1783: 1680: 1403: 1354: 1057: 2784:(a by-product of butter making). Milk consumption figures are very high by any standards. 8: 7976: 7736: 6645: 6577: 6471: 4871:. Jonathan S. Adams, Thomas O. McShane. 1996. University of California Press. page = 42. 4029: 3166: 3130: 2943: 2218: 2054: 2010: 1737: 1687: 1652: 1632: 1612: 1535: 1455: 1302: 1216: 1194: 1101: 843: 535: 465: 6048: 4200: 4132: 4067: 3997: 3944: 7919: 7002: 5325: 5183: 5150: 4954: 4346: 4288: 4225: 4184: 4159: 4116: 4092: 4051: 4014: 3979: 3424: 3304: 3066: 2661:, can be accused of not being mature enough to be taken seriously. The Maasai activist 2634: 2560:

One common misconception about the Maasai is that each young man is supposed to kill a

2321: 2185: 2154: 2082: 2026: 1820: 1692: 1647: 1500: 1490: 1226: 1109: 906: 811: 773: 658: 639: 6336: 4185:"Ancient DNA Reveals a Multi-Step Spread of the First Herders into Sub-Saharan Africa" 2487:

in southernmost Kenya. The central human figure in the Maasai religious system is the

8036: 7387: 7106: 6461: 6276: 6144:"Maasai protesters shot, beaten as Tanzania moves forward with wildlife game reserve" 5984: 5575: 5389: 5373: 5357: 5337: 5300: 5223: 5188: 5170: 5055: 4958: 4923: 4898: 4872: 4756: 4737: 4686: 4552: 4528: 4457: 4441:"Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa" 4421: 4351: 4296: 4280: 4230: 4212: 4164: 4146: 4097: 4079: 4019: 3984: 3898: 3809: 3654: 3627: 3196: 3106: 3093: 3075: 3040: 2962: 2859: 2758: 2340: 2297: 2214: 2062: 2018: 1831: 1807: 1797: 1750: 1603: 1386: 1285: 1253: 1082: 1034: 945: 790: 778: 747: 737: 565: 5655: 5511: 5014: 4667:

Cultural and Public Attitudes: Improving the Relationship between Humans and Hyaenas

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word for sheets traditionally worn and wrapped around the body. These are typically

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111 children examined exhibited missing mandibular or maxillary deciduous canines.

2584: 2480: 2380: 2277: 2184:. The estimate first put forward by a German lieutenant in what was then northwest 2038: 2034: 1990: 1948: 1872: 1415: 1359: 1265: 927: 901: 860: 850: 821: 757: 676: 634: 612: 545: 480: 299: 211: 191: 126: 122: 5955: 5151:"Legislating Change? Responses to Criminalizing Female Genital Cutting in Senegal" 3484: 2221:

in the 1940s. More land was taken to create wildlife reserves and national parks:

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Bekure, Solomon; Leeuw, P. N. de; Grandin, B. E.; Neate, P. J. H., eds. (1991).

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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and Northeast Africa was also reported, particularly via the presence of mtDNA

2397: 2332: 2273: 2123: 2066: 2022: 1373: 1208: 1147: 1123: 701: 686: 592: 575: 560: 530: 520: 182: 158: 4781: 8074: 8031: 7904: 7853: 7783: 7671: 7661: 7646: 7641: 7605: 7595: 7580: 7572: 7557: 7552: 7534: 7526: 7511: 7506: 7455: 7435: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7326: 7316: 7311: 7298: 7283: 7265: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7230: 7174: 7116: 7063: 7058: 6982: 6949: 6939: 6934: 6911: 6896: 6878: 6868: 6863: 6850: 6835: 6830: 6802: 6787: 6779: 6769: 6721: 6713: 6504: 6486: 6466: 6451: 6431: 6421: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6306: 5174: 4216: 4150: 4083: 3845: 3178: 2979: 2766: 2722: 2662: 2445: 2405: 2336: 2196: 2030: 1772: 1520: 1465: 1408: 1344: 1087: 1015: 960: 916: 602: 585: 570: 540: 500: 453: 433: 331: 6674: 5636: 5553: 5530: 5269: 4848:

Time, Space, and the Unknown: Maasai configurations of power and providence.

4276: 4208: 4141: 4005: 3454: 8046: 7883: 7878: 7868: 7863: 7690: 7656: 7651: 7633: 7590: 7483: 7478: 7468: 7445: 7430: 7417: 7369: 7359: 7349: 7339: 7278: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7192: 7184: 7154: 7149: 7139: 7134: 7101: 7048: 7030: 7015: 7010: 6992: 6924: 6919: 6901: 6840: 6822: 6807: 6741: 6731: 6612: 6592: 6572: 6544: 6514: 6481: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6426: 5192: 4461: 4425: 4355: 4284: 4234: 4168: 4101: 4023: 3676: 3060: 3012: 2691: 2666:

highly valued, and nearly universally practised by members of the culture.

2658: 2638: 2598: 2518:. The Maasai produce intricate jewellery and sell these items to tourists. 2511: 2476: 2457: 2425: 2360: 2293: 2265: 2246: 2131: 2090: 1560: 1334: 1137: 1000: 975: 696: 607: 597: 555: 490: 485: 475: 470: 448: 443: 438: 418: 386: 336: 289: 138: 5621: 4962: 4927: 4527:"Maasai"_Tepilit Ole Saitoti 1980 Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York 2765:

Traditionally, the Maasai diet consisted of raw meat, raw milk, honey and

8059: 7945: 7425: 7382: 7344: 7334: 7235: 7169: 7144: 7126: 7086: 7020: 6972: 6957: 6891: 6858: 6797: 6665: 6597: 6549: 6529: 6456: 6411: 6406: 4755:. Nigel Pavitt. 2001. pages 138. Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York 4683:

The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-eaters

3605:

Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends

3228: 3144: 2753: 2565: 2484: 2372: 2269: 2230: 2078: 2074: 2058: 1349: 1312: 1132: 1005: 985: 980: 955: 510: 505: 495: 401: 351: 304: 5033: 2521: 7924: 7718: 7377: 7091: 6736: 6534: 5166: 5124:"In-depth: Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation" 4417: 3428: 3406: 3154: 2781: 2732: 2617: 2503: 2292:

Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on the

2173: 1485: 1420: 1270: 1020: 911: 460: 371: 284: 166: 6312:

Working for a just and self-sustaining community for the Maasai People

4075: 3720: 2440: 7585: 6962: 6112:

A Review of Land Tenure Policy Implication on Pastoralism in Tanzania

5656:"The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries" 3980:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" 2725: 2526: 1475: 1307: 831: 711: 319: 5447: 5199: 3945:"The Maasai Tribe - Maasai History And Culture - Kenya Travel Guide" 3922: 3776: 3420: 7914: 7686: 5250: 4995: 4638: 4636: 4483: 4337: 3134: 3028: 3008: 2957: 2920: 2885: 2593: 2557:, rice, potatoes and cabbage (known to the Maasai as goat leaves). 2507: 2343:, and later spread this ancestry component southwards into certain 2309: 2181: 2006: 1621: 965: 691: 381: 100: 4824: 4374:"The phylogenetic tree based on SNP data – Y-DNA haplogroup E-V22" 3650:

Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed

2525:

Maasai people and huts with enkang barrier in foreground –eastern

7971: 7909: 6977: 6371: 3140: 2821: 2683: 2554: 2499: 2344: 2317: 2192: 2143: 2086: 1162: 1157: 990: 391: 376: 341: 7752: 5398: 5148: 4685:

By Bruce D. Patterson. 2004. McGraw-Hill Professional. Page 93.

4648: 4633: 3015:

by Otterlo Business Corporation (OBC) for the royals ruling the

200: 7966: 7961: 7929: 7858: 7793: 7698: 5770: 5726: 4117:"Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa" 3507: 2983: 2930: 2916: 2900: 2770: 2712: 2674: 2546: 2496: 2127: 1697: 1167: 995: 950: 795: 742: 721: 716: 580: 396: 361: 356: 346: 42: 6316: 4181: 2942:'s article outlining the "tragedy of the commons", as well as 2371:, which is commonly found in Nilotic populations, such as the 8116:

Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

8054: 7741: 6332:

Indiana University Art Museum Arts of Kenya online collection

3976: 2912: 2741: 2515: 2392: 2242: 2002: 1972: 1957: 1142: 406: 366: 314: 146: 79: 4846:

Manchester University Press, Manchester. Spencer, P. (2003)

4438: 5421: 4707: 4252: 3602: 3576: 2774: 2561: 2483:, is located in northernmost Tanzania and can be seen from 1981: 1963: 1480: 4114: 3407:"The Maasai and Their Neighbors: Variables of Interaction" 3181:– Middle-distance runner and 800-meter world record holder 3169:– Former Kenyan politician and leader of the Maa community 2888:

and sheep skin with commercial cotton cloth in the 1960s.

2704:

and become elders, their long plaited hair is shaved off.

4712: 3581: 2896: 2534:

bodies to be covered in fat and blood from a slaughtered

2312: 4048: 3063:- Kenyan journalist and Chair of the Kenya Editors Guild 5699: 5512:"What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.?" 5420:(in Finnish). ilMurran. 4 December 1999. Archived from 5244:

Tribal Odyssey - Maasai: The Last Dance Of The Warriors

4913: 4844:

The Maasai of Matapato: a study of rituals of rebellion

3897:. New York: Harry N. Abrams Incorporated. p. 122. 2919:-like garment that comes in many different colours and 2535: 2001:

ethnic group inhabiting northern, central and southern

6177:"Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land" 4861:

The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion

3801:

The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion

3143:- Prophet after whom Batian Peak, the highest peak of 3105:– First woman to address the Maasai elders council at 3096:– social scientist, Tanzanian member of the 2017-2022 2862:

Panoramic view of Maasai Enkang, seen from the outside

2637:

to initiate children into adulthood. The Maa word for

6271:

Amin, Mohamed; Willetts, Duncan; Eames, John (1987).

4669:

from Mills, M.g.L. and Hofer, H. (compilers). (1998)

2844:

Panoramic view of Maasai Enkang, seen from the inside

2096: 2081:

have adopted customs and practices from neighbouring

1978: 1960: 2934:

Maasai women repairing a house in Maasai Mara (1996)

2925: 4671:

Hyaenas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

3047:their ancestral land and water for herding cattle. 1975: 1969: 1954: 1951: 6666:Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation 4611:"Kenyan Tribes & Religions | Travel to Africa" 2801:A tradition Medicines And Herbs Hawker From Maasai 2780:Most of the milk is consumed as fermented milk or 2448:, a common livestock predator, as photographed in 6270: 5870:. p. 78 – via African Studies Commons. 5776: 5732: 5642: 5536: 5404: 5256: 5205: 5039: 5001: 4830: 4654: 4642: 4489: 3513: 3175:– gender equality advocate, feminist, and scholar 2911:term, are common. Maasai near the coast may wear 8072: 5550:"Song Structure of Maasai Music (archived copy)" 5320:Ryan, Michael (1993). "The Demographic Crisis". 4897:. Neal Sobania. 2003. Greenwood Press. page 91. 4548:Talking to the Shaman Within: Musings on Hunting 2825:Shelter covered in cattle dung for waterproofing 2757:A Maasai herdsman grazing his cattle inside the 2400:. Most of the tested Maasai belonged to various 2065:speakers in the area, including the Maasai, the 5981:Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar 5886:Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures 4771:Nelson, Jimmy. The Maasai Tribe. Beforethey.com 4734:Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar 3972: 3970: 3798:Adams, Jonathan S.; McShane, Thomas O. (1996). 3624:Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar 3002: 2787:The Maasai herd goats and sheep, including the 2697:This would symbolise the healing of the woman. 2432:lineages in about 12.5% of the Maasai samples. 8111:Ethnic groups divided by international borders 6327:Maasai people, Kenya at the Maasai Association 5683:"Livestock as food for pastoralists in Africa" 4503:"African water symbolism and its consequences" 4306:Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies 3646: 3524: 3522: 3129:from 2005 to 2008. 2nd runner up to president 3090:- Former Kenya politician and cabinet minister 2686:, from the nape of the neck to the forehead. 2249:, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tarangire and 7768: 6704: 6690: 6357: 6237:"Newest 'Kids' in Tanzania's Political Block" 5820:(3): 2 – via Science & Archaeology. 5707:. International Livestock Centre for Africa. 4545:Vries, Manfred F. R. Kets de (17 June 2014). 3212:from 1977 to 1980 and again from 1983 to 1984 1922: 1580: 1190:The Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festival 5473:Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution 5246:(Motion picture). National Geographic. 2005. 5116: 4311: 3967: 3797: 3544:The southern Sudan in historical perspective 3270: 3268: 2629:Traditionally, the Maasai conduct elaborate 2204: 2113: 6235: 6046: 6024: 6022: 5054:by Phillip Briggs (2006). British Library. 4940: 4248: 4246: 4244: 3647:Falola, Toyin; Jennings, Christian (2003). 3519: 2280:, Loitokitoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket and 7775: 7761: 6697: 6683: 6364: 6350: 6245:. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 15 April 2021. 6109: 5052:Northern Tanzania - The Bradt Safari Guide 3113:among the Maasai across Kenya and Tanzania 2903:and patterns. One-piece garments known as 1929: 1915: 1587: 1573: 41: 27:Ethnic group located in Kenya and Tanzania 5182: 4660: 4405:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4397: 4395: 4345: 4224: 4158: 4140: 4091: 4013: 3265: 3071:Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya 2884:The Maasai began to replace animal skin, 2876:A Maasai woman wearing her finest clothes 2217:, and most of the fertile highlands near 6171: 6169: 6019: 5859: 4317: 4241: 3653:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 2, 18. 3546:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 9–10. 3404: 2968: 2956: 2929: 2871: 2820: 2796: 2773:—note that the Maasai cattle are of the 2752: 2711: 2673: 2616: 2583: 2570: 2520: 2439: 2148: 2100: 1185:Kenya Institute of Puppet Theatre (KIPT) 6322:The Maasai People - History and Culture 5294: 5222:. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 136. 5217: 3541: 3535: 3305:Ethnologue report for language code:mas 2961:Maasai wearing protective masks during 2602: 290:Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture 14: 8073: 6275:. Camerapix Publishers International. 6059:from the original on 22 September 2019 5805:"Edible Wild Plants as Digestive Aids" 5299:. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 82. 4432: 4401: 4392: 3955:from the original on 22 September 2019 3892: 3770: 3621: 3199:- Sixth Archbishop and Primate of the 7756: 6678: 6345: 6166: 6124:from the original on 17 February 2022 5855: 5853: 5662:from the original on 27 February 2012 4983:from the original on 1 September 2017 4544: 4505:. Institut.veolia.org. Archived from 4380:from the original on 16 February 2020 3866: 3822:from the original on 14 November 2020 3745: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3550: 3530:Peak Revision K.C.P.E. Social Studies 3495:from the original on 15 November 2012 3084:– Founder, Maasai Education Discovery 2791:, as well as the more prized cattle. 2460:Maasai worship a single deity called 6249:from the original on 31 January 2024 5983:by Phillip Briggs (2006), page 216. 5962:from the original on 22 October 2019 5802: 5492:from the original on 27 October 2014 5322:Social Trends in Contemporary Russia 5319: 5078:from the original on 27 October 2019 5021:from the original on 27 October 2019 4736:by Phillip Briggs (2006), page 200. 4565:from the original on 22 January 2022 3746:Faris, Stephan (19 September 2004). 3626:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 200. 3603:International Labour Office (2000). 2588:Maasai woman with stretched earlobes 2579: 2386: 66:Regions with significant populations 8106:Indigenous peoples of Arusha Region 6297:African People Ethnography | Maasai 5863:Maasai Identity in the 21st Century 3667:from the original on 1 January 2016 3381: 3379: 3280:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 3109:, and persuaded the council to ban 2017:language (ɔl Maa), a member of the 24: 5850: 5680: 5488:. Music.vt.edu. 17 November 2011. 5130:from the original on 18 April 2012 4955:10.1111/j.1365-263x.1992.tb00005.x 4471:from the original on 13 March 2012 4449:Journal of Anthropological Science 4325:American Journal of Human Genetics 4318:Cruciani; et al. (May 2004). 4264:European Journal of Human Genetics 3559: 3364:from the original on 8 August 2022 2899:, sometimes integrated with other 2707: 2612: 2178:1890s African rinderpest epizootic 2097:Origin, migration and assimilation 295:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic Culture 25: 8132: 8096:Indigenous peoples of East Africa 7782: 6290: 6187:from the original on 18 June 2022 6154:from the original on 10 July 2022 6007:from the original on 15 July 2007 5956:"East Africa Living Encyclopedia" 5910:from the original on 28 June 2011 5868:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee 5714:from the original on 11 July 2021 5598:from the original on 28 June 2011 4788:from the original on 18 June 2012 3869:"When Maasaiphobia Became Policy" 3609:International Labour Organization 3485:"Kenya - Population Distribution" 3405:Berntsen, John L. (Autumn 1976). 3332:from the original on 30 June 2020 3098:East African Legislative Assembly 3054: 2973:Maasai riding a motorcycle (2014) 2926:Influences from the outside world 2170:contagious bovine pleuropneumonia 47:A gathering of Maasai men in 2005 6229: 6217:from the original on 9 June 2022 6199: 6136: 6103: 6071: 6040: 6031: 5993: 5974: 5948: 5922: 5896: 5838:from the original on 18 May 2020 5758:from the original on 7 June 2012 5518:from the original on 20 May 2021 5297:Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey 5276:from the original on 18 May 2020 5220:Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey 3844:. 14 August 2007. Archived from 3727:from the original on 20 May 2021 3465:from the original on 18 May 2020 3435:from the original on 4 June 2021 3376: 3298: 3286:from the original on 5 June 2020 3187:- former Vice-president of Kenya 3031:and Ngorongoro areas as per the 2851: 2833: 2303: 1947: 1896: 1620: 1554: 199: 93: 72: 7813:Arusha District Council, Arusha 6264: 6049:"The Maasai Tribe, East Africa" 5874: 5824: 5796: 5782: 5777:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5738: 5733:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5693: 5674: 5648: 5643:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5610: 5584: 5568: 5542: 5537:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5504: 5478: 5462: 5436: 5410: 5405:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5382: 5366: 5350: 5313: 5288: 5262: 5257:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5236: 5211: 5206:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5142: 5090: 5064: 5045: 5040:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 5007: 5002:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 4969: 4934: 4907: 4881: 4853: 4836: 4831:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 4800: 4774: 4765: 4746: 4727: 4695: 4676: 4655:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 4643:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 4603: 4577: 4538: 4521: 4495: 4490:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 4366: 4175: 4108: 4042: 3937: 3911: 3886: 3860: 3834: 3791: 3764: 3739: 3713: 3683: 3640: 3615: 3596: 3514:Amin, Willetts & Eames 1987 2633:rituals which include surgical 2621:Young Maasai warrior (a junior 2592:The piercing and stretching of 2424:. Some maternal gene flow from 2089:system of social organisation, 1249:Kenya Film Classification Board 6001:"Klumpp 1987, 105, 30, 31, 67" 5813:Ethnoarchaeology in Maasailand 5618:"Archived copy of laleyio.com" 5444:"Maasai Music (archived copy)" 5295:Gilbert, Elizabeth L. (2003). 5218:Gilbert, Elizabeth L. (2003). 3919:"archived copy of laleyio.com" 3867:Singo, Leiyo (3 August 2022). 3806:University of California Press 3723:. Ntz.info. 14 February 1997. 3477: 3447: 3398: 3344: 3318: 2986:women who married Maasai men. 2444:Maasai warriors confronting a 2206:Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle 1276:Kenya Broadcasting Corporation 13: 1: 5620:. 27 May 2008. Archived from 5552:. 27 May 2008. Archived from 5446:. 27 May 2008. Archived from 3921:. 27 May 2008. Archived from 3259: 3088:Stanley Shapashina Oloitiptip 3021:East African Court of Justice 2625:) with headdress and markings 2158: 2013:region. The Maasai speak the 58: 6003:. Smithsonianeducation.org. 4888:Culture and Customs of Kenya 3775:. Kitumusote. Archived from 3691:"Ecology Books and Journals" 3556:S. Wandibba et al., p.19–20. 3254:1899 famine in central Kenya 3003:Eviction from ancestral land 2952:Ngorongoro Conservation Area 2678:Maasai woman with short hair 7: 7986:National Parks and Reserves 7808:Arusha City Council, Arusha 6148:Mongabay Environmental News 5932:. Glcom.com. Archived from 5645:, pp. 43–45, 100, 107. 5539:, pp. 12, 43, 85, 100. 5334:10.1007/978-1-349-22858-4_4 5100:. Orato.com. Archived from 3542:Collins, Robert O. (2006). 3222: 3153:– Member of Parliament for 2867: 2327:Maasai display significant 2287: 1011:Rusinga (Cultural) Festival 240:Portuguese and Omani period 10: 8137: 8001:Lake Manyara National Park 5860:Kotowicz, Allison (2013). 5834:. Maasai-association.org. 5272:. Maasai-association.org. 4753:Africa's Great Rift Valley 3895:Africa's Great Rift Valley 3528:A. Okoth & A. Ndaloh, 3357:Collins English Dictionary 3210:Prime Minister of Tanzania 3127:Prime Minister of Tanzania 2816: 2435: 2048: 1451:Lothagam North Pillar Site 8121:Ethnic groups in Tanzania 8014: 7985: 7954: 7938: 7897: 7846: 7800: 7790: 7717: 7685: 7632: 7604: 7571: 7543: 7525: 7497: 7454: 7416: 7368: 7325: 7297: 7264: 7221: 7183: 7125: 7077: 7029: 7001: 6948: 6910: 6877: 6849: 6821: 6778: 6755: 6712: 6706:Ethnic groups in Tanzania 6662: 6644: 6621: 6563: 6495: 6382: 6110:D. Sendalo (April 2009). 5904:"Maa (Maasai) Dictionary" 3842:"Tarangire National Park" 3111:female genital mutilation 2716:Traditional jumping dance 2650:female genital mutilation 2648:Young women also undergo 2575:Maasai school in Tanzania 2253:in what is now Tanzania. 2239:Lake Nakuru National Park 2114:Settlement in East Africa 1392:Football Kenya Federation 157: 152: 137: 132: 117: 112: 91: 70: 65: 57: 52: 40: 6302:Maasai online dictionary 5906:. Darkwing.uoregon.edu. 5790:"maasai-association.org" 5594:. Darkwing.uoregon.edu. 5155:Law & Society Review 4979:. Darkwing.uoregon.edu. 3622:Briggs, Phillip (2006). 3532:, East African, p.60–61. 3412:African Economic History 3328:. Darkwing.uoregon.edu. 3201:Anglican Church of Kenya 2652:as part of an elaborate 2354: 2235:Samburu National Reserve 2122:and adjacent lands from 2093:, and vocabulary terms. 1281:Kenya Television Network 1239:Communications Authority 7996:Tarangire National Park 7898:National Historic Sites 6337:Maasai Mara Tribe Facts 5803:Ryan, Kathleen (2000). 5042:, pp. 83, 100–103. 4615:www.shadowsofafrica.com 4277:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 4209:10.1126/science.aaw6275 4142:10.1073/pnas.1313787111 4006:10.1126/science.1172257 3773:"History of the Maasai" 3249:Maa Civil Society Forum 3218:- Kenyan musical artist 2748: 2669: 2251:Serengeti National Park 2057:region and arrived via 2053:The Maasai inhabit the 2021:that is related to the 2019:Nilotic language family 250:Early post Independence 245:British Colonial Period 8091:Ethnic groups in Kenya 7955:Major Cities and Towns 6376:(by linguistic origin) 6373:Ethnic groups in Kenya 6307:Maasai Aid Association 6273:The Last of the Maasai 5888:. 1999. Archived from 5832:"Maasai People, Kenya" 5270:"Maasai People, Kenya" 5074:. Maasai Association. 5017:. Maasai Association. 4784:. Maasai Association. 3893:Pavitt, Nigel (2001). 3395:Jens Fincke, 2000–2003 3103:Nice Nailantei Lengete 2974: 2966: 2935: 2877: 2826: 2802: 2762: 2717: 2679: 2626: 2589: 2576: 2530: 2453: 2404:sub-clades, including 2296:of the Maasai people. 2223:Amboseli National Park 2205: 2165: 2106: 2085:groups, including the 1994: 1658:East African Campaign 1180:Kenya National Theatre 966:Lamu Cultural Festival 3386:Maasai - Introduction 2972: 2960: 2933: 2875: 2824: 2800: 2756: 2715: 2677: 2620: 2587: 2574: 2545:centres around their 2524: 2443: 2335:, specifically among 2227:Nairobi National Park 2152: 2146:on the Kenyan coast. 2104: 1676:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1541:Coat of arms of Kenya 1397:Kenyan Premier League 1330:Business Daily Africa 1325:The African Executive 1244:Kenya Film Commission 1053:African Inland Church 153:Related ethnic groups 8006:Arusha National Park 6091:on 24 September 2011 5958:. Africa.upenn.edu. 5722:– via CGSpace. 5328:UK. pp. 46–62. 5072:"Maasai Association" 5015:"Maasai Association" 4820:on 24 February 2009. 4782:"Maasai Association" 4302:on 27 December 2010. 3695:Blackwell Publishing 3037:Emirati royal family 3017:United Arab Emirates 2495:whose roles include 1853:Stone Town Buildings 1848:World Heritage Sites 1681:Zanzibar slave trade 1496:Dedan Kimathi Statue 1441:World Heritage Sites 1404:Rugby union in Kenya 7838:Ngorongoro District 5936:on 17 February 2012 5556:on 26 February 2005 5208:, pp. 168–173. 4943:Int J Paediatr Dent 4842:Spencer, P. (1988) 4703:"Savanna: Folklore" 4621:on 23 December 2017 4362:on 12 January 2013. 4201:2019Sci...365.6275P 4133:2014PNAS..111.2632P 4068:2015NatSR...5E9996D 3998:2009Sci...324.1035T 3925:on 12 February 2009 3455:"The Maasai People" 3193:- Kenyan politician 3167:William Ole Ntimama 3131:John Pombe Magufuli 2944:Melville Herskovits 2603:social organisation 2541:Traditional Maasai 2153:Maasai warriors in 2055:African Great Lakes 2011:African Great Lakes 1903:Tanzania portal 1703:Uganda–Tanzania War 1688:Zanzibar Revolution 1653:Maji Maji Rebellion 1613:Culture of Tanzania 1536:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu 1303:CRI Nairobi 91.9 FM 1233:Government agencies 1195:Too Early for Birds 1126:and performing arts 305:Elmenteitan culture 285:Koobi Fora Hominins 235:Swahili city states 37: 8015:National Landmarks 7920:Nasera Rockshelter 7732:Chinese Tanzanians 5592:"Maa - Categories" 5450:on 4 November 2011 5326:Palgrave Macmillan 5259:, pp. 55, 88. 5167:10.1111/lasr.12044 5004:, pp. 55, 94. 4893:2021-05-20 at the 4867:2021-05-20 at the 4850:Routledge, London. 4509:on 10 October 2007 4492:, pp. 53, 54. 4418:10.1002/ajpa.20876 4195:(6448): eaaw6275. 4056:Scientific Reports 4035:2009-06-01 at the 4030:Supplementary Data 3748:"The Land Is Ours" 3459:Maasai Association 3391:2008-07-04 at the 3310:2008-10-23 at the 3137:General Elections. 3067:Francis Ole Kaparo 2975: 2967: 2936: 2878: 2827: 2803: 2763: 2718: 2680: 2635:genital mutilation 2627: 2590: 2577: 2531: 2454: 2402:macro-haplogroup L 2166: 2155:German East Africa 2107: 1693:Arusha Declaration 1648:German East Africa 1501:Baden-Powell grave 1491:Tom Mboya Monument 1227:Nation Media Group 1110:Swahili literature 907:Kalenjin mythology 640:Kenyan Australians 326:Modern ethnicities 35: 8068: 8067: 8037:Ngorongoro Crater 8027:Monduli Mountains 7992:Mount Meru Forest 7750: 7749: 7737:Indian Tanzanians 6672: 6671: 6377: 6047:Siyabona Africa. 5689:on 11 March 2009. 5343:978-1-349-22860-7 4833:, pp. 86–87. 4533:978-0-8109-8099-0 4076:10.1038/srep09996 3992:(5930): 1035–44. 3848:on 14 August 2007 3701:on 3 October 2012 3489:kenya.rcbowen.com 3197:Jackson Ole Sapit 3107:Mount Kilimanjaro 3094:Josephine Lemoyan 3076:James Ole Kiyiapi 3041:Oakland Institute 2963:COVID-19 pandemic 2759:Ngorongoro crater 2580:Body modification 2450:In Wildest Africa 2387:Mitochondrial DNA 2341:Arabian Peninsula 2298:Genetic genealogy 2215:Mount Kilimanjaro 2203:in the 1894 book 2201:Ngorongoro Crater 2120:Great Rift Valley 2083:Cushitic-speaking 1939: 1938: 1751:Zanzibari cuisine 1708:COVID-19 pandemic 1597: 1596: 1446:List of Monuments 1387:Football in Kenya 1286:Tinga Tinga Tales 1254:Kenya News Agency 176: 175: 108: 87: 16:(Redirected from 8128: 8042:Ngurudoto Crater 7939:Rivers and Lakes 7828:Monduli District 7823:Longido District 7777: 7770: 7763: 7754: 7753: 7727:White Tanzanians 6699: 6692: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6375: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6286: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6183:. 18 June 2022. 6173: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6150:. 14 June 2022. 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6084:. Archived from 6083: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5809: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5685:. Archived from 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5624:on 2 August 2011 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5588: 5582: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5514:. Medieval.org. 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5482: 5476: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5424:on 28 April 2007 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5386: 5380: 5370: 5364: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5186: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5104:on 7 August 2011 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4911: 4905: 4885: 4879: 4857: 4851: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4813:. Archived from 4812: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4750: 4744: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4674: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4617:. Archived from 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4587:. Archived from 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4542: 4536: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4470: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4358:. Archived from 4349: 4332:(5): 1014–1022. 4315: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4295:. Archived from 4260: 4250: 4239: 4238: 4228: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4162: 4144: 4127:(7): 2632–2637. 4112: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4046: 4040: 4027: 4017: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3949:www.siyabona.com 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3779:on 29 April 2017 3768: 3762: 3761: 3756:. Archived from 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3697:. Archived from 3687: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3568: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3272: 3234:Maasai mythology 3191:Moses ole Sakuda 3173:Damaris Parsitau 3161:Joseph Nkaissery 3151:Katoo Ole Metito 3117:Joseph Ole Lenku 2855: 2837: 2789:Red Maasai sheep 2493: 2492: 2481:Ol Doinyo Lengai 2391:According to an 2381:Haplogroup B-M60 2320:assimilation of 2208: 2163: 2160: 2126:in the north to 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1661: 1624: 1615: 1599: 1598: 1589: 1582: 1575: 1561:Kenya portal 1559: 1558: 1557: 1416:Cricket in Kenya 1266:A24 news channel 902:Maasai mythology 635:Kenyan Americans 300:Eburran industry 280:Historic peoples 230:African iron age 203: 194: 192:Culture of Kenya 178: 177: 125:(Kiswahili) and 106: 99: 97: 96: 85: 78: 76: 75: 60: 53:Total population 45: 38: 34: 21: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8101:Nilotic peoples 8071: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8051:Ol Donyo Lengai 8010: 7981: 7950: 7934: 7893: 7842: 7818:Karatu District 7796: 7786: 7781: 7751: 7746: 7713: 7681: 7628: 7600: 7567: 7539: 7521: 7493: 7450: 7412: 7364: 7321: 7293: 7260: 7217: 7179: 7121: 7073: 7025: 6997: 6944: 6906: 6873: 6845: 6817: 6774: 6751: 6708: 6703: 6673: 6668: 6658: 6640: 6617: 6559: 6491: 6378: 6370: 6293: 6283: 6267: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6220: 6218: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6181:Financial Times 6175: 6174: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6053:Siyabona Africa 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5930:"Kanga history" 5928: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5892:on 8 July 2012. 5880: 5879: 5875: 5858: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469:Joseph Jordania 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5387: 5383: 5371: 5367: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4977:"English - Maa" 4975: 4974: 4970: 4939: 4935: 4912: 4908: 4895:Wayback Machine 4886: 4882: 4869:Wayback Machine 4858: 4854: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4751: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4681: 4677: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4585:"Society-MASAI" 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4559: 4543: 4539: 4535:, 1990 edition. 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4400: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4316: 4312: 4299: 4258: 4251: 4242: 4180: 4176: 4113: 4109: 4047: 4043: 4037:Wayback Machine 3975: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3769: 3765: 3760:on 16 May 2007. 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3670: 3668: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3620: 3616: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3572:"Maasai People" 3570: 3569: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3421:10.2307/3601509 3403: 3399: 3393:Wayback Machine 3384: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3312:Wayback Machine 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3244:Maasai religion 3239:Maasai language 3225: 3057: 3005: 2948:anthropologists 2928: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2819: 2809: 2751: 2710: 2708:Music and dance 2672: 2654:rite of passage 2631:rite of passage 2615: 2613:Genital cutting 2582: 2490: 2489: 2438: 2389: 2369:Haplogroup A3b2 2357: 2351:Dinka-related. 2306: 2290: 2161: 2116: 2099: 2051: 1968: 1950: 1946: 1935: 1897: 1895: 1888: 1887: 1883:National anthem 1868: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1843: 1842: 1826: 1825: 1811: 1810: 1778: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1756: 1755: 1741: 1740: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1659: 1636: 1635: 1611: 1593: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1531:National anthem 1516: 1515: 1506: 1505: 1471:Jumba la Mtwana 1461:Thimlich Ohinga 1436: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1382:Athletics Kenya 1377: 1376: 1365: 1364: 1340:The EastAfrican 1298:98.4 Capital FM 1212: 1211: 1200: 1199: 1174:Performing arts 1128: 1127: 1115: 1114: 1105: 1104: 1093: 1092: 1083:Traditional art 1078: 1077: 1068: 1067: 1038: 1037: 1026: 1025: 941: 940: 922: 921: 885:Bantu mythology 880: 879: 870: 869: 662: 661: 650: 649: 310:Sirikwa culture 277: 276: 265: 264: 215: 214: 190: 171:Nilotic peoples 163:Ilchamus people 143:Maasai religion 94: 92: 73: 71: 48: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8134: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7848: 7847:Native Peoples 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7780: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7757: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7610: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7303: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6291:External links 6289: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6228: 6198: 6165: 6135: 6102: 6070: 6039: 6030: 6018: 5992: 5973: 5947: 5921: 5895: 5873: 5849: 5823: 5795: 5781: 5769: 5737: 5725: 5692: 5673: 5647: 5635: 5609: 5583: 5567: 5541: 5529: 5503: 5477: 5475:. Logos. Pg 17 5461: 5435: 5409: 5407:, p. 168. 5397: 5381: 5365: 5349: 5342: 5312: 5305: 5287: 5261: 5249: 5235: 5228: 5210: 5198: 5161:(4): 803–835. 5141: 5115: 5089: 5063: 5044: 5032: 5006: 4994: 4968: 4933: 4916:East Afr Med J 4906: 4880: 4852: 4835: 4823: 4799: 4773: 4764: 4745: 4726: 4694: 4675: 4659: 4657:, p. 103. 4647: 4645:, p. 169. 4632: 4602: 4576: 4557: 4537: 4520: 4494: 4482: 4431: 4391: 4365: 4338:10.1086/386294 4310: 4271:(7): 867–876. 4240: 4174: 4107: 4041: 3966: 3936: 3910: 3903: 3885: 3859: 3833: 3814: 3808:. p. 44. 3790: 3763: 3738: 3712: 3682: 3659: 3639: 3632: 3614: 3595: 3558: 3549: 3534: 3518: 3516:, p. 122. 3506: 3476: 3446: 3397: 3375: 3343: 3317: 3297: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3216:Sanaipei Tande 3213: 3206:Edward Sokoine 3203: 3194: 3188: 3185:George Saitoti 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3148: 3138: 3123:Edward Lowassa 3120: 3114: 3100: 3091: 3085: 3082:Olekina Ledama 3079: 3073: 3064: 3056: 3055:Notable Maasai 3053: 3033:United Nations 3004: 3001: 2940:Garrett Hardin 2927: 2924: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2818: 2815: 2805: 2750: 2747: 2709: 2706: 2671: 2668: 2614: 2611: 2581: 2578: 2437: 2434: 2388: 2385: 2356: 2353: 2333:Horn of Africa 2305: 2302: 2289: 2286: 2245:in Kenya; and 2124:Mount Marsabit 2115: 2112: 2098: 2095: 2050: 2047: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1148:Kenyan hip hop 1145: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 946:New Year's Day 942: 936: 935: 934: 931: 930: 924: 923: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 898: 897: 892: 881: 877: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 866: 865: 864: 863: 858: 848: 847: 846: 836: 835: 834: 829: 824: 819: 803: 802: 801: 800: 799: 798: 788: 787: 786: 781: 765: 764: 763: 762: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 729: 728: 727: 726: 725: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 663: 657: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 645:Kenyan Britons 642: 637: 626: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 411: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 334: 323: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 278: 272: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 260:Recent history 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 216: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 196: 195: 187: 186: 174: 173: 155: 154: 150: 149: 135: 134: 130: 129: 115: 114: 110: 109: 103: 89: 88: 82: 68: 67: 63: 62: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8133: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081:Maasai people 8079: 8078: 8076: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032:Olduvai Gorge 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7905:Olduvai Gorge 7903: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7833:Meru District 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7784:Arusha Region 7778: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6757:Dar es Salaam 6754: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6693: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6284: 6282:1-874041-32-6 6278: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6023: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5989:1-84162-146-3 5986: 5982: 5977: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5866:(MS thesis). 5865: 5864: 5856: 5854: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5779:, p. 90. 5778: 5773: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5735:, p. 87. 5734: 5729: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5681:Suttie, J.M. 5677: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5580:0-8109-8099-1 5577: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5394:0-8109-8099-1 5391: 5385: 5379: 5378:0-8109-8099-1 5375: 5369: 5363: 5362:0-8109-8099-1 5359: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5306:0-87113-840-9 5302: 5298: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5229:0-87113-840-9 5225: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5060:1-84162-146-3 5057: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4903:0-313-31486-1 4900: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4877:0-520-20671-1 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4768: 4762: 4761:0-8109-0602-3 4758: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4742:1-84162-146-3 4739: 4735: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4691:0-07-136333-5 4688: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4591:on 4 May 1997 4590: 4586: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4558:9781491731512 4554: 4551:. iUniverse. 4550: 4549: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412:(3): 316–23. 4411: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4396: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3973: 3971: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3906: 3904:0-8109-0602-3 3900: 3896: 3889: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3815:0-520-20671-1 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3666: 3662: 3660:9781580461344 3656: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3635: 3633:1-84162-146-3 3629: 3625: 3618: 3611:. p. 55. 3610: 3606: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3315:International 3313: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3179:David Rudisha 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155:Kajiado South 3152: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2891:Shúkà is the 2889: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2860: 2854: 2842: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2663:Agnes Pareyio 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2586: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2446:spotted hyena 2442: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:West-Eurasian 2325: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2308:The Maasai's 2304:Autosomal DNA 2301: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197:Oscar Baumann 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2005:and northern 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1944: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1660:(World War I) 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1466:Ruins of Gedi 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1421:Golf in Kenya 1419: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409:Safari Sevens 1407: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1345:Kenya Gazette 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1255: 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Fao.org. 5628:28 February 5602:28 February 5560:28 February 5522:28 February 5496:28 February 5454:28 February 5428:28 February 5280:28 February 5082:28 February 5025:28 February 4987:28 February 4949:(1): 31–4. 4792:28 February 4625:22 December 4595:28 February 4513:28 February 4475:29 December 4062:(1): 9996. 3929:28 February 3852:28 February 3783:28 February 3731:28 February 3705:28 February 3671:28 February 3415:(2): 1–11. 3229:Ingaigwanak 3145:Mount Kenya 2566:East Africa 2497:shamanistic 2485:Lake Natron 2270:Keekonyokie 2231:Maasai Mara 2162: 1906 2132:Tanga coast 2079:East Africa 2059:South Sudan 2009:, near the 1456:Namoratunga 1350:Kenya Times 1313:Radio Maria 1048:Anglicanism 1043:Catholicism 1006:Jamhuri Day 986:Eid al-Adha 981:Eid al-Fitr 956:Good Friday 769:Afroasiatic 667:Niger–Congo 220:Pleistocene 8075:Categories 8022:Mount Meru 7925:Mumba Cave 7719:Immigrants 7388:Ndengereko 6253:31 January 6221:11 October 5718:2 February 5418:"ilMurran" 4569:1 November 4456:: 189–92. 4384:30 January 3826:1 November 3368:9 December 3260:References 3157:sub county 3147:, is named 2886:calf hides 2782:buttermilk 2761:, Tanzania 2733:monophonic 2692:shaved off 2504:divination 2219:Ngorongoro 2211:Mount Meru 2186:Tanganyika 2174:rinderpest 2136:Tanganyika 2105:Maasai man 1816:Television 1791:Literature 1671:Tanganyika 1486:Fort Jesus 1319:Newspapers 1271:Citizen TV 1260:Television 1217:Television 1102:Literature 1021:Boxing Day 991:Huduma Day 971:Labour day 912:Kit-Mikayi 844:Hindustani 169:and other 167:Arsi Oromo 121:(ɔl Maa), 84:1,189,522 18:Maasailand 7977:Usa River 7801:Districts 7792:Capital: 7619:Nyanyembe 7586:Nyamwanga 7499:Shinyanga 7474:Ndendeule 6583:Daasanach 6462:Mijikenda 5175:0023-9216 4217:0036-8075 4151:0027-8424 4084:2045-2322 4028:Also see 3499:25 August 3326:"Lexicon" 3069:– Former 2777:variety. 2767:raw blood 2726:polyphony 2543:lifestyle 2527:Serengeti 2377:E1b1a1-M2 2310:autosomal 2278:Laikipiak 2195:explorer 1841:Monuments 1773:Saba Saba 1765:Festivals 1728:Languages 1481:Siyu Fort 1476:Lamu Fort 1434:Monuments 1308:Pamoja FM 938:Festivals 878:Mythology 832:Afrikaans 712:Kigiryama 702:Oluluhyia 659:Languages 566:Mijikenda 320:Shungwaya 225:Neolithic 113:Languages 105:800,000 61:2 million 7915:Engaruka 7854:Waarusha 7687:Zanzibar 7614:Nyamwezi 7517:Nyamwezi 7223:Morogoro 7198:Nyakyusa 7097:Barabaig 7039:Machinga 6968:Holoholo 6664:Source: 6654:European 6646:European 6603:Rendille 6520:Kalenjin 6247:Archived 6215:Archived 6185:Archived 6152:Archived 6119:Archived 6063:20 April 6057:Archived 6005:Archived 5960:Archived 5908:Archived 5882:"Maasai" 5836:Archived 5753:Archived 5709:Archived 5660:Archived 5596:Archived 5516:Archived 5490:Archived 5274:Archived 5193:24771947 5128:Archived 5076:Archived 5019:Archived 4981:Archived 4891:Archived 4865:Archived 4786:Archived 4719:13 March 4708:THIRTEEN 4563:Archived 4466:Archived 4462:19934476 4426:18618658 4378:Archived 4356:15042509 4293:20279122 4285:15856073 4235:31147405 4169:24550290 4102:26017457 4033:Archived 4024:19407144 3953:Archived 3820:Archived 3725:Archived 3665:Archived 3588:13 March 3577:THIRTEEN 3493:Archived 3463:Archived 3433:Archived 3389:Archived 3362:Archived 3352:"Maasai" 3330:Archived 3308:Archived 3290:24 March 3284:Archived 3223:See also 3135:Tanzania 3029:Loliondo 3009:Tanzania 2980:WaArusha 2921:textiles 2868:Clothing 2807:Medicine 2594:earlobes 2508:prophecy 2322:Cushites 2288:Genetics 2282:Parakuyo 2193:Austrian 2182:smallpox 2071:Kalenjin 2069:and the 2027:Kalenjin 2007:Tanzania 1997:) are a 1784:Religion 1643:Timeline 1604:a series 1602:Part of 1360:The Star 1035:Religion 812:Germanic 779:Rendille 774:Cushitic 748:Kalenjin 707:Kipokomo 692:Ekegusii 629:Diaspora 551:Rendille 526:Ilchamus 429:Kipsigis 424:Marakwet 414:Kalenjin 382:Maragoli 183:a series 181:Part of 133:Religion 101:Tanzania 7972:Namanga 7910:Laetoli 7874:Datooga 7869:Hadzabe 7709:Swahili 7704:Shirazi 7677:Swahili 7624:Swahili 7563:Nyaturu 7545:Singida 7464:Matengo 7441:Tumbuka 7398:Swahili 7289:Swahili 7274:Makonde 7256:Vidunda 7160:Ngurimi 7107:Kw'adza 7079:Manyara 7069:Swahili 7054:Makonde 7044:Matumbi 6988:Swahili 6978:Manyema 6930:Konongo 6887:Hangaza 6813:Sandawe 6793:Burunge 6765:Swahili 6727:Datooga 6631:Chinese 6588:El Molo 6555:Turkana 6525:Samburu 6477:Swahili 6417:Giriama 6191:18 June 6158:29 July 5184:3997264 4963:1525129 4928:7621751 4347:1181964 4226:6827346 4197:Bibcode 4189:Science 4183:2019). 4160:3932865 4129:Bibcode 4093:4446898 4064:Bibcode 4015:2947357 3994:Bibcode 3985:Science 3469:27 June 3429:3601509 3336:30 June 3141:Mbatian 2954:(NCA). 2909:Swahili 2901:colours 2817:Shelter 2684:cockade 2555:sorghum 2500:healing 2436:Culture 2398:Samburu 2345:Khoisan 2337:Amharas 2318:Nilotic 2274:Samburu 2180:), and 2144:Mombasa 2087:age-set 2067:Turkana 2063:Nilotic 2061:. Most 2049:History 2039:English 2035:Swahili 1999:Nilotic 1995:Wamasai 1991:Swahili 1866:Symbols 1738:Cuisine 1633:History 1514:Symbols 1163:Soukous 1158:Ohangla 1153:Lingala 1063:Judaism 1058:Quakers 928:Cuisine 861:Italian 822:English 791:Semitic 758:Turkana 738:Nilotic 697:Kimîîru 677:Swahili 593:Swahili 576:Giriama 561:Sengwer 531:Turkana 521:Samburu 392:Tachoni 377:Marachi 342:Banyala 255:Moi Era 212:History 159:Samburu 127:English 123:Swahili 8086:Maasai 7967:Karatu 7962:Arusha 7930:Peninj 7889:Maasai 7794:Arusha 7699:Hadimu 7689:& 7672:Zigula 7667:Sambaa 7662:Segeju 7647:Dhaiso 7642:Bondei 7606:Tabora 7596:Lambya 7581:Malila 7573:Songwe 7558:Isanzu 7553:Iramba 7535:Sukuma 7527:Simiyu 7512:Sukuma 7507:Iramba 7456:Ruvuma 7436:Mambwe 7408:Zigula 7403:Zaramo 7393:Rufiji 7355:Pangwa 7327:Njombe 7317:Sukuma 7312:Kerewe 7299:Mwanza 7284:Maviha 7266:Mtwara 7251:Sagara 7246:Pogolo 7241:Luguru 7231:Kaguru 7175:Zanaki 7117:Mbugwe 7112:Maasai 7064:Ngindo 7059:Ndonde 7011:Chagga 6983:Tongwe 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